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Applied Linguistics in Translation: Dr. Masoud Amirinejad

This document provides an overview of applied linguistics in translation. It discusses key linguistic concepts like phonetics, phonology, semantics, morphology, and syntax. It explains competence versus performance and what grammar entails from a descriptive versus prescriptive perspective. Evaluation will include assignments, a midterm, and final exam.

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sepehr
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43 views

Applied Linguistics in Translation: Dr. Masoud Amirinejad

This document provides an overview of applied linguistics in translation. It discusses key linguistic concepts like phonetics, phonology, semantics, morphology, and syntax. It explains competence versus performance and what grammar entails from a descriptive versus prescriptive perspective. Evaluation will include assignments, a midterm, and final exam.

Uploaded by

sepehr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Applied Linguistics in

Translation

Dr. Masoud Amirinejad


Content & Sources:

Introductory Session (slides)


1. A Brief Review of Some Basic
Linguistic Concepts (PDF)
2. Pragmatics (Book, by George
Yule)
3. Some Articles
Evaluation & Scoring:

1- Class activities & assignments


(5 Points)
2- Mid-term Exam (5 Points)
3- Final Exam (10 Points)

This may be subject to modification if necessary.


Linguistics & Language

 Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

 Language is a system of communication


consisting of sounds (or signs), words, and
rules used by human beings.
Linguistic Knowledge

Knowledge of the sound system

Knowledge of words

Knowledge of sentences &


nonsentences
Knowledge of the sound system

•Phonetics: The general study of speech


sounds.

•Phonology: The description of the systems


and patterns of speech sounds in a language
Knowledge of the sound system

•Knowing the inventory of sounds

•Permissible combinations
Knowledge of words

 Semantics is the study of the meaning of


words, phrases and sentences

 Form & Meaning

(sounds/concepts)
Knowledge of words
 Arbitrary relation

‫شجرة‬
tree

arbre ‫درخت‬
Knowledge of words
 A word is a signifier of a thing or concept (signified).

tree
signifier signified
Knowledge of sentences & nonsentences

 Knowing rules for forming phrases and


sentences.
The Creativity of Linguistic Knowledge

Finite number of sounds, words, & rules

Unlimited number of sentences and


utterances
Competence & Performance

Competence: The linguistic knowledge of


a language

It is for the most part unconscious.


Competence & Performance

Performance: The actual use of the


linguistic knowledge in production &
comprehension of language
What is Grammar?

 The internalized knowledge of a

language that a speaker possesses.

 Knowledge of sounds & sound system,

words, and rules to combine words


What is Grammar?

Morphology

Phonology Grammar Semantics

Syntax
Grammar
George Yule
• Traditional Grammar
• Prescriptive Approach
• Descriptive Approach
 Grammar is the set of rules which
determine the way in which units such as
words and phrases are regularly combined
in a language.

 Grammar is organized along two main


dimensions: morphology and syntax.
 Parts of Speech
(Art, Adj, N, V, Aux, Prep, Pro, Adv, Conj)

The black cat was running after a mouse.


Art Adj N Aux V Prep Art N
 Agreement
(Number)

This is an umbrella.
Singular
 Agreement
(Person, Number)

I am talking with my mother now.


1st/ Sing 1st/ Sing
 Number: Singular & Plural
 Person: First, Second, Third

Singular Plural

First I / my We / our

Second You / your You / your

Third He/ his, She/ her, They / their


It/ its
 Agreement
(Tense)

The girl is talking with her mother now.


Present Present
 Agreement
(Gender)

The girl is talking with her mother now.


Female F
 Natural Gender in English:
Male, Female, Neutral
(Only for third person)

Male Female Neutral

he she it

lion / actor / lioness/ ---


waiter actress/
waitress
 Natural Gender is based on the biological
sex, while grammatical gender is based on
the grammatical type of noun (masculine
& feminine).

 In many languages, including French,


German, Spanish, Italian, and Arabic,
grammatical gender is part of the
grammatical system.
 The view of grammar as a set of rules
for the proper use of a language is
characterized as the prescriptive
approach.

 In 18th century a number of


grammarians set out rules, based on
Latin structure, for the proper use of
English.
Examples of prescriptive rules:

1-You must not split an infinitive.


 to boldly go, to solemnly swear

 to go boldly, to swear solemnly


Examples of prescriptive rules:

2-You must not end a sentence with a


preposition.
 Who did you talk to?

 To whom did you talk?


 In 20th century, some analysts adopted a
descriptive approach. They collected
samples of the language, and attempted
to describe the regular structures of the
language as it was used, not as it
should be.
[email protected]

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