Estimation Engineering

Fifth Class Architecture Department

Lecture nodes

By;

Assist. Prof. Dr. Ganjeena J. Madhat khoshnaw

PhD in Civil Eingneering
[email protected]
[email protected],iq

Fall - 2020
Methods of Construction and Estimating
Each project has many phases to be complete:
 Planning
 designing
 Budgeting
 Tendering
 Contracting
 Implementing
 Supervising
 Following up
 Evaluating

Planning: To plan for the required projects according to the demand of the
nationality depending on the strategically plan prepared previously. The
planner should take in consideration the government policy situation, the
availability or the capability of finance, the exact necessary for the project
and the capability of implementation.

Designing: Depending on the prepared plans, the designer starts to design

the required projects. The designer should take in consideration the
nationality cultures, the available recourses, the functionality of the project
and the location of the project (geographically and topographically).

Budgeting: according to the requests or the plans, the government will

provide the required budget to the project. The government should take in
consideration the availability of finance in time and the priority of the
project.
Tendering: The government through the relative ministries will process the
tendering activity to forward the project to the tenderer (contractors or
direct implementation through one of the government departments). The
government should take in consideration the capability of the
implementer, the time (seasonally) and the way to implement the project
which limited in the following:
 1. Direct implementation.
2. Total budget contracting.
3. Unit price contracting. And,
4. Cost plus profit contracting.

Contracting: will take place when the previous steps were finished, this will
be through an agreement between the government or the owner of the
project and the implementer. The agreement should mention for the total
budget, the duration of the project, the mechanism of payments and other
criteria's such as the delay penalty.

Implementing: within a fixed period of time the project should be finished

according to the identified specifications mentioned in the tender by the
implementer through the control of a supervision system.

Supervising and following up: the project during the implementation will
be supervised by expert group and at the same time it will be followed up
by another group. This to:
1. Insure the specifications required or agreed on in the agreement.
2. Discuss the means for implementing the ITEMs.
3. Control the level of implemented works.
4.Solve the unexpected problems closely.
5. Forward the payments.
6. Receive the implemented hidden ITEMs.

Evaluating: Each project should be evaluated by a committee after finishing

and during the use to control the negative issues and to improve the others
for the next plans or projects.
There are many sectors participating in constructing any engineering
project:
 The investment sector.
 The consultant sector.
 The implement sector.
 The supervise sector.
Investment sector: Is responsible to do the planning projects and providing
the required budget for them.

Consultant sector: Is responsible to do the necessary work for land

investigations, laboratory tests, designs and arranging the tenders for the
planned projects.

Implementing sector: Is responsible to proses the project tendering and

the mean of implementing the project.

Supervise sector: Is responsible to supervise, follow up and review or

evaluating the implemented projects.

Engineering Design

Engineering design for any project should consist the following after taking
in consideration the identified finance, economic, availability of crude
materials and the capability of the implementers:

1. Architect design: Depending on the reports, the project

requirements and functionality of the project an architect design
will be arranged with suitable decorates and shape for the project
and its layout.
2. Structural and construction design: Due to the architect design and
technical requirements the engineers will design the structural
members accordingly in economic and durable way by instructing
for type, amount and size of materials should be used in the
project.
3. Electrical design: Will design for all electrical, acoustic and
instruments necessary for the project if available. The work
includes identify the shape, the way or the root, the size, the
numbers and the type of materials.
4. Mechanical design: Will for all mechanical and air conditioning or
the root, the size, the numbers and the type of materials.
 5. Sanitary design: Will design for all sewerage and water supply
networks beside the required construction facilities and water
treatment systems if available. The work includes identify the
shape, the way or the root, the size, the numbers and the type of
materials.

PROJECT SCHEDUALING OR NETWORK DAIGRAM

Project schedule plan is the main plan included in any Project Management
Plan. Project schedule is responsible for bringing project time, cost and
quality under control. Project schedule links resources ,
tasks and time line together. Once a Project Manager has list of resources,
work breakdown structure (WBS) and effort estimates, he is good to go for
planning project schedule. Schedule network analysis helps Project
Manager to prevent undesirable risks involved in the project. Two main
types of networks are followed:
AOA Diagram: Activity on arrow diagram (arrow diagraming), and
AON Diagram: Activity on node diagram (precedence diagram).

Activity-on-Arrow (AOA) networks

also called Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM) –
simpler for projects with many dependencies –
emphasizes events –
sometimes requires dummy activities –
Activity-on-Node (AON) networks
also called Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM) –
easier to draw for simple projects –
emphasizes activities –
no dummy activities
Definitions:
Activity: A work that is part of the project; an activity may be broken
down into multiple sub activities

Event: A work has time during within the project. Event could be the
time at which an activity is completed.

Dummy Activity: An artificial activity with zero time duration that only
shows a precedence relationship among activities.

Duration: the time required for finishing any activity.

Activity description
Duration of activity

Node Number

k
k
c or d
j

a j

Dashed lines are called dummy activities

Critical Path Method (CPM): Is the key elements determine of schedule

analysis, it is the shortest time to complete the project and the network
longest duration path through a network of tasks.

Early Start (ES): Earliest possible point in time on which a task can start.

Early Finish (EF): Earliest possible point in time on which a task can finish.

Late Start (ES): Latest possible point in time on which a task can start.
Late Finish (EF): Latest possible point in time on which a task can finish.

Critical tasks (activities): are tasks (activities) on the critical path.

NOTE:
- Critical path has zero or negative Total Float. A project can have
several critical paths.
- Early Start and early finish dates are calculated by means of
Forward Pass and Late Start and Late Finish dates are calculated by
means of Backward Pass.
- Many Tasks have some amount of buffer added to them referred as
Slack Time or Float.

Float time: Is the amount of time a task can slip before it delays project
schedule. There are two common types of floats:

Free Float: Amount of time a single task can be delayed without delaying
the early start of any successor (follow) task.

Total Float: Amount of time a single task can be delayed without delaying
project completion. Mathematically:

Float is defined as: Float = LS – ES or LF – EF

General information necessary for network scheduling:

1. The material transportation time.

2. Type, number and specification of equipment.
3. Type and number of labors.
4. Finance limitations.
5. Duration available.
To draw the project network, planer should know:

1. Type of work ITEMs.

2. Implementation duration for each ITEM.
3. ITEM precedence and successor the probability of implementing
many ITEMs at the same period of time.
4. The probability of dividing the implementation of any ITEM.

Wood form concrete casting curing reform working

working
1 2 3 4 5
10 day 1 day 3 14 day 4 day

( AOA ) diagram, CP (critical path) = 29 days

Electrical wire installation

7 day

Wall preparation gypsum work painting

g 4 day 10 day 5 day

Window frame
Installing 3 day
3
( AOA ) diagram, CP (critical path) = 22 days

Example:
Task Pred. Dur. Task Pred. Dur.
a -- 4 g c,d 1
 b -- 3 h e 4
c a 3 i f 5
d a 2 j e,g 6
e b 6 k h,i 1
f b 4
Draw AOA and AON networks

c5

2
a d4 g6
j

b e h
k

f i

HOME WORK NO (1)

Activity Precd. Act. Dur. (week) Activity Precd. Act. Dur. (week)
a -- 3 f c,e 2
b a 3 g b 2
c a 4 h b,d 2
d a 5 i b,d 4
e b 3 j f,g,h 3

Draw AOA and AON networks

 Resource allocation:

To have the proper use for the resources, we should consider for the
following:
1. Turbulent uses of resources in duration and number will cost more.
2. Not insure to get the proper quality and number of resources at the time
implementer needed.
3. As a physiological mater, the labors need a time to understand the site
and provide the best product. New labors are not preferred.
4. Labors worked for time in any project will be in knowledge about the site
details and equipment movements, this will lead to limiting the self and
equipment safety.

HOME WORK No. 2

Draw the CP net including the (ES,LS,EF,LF AND SLACK) for each activity.
Using both AOA and AON methods

Activity Precd. Act. Dur. (week) Activity Precd. Act. Dur. (week)
a -- 3 f c,e 2
b a 3 g b 2
c a 4 h b,d 2
d a 5 i b,d 4
e b 3 j f,g,h 3
PERT Method:

P: Program E: Evaluation
R: Review T: Technique

It is Three Time Estimates (a, b and m)

a : Optimistic time.
B : Pessimistic time.
m: Most likely time

Activity )a) time )m) time )b) time )T) time Variance

A 2 6 5 61.3 0.25
B 6 4 5 6 0.11
C 2 6 3 6166 4144
D 4 5 7 5.16 0.25
E 3 7 8 7 0.11
F 2 6 5 61.3 0.25

T = Expected time = (a + (4m) + b)/ 6

Ex., TA = (2+(4*6)+5)/3 = 61.3 and etc…1

Variance = ((b-a)/6)2

Ex., VA =((5-2)/6)2= 0.25 and etc…11

Project Variance = ∑ Variance of all CP Activities = σP2

Ex., VP = 0.25+0.11+0.25+0.25 = 0.86 = σP2

Standard Deviation =the project variance root =√ σP2

= σP
Ex., σP = √0.86 = ±0.92

Z – Score = (Due time – Expected time)/ σP

Due Time = CP Duration
Expected Time = ∑ TCPActivities

Ex., If Due time =16 then;

Z – Score = (16-15)/0.92 = 1.08,
From the standard normal table, we see the probability for this Z-Score
=.8599 which means that the project has a probability to be finish in time of
(86%) and (14%) not.
 TIME GRID (BAR CHARD) SCHEDUAL
Project Name: Imple. Arm
Implementer Agency:
Project Budget: Project Duration:
Project Starting Date: Project Finishing Date:

Act. Dur. S(w) Star. Finish. Cost Act. Fb. Mar. Apr. May June
(W) Date Date ($) Wt.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
% Plan
% Actu
±%
 TIME GRID (BAR CHARD) SCHEDUAL

Project Name: ABCDEFGHIJK Imple. Arm

Implementer Agency: ISIK UN.
Project Budget: 100000 $ Project Duration: 15 week
Project Starting Date: 15/2/2014 Project Finishing Date: 31/5/2014

Act. Dur. S(w) Star. Finish. Cost Act. Fb Mar. Apr. May June
(W) Date Date ($) Wt.%
.
15/2/ 15/3/
A 4 1 2014 2014 1000 1

15/2/20 8/3/
B 3 0 14 2014 2000 2

16/3/ 5/4/
C 3 1 2014 2014 5000 5

16/3/ 29/3/
D 2 2 2014 2014 10000 10

9/3/ 19/4/
E 6 0 2014 2014 20000 20

9/3/ 5/4/
F 4 2 2014 2014 25000 25

6/4/ 12/4/
G 1 1 2014 2014 10000 10

20/4/ 17/5/
H 4 1 2014 2014 7000 7

6/4/ 8/5/
I 5 2 2014 2014 5000 5

20/4/ 31/5/
J 6 0 2014 2014 10000 10

18/5/ 24/5/
K 1 1 2014 2014 5000 5

% Plan
% Actu
±% 100
 TIME GRID (BAR CHARD) SCHEDUAL

Project Name: ABCDEFGHIJK Imple. Arm

Implementer Agency: ISIK UN.
Project Budget: 100000 $ Project Duration: 15 week
Project Starting Date: 15/2/2014 Project Finishing Date: 31/5/2014

Act. Dur. S(w) Star. Finish. Cost Act. Fb Mar. Apr. May Jun
(W) Date Date ($) Wt.%
. e
15/2/ 15/3/
A 4 1 2014 2014 1000 1

15/2/20 8/3/
B 3 0 14 2014 2000 2

16/3/ 5/4/
C 3 1 2014 2014 5000 5

16/3/ 29/3/
D 2 2 2014 2014 10000 10

9/3/ 19/4/
E 6 0 2014 2014 20000 20

9/3/ 5/4/
F 4 2 2014 2014 25000 25

6/4/ 12/4/
G 1 1 2014 2014 10000 10

20/4/ 17/5/
H 4 1 2014 2014 7000 7

6/4/ 8/5/
I 5 2 2014 2014 5000 5

20/4/ 31/5/
J 6 0 2014 2014 10000 10

18/5/ 24/5/
K 1 1 2014 2014 5000 5
0 1 2 6 1 2 4 5 7 7 8 8 9 9 1
% Plan . . . . 5 7 3 9 4 8 2 7 1 3 0
6 5 5 0 . . . . . . . . . . 0
6 9 8 9 1 3 6 0 4 9 3 8 5 .
1 4 7 5 5 0
% Actu

±% 100
 TIME GRID (BAR CHARD) SCHEDUAL

Project Name: ABCDEFGHIJK Imple. Arm

Implementer Agency: ISIK UN.
Project Budget: 100000 $ Project Duration: 15 week
Project Starting Date: 15/2/2014 Project Finishing Date: 31/5/2014

Act. Dur. S(w) Star. Finish. Cost Act. Fb Mar. Apr. May Jun
(W) Date Date ($) Wt.%
. e
15/2/ 15/3/
A 4 1 2014 2014 1000 1

15/2/20 8/3/
B 3 0 14 2014 2000 2

16/3/ 5/4/
C 3 1 2014 2014 5000 5

16/3/ 29/3/
D 2 2 2014 2014 10000 10

9/3/ 19/4/
E 6 0 2014 2014 20000 20

9/3/ 5/4/
F 4 2 2014 2014 25000 25

6/4/ 12/4/
G 1 1 2014 2014 10000 10

20/4/ 17/5/
H 4 1 2014 2014 7000 7

6/4/ 8/5/
I 5 2 2014 2014 5000 5

20/4/ 31/5/
J 6 0 2014 2014 10000 10

18/5/ 24/5/
K 1 1 2014 2014 5000 5
0 1 2 6 1 2 4 5 7 7 8 8 9 9 1
. . . . 5 7 3 9 4 8 2 7 1 3 0
% Plan 6 5 5 0 . . . . . . . . . . 0
6 9 8 9 1 3 6 0 4 9 3 8 5 .
1 4 76 7 5 8 5 0
1 3 4 8 9
8 8 8 1
4 1 8 7 3 3
% Actu 1 2 3
. . .
.
9
4
.
7
.
.
2
.
0
0
9 8 7 5 0
5 5 5
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
. . . 8 1 2 2 1 1 5 5 5 8

±% 100 3
4
4
1
5 .
8
5
.
1
.
5
.
4
.
3
.
.
1
.
3
.
7
.
2
9 6 6 4 7
6
S – Curve Diagram:

(Plan and Actual Implementation % VS Time Diagram)

S - Curve Chart
100
90
80
Implementation %

70
60
50
40
30 Actual curve
20 plan curve
10
0 1; 1
0,66
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time ( Duration) in weeks
HOME WORK NO (3)

Draw the Bar Chart and the S – Curve for the example in HW-2?
 TIME GRID (BAR CHARD) SCHEDUAL

Project Name: ABCDEFGHIJK Imple. Arm

Implementer Agency: ISIK UN.
Project Budget: 100000 $ Project Duration: 15 week
Project Starting Date: 15/2/2014 Project Finishing Date: 31/5/2014

Act. Dur. S(w) Star. Finish. Cost Act. Fb Mar. Apr. May Jun
(W) Date Date ($) Wt.%
. e
15/2/ 15/3/
A 4 1 2014 2014 1000 1

15/2/20 8/3/
B 3 0 14 2014 2000 2

16/3/ 5/4/
C 3 1 2014 2014 5000 5

16/3/ 29/3/
D 2 2 2014 2014 10000 10

9/3/ 19/4/
E 6 0 2014 2014 20000 20

9/3/ 5/4/
F 4 2 2014 2014 25000 25

6/4/ 12/4/
G 1 1 2014 2014 10000 10

20/4/ 17/5/
H 4 1 2014 2014 7000 7

6/4/ 8/5/
I 5 2 2014 2014 5000 5

20/4/ 31/5/
J 6 0 2014 2014 10000 10

18/5/ 24/5/
K 1 1 2014 2014 5000 5
0 1 2 6 1 2 4 5 7 7 8 8 9 9 1
. . . . 5 7 3 9 4 8 2 7 1 3 0
% Plan 6 5 5 0 . . . . . . . . . . 0
6 9 8 9 1 3 6 0 4 9 3 8 5 .
0 1 5 1
8 4
1 7 3 5 56 7 58 8 9 01
. . . . 2 1 4 0 8 6 1 5 0 0
% Actu 6 3
2
3 9 . 8 . . . . . . . 0
6 2 3 6 6 3 6 5 4 1 8 5
- - - - - 2- - - - - - - - - 0
0 . . 0 6 1 2 2 2 9 6 6 6 3

±% 100 .
0
3
9
5 .
7
.
9
4
.
5
.
5
.
3
.
.
9
.
5
.
2
5 4 5 3 3 4
 S - Curve Chart
100
90
80
Implementation %

70
60
50
40 Actual Curve
30
Plan Curve
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time ( Duration ) in weeks

LECTURE NO. 5:

Construction Methods In General:

1- Land Surveying:

It is necessary to know the:

 Exact shape of the plot.
 Difference in elevations.
 Quantities of soil works. And
 Location of the buildings also in comparison with the surrounding buildings.
2- Soil Investigation:

The soil type has a major role on the construction buildings in:
 Selecting the foundation type and size.
 The size of excavation.
 The soil surface treatment beneath the building.
 The way to resist or solve the negative problems from the soil.

General types of soil:

1. Rocky Soil. Very strong.

2. Simi Rocky Soil. Strong.
3. Normal Soil. Good in strength.
4. Clayey Soil. Good but has swelling problem.
5. Gypsum soil. Good but has caveating problem.
6. Organic Soil Bad.

3- Concreting:

The difference between all kinds of concretes are in the rate of consisting materials
and their types, concretes can be arranged in situ manually or by local small mixtures
or can be provided by central mixing plants. The main property of concretes is
workable in fresh condition and has high resistance (very hard) in hard condition.
Concrete is a Time – Temperature dependent material.

Concrete is consisting from cement plus one or more of the following materials:
 Cement + Water slur uses for bonding
 Cement + Water + Sand Mortar uses for bonding
 Cement + Water + Sand + Gravel Conc. Mix. uses for structures.
 Cement +Water +Sand +Gravel +Steel R. Forced Conc. Mix.
 Cement + with one or all the above + Additive Improved Conc. Mix.

Concretes can be lay manually or mechanically on the ground, in the holes excavated
and in forms prepared from wood, steel or other kinds of materials.
Sometimes, and according to the type of concrete or the work requirements
concretes are installed by spraying (in plastering works) and injection (in tunnel
works).
4- Wall Building:

Walls are different in their duties and kind of materials consisting, regarding the duties
we have:
1. Bearing walls.
2. Partition walls.
3. Fence walls.
4. Retaining walls.
5. Isolating walls.
6. Others.

Walls according to their consisting materials:

1. Massonary Stone walls.
2. Mass concrete walls.
3. Concrete walls.
4. Reinforced concrete walls
5. Concrete block walls.
6. Brick walls.
7. Mud walls.
8. Sandwich panel walls.
9. Glass walls.
10. Others.

5- Finishing Works:

It consists all the complementary works which giving the final shaping to the buildings
like:
1. Gypsum plastering.
2. Cement plastering.
3. Wall ceramic or mar bell tiles.
4. Ground furnishing tiles (mar bell, porcelain, granite, mosaic, ceramic…1etc1)1
5. Axed rock covering.
6. Painting (for inside and outside walls, for windows and doors, ……etc1)1
7. Doors and windows installation.
8. Guard rails and grills installations.
9. Others.
6- Layout and Gardening Works:

Depending on the area and the size of the layout area, it can be includes many type of
works, like:
1. Walk ways.
2. Garages (parking).
3. Fence.
4. Service buildings (reception, generator room, pump room, stores …1 Etc1)1
5. Gardens.
6. Service trenches for electrical and sanitary facilities.
7. Lighting poles.
8. Storage water tanks.

For steps (1, 2 and 3) above the work includes preparation for the beneath soil and
compaction according to the specifications required.

Construction Building ITEMS:

 Demolishing and removing the debris. (L.S.)

 Cleaning and Clearing. (L.S. or M2)
 Lining. (L.S.)
 Soil works: (m3)
1. Excavation.
2. Back filling.
3. Filling with approved materials.
 Concrete Works: (m3)
1. Lean Concrete under foundations and tiles.
2. Plain Concrete for foundation.
3. Reinforced Concrete for foundation.
4. Plain Concrete for DPC.
5. Reinforced Concrete for Columns.
 6. Reinforced Concrete for Beams and slabs.
7. Reinforced Concrete for stairs and lintels.
8. Reinforced Concrete for garages.
9. Reinforced Concrete walls (shear walls) for
basements and lifters.
 Wall Works: (m3)
1. Wall from hollow concrete blocks (20*20*40)cm or
(20*12*40)cm.
2. Wall from solid concrete blocks (15*20*40)cm.
3. Wall form Stones (15*25*25)cm.
4. Wall from bricks (12*24*7)cm.
5. Wall from light blocks (Ponza18*20*38 0r 10*18*38)
cm or(thermo stones 24*24*50 and 24*12*50) cm.
 Cement Plastering. (m2)
 Gypsum Plastering. (m2) - Loosing 10% of its weight when
water added.
 Painting: (m2)
1. Cement or plastic paints.
2. Emulsion paints.
3. Oil paints.
4. Al khul paints.
5. Unti rust paints.
 Roofing Works. (m2)
 Wall covering with ceramic, marbill, axed stone. (m2)
 Ali kobon covering. (m2)
 Laying with tiles or mar bill. (m2)
 Skirting Works. (m.l.)
 Doors:
 1. Wooden doors. (m2)and some times in (unit)
2. Aluminum or PVC doors. (m2)
3. Steel or iron doors. (m2)
 Windows:
1. Aluminum or PVC windows. (m2)
2. Iron windows. (m2)
 Grills for windows. (m2)
 Guard rails. (m.l.)
 Walk ways. (m.l.)
 Shtaigers furnishing. (m2)
 Car parking area with GI Sheet and Iron profiles. (m2)
 Water Supply works:
1. Piping with different sizes (1/2", 6/4",…etc1) (m.l.)
2. Sink, Wash basin, showers and taps. (unit)
3. Water storage tanks. (unit)
 Sanitary works:
1. Septic tank and manholes. (unit number)
2. PVC Piping in different sizes. (m.l.)
3. Gully and normal drains. (unit)
4. Rain drainers. (unit)
5. Sees pool. (unit)
 Electrical works:
1. All kind of cables. (m.l.)
2. All kind of Lights. (unit)
3. All kind of switch plugs. (unit)
4. Circuit breakers, boards. (unit)
5. Fans, water pumps and heaters, split units… (unit)
6. Telephones and telephone switch plugs. (unit)
Concrete:
It is a composite material consisting (cement, water, sand,
gravel and additives), it happen according to a chemical
treatment starting at the time of adding water and Simi
ending after (28) days. The rate of Binder/Aggregate ratio
has main effect on the concrete strength. w/c ratio is
necessary to be controlled, less than identified ratio leads to
un successful chemical treatment and more than identified
ration leads to leave holes and gaps and at the end less or
more w/c ration giving a weak concrete.

Steel bars:
Two kinds of steel were used, smooth or deformed. Now a
days deformed type mostly used because of:
1. Has strong bond with concrete.
2. Easier for using.
Steel bars should be clean during the use and not oiled. It
can be fixed in its correct location by:
1. Steel wires.
2. Wilding.
When steel bars are continued through a line an over lab is
required at least (50 Diameter of steel).
 Table show the X-Area and Wt./m.l. for each steel bar
Sr. no. Diameter X- Area mm2 Weight Kg/m.l.
mm inch
1 10 3/8 79 0.62
2 12 1/2 113 0.89
3 16 5/8 201 1.58
4 18 6/8 255 2.00
5 22 7/8 380 3.00
6 25 1 491 3.85
7 28 1 1/8 616 4.85
8 32 1 1/4 805 6.31
9 36 1 3/8 1018 8.00
10 38 1 1/2 1134 8.90
11 40 1 5/8 1257 9.86
Note: Weight (Kg/m.l.) = 0.00618 D2(mm)
SOIL STATEMENT:

There are many types of soil and it was differ from location
to another and from place to place, for this reason it is
necessary to study the soil case by case for identifying the
foundation type and size. Soils bearing capacity starts at
(0.25 Kg/cm2) in bad soils and ending at (40 Kg/cm2) in very
good rocky soils.
Bill of Quantity (BOQ) Table or Schedule:

1- All works should be according to the Iraqi specifications.

2- All materials should be new and tested.
3- Drawings taken in consideration in confuse locations.
4- All works should be according to the supervisor engineer instructions.
5- ………
6- …1
Sr. No. ITEM Description Unit Quantity Unit Price $ ITEM Cost $ Notes
1. Preparation
works
1.1 demolishing L.S. 1 2000 2000 All buildings
1.2 Cleaning, clearing L.s. 1 3000 3000
and lining
Sub Total 1. 5000
2. Earth works
2.1 excavation M3 400 5 2000 All type of soil
2.2 Back filling M3 300 6 1800 Same material
2.3 Filling with sub base M3 600 8 4800
Sub Total 2. 8600
3.

Table by construction material required for concrete works:

ITEM Unit Mix Rate Cement Kg Sand m3 Gravel m3
R.F. Concrete M3 1:1.5:3 380 0.41 0.83
R.F. Concrete M3 1:2:4 300 0.43 0.85
Lean Concrete M3 1:3:6 210 0.45 0.90
Plain Concrete M3 1:2:4 300 0.43 0.85
Lay Plain concrete(10 cm) thickness M2 1:2:4 30 0.04 0.08
Cement mortar for each 1cm thickness M2 1:3 5 0.01 -------
Wall construction with cement mortar No. of Bricks
(assume the joint thickness=1cm) or blocks
Brick wall with cement mortar M3 1:3 107 0.23 385
Brick wall with cement mortar M2 1:3 9 0.02 50
Concrete block wall (20*20*40)cm M3 1:3 52 0.11 56
Concrete block wall (20*15*40)cm M3 1:3 62 0.14 73
Concrete block wall (20*10*40)cm M3 1:3 72 0.16 106
Concrete block wall (20*20*40)cm M2 1:3 7 0.02 12
Concrete block wall (20*15*40)cm M2 1:3 8 0.02 16
Concrete block wall (20*10*40)cm M2 1:3 3.5 0.001 12
Tile furnishing (40*40)cm or others M2 1:3 15 0.03 6.25
Table by the bulk density of general construction materials:
Material Bulk Density Kg/m3
Cement 1400
Gravel 1600
Sand 1600
Gypsum 1275
Concrete 1:2:4 2400 - 2600
Light concrete 1700 - 2000
Normal Soil 1100

Two empirical volume equations used for concrete works:

1- Concrete Volume = 0.67(Vc +Vs +Vg)
2- Mortar Volume = 0.87(Vc + Vs)

Table by painting area for one gallon paint

Type of paint surface Area (m2)
Base paint Gypsum or cement 65 - 70
Emulsion paint Gypsum or cement 40 - 45
Oil Paint Gypsum or cement 12 - 15
Warnish or al khul paint Wooden 55 - 60
Oil paint Wooden 50 – 55