TPAKJ!UI J1 XEMJ1MOHT. IV-XIV B.

TOM 1
TRACE AND CHEMMONTOS. 4TH_ 14TH C. VOLUME I
OBIUMHA-KAPHOBAT

L1CTOP:VP-IECK11 MY3EM ,ATAHAC L1fHAT11EB KAPA11BAHOB"

Kbi.UA MY3EM ,,U11M11TbP TIOMIHOB"

TPAKIIUI
l1 XEMJ1MOHT
IV-XIV BEK
TOM 1

TRACE
AND CHEMMONTOS
4TH_14TH CENTURY

VOLUME I

•
•
•

• ••••

KHuzomgameAcm6o 30fPA<l>
 C1
C(

Pe)J.aKu.uouua KOJieruH:

o-p J(uww MowlUJl06 ( OTrosopeH pe,ll,aKTOp)

Hamauw lfaKbpoea-Kpbcmeea
Hopom-tKa Cmameea Ilpe.nn
Pocutfa Xpucmoea In trod\

85 ro.n,

j(UJUUI
nopnL
Dim it
gates.
acco r

HJOi>M
KepaMJ
Ljudm
vesseh

Kpac
ynpas.
HMOp
KrassJ
on the

Feopz1

Konc
cppOH1
Konst
from~

J(U.M'l
Ha Kopm.J,aTa: KO!laHHa moKa c u3o6paJICeHue Ha Kpu!lam KOH om TpaouU{emo Kpau c. Jl03apeeo,
(cpe,n1
KapHo6amcKo (rjJoHo ,Apxeo!lozuR" Ha HM ,Ama1-1ac KapaueaHo6 "- Kap1-1o6am).
DimcJ
(The
 C'b,ll;'bP)KAHHE
CONTENTS

Ilpe.r:~roBop l.Jomt J(PA)J(EBA. lJ:eKopaTHBHa yKpaca Ha

Introduction 7 xpHCTIDIHCKHTe xpaMoBe Ha MapKeJIH IX- XIV B.
Tsonya DRAZHEVA. Ornamental decoration of
85 ro):IHHH My3ei1Ho .r:~eno B KapHo6aT 8 the christian temples ofMarkelli from 91h- 141h c. 66

/(UMum'bp OBllAPOB. PaHHOBH3aHTHHCKHTe Eonu IIETPYHOBA . 3a e):IHH no-oco6eH rpo6

nopTH. ApxHTeKTYPHO-KOHCTPYKTHBHH peweHIDI oT HeKponona npH QnpKBaTa B MapKemr
Dimitar OVCHAROV. Early-byzantine portal Bonny PETRUNNOVA. About a peculiar grave
gates. Architectural and constructive from the necropolis at the church in Markelli 76
accomplishments 19
IlaBe.n FEOPFHEB. Kpenocrra MapKeJIH npH
JboOMUJl (/). BAFAJIHHCKH. ll3JIDCKaHa KapHo6aT H BnnpOC'hT 3a nnpBaTa
KepaMHKa OT K'hCHOaHTH'leH Deultum 6'hnrapcKa CTOJIHQa
Ljudmil F. VA GALINSKI. Polished ceramic Pavel GUEORGIEV. The stronghold of
vessels from a late-antique Deultum 27 Markelli and the question about
the first bulgarian capital 90
KpacUMupa FAFOBA. 3a QbpKOBHOTO
ynpaBJieHHe Ha 3eMHTe Me)l()];y TyH):I)I(a Amanac KAMEHAPOB. reo,[le3H'leCKO H KapTO-
11 MopeTO (VII- XII B.) rpa<tJcKO ,L\OeyMeHTHpaHe Ha <PopTH<PHKa-
Krassimira GAGGOVA. About the clerical rule QHOHHli cnopb)l(eHHH B MapKeJIH H JJ:e6eJIT
on the Tunja river and the Black sea (7 1h- l2 1h c.) 31 Atanas KAMENAROV. Geodesic and
cartographical documentation of the
Feopzu HHHEB. KynTDT K'hM M'h'leHHQHTe B frotification facilities in Markelli and De belt 100
npoBHHQHHTe TpaKIDI H XeMHMOHT (IV-VI B.).
Ilpo6JieMH Ha H,[leHTH<tJHKaQIDITa Pocut(a XPHCTOBA. Cpe.r:~HoBeKOBHH na<PTH
George ILLIEV. The cult to the maryrs in oT KapHo6aTcKo
the provinces of Thrace and Chemimontos Rositsa HRISTOVA. Mediaeval buckles
(41h- 6th c.). Problems of identification 35 from the Kamobat area 108

Koncmanmun FOCIIOJ(HHOB. <l>parMeHT OT J(o'IKa BHAJ(HMHPOBA-AHAJ()J(OBA. 3a Hai1-

<PpoHTOH OT c. KocTeH, KapHo6aTcKo roJIHMOTo MOHeTHO CbKpOBHil(e OT V BeK
Konstantin GOSPODINOV. Fragment of a fronton Ha JOr oT EanKaHa
from the village of Kosten, Kamobat area 44 Dochka VLADIMIROVA-ALADJOVA. About the
biggest coin treasure sure from 51h c. uncovered
)J(uBKO AJIAI()J(OB. IlHcaHOTO 3a MapKeJIH to the South of the Balkan mountains 112
Zhivko ALADJOV. What has been written
about Markelli 49 Pauw PAWEB. KpYMOBIDIT capaKT B TpaKIDI
Rasho RASHEV. The sarakt ofKrurn in Thrace 120
/(UM'IO MOMllHHOB. IlJIHCKa H MapKeJIH
(cpe.r:~aTa Ha VIII- Ha'laJioTo Ha IX B.) HwoMUJla J(OHllEBA-IIETKOBA. KpncToBe
Dimcho MOMCHILOV. Pliska and Markelli eHKOJillliOHH C li306pa)l(eHIDI Ha CB. reoprH CaM
(The middle of 81h- beginning of 91h c.) 58 HJIH C.r:lpyrH CBeTQli
Ljudmilla DONCHEVA-PETKOVA. Encolpion Valeri YOTOV. The Byzantine thema ofThrace n
crosses with the image of St. George, and Ioanopolis and the question about
alone or with other saints 128 the North-Eastern Bulgarian lands at the end
of 1Olh- the first years of 1l 'hc. 183
CmoRHKa J(HMOBA. PaHHOBI13aHTI1HCKI1 neqant
(V- VI B.) OT cpoH.ua Ha Apxeonor11qeCKID1 My3eif Eopuc /(. EOPHCOB. )J;eMorpacpcKI1 npoMeHI1 HaTa
B Hece6np B CeBepo113ToqHa TpaKI151 npe3 XI- XII B. U:HOH
Stoyanka DIMOVA. Early-byzantine seals (no apxeonomqecKI1 .uaHHn) XeMI
(5'h-6th c.) from the fund of the Archaeological Boris D. BORISOV. Demographic changes in JIOfH
museum in Nessebur 141 Northeast Thrace in l1'h- 12'h c. KapH
(based on archaeological data) 190 ITO,II I
Mepu PAJ(EBA. KM:ni1JIOBCKaTa KpenocT Hac/>
11 HeifHoTo 3HaqeHI1e npe3 Cpe.uHoBeKOBI1eTo Hzop HA3APEHKO. KoneKTI1BHa MOHeTHa CHJI H
Mary RADDE VA. The Kipillovo stronghold HaXO,[IKa OT Bl13aHTI1MCKI1 aHOHHMHI1 cpOJII1CI1 ,IIHHH
and its significance in the middle ages 144 KJiac A2, HaMepeHa Me)l(.uy cenaTa IlnaHHH11U:a 3aiTOI
11 Pynqa, EypracKa o6nacT rrocn
HBau HOPJ(AHOB. TpaKI151 11 XeMI1MOHT Igor LAZARENKO. Coin hoard of Byzantine rrpaB
(IV- XI B.) cnope.u .UaHHI1Te Ha Bl13aHTI1HCKaTa anonimous folises class A2, uncovered between TOHa
ccppamcTI1Ka the villages ofPlannintsa and Roupcha, Ha,[IO
Ivan YORDANOV. Thrace and chemimontos Bourgas district 198 HCTO
(6'h- 12'h c.) according to evidence from I1
roso~
the Byzantine sphragistics 153 HuKo/lau OBlJAPOB, J(auue.Jla
KO,l()J(AMAHOBA, j(UMum11p CTOHMEHOB. OT LV
pa3p~
MapuR EAJIEOHOBA-HBAHOBA. Ilp11Hoc K"hM E,IIHO BH3aHTHMCKO 11MnepaTOpCKO 11MeHI1e OT
MaTH
npoyqBaHeTO Ha )l(eJie3HI1Te Opb.UIDI Ha Tpy.ua B IX- XII B.- a.UM11HHCTpaTI1BHIDIT u:eHThp
Ilpo6
IOroi13ToqHa Ennrap1151 B nep11o.ua VII- X BeK (no no.u IleprrepHKOH 651xa
.UaHHI1 OT .UBeTe KOJieKTI1BHI1 HaXO.UK11 OT KpenOCTTa Nicholay OVCHAROV, Daniel/a OTBa
,KaneTo" B rp. Cpe.ueu:, o6nacT Eyprac) KODJAMANOVA, Dimitar STOYMENOV. U:HH
Maria BALBOLOVA-IVANOVA. Assets and A Byzantinte inperial domain from 9'h-12'h c.- JIOBH
cotribution to the investigation of the iron tools the administrative center below Perpericon 207 .r~a cc

of labour in Southeast Bulgaria in the period pa6o

7'h- 1O'h c. (based on evidence from the two Cme.Jla J(OHlJEBA. ToKH c MI1TOJIOrl1qHH pail a
collective finds from the stronghold ,Kaletto" 11306pa)l(eHH51 OT 6'hJirapCKOTO cpe,IIHOBeKOBHe naMe
in the town of Sredets, Borgas District) 158 Stella DONCHEVA. Buckles with mythological o6oe
depictions from the Bulgarian middle ages 213 JIM IT

MapuR MAHOHOBA-BOHKOBA, KpacUMupa B'hH

KOCTOBA, I{ouR J(PAJKEBA. Cpe.uHoBeKOBHa Ilem11p AHFEHOB. IlnTernecTBH.eTO Ha .r~a o

KepaMI1Ka OT Kpenocrra np11 c. )J;e6eJIT MaHyH.JI raBaJia ,[10 Bp113HC ,IIHI..U

Maria MANOLLO VA- VOIKO VA, Krassimira Peter ANGELO V. The journey of Manuil Gavalla I
KOSTOVA, Tsonya DRAZHEVA. Mediaeval to Vrizis 224 PYM
JIOrP
ceramics from the stronghold at the village
BllaOUMup AHFEHOB. TpaKI151 B'hB H~
of De belt 164
xeo;
BH3aHTHMCKaTa H.CTopH.orpacpH51 oT XV B.
Vladimir ANGELOV. Thrace in the Byzantine CJIYJ
CmetjJau EAK'bP,l()J(HEB, HlluR HHHEB
I
Cpe.uHoBeKOBeH HeKponon B 3eMnmu:eTo historiography from the 15'h c. 228
cpep
Ha c. Mor11na, o6nacT 51M6on aKT
Stephen BACKURDJIEV, Ilija ILIJEV. Ba/leumuu IIHETHbOB. HoBH. .uaHHI1 3a Kap
A mediaeval necropolis on the farming land cpe.UHOBeKOBHaTa BapHeHCKa KpenOCT ,A11
of the village ofMogilla, Yambol district 177 Valentin PLETNYOV. New data about the Varna
stronghold 232
BMepu HOTOB. Bl13aHTI1HCKaTa TeMa TpaKID!
11 HoaHonon 11 BbnpOC"hT 3a CeBep0113ToqHI1Te CbKPAII.J,EHIDI 242
6nnrapcKH 3eMI1 B Kpa51 Ha X BeK-nnpBnTe
ro.u11H11 Ha XI B. YliACTHH~H B TOMA 243
 TIPE)J;rOBOP INTRODUCTION

HaCT05ll.l(IUIT TOM C'h,llbp)!(a ,llOKJia,lli1Te OT IIpOBe,ne- The presently published volume contains the reports and
HaTa B KapHo6aT OT 18 ,no 20 anp11n 2006 ro,n11Ha Ha- resumes from the held in Karnobat from April 18th to
~HoHanHa HayqHa KOH~epeH~1151 Ha TeMa ,TpaKI1~ 11 April 20th 2006 scientific conference intended to review
XeMI1MOHT IV- XIV B.". T» 6e opraHI13HpaHa oT Apxeo- the subject ofThrace and Chemmontos in the period of
norHqecKI1» HHCTI1TYT c MY3ei1 np11 EAH, 06mi1Ha- 4th_ l4 thc. It was organized by the Arch aeo logical Institute
KapHo6aT, l1cTop11qecK11 My3ei1-KapHo6aT 11 ce npoBe,ne with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Science, the
no,n naTpoHa)!(a Ha KMeTa Ha o6m11Ha KapHo6aT r-H ATa- Municipality of Karnobat, the Historical Museum at the
Hac ATaHacos 11,n11peKTopa Ha AI1M np11 EAH npo~. Ba- town ofKarnobat and carried out under the patronage of
CI1JI HHKOJIOB. KoH~epeH~I1»Ta 6e nocseTeHa Ha 85 ro- the Mayor ofKarnobat Municipality Mr. Atanas Atansov
~HHI1 My3ei1Ho ,neno B KapHo6aT 11 20-ro,ni1IIIHI1HaTa OT and the principal ofAIM at BAS professor Vassil Nikolov.
3anoqBaHeTo Ha apxeonor11qecK11Te npoyqBaHI1» Ha Kpe- The conference was dedicated to the 85'h anniversary of
nocrra MapKeJII1 Kpai1 rpa,na. Hei1HaTa ~en 6e ,na ce Ha- museum activities in Kanoat and the 20th anniversary
npasl1 paBHOCMeTKa Ha 113cne~BaH1151Ta Bopxy MI1Hano- from the initiation of archaeological exploration on site
TO Ha paMOHa 11 ~CTOTO Ha CaMaTa KpeiiOCT B KOHTeKCTa of the Markelli stronghold in the vicinity of the town. The
Ha ,nOCTI1rHani1Te ~o Hac apxeonor11qecK11 naMeTHI1~11 11 objective of the conference was to strike a balance about
11CTOp11qeCKI1 113BOp11. the overall research of the region's past and to specify
11HTepeC'bT K'hM KOH~epeH~l151Ta 6e ron»M, 3a KOeTO the particular role played by the Markelli stronghold in
roBop11 yqacTI1eTo Ha 26 yqeHI1 - 11CTOpH~I111 apxeono311 the context of the surviving, uncovered and available for
OT ~»naTa CTPaHa. Te npe,ncTaBI1Xa CBOI1Te Hai1-HOBI1 us archaeological monuments and historical sources.
pa3pa6oTKI1 B o6nacTI1Te HCTOp1151, apxeonor1151, HYM113- The enormous interest towards the conference was
MaTHKa 11 C~pamCTI1Ka, CB'hp3aHI1 CTeMaTa Ha ~OpYMa. evidenced by the participation of26 historian scholars and
IIpo6neMHTe, 3anerHanl1 B ,noKJia,ni1Te Ha yqaCTHI1~11Te, archaeologists from the entire country. They presented
6»xa HaM-pa3H006pa3HI1, KaTO TOBa 6e IIp0~11KryBaHO their latest studies in the spheres of history, archaeology,
OT Ba)!(HI1Te IIpO~eCI1, IIpOTI1qal.l(l1 B113TOqHI1Te IIpOBHH- numismatics and sphragistics related to the subject matter
~1111 TpaK1151 11 XeMI1MOHT npe3 II'hpBOTO 11 n'hpBaTa no- of the forum. The diversity of issues discussed in the
JIOBI1Ha Ha BTOpOTO XI1M~OJieTI1e. Hai1-061.l(O Te MOraT reports of the participants were prompted by the variegated
~ace o6e~I1H»T BTp11 roneMI1 rpyn11. IlopBaTa BKJIJOqBa processes taking place in the Eastern provinces ofThrace
pa60TI1 B'hpxy HOB, Hei13BeCTeH ,llOCera MaTep11an OT and Chemimontos in the first and second half of the 2"d
pai1oHa, BTopaTa o6e~I1~Ba 113cne,nBaHI1» 3a 3HaKOBI1 millennium. Most generally they could be united into
naMeTHH~H OT pa3rne)!(,llaHaTa Tep11TOp1151, a TpeTaTa -
three major groups. The 1" group comprises articles on
o6o6maBal.l(H npoyqBaH1151 3a perHoHa KaTO ~»no. He some new and unfamiliar till the present material from the
JIHIICBaxa 11 coo6meHI1» 3a naMeTHI1~11 11 npo6neMH 113- region. The 2"d unifies the outcome from the investigation
B'hH 06»BeHaTa TeMa, HO aBTOp11Te 11M Ce 651Xa IIOCTapan11 of the signature monuments in the scrutinized region,
~a o6ocHoBaT 113JIO)!(eH1151Ta c11 c aHanoml1 H ycnope- while the 3'd group contains summarized data about
~11~11 OT TpaKH» H XeMI1MOHT B nep11o,na IV-XIV BeK. the region as a whole. The reports about monuments
HayqHaTa cpema B KapHo6aT ce npeBopHa B'hB ~o­ concerning problems aside from the topic in question
PYM Ha en11Ta Ha 6onrapcKaTa Me,nl1eBI1CTI1Ka 11 apxeo- present formulated arguments and substantiated evidence
nor1151, KOeTo IIOKa3a, qe ycl1n1151Ta Ha opraHH3aTop11Te bearing reference to parallels and analogies from Thrace
11 yqaCTHI1~11Te ca 611n11 B npaBHnHa IIOCOKa 11 qe ap- and Cheminmotos in the period of 4th- J4th c.
xeOJIOrHqecKOTO 6oraTCTBO Ha KapHo6aTCK1151 Kpai1 3a-
The scientific summit in Karnobat grew into an elite
cny)!(aBa TOBa BHHMaHHe.
forum of the Bulgarian mediaevalists and archaeologists
Ily6JI11KyBaHeTO Ha npe,nCTaBeHHTe Ha HayqHaTa KOH-
corroborating the creative course ofthe organizers' efforts
~epeH~1151 ~oKJia,nH cTaHa B'h3MO)!(HO 6naro,napeHI1e Ha
and the deservedly paid attention to the archaeological
aKTHBHOTO C'b~eMCTBI1e 11 IIO,llKpena Ha KMeTa Ha 061.l(HHa
wealth of the Karnobat Musem.
KapHo6aT r-H ATaHac ATaHacoB 11 ,n11peKTopa Ha My3e»
,ATaHac Kapa11saHoB" ~-p ,[(11Mqo MoMqHnOB. The publication of the presented at the conference
reviews and reports became possible owing to the active
support and collaboration of the Mayor of Karnobat
em. H. c. iJ-p }/(uBKO Allai>JICOB Municipality Mr. Atanas Atanassov and the principal of
,Atanas Karaivanov" Museum Dr Dimcho Momchilov.
Senior Research Associate
·Dr Zhivko Alladjov
 EbR21
Ma,n
pooa1
85 rO,rt;HHH MY3EHHO ,[t;EJIO B KAPHOliAT
seHa
YMO
c6op1
rpa)Kj
Yea:JICaeMu zocmu, HaqarroTo Ha cwcTeMHHTe apxeonorwqecKH npo-
MHHI
Konezu My3ei'mu cnelfuanucmu, y•maHIDI Ha KapHo6aTcKaTa KpenocT MapKenw, ce
H1
Konezu apxeono3u u ucmopulfu, 0Ka3a BTOpOTO llO xapaKTep H3llHTaHHe.
3a M
rocnO:JICO KapaueaHoea, ,ll,Hec o6aqe npeA HaqarroTo Ha qecTsaHeTo Ha
ceBoJ
TocnoOUH KMeme, 85-ro)J.HlllHHHaTa Ha My3eHHOTO )J,eno B KapHo6aT
Harn
TocnOOUH npeiJceiJame.JlTO HQ 06U{UHCKU5l CbBem, MOra )J,a H3Ka)Ka CBO}!Ta 6narO)J,apHOCT KbM pe)J.H-
HOB 11
Yea:J/CaeMu Cb2pa:JICOaHu, I.(a HHCTHTYI.\HH H xopa 3a nocTHrHaToTo AO HaCTO}I-
JlJ
jJaMU U 20CnoiJa, ll.I,H}I MOMeHT. EnaroAap}l Ha poKOBOACTBOTO Ha
3aeMa
06JJ.J,HHa- KapHo6aT s nwQeTo Ha KMeTa r-H ATaHac
)J,ellOI
KoraTo npe)J.H rOAHHa H nonoswHa My3eHHaTa ATaHacos H 3aMeCTHHK-KMeTa r-)Ka CTe<l>Ka Bo-
Ha A1
KoneriDI B rpaA KapHo6aT npe)J.llO)KH Ha poKOBOA- nesa 3a OTHOllleHHeTO KbM My3e}l H My3eHHOTO )J,e-
HHTe
CTBOTO Ha 06JJ.J,HHa- KapH06aT npe3 2006 r. )J,a 6b- llO, 6naro)J,ap}l Ha )J.HpeKI.(H}I: ,TCYC", Ha cny)K6H
H noo
)J,aT llO)J.06asaJJ.J,O qeCTBaHH 85-rO)J,HlllHHHaTa OT H CllY)KHTellH Ha 06JJ.J,HHa- KapHo6aT, OKa3allH llp}I:-
.n;o YP
HaqanoTo Ha My3eHHOTO )J,eno s KapHo6aT H 20- KO Cb)J,eHCTBHe llpH pearrH3HpaHeTO Ha pe)J.HI.(a Ha-
II.(as
rOAHlllHHHaTa OT apxeonorwqecKHTe npoyqsaHIDI lllH )J,eHHOCTH, 6naro)J.ap}l: Ha 06JJ.J,HHCKIDI CbBeT
apxHE
Ha KapHo6aTcKaTa KpenocT MapKenw, HHe npe- 3a B'h3npweTaTa nonHTHKa KbM KynrypHo-HcTopw-
.n;o Bb
QeHHXMe, qe TOBa e e)J,HO cepH03HO npe)J.H3BHKa- qecKoTo HH Hacne)J.CTBO, 6naro)J.apj{ Ha My3eJiHaTa
Hac
TellCTBO. Ilpe)J.H3BHKaTellCTBO, 3aJJ.J,OTO Tp}I:6Barne KonerHj{ OT rpaA KapHo6aT H Ha scwqKH, pa6oTeJJ.J,H
nwqH~
B KoCH cpoKose )J,a ce npeo)J,one}IT onpe)J.eneHH B c<PepaTa Ha My3e}l: )J,HeC H B MHHallOTO, qHHTO
rnwpo
eTanH B H3rpa)K)J,aHeTo Ha ApxeonorwqecKH}I: MY- TPYA H ycwniDI Hanpaswxa scwqKo Tosa Bb3MO)KHO,
)KHBO'
3eH Ha rpa)J.a, KaKTO H )J,a Ce llO)J,rOTBH e)J.HH MHO- 6naro)J,apj{ Ha XY)J.O)KHHKa r-H ,lJ,HaH reoprHeB H Ha
OKOJUI
ro cepw03eH HayqeH <l>OPYM· ,ll,onrorO)J.HlllHOTO 3a- H3llbllHHTeM r-H CTe<l>aH MwxaH.nos. HacTO}I:ll.I,OTO
HCTOp
6aB}I:He B pearrH3HpaHeTO Ha OCHOBeH My3eJi· Ha qecTBaHe CTaBa Bb3MO)KH0 6narO)J.apeHHe OT3HBqH-
BaTen
rpa)J.a AO roMMa cTeneH seqe e npeo)J.OMHO. Ko- BOCTTa H C'h)J.eHcTBHeTo Ha HaQHOHarrHH}I: QeHnp
Po.
raTo npe)J.H )],Be H llOllOBHHa rO)J,HHH OTKpHBaXMe 3a My3eH, ranepHH H H306pa3HTellHH H3KYCTBa npH
Ho6a
eKCll03HI.(IDI ,ETHOrpa<l>H}I:" B KbJJ.J,a My3eH ,,lJ,H- MHHHCTepcTBOTO Ha KymypaTa- Co<l>IDI H Ha AliiM
HeTo c
MHThp IlOMHOB", BCHqKH CH llO)KellaBaXMe Clle)J,- npw EAH qpe3 )J.HpeKTopa npo<l>. )J..H.H. Bacwn
6HpH
BaJJ.J,aTa llO-BHCOKa KpaqKa - peMOHTHpaHe H )1,0- HwKonos, 3aM.-AHpeKTopa CT.H.c. A-p ,lJ,oqKa Bna-
llOllY'J
BbplllBaHe Ha llO)J.6llOKOBOTO npOCTpaHCTBO (KaKTO AHMHposa-Ana)J,)KOBa, Ha CeKI.(H}I: ,Cpe)J.HOBeKOBHa
Ilpo.n;
see oJJ.J,e ro HapwqaMe) 3a HOBH}I: My3ew Ha Kap- apxeonoriDI" llpH HHCTHryTa H B qaCTHOCT Ha CT.H.C.
cwqec
Ho6aT. 3aJJ.J,OTO TOBa 6erne Harne OCHOBHO 3a)J,bll- A-P )l{wsKo Ana)J,)KOB. KoM )l{wsKo Ana)J.)KOB, KaKTo
HOBCK
)KeHHe npeA o6JJ.J,eCTBeHocrra Ha KapHo6aT H paH.o- H KbM npoyqsaTenwTe Ha Kpenocrra MapKenw -
Ha. ,ll,o rOMMa CTeneH, MaKap H He H3I.(}I:ll0, TOBa H.c. U:oHj{ ,ll,pa)Kesa, H.c. A-P EoHH IleTpyHosa H
)J.Hec seqe e <PaKT. C ycwneHH TeMnose 06JJ.J,HHa- peAHI.\a APYHI- H3Ka3BaM Haw-copAeqHaTa cw 6na-
nara
KapHo6aT (poKOBOACTBOTO, KaKTo H pe)J.HI.(a cny)K- roAapHOCT 3a llOllO)KeHH}I: )J.bllrOrO)J,HilleH KpaHHO
yqHT
6w) ce cnpaswxa c Ta3H Te)I(Ka 3a)J.aqa. IlocTase- Te)KbK, HO 6naropoAeH H pe3ynTaTeH TPYA·
3allHCI
HH}I:T MHHHMYM - 3aBbpll1BaHeTO Ha OCHOBHHTe ,lJ,asaM CH CMeTKa, qe He CbM B CbCTO}I:HHe )J,a
KYllTe"
peMOHTHH )J,eHHOCTH, nycKaHeTO Ha <l>oaJieTO H MHO- nocoqa BCHqKH, )J,OllpHHeCllH CbC CBO}I:Ta )J,eHHOCT
3aMHH
ro<l>yHKI.(HOHaiTHaTa 3arra, )J.Hec seqe e <PaKT. IlpeA- H OTHOilleHHe 3a MHOroo6pa3HHTe <l>YHKI.(HH Ha
s )l{ei
CTOH npe3 HaCTO}I:JJ.J,aTa H cne)J,BaJJ.J,aTa ro)J,HHa )J,a ce My3ej{ )J.Hec. KaTo eMaHal(Hj{ Ha My3eHHOTO )J,eno
Bbpllll
)J,OBbplllaT llbpBa H BTOpa eKCll03HI.(HOHHa 3aiTa - s KapHo6aT 6wx oTpa3Hll H3)J.aTencKaTa )J.eHHOCT.
BHClll(
npaHCTOpiDI, aHTHqHOCT H cpeAHOBeKoswe. B Cb- Ee3cnopeH <PaKT )J.Hec ca H}I:KOllKOTO nopeAHQH:
sna.n;e1
JJ.J,OTO BpeMe 3aMHCMHH}I:T OTllpe)J.H MHOrO ro)J,H- ,,JfcmopuR u rynmypa Ha KapHo6amcKU5l Kpau",
HID!Ta
HH cepH03eH <l>OPYM - B cnyqa}l MaJJ.J,a6Ha HayqHa OT KO}ITO )1,0 MOMeHTa Ca H3)J,a)J,eHH qeTHpH TOMa;
KOH<l>epeHI.(HJI, llOCBeTeHa Ha 20-rO)J,HlllHHHaTa OT ,Jlpo6neMu Ha Bb3pa:JICoaHemo e 10zou3mo•ma
raTa e

8
Eb!1zapu5l", OT K051TO C'hiJJ;O ca H3)J,a)J,eHH qeTHpH TO- n'hnrapH51 H cTasa yqHTen no HCTOpH51 B pO,ll,HH51
Ma, IIOCTaB51HeTO Ha HaqanOTO Ha IIOpe,ll,HIJ,a ,Jlpu- CH KapHo6aT. YqacTBa B TpHTe BOllHH rrpe3 1912-
podama 1-1a KapHo6amcKu5l Kpau", 3acera rrpe,ll,cTa- 1918 ~ H cne)J, )J,eMo6HnH3aiJ,H51Ta cne)J, 1918 ro-
seHa OT e)J,HH TOM, TOM 59 OT C6opHHK 3a Hapo,ll,HH )J,HHa OTHOBO e B KapHo6aT. 0T)J,aBa ce Ha yqH-
)'MOTBopemrn - rrecHH OT KapHo6aTCKH51 Kpall, )J,Ba TencKaTa rrpo<!JecHH (yqHTen no HCTOpH51 s
c6opHHKa, IIOCBeTeHH Ha 3acny)l(HllHTe HaiiiH Cb- KapHo6aTcKaTa HerrnnHa rHMHa3H51) H Ha apxeono-
rpa)K)J,aHH KapHo6aTqaHHTe HsaH KapaHOBCKH H rH51Ta. 3anoqsa o6xO)K)J,aHH51 Ha apxeonorHqecKH
MHHKO HesonHH. o6eKTH, H3,ll,HpBaHe Ha CTapHTe TOIIOHHMH, rrpocne-
Ho 3a )J,a ce CTHrHe ,ll,OTYK H )J,Hec )J,a rosopHM )J,51BaHe Ha CTapHTe II'hTHIJJ;a. Ilpe3 1918- 1919 r .
3a My3ell H My3ellHO )J,eno B KapHo6aT, Tp516sa )J,a 3anoqsa H3KOpeH51BaHeTO Ha CTapHTe ll0351, 06-
Ce BopHeM KbM )J,ellHOCTTa H )J,enOTO Ha ,ll,pyr BH)J,eH XBaiJJ;aiJJ;H IIO-rOil51MaTa qacT OT MeCTHOCTTa fpa-
Ham corpa)K)J,aHHH - ATaHac HrHaTHeB KapaHsa- )J,HIJJ;eTO Kpall Ceno Jl03apeBO, H KaKTO IIO-KbCHO
HOB H 1921 rO)J,HHa. oT6en513Ba ,ll,pyrHHT rrpoyqsaTen Ha T03H o6eKT
flHqHocrra H )J,enoTo Ha ATaHac KapaHBaHOB IJ,oHH ,Zl;pa)Kesa: ,Tosa e rnaHc 3a Mna)J,H51 H aM6H-
3aeMaT )J,OCTOllHO M51CTO B HCTOpH51Ta Ha My3ellHOTO IJ,H03eH HCTOpHK ATaHac HrHaTHeB KapaHBaHoB,
)J,eno H apxeonorHqecKHTe rrpoyqsaHH51. ,Zl;ellHOCTTa ocHoBaTen Ha apxeonorHqecKaTa My3ellHa c6HpKa
Ha AT. KapaHBaHOB rrocTaBH HaqanoTo Ha CHCTeM- B rpa,ll, KapHo6aT, )J,a npose)J,e Ba)KHH Ha6niO)J,eHH51
HHTe TepeHHH npoyqsaHH51. KaTo pe3ynTaT OT T51X H qacTHqHH pa3KOITKH B palloHa. Pe3ynTaTHTe ca
H IIOClle)J,BallOTO OTKpHBaHe Ha CTapHHH Ce CTHra ny6nHKysaHH )J,Be ro)J,HHH rrO-K'hCHO B H3BeCTH51Ta
)J,O ype)K)J,aHeTo Ha apxeonorHqecKa c6HpKa, CT051- Ha ApxeonorHqecKH51 HHCTHTYT. OT 1921 ro)J,H-
IIJ,a B ocHoBaTa Ha 6'h)J,eiJJ;H51 My3ell. CnxpaHeHHTe Ha ATaHac KapaHBaHOB e )J,OIIHCeH qneH Ha n'hn-
apXHBHH CTpaHHIJ,H )J,HeC II03BOll51BaT )J,OKOCBaHe rapcKH51 apxeonorHqecKH HHCTHTYT.
)J,O Bo3po)K)J,eHCKaTa nHqHOCT H )J,ellHOCT Ha ATa- Ilpe3 nHTOTO Ha 1921 r. yqHTeAAT ATaHac Ka-
Hac Hmantes KapaHsaHOB. E,ll,Ha H3KmoqHTenHa paHBaHOB H3HCKBa e)J,Ha OT MallKHTe Ka6HHeTHH
nHqHOCT - epy,ll,HpaHa, ,ll,YXOBHO 6oraTa, 3aeMa CTaHqKH B rHMHa3H51Ta, 3a )J,a pa3IIOll0)KH B e)J,HH OT
IIJHpOKO IIpOCTpaHCTBO B KynrypHO-IIpOCBeTHH51 lliKa<lJoBeTe Cb6paHHTe OT Hero, OT yqeHHIJ,HTe MY H
)KHBOT Ha TorasarnHH51 KapHo6aT H KapHo6aTcKa OT HaceneHHeTO CTapHHH, Ha 6pOll OKOilO TpHllCeT.
OKOllH51 H OCTaB51 TpallHH Cne)J,H. TOll e H yqHTen C T51X <lJaKTHqecKH IIOCTaB51 HaqanOTO Ha C6HpKaTa,
HCTOpHK, H ,ll,HpeKTOp, H 06IJJ;eCTBeHHK, H H3Cne)J,O- K051TO IIO-KbCHO Ce TpaHc<lJopMHpa B HCTOpHqeCKH
BaTen - apxeonor, HCTopHK, eTHorpa<lJ. ·My3ell. B EypracKH pemoH TOBa e BTOpaTa c6Hp-
Po,ll,eH e Ha 1 (13) Mall 1880 ro)J,HHa B rpa,ll, Kap- 1912 rO)J,HHa. 3a pa3BH-
Ka Clle)J, Ta3H B ,ZJ;e6enT OT
Ho6aT B CeMellCTBO, qeCTO CMeH51IJJ;O MeCTO)KHBee- THeTO Ha My3ellHOTO )J,eno H o6oraT51BaHeTO Ha
HeTO CH rropa,ll,H pa60TaTa Ha 6aiJJ;aTa - OKOllHllCKH C6HpKaTa ce rrpe,ll,npHeMaT )J,ellCTBH51 B )J,Be IIOCO-
6HpHHK. Ilopa)J,H TOBa HaqanHOTO CH o6pa30BaHHe KH: rrpHcnnsa ce He3a6aBHO K'hM rrpoyqsaHe Ha
rronyqasa B Cysoposo, IloMopHe H KapHo6aT. HCTOpH51Ta H KynrypaTa Ha KapHo6aTCKH51 Kpall (s
IlpO,ll,'hn)Kasa o6yqeHHeTo CH B CnHBeHcKaTa Kna- TepHTOpHaneH 06XBaT rroqTH CbBITa)J,a C 6HBlliaTa
cHqecKa rHMHa3H51, Kb)J,eTo ,ll,py)KH c HsaH Kapa- KapHo6aTcKa OKOnH51) , H3pa351BaiJJ;o ce B C'h6Hpa-
HOBCKH, MHHKO HesonHH, IleTKO PoceH. fHMHa- TencKa H H3Cne)J,OBaTencKa )J,ellHOCT Ha: MeCTHOCTH
3HMHOTO CH o6pa30BaHHe 3aBbpiiJBa npe3 1902 r. (TOIIOHHMH), CTapH II'hTHIJJ;a, KpeiiOCTH, cenHIJJ;HH
B Pyce. Pa6oTH H3BeCTHO speMe KaTo yqHTen B ce- MOrHnH, qepKBH, H B opraHH3aiJ,HOHHa )J,ellHOCT -
naTa CoKonoso H HesecTHHO. Cnc cn6paHHTe OT yqpe,ll,51BaHeToHayqeHHqecKoapxeonorHqecKO,ll,py-
yqHTellCTBaHeTO CH CIIeCT51BaHH51 rrpe3 1908 ~ Ce )KeCTBO npH KapHo6aTcKaTa Herr'hnHa cMeceHa rHM-
3aiiHCBa Cry)J,eHT B HCTOpHKO-<lJHnOnOrHqeCKH51 <!Ja- Ha3H51, qHllTO ycTaB e IIpHeT Ha 27 HOeMBpH 1921 r.
KynTeT Ha Co<lJHllCKH51 YHHBepcHTeT. Ilpe3 1909 r. ,Zl;py)KeCTBOTO e HapeqeHO ,MapKenH". ,Zl;ellHOCTTa
3aMHHasa 3a rpa,ll, AHeCH (<I>paHu,H51), a orraM - Ha ,ll,py)KeCTBOTO e <!JopManHO neranH3HpaHa B Ha-
B )]{eHesa H <l>pH6ypr (lllBellu,apH51), K'h)J,eTO 3a- qanoTO Ha 1922 r. H OT T03H MOMeHT TO 3arroqsa
Boprnsa HCTOpHKO-<lJHnonorHqeCKH <lJaKynTeT. C aKTHBHa C'h6HpaTencKa )J,ellHOCT, qHeTO Haqano
BHCIIJe HCTOpHqeCKO o6pa30BaHHe, nep<lJeKTHO AT. KapaHBaHOB e rrocTaBHn ManKo rro-paHo H
Blla)J,eeHe Ha <!JpeHCKH e3HK, 3aii03HaT C )J,OCTH)Ke- KOHTO TOll ,ll,Opa3BHBa B H3cne)J,oBaTencKa. B npe,ll,-
HH51Ta Ha esporrellcKaTa Kynrypa H C'h3)J,an CH 6o- no)KeHHTe OT AT. KapaHBaHOB H rrpHeTH OT HaCT051-
raTa 6H6nHOTeKa, rrpe3 1911 r. TOll ca 3aBpbiJJ;a B TencTBaTa ycTaBH e rrocoqeHo, . qe ,ll,py)KeCTBOTO

9
OeBeH apxeOJIOnrqeeKH H3,ll;HpBaHH51 ,pa3BHBa IIpH JIH51 seK TOM e B'hB Bpn3KH e u;eHTpaJIHHTe HH-
My3e51 H IIO-eJia6o rrpe,n;eTaBeHHTe eTHOrpacpeKH51, eTHTyl(HH - Hapo,n;HH51 apxeoJiorHqeeKH My3eii B
XY,ll;O)I(eeTBeHH51 H IIpHpO,ll;OH3eJie)l;OBaTeJieKH51 OT- CocpH51 H HeroBH51 ,n;HpeKTop PacpaHJI IIorroB H e
,n;eJIH". AKI.(eHThT B ,n;eiiHoerra e B en6HpaTeJieKaTa MHHHeTepeTBOTO Ha Hapo,n;HOTO rrpoeBell(eHHe -
,n;eiiHoeT H rrorryJI51pH3HpaHeTo Ha apxeoJIOrHqeeKH qpe3 MHHHeThp Eor,n;aH <l>HJIOB. AT. KapaHBaHOB
rraMeTHHI.(H H o6eKTH. IIeTro,n;HIIIHaTa aKTHBHa ,n;eii- e OTOpH3HpaHOTO JIHQe 3a en6HpaHe H OIIa3BaHe
HOeT Ha yqeHHqeeKOTO ,n;py)l(eeTBO ,MapKeJIH" 3a- Ha eTapHHHTe B KapHo6aTeKa OKOJIH51. KaTo pe-
BbpiiiBa e OTqeT, Ha KOHTO rrpHebeTBa H raBpHJI Ka- 3YJITaT OT HeroBaTa ,n;eHHOeT eJie,n;Ba ,n;a ee OT6eJie-
l(apOB. CaMH51T Kal(apoB oTpa351Ba TOBa en6HTHe )I(Ji cpaKThT, qe B XIV oTqeT Ha bnJirapeKH51 ap-
ene eTaTH51 B'hB BeeTHHK ,EypraeKH cpap". Ha Ta3H xeoJiorHqeeKH HHeTHTyT 3a 1934 r. B errHenKa Ha
e6HpKa yqeHJiqeeKOTO apxeOJIOfJiqeeKO ,n;py)l(eeTBO erroMaraTeJIHHTe qJieHose oeBeH 11BaH KapaHoBeKH
ee TpaHecpopMHpa B 0KOJIHHeKO apxeOJIOfJiqeeKO oT KapHo6aT ea rroeoqeHH HerrnJIHaTa eMeeeHa
,n;py)l(eeTBO B rpa,n; KapHo6aT. TaKa, rroeTaBeHo rHMHa3H51, ATaHae 11rHaTHeB, ,n;-p ~aM51H KoJiapoB,
Ha IIO-IIIHpOKH OeHOBH, IIO-KbeHO TO ll(e 6n,n;e Ha- ,n;py)l(eeTBO ,MapKeJIH".
peqeHO ,CH,n;epa" - Ha HMeTO Ha H3BeeTeH H3Toq- qJieH e Ha HeTOpHqeeKOTO H Ha reorpacpeKOTO
HOeTapOIIJiaHHHeKH rrpoxo,n; OT IX H XI B. ~o ,n;py)l(eeTBO B CocpH51.
1926 r. (21 HOeMBpH e ,n;aTaTa Ha rrpoBe)l(,n;aHeTO Ha IIpe,n;aBa cpoH,n;a, 3a KOHTO oTroBapH, rrpe3
rreTro,n;HIIIHH51 oTqeT) My3ei1:HaTa apxeoJiorHqeeKa HOeMBpH 1940 r.
e6HpKa Bee ome ee rroMell(aBa B e,n;Ha OT eTaHTe YMHpa Ha 18 eemeMBpH 1948 r.
Ha KapHo6aTeKaTa HerrnJIHa eMeeeHa rHMHa3H51. IJpe3 eeeHTa Ha 1998 r. (Ha 28-29 OKTOMBpH)
IIo,n;roTB51 ee rrpeMeeTBaHeTo M: B HoBorroeTpoeHH51 B rpa,n; KapHo6aT 6e rrpoBe,n;eHa HayqHa apxeoJio-
rpa,n;eKH TeaTbp (rrO-KbeHO erpa,n;aTa Ha KHHOTO), rHqeeKa KOHcpepeHQH51, OT6eJI513Ball(a 50-rO)l;HIII-
HO TOBa ee rrpoToqBa B'hB BpeMeTo. KnM Kpa51 Ha HHHaTa oT eMnprra Ha ATaHae KapaHBaHos, a TOM
1926 ro,n;HHa e6HpKaTa Ha6p051Ba OKOJIO 1500 qeTBnpTH OT rrope,n;Hl(aTa ,11eTOpH51 H KYJITypa Ha
rrpe,n;MeTa. 3HaqHTeJIHOTO HapaeTBaHe Ha apxeOJIO- KapHo6aTeKH51 Kpaii" e rroeBeTeH Ha ATaHae Ka-
rHqeeKH51 cpOH)l; rrpe3 BTOpaTa IIOJIOBHHa Ha 20- paHBaHOB H Ha 80-rO,ll;HIIIHHHaTa Ha en3,ll;a,n;eHH51
Te ro,n;HHH Ha XX B. BO)l;H ,n;o pa3IIOJiaraHeTo HM OT Hero My3ei1:. B ,n;eii:Hoerra MY ee BKmoqsaT oen-
B 24 6p051 BHTpHHH (MaJIKH H fOJieMH) B KOpH,ll;Opa meeTBeHHTe apxeoJiorHqeeKH rrpoyqBaHH51 Ha Kap-
Ha rHMHa3H51Ta. Bee rro,n; pnKOBo,n;eTBOTO Ha AT. Ho6aTeKaTa eeJIHll(Ha MOfHJia, JI03apeseKOTO ,rpa-
KapaHBaHOB Ha nmpoKa oeHoBa ee rrpHeThrrBa K'hM )l;Hll(e", u:npKBHTe B paiioHa Ha eeJiaTa 3aseT H
eepH03Ha en6HpaTeJieKa ,n;eHHOeT Ha MaTepHaJIH OT Cne,n;HHeHHe. AsTop e Ha pe,n;Hl(a rry6JIHKaQHH, rro-
erroxaTa Ha Bn3pa)l(,n;aHeTo H Ha eTHorpacpeKH Be- eseTeHH Ha apxeOJIOrHqeeKHTe eBH)l;eTeJieTBa H Ma-
meeTBeHH rraMeTHHQH. OT 1927 r. AT. KapaHBaHOB TepHaJIH B T03H perHOH, B eepH03HH H rrpeeTH)I(HH
e ,ll;HpeKTOp Ha fHMHa3H51Ta, a IIO-K'heHO rraK IIO)l; errHeaHH51, OeTaBHJIH eJie,n;a B apxeOJIOrHqeeKaTa
HerOBOTO pnKOBO,ll;eTBO KapH06aTeKaTa fHMHa3H51 HayKa. ABTOp e o6aqe enmo TaKa H Ha pe,n;Hl(a rry6-
ee rrpeo6pa3yBa OT HerrnJIHa B II'hJIHa eMeeeHa JIHKal(HH 3a KapHo6aT H paiioHa maBHO OT erroxaTa
rHMHa3H51. IIpe3 20-30-Te ro,n;HHH Ha XX B. rro,n;- Ha Bn3pa)l(,n;aHeTo.
,n;np)l(a Bpb3KH e pe,ll;Hl(a H3Me)l()l;y HaH-BH)l;HHTe B rrpe,n;eTaBeHHTe ,n;aHHH 3a oeHoBaTeJI51 Ha Kap-
rrpe,n;eTaBHTeJIH Ha 6nJirapeKHTe HayqHH epe,n;H: Ho6aTeKH51 My3eii ATaHae 11rHaTHeB KapaHsaHOB
raBpHJI Kau:apoB, BaeHJI 3JiaTapeKH, 11BaH BeJI- H3BbH o6eera Ha My3eHHOTO ,n;eJIO H apxeOJIOfH51Ta
KOB, KapeJI lllKoprrHJI, KpneTbO MwneB, BaeHJI oeTasaT pe,n;Hl(a aerreKTH OT po,n;omo6HsaTa MY ,n;eii-
MHKOB, eTHorpacpHTe PaiiHa Kau:apoBa H XpHe- HOeT.
TO BaKapeJieKH. IIaK rrpe3 30-Te ro,n;HHH Ha MHHa-

10
B

YBAJKAEMH J(AMH H FOCIIOJ(A,

CK'hliH FOCTH H C'hFPAJKJ(AHH,
C'hTPYJ(HHI(H H IIPHHTEJIH HA HCTOPHqECKH MY3EH-FP.KAPHOEAT
a
11
a 3a MeN Kamo KMem HQ 06U{UHQ KapHo6am e IJecm oa 6U npu6emcm6aM c ,Jfo6pe
B, ooUIJlu" 6 HaUluR zpao u 6 HaUluR My3eu.
,l(Hec Hue IJecm6aMe 85-zoouUlHUHama om HaiJaJwmo Ha My3euHomo oe.no 6 KapHo6am.
o To6a 3a Hac u HaUlume CbZpaJICoaHu e npa3HUIJHO Cb6umue u a3 U3Ka36aM 6flazooapHocm
KbM 6CUIJKU, Koumo y6aJICuxme c npucbcm6uemo cu u c yiJacmuemo cu 6 HalfUOHaJIHama
KOHrjJepeHl{UJl HQUlUJl My3eU U CmaHaxme CbnpuiJaCmHU KbM npa3HUKQ HU.
HcmopuiJecKume 6ozamcm6a no 6b!lZapcKume 3e.MU u naMemHUl{ume Ha Kyflmypama
om pa3JIUIJHU ucmopuiJecKu enoxu, cmpe.MeJ!Cbm 3a HalfUOHaJIHO CaMOCbxpaHeHue,
Cb3UOame.JlHUJlm oyx Ha Hapooa HU ca 6 OCH06ama Ha pa36Umuemo Ha My3eUHOmo Oe.JlO
6 Eb!lZapuR. MHozo om Hau-c6em!lume 6b!lZapcKu yMo6e Cb6upam, na3Rm u u3yiJa6am
naMemHUlfume Ha Kyflmypama no 6b!lzapcKume 3e.MU u MUHaJlomo Ha HaUluR Hapoo. BuoHu
oeUl{U Kamo JOpuu BeHe.JlUH, BacUJl AnpU!l06, Feopzu PaK06CKU, Jllo6eH Kapa6e.Jl06, IIemKO
C!la6eUK06, 6pamR MU!laOUH06u, MapuH ,l(puH06, PauHo Ilono6UIJ u cmomul{u 6bflzapcKu
nampuomu C6bp36am uMeHama cu c nbp6ume cmbnKu Ha My3eUHomo oe.no npeou 150
zoouHu. KapHo6am He npa6u U3KfllO'leHue om mo3u nampuomuiJeH npotfeC. Ilpeou 85
zoouHu u 6 HaUlUR zpao e nocma6eHo HaiJaJlomo Ha My3eUHomo oe.no om moza6aUlHUR
6UOeH o6U{ecm6eHUK u Kpae6eo AmaHac Kapau6aHo6. Ilpe3 zoouHume My3eUHomo oe.no 6
KapHo6am npembpnR6a pa36umue u o6ozamR6aHe. C Hezo ca C6bp3aHu MHOZO uMeHa Ha
KapHo6amCKU 6UOHU 06U{eCm6eHUlfU U zpaJICOQHU, MHOZO mpyo Ha ucmopUlfU cnel{UaJIUCmU
U pa36Upa Ce, HQ 06U{UHama Kamo UHCmumyl{UJl, KOJlmO nOOKpenR U Cb30Q6Q YCll06UJl 3Q
pa36umuemo Ha My3eR.
Cbc Cb30Q6QHemo Ha ucmopuiJeCKU My3eU 6 KapHo6am ce peaJIU3Upa eoHa MeiJma
a Ha nampuomuiJHO HacmpoeHume zpaJICOaHu om pa3JIUIJHU COlfUaJIHU u nporjJecuOHaJIHU
zpynu. My3eRm 6 KapHo6am u omHOUleHuemo KbM Hezo6omo pa36umue u o6ozamR6aHe e
3HaK 3a lfU6UflU306aHo omHoUleHue KbM ucmopuiJecKomo MUHaJlomo Ha HaUluR Kpau. Tou
6bnflbU{Q6Q IJQCm Om UOeJlma 3a HQl{UOHQJIHO OOCmOUHCm60 U HQl{UOHQJIHQ zopoocm HQ
KapHo6am!lUU.
,l(HeC HcmopuiJeCKUJlm My3eU c oeUHOCmma cu e oocmoeH HQCJleOHUK Ha oe.nomo,
IJUemo HQIJQJIO e nocma6eHO om AmaHac KapaU6QH06, u Ha oe.nomo Ha 6CUIJKU, KOUmo
c mpyoa cu u c maJlaHma cu ca oonpuHeCJIU 3Q HeZ060mo pa36Umue. HaUlUJlm My3eU ce
npe6bpHa 6 l{eHmbp 3a 6b3numa6aHe 6 nampuomU3bM u npeK!loHeHue npeo 6b!lzapcKama
ucmopuR u 6b!lzapcKume l{eHHocmu. Tou pa6omu nbflHOlfeHHO- U36bpUl6a npoyiJ6ame.ncKa
U Cb6upame.JlCKQ OeUHOCm, opzaHU3Upa U yiJaCm6a 6 pa3KOnKU, ypeJICOQ eKCn03UlfUU U
u3JloJIC6u, cpeUfu, oucKycuu, HayiJHU KOHrjJepeHlfUU, Koumo pa3ZJteJICoam ucmopuiJecKu
npotfecu 6l{JlflalOzoU3moiJHaEbflZapuR. My3eRm U36bpUl6a u 6ozama u3oame.ncKa oeuHocm.
f{pe3 HcmopuiJeCKUR My3eu 06U{uHa-KapHo6am OCbUfeCm6R6a cmonaHUC6aHemo Ha
aHmUIJHama u cpeoHo6eK06Ha Kpenocm MapKe.nu. B cmpamezuRma cu 3a ycmouiJu6o
pa36umue o6U{UHama npeo6uJ/Coa UH6ecmul{UU 3a pa36umue Ha HcmopuiJeCKUR My3eu u
'lpe3 oei:uwcmma MY oa noozom8U 'lQCm om YCJl08U5lma 8 06U{wtama 3Q pa38Umue fiQ
KyllmypHU5l U CeJlCKU5l mypU3bM.
Y8G:JICQeMU OaMU u zocnooa, c zopoocm U36p0518QM nocmUJ/CefiURma fiQ Hcmopu'leCKUR
My3eU 8 KapHo6am . Te ca pe:Jyllmam om eKunefl mpyo u myK e MRcmomo oa U3KQ:JICQ 6Jla20-
oapHocm KbM oupeKmopa fiQ My3e5l 0-p /{UM'lO MoM'lUJl08 3Q He208U5l npo¢ecUOHQJlU3bM
U 8CeOmOaUHOCm 8 pa6omama, 6Jla200apHOCm KbM eKuna om Cnet{UaJlUCmU 8 My3e5l U KbM
8CU'lKU cbmpyoHutfu u npuRmeJlu Ha Hcmopu'leCKUR My3eu 8 KapHo6am.

CKbnu zocmu u y8a:JICaeMu Cb2pa:JICOaHu,

flpe:J nOCJleOHUme 08e 200UHU 06U{UHCKOmo pbK0800Cm80, CnOOKpenama HQ 06U{UHCKU5l
Cb8em, ocuzypu cpeocm8a U U38bpUlU cmpoumeJlHU OeUHOCmU 3Q U32pa:JICOaHe czpaoama
Ha Hcmopu'leCKUR My3eu u OHec, Kozamo 'leCm8aMe 85-zoouUlHUHama Ha My3euHomo
OeJlo 8 KapHo6am, npeoocma8RMe Ha My3eR eoHa MooepHa MHozorjJyHKtfUOHaJlHa 3aJla,
o6opyo8aHa c MyllmUMeouR, u 8Rp8aMe, 'le mo8a e npuHoc 3a pa38umue Ha My3euHomo
OeJlO 8 KapHo6am u npeonocma8KQ 3Q pa32pbU{QHe oeuHocmma HQ My3e5l. /{o Kpafl HQ
zoouHama Ufe 6boam o6opyo8aHu u u3Jlo:JIC6eHume 3aJlU Ha My3eR.
/{aMU U 20cnooa, Ha nocJleOHOmO CU 3GCeOaHUe 06U{UfiCKU5lm Cb8em npue npeOJlO-
:JICeHuemo HQ o6U{UHCKomo pbK0800Cm80 u HQ o-p MoM'lUJl08 Hcmopu'leCKURm My3eU 8
2p.KapHo6am OQ HOCU UMemo HQ OCH080nOJlO:JICHUKQ HQ My3eUHOmO OeJlO 8 HQUlU5l 2pa0
AmaHac KapaU8QH08. HRMa oa ce cnupaM HQ 3HQ'lUMOCmma HQ He2080mo OeJlO, mo8a
U{e Hanpa8U oupeKmOpbm HQ Hcmopu'leCKUR My3eU MQJlKO nO-KbCfiO. CaMo U{e KQ:JICQ, 'le
mo8a peUleHue e u3pa3 Ha npu3HameJlHOcmma Ha noKoJleHURma KbM :JICU8oma u OeJlomo
HQ m03U 3G6eJle:JICUmeJleH 'l08eK.
/{a e 'lecmumo UMemo HQ Hcmopu'leCKU My3eU ,AmaHac KapaU8QH08" u oa npe6boe
npe:J cmo!lemuRma.
Y8a:JICaeMu OaMU u zocnooa, CKbnu zocmu u Cb2pa:JICOaHu, npueMeme n03opa8JleHUR no
n0800 85-zoOUUlHUHama om HQ'laJlOmo HQ My3eUHOmo OeJlO 8 KapHo6am.
Ha 8CU'lKU zocmu no:JICeJla8aM npuRmHu MU208e 8 HaUluR zpao, Ha y'lacmHutfume 8
HQt{UOHaJlHama apxeOJl02U'leCKQ KOHrjJepeHt{UR nO:JICeJlQ8QM ycnex.
HeKa 8CU'lKU 6bOeM 30pa8U, fteKa He CeK8Q oopu 3Q MU2 80Jl5lma 3Q pa6oma u ycnexu 8
noll3a Ha xopama u 3a Ebll2apuR.

KMem na o6w.una Kapno6am

Amanac Amanacoa

KMembm Ha o6UfuHa KapHo6am UHJIC.AmaHac llpueemcmeue om KMema Ha o6UfuHa KapHo6am

AmaHacoe HazpaJICoaea JlUJIRHa lla6Jioea - UHJIC.AmaHac Amwtacoe
ObUfepR Ha ocHoeameJIR Ha My3efl
 YBA)J{AEMH KOHEFH,

B 200Ul-tama, 6 KOJlmO om6e.nfl36a.Me 150-200UUtHW-tama Ha My3ezmomo oe.no 6 Ebll-

2GpUJl, HcmoputtecKuJlm My3eu-KapHo6am 'iecm6a C60Jlma 85-200UWHUHa. Ca.Mo no
ce6e cu mo6a nOKG36a He206UJl cepu03eH npUHOC 6 o6U{omo oe.no. B m03U mbp:JICeCm6eH
MU2 Ha pa6HOCMemKa He MOJ/Ce.M oa He o6bpHe.M no2JleO KbM Oa.JlettHama 1921 2., K02amo
oupeKmOpbm Ha MecmHama 2UMHG3UJl u Obll20200UUleH Kpae6eO AmaHac Kapau6GH06
Cb30a6a My3euHa apxeO!l02UttecKa c6upKa- 6mopama 6 pe2uoHa C!leO mmu 6 /{e6e.nm. 0U{e
6 nbp6ume 2oouHu om CbU{ecm6y6mtemo u ce pm6u6am emH02parjJcKu, xyoo:J~Cecm6eH
u npupoOOU3CJle006ame.ncKU omoe.n. Tmu My3eUHa c6upKa nocma6Jl OCH06Ume Ha
KapHo6amcKUJl ucmoputtecKu My3eu, npeo6pmy6aH 6 Obp:JICa6eH npe31953 2.
Eo2amume My3euHu rjJoH006e CbObp:JICam yHuKamu Ha apxeo!l02UttecKu na.MemHUlfU
om npaucmopu'iecKama, aHmuttHama u cpeoHo6eK06Hama enoxa; pmHoo6pmHo emHOTry!l-
mypHo Hac!leocm6o Ha pe2uoHa; o6pmtfu om :JICU6ama u He:JICU6ama npupooa; :JICU6onuc
U 2parjJuKa HG KGpH06amCKU XYOO:JICHUlfU U Ha XYOO:JICHUlfU Om 0py2u KpGUU{G Ha cmpa-
Hama.
llpe3 1970 2. e Cb30aOeHa KbU{ama My3eu ,/{. llollJlH06". HeuHuJlm rjJoHO CbObp:JICa
pbKOnucu, CHUMKU, ooKyMeHmu, 6eU{u Ha nucame.nJl, KaKmo u Mamepua.Jlu 3a KapHo6amcKu
KyllmypHo-npoc6emHu oeutfu. /{Hec mJl e eouH 6a:JICeH KyllmypeH l{eHmbp, KbOemo ce npo-
6e:JICoam HayttHU KOHrjJepeHlfUU, m6opttecKu cpeU{u, npe3eHmal{UU, me.MamuttHU 6ettepu u
opy2u.
H36bpUl6aHume npe3 noc!leOHUme 06aucem 200UHU UHmeH3U6HU mepeHHU apxeo!l02U-
tteCKU npoytt6GHUJl Oa6am UOeJlma 3a U32pa:JICOGHUJl6 HacmOJlU{UJlMOMeHm apxeOJl02UtteCKU
My3eu.
]a MeH e 20/lJlMG ttecm U Y0060JlCm6Ue Oa 6U n030pa6Jl C 85-200UUlHUHama om Cb30a-
6GHemO Ha HcmoputteCKU My3eu-KapHo6am, oa 6U no:JICe.naJl 30pa6e u Ob!l20!lemue u
noc!leOo6ame.nHocm 6b6 6awama pa6oma Ha no!l3Y pooy.

qECTIIT ITPA3HIIK!

PYMHH FAHqEB-
i>upeKmop na Hau,uonllllHUR u,enm'bp 3a My:Jeu,
lllllepuu u u:Jo6pa:Jume.Jlnu U3Kycm6a

18 anpwz 2006 z.
 ,ll,O KOJIEKTHBA
HA rPA,ll,CKH HCTOPWIECKH MY3EH-KAPH06AT

Y6aJICaeMu KO!lezu,

]a MeH e yoo60llCm6ue om UMemo Ha Hau-cmapuR HaytteH uHcmumym 6 Ebll2apcKama

aKa0eMU5l Ha HayKume HaU-CbpOettHO Oa 6U n030pa65l C85-ama 200UUlHUHa om HattQJlOmo Ha
My3eUHomo oe.no 6 KapHo6am. EozamomOMUHQJlO u KyllmypHo-ucmoputteCKomo HaCJleOcm6o
Ha KapHo6amcKu5l Kpau ca eoHa om npeonocma6Kume 3a 3apa:JICOaHemo Ha MyJeuHomo
oe.no 6 KapHo6am. 0U{e 6 KpaJl Ha XIX u HattQJlomo Ha .XX 6eK 6UOHU nbmewecm6eHULJU
u ucmopu4u aKLJeHmupam Ha He2o6omo pa3nOllO:J/CeHue Kama Kpbcmonbm Ha Kyllmypu
npe3 6eKo6eme. Cb6CeM ecmecm6eHo MH03UHa om m5lX ca nocemu!lu KapHo6amcKama
Kpenocm u cnpa6eO!lU60 5I C6bp36am c 6a:JICHama 3a 6bll2apcKama ucmopuR MapKe.nu.
HeuHomo npoytt6aHe OU{e om CaMOmo HattQJlO 6ewe U36bpUleHO noo pbK0600Cm6omo Ha
Apxeo!lozuttecKU5l uHcmumym c MyJeu npu EAH c oeuHo yttacmue Ha cneLJUQllucmume om
My3e5l 6 KapHo6am. Kama 6U ttecmum5l 106Ulle5l, Ha05l6QM ce u 6 6bOeU{e oa npOObll:JICU
noll30m6opHomo HU CbmpyOHuttecm6o 6 uMemo Ha npoytt6aHemo u ona36aHemo Ha
6b!l2apcKomo ryllmypHo Hac!leOcm6o.
Lfecmum 106u!leu!

llpop. o. u. 11. BacUJl HuKOll06

oupeKmop llQ ApxeOJlOZU'IeCKUJl UllCmumym c MyJeii
npu h'b!lZapcKa aKaOeMUJl Ha HayKume

OT KOJIEKTHBA HA HA_aHOHAJIHHH IIOJIHTEXHHqECKH MYJEH-COl/JHH

J(pazu KO!lezu,

ll03opa65l6aMe 6U c 85-zoouwHuR 106u!leu! C 60bXH06eHama cu m6opttecKa iJeuHocm

6ue ce ym6bpiJuxme Kama eouH om 3HattuMume My3eu 6 Ebll2apu5l. JfcmoputtecKu5lm MyJeu
6 KapHo6am u HaLJUOHQJlHURm nollumexHuttecKu MyJeu uMam ycnewHo CbmpyoHuttecm6o u
peOULJa U35l6U 6 KyllmypHU5l :JICU60m y HaC. JfcKpeHO ce Ha05l6aMe, tte HaUlume 6JlU3KU, KOJle-
2UQJlHU u npuRme.ncKu omHoweHU5l Ufe npoOb!l:JICam 6 6bOeUfe.
flO:JICe.Jla6aMe 6U H06U 6bpX06e U ycnexu 6b6 6aUlemo poOOJli06U60 U HapoOOnOlle3HO Oe.nof

AnpU!l 2006 z.

oupeKmop EKamepulla .aeK060

 YBAJKAEMH F-H MOMqHHOB,
CK'hiiH KOHEFH,

qECTHT IOEHHEH!

BepoRmHo cUJlama Ha o6ullma KbM poiJHuR Kpau e HaKapa;za U36ecmHWl ucmopuK

u Kpae6e0 AmaHaC H2Hamue6 Kapau6aH06 oa npeHe6pe2He 20JleMUme 2pa006e u oa ce
3a6bpHe 6 KapHo6am, 3a oa nOJlOJICU Ha'-IGJIOmO Ha eiJuH om nbp6ume MOOepHU My3eu 6
l02oU3mO'-IHa Ebll2apux
/fHeC mou UMa U OOCmOUHU HaCJleOHULfU 6b6 6aute JlULfe, 3aUJOmO He206Wlm npUMep ce
e npe6bpHG!l 6 JlU'-IeH MOmU6 3a CbXpaHR6aHemo Ha UCmUHCKUme OyX06HU LfeHHOCmU.
JKe.JlaeM 6U MH020 30pa6e u m6opllecKu ycnexu.

Ha MHOZaR !lema! E11oeme CMf!JlU, CKbnu npuRmf!Jlu!

18 anpWI 2006 2.

Om UMemo Ha KOJleKmu6a Ha
Pe2UOHG!leH 6yp2acKu My3eu
!fupeKmop H.c. I(oHR/fpaJICe6a

,n:o
HCTOPHliECKH MY3EH
rPA,lJ; KAPHOfiAT

q£CTHTA FO,l(HillHHHA, KOHEFH!

/fa omnpmHy6GMe 3aeOHO iJo6pomo, OOCmOUHCm60mO, paiJocmma Om JICU60ma, 651.-

pama 6 xopama u 6 Eo2al
!fa 6U noJICe.JlaeM:
• Ma2HemU'-IHU U35l6U 3a UlUpOKa ny6llUKa
• c6emllu CJleiJu 6 Cbpt{ama Ha xopama
• 6oObp iJyx, eHmyCUG3bM, 6CeomiJaUHOCm U MH020 He3a6pa6UMU U3JICU65l6aHU5l no
mpyiJHUR nbm Ha npoc6eUJeHuemo!
!fa 6biJeme IlpbK c6emuJlHUK 6 ucmopWlma Ha 6bJl2apcKufl HanpeObK u KyllmypeH npo-
cnepumem!
EbiJeme 30pa6U u Eo2 oa 6U 6Jla20CJl06U!

18 anpWI 2006 2.
,l(upeKmop Ilaaf!Jl IlemKoB
PHM-K11poma!lu
 ,ll;O
KOJIEKTIIBA
HA IICTOPWIECKII MY3EH
rP. KAPHOEAT

YBAJKAEMH KOJIEFH,

/frtec Kyflmyprtama o6U{ecm8ertocm rta 2p.Kaprto6am mbpJICecm8erto 'lecm8a 85 2oourtu

om nofla2artemo rta ocrto8ume rta MyJei:momo Oe.Jlo 8 2paoa.
KbM 106Uflei:momo 8U mbpJICecm8o ce npucbeOU/-JJl8GMe u rtue, KO!le2ume 8U om
CflU8eHCKWl Hcmopu'leCKU My3eii, 3a oa omoaoeM 3aeOHO C80flma nO'lUm u oa U3pa3UM
npeKflOHertue KbM nbp8oocrto8ame.Jlume rta MyJeiirtomo Oe.Jlo 8b8 8autufl 2pao.
Bceomoaiirtume CbpLfa, muxuflm u cKpoMeH 8b3pOJICOertcKu nampuomU3bM rta nbp8ume
MyJeiirtu ertmycuacmu u mexrtume noc!leOo8ame.Jlu - MyJeiirtume pa6omHULfU, ym8bpJICoa-
8am mpaOuLfuume rta MyJeiirtomo Oe.Jlo 8 Kap1·106am u npe8pbUfam ucmopu'leCKUfl MyJeu
8 2paoa 8 ocrto8eH rtay'lert Kyflmyprto-npoc8emert urtcmumym u 8 ocH08HO xpartulluUfe rta
MyJeiirtu L{ertrtocmu.
/frtec Hcmopu'leCKUflm My3eu 8 Kaprto6am e c ym8bpOerto UMe u a8mopumem cpeo
MyJeume 8 cmpartama. B rte2o pa6omflm npopecuortaJlHO u12paoertu MyJeiirtu Kaopu,
OOCmOUHU npOObflJICUme.JlU Ha mpaOULfUUme, 3G8eU{GHU om nbp800CH08ame.Jlume Ha
MyJeiirtomo Oe.Jlo 8 2paoa.
Kamo 8U 'lecmumuM, y8aJ/CaeMu KO!le2u, 106ufleiirtama 2oouwrturta, J/Ce.JlaeM 8U
Om 8Ce CbpLfe KpenKO 30pa8e U Oa pa6omume ynopumo U 8CeOmOaUHO C ertmycua:JMa U
opb3H08ertuemo rta 8awume npeowecm8ertuLfu.
lfecmum 106UJleii!

PezuouOJZeu ucmopu'tecKu;;yJeii-C!IUaeu
J(upeKmop F.Kwn'lyKo6
 Yaa;m:ae.Mu iJaMu u zocnoiJa, MOU CbZpa;m:iJauu!

A3 CbM JluJIRfW, MaJtKama ObUfepR Ha y•mmerm, ucmopuKa u apxeollo2a AmaHac Kapau6aH06,

•memo UMe e C6bp3aHO c Ha'-laJtOmo u pa36Umuemo Ha My3etmomo oeno 6 KapHo6am.
C 6Jla200apHOCm U y6a:JICeHue npUCbCm6aM HQ m06a mbp:JICeCm60 no noKaHa Ha OUpeKmopa
Ha My3efl o-p ,a. MoM'-IUJI06 u He206Ume KO!le2U.
]a OertOmO Ha MOfl 6aU{a e nuCaHO 6e'-le MH020. ]a '-I06eK Ha MOUrne 200UHU mo6a e He3aMeHUMa
OYX06Ha nOOKpena U npuRmHO Cbnpe:JICU6fl6aHe.
CnoMeHume 3a 6aU{a MU ca cpa6HumenHo 02paHu'-leHu - 20flRMama MU cecmpa AHHa 3Haewe
no6ette 3a He2o6ume npoy'-16aHufl 6 pooHuR Kpau, 1-10 mR no'-luHa npeou mpu 2oouHu.
A3 pacmRX c 6e'-le 6o!lHUfl y'-lumen, Koumo :JICU6eewe c 2pu:J1Cama oo KpaR Ha :JICU6oma cu
3a 3ana36aHe Ha Cb6paHume cmapUHU, KOUmO mpR66aUle oa Ce npe.MeCm6am Om 2pU:JICJlU60
noopeoeHume 6umpuHu 6 Kopuoopume Ha cmapama 2UMHa3Ufl 6 20pHuR ema:JIC Ha meambpa, a
noc!le - 6 KflOHa Ha 2UMHa3URma. C Hanpeo6aHe Ha 6b3pacmma cullume MY omcfla66axa, MH020
MY noMa2axa He206Ume y'-leHUtfU. EolleH, omu6aUKU cu om m03U C6flm, mou no:J/Certa u npeoaoe
KflfOIJ06eme Ha My3efl Ha oupeKmopa Ha mo2a6aULHama 2UMHa3Ufl Xpucmo f!o6'-le6.
C!leO CMbpmma MY MOflma MaUKa no:J/Certa oa y'-la ucmopuR. TaKa u Hanpa6UX. 3a6bpUlUX
Co¢uucKUfl Obp:JICa6eH yHu6epcumem, cneLJUaJtHocm , ucmopuR u apxeo!l02Ufl ", npe3 1957 2.
ERX UfaCm!lU6a, '-le Mou nporpecopu ca ,a. /{uMumpo6, T. TepacuMo6, EypM06, MU!le6, TaHoe6 u
TaHOe6a, A1-12ert06. 3a6bpwux!
TpyoHu 6RXa 6pe.MeHama mo2a6a. Pa6oma HRMawe 3a 6CU'-IKU KO!le2u, HO Ha Hac, nbp6Ufl
6unycK apxeoJI03U, ce HaMepu. Pa3npeoeneHuemo MU 6e 6 Ka3aH!lbK. He3a6pa6UMa Ufe ocmaHe
cpeUfama MU C T...fyOOMUp - OupeKmOp Ha My3efl maM. ]a :JICGJIOCm mou MU Cb06UfU, '-le MflCmomo
e o6eUfaHo 3a '-I06eK om MecmHama 6flacm. Tou ycmHo u noc!le 6 KopecnoHOeHLJUfl Me Cb6em6awe
Oa 3ana3fl Cbfl3Ume CU, '-le He MO:J/Ce Oa Me Ha3Ha'-IU, 3a U06aU{Ume no-me:JICKU npenflmCm6Ufl 6
:JICU60ma. YmewumertHO 3an0'-1Hax pa6oma 6 T...fupnaH, 6 My3efl, KOumo a3 mpR66aUle oa Hanpa6fl.
06cmoflmertcm6ama Me omoenuxa om ma3U 3aOatta.
Emo 3aUfO a3, ObUfepRma, He MO:J/Cax oa U3nbflHfl 3a6ema Ha pooumenume cu oa pa6omfl 6
pOOHUfl cu 2pao u oa npoOb!l:JICa oenomo Ha 6aU{a MU. Om apxeo!l02Uflma MU ocmaHaxa CQMO
cnoMeHume om nbp6ume pa3KOnKu Ha, KonpuHKa "- omKpu6aHemo Ha Ce6mono!luc, o6Ufy6aHemo
MU c npo¢. /{uMumpo6, JI. 02HeH06a, T...fu'-IUK06a u opy2ume pbK0600umenu Ha pa3KOnKume. TaKa
6CUttKo ocmaHa OaJte'-leH, MUll cnoMeH om Mflaoocmma MU, om apxeo!l02URma, oo KORmo caMo ce
OOKOCHQX.
Pa6omux 30 200UHU 6 lleoa202U'-leCKUfl Ka6uHem-2p. BapHa, HOc My3eUHOmo oeno ocmaHax
C6bp3aHa '-1pe3 MOfl CbnpJ2 OOl,f. BllaOUMUp na6Jl06, KOumo pa6omu 40 200UHU 6b6 BoeHHOMOpCKUR
My3eu 6b6 BapHa.
To!lf/Ma e MORma 6!la2ooapHocm KbM CbmpyOHULJUme Ha KapHo6amcKUR My3eu u flUttHo KbM
oupeKmopa MY 0-p /{UM'-10 MoM'-IUJl06 3a mpo2amertHOmo 6HUMaHue KbM oenomo Ha MOfl 6aU{a u
KbM MeH Kama He2o6a Hac!leOHUlfa. Hay'-IHume ny6!luKal,fUU Ha My3eR ca 6e'-le m6bpoe MH020 u a3
c 6b!lHeHue u 6fla2ooapHocm 2u npue.MaM, 3aUfomo peoo6HO MU 2u u3npaUfam.
/{o60!lHa CbM, '-le C!leoama, KORmo MORm 6aUfa e ocma6Ufl c KyflmypHo-npoc6emHama cu
oeuHocm, e :JICU6a u y6a:JICa6aHa 6Jla2oOapeHue Ha Hay'-IHUR u 2pa:JICoaHcKuR MOpaJt Ha wenama
mpy.>!CeHUl,fU om My3eR u KapHo6amcKama o6UfeCm6eHocm.
llo:J/Certa6aM UM ycnewHa pa6oma u 3aHanpeo 3a npecmu:J/Ca Ha HawuR pooeH 2pao.

BapHa Jlwl5lua Amauacoaa llaa!loaa

18 arrp1111 2006 r.
cpH
ThP
B3e
Kp
TH
JUI

CJI
Ka
Ha
T)'
HO
ET
6e
cp
xa
cp
ce
TB1
Te
en

CJ
 PAHHOBH3AHTHHCKHTE ITOPTH.
APXHTEKTYPHO-KOHCTPYKTHBHH PEIIIEHIUI

/{uMumbp OBT.JAPOB

Ha BacuRKa TbnKoea-3aUMoea -
KOfleza u npuflme;z

ITpe,n:H ro,n:HHH paHHOBH3aHTHHCKaTa <PopTH- T5IXHOTO pa3BHTHe, a OTI)'K - Ha pa3BHTHeTO Ha

<i>HKaQH5I He Ce OT.r:t:eMrne OT pHMCKaTa H He Ce Q5IflOCTHaTa OT6paHHTenHa TeOpH5I H npaKTHKa H
Thpcexa HHKaKBH pa3nHqH5J: Me)l(.r:t:y T5IX. He ce Ta3H 6erne npHqHHaTa ,n:a CbCpe,n:OTOqa CBOeTO BHH-
B3eMaxa no,n: BHHMaHHe .ll:YMHTe Ha lllapn ,z:J:Hn OT MaHHe Bnpxy T5IX. ITpH aHanH3a Ha H3BeCTHHTe
Kpa5I Ha XIX s. , cnope,n: KoroTo MHoro oT noxsa- ,n:ocera H seqe ,n:o6pe npoyqeHH KpenocTH OT 6an-
n!Te, H3nOfl3BaHH OT BH3aHTHHQHTe: , ... CbCTaB- KaHCKHTe npOBHHQHH Ha paHHOBH3aHTHHCKaTa HM-
MBaT npexo,n: Me)l(,n:y aHTHqHHTe MeTO.r:t:H H Te3H nepH5I MoraT ,n:a ce pa3rpaHHqaT H5IKOnKo xapaK-
Ha cpe,n:HOBeKOBHeTO". 06aqe CbBpeMeHHHTe H3- TepHH rpynH KpenOCTHH nopTH, KOHTO oqepTaBaT
cneJJ,BaHH5I noKaJaxa, qe nepHOJJ.bT IV- VII s., Ma- OT.r:t:enHH <Pa3H B T5IXHOTO pa3BHTHe. B OCHOBaTa Ha
Kap H B MHOrO OTHOllieHH5I ,n:a e npO)J,bfl)I(HTen npe,n:no)l(eHaTa KnacH<PHKaQH5I ne)l(aT ,n:se H3XO.r:t:HH
Ha pe)J,HQa CneQH<PHqHH qepTH Ha pHMCKaTa Kyn- npe,n:nOCTaBKH, Ha KOHTO lll,e 6n,n:aT no,n:qHHeHH
rypa, HMa HOBH H35IBH, o6ycnOBeHH OT HOBH HKO- pa3Cb)l(.ll:eHH5ITa Ha aBTOpa H nocne,n:BanHTe rH H3-
HOMHqeCKH, nonHTHqeCKH H KynrypHH 5IBneHH5I. BO.r:t:H. Tosa ca nnaHOBOTO ycTpoifcTso H cTpOHTen-
ETo 3aiiJ;o T03H HCTOpHqecKH nepHOJJ. cnpaseJJ,nHBO HaTa TeXHHKa. Ill,e 6n.r:t:aT npHflO)I(eHH H ,n:sa MeTO-
6erne OQeHeH KaTO ,npexo,n: OT aHTHqHOCT KbM ,n:a - xpoHonorHqecKa nocne,n:osaTenHOCT (Kn.r:t:eTo
CpeJJ,HOBeKOBHe" H TOBa 6erne, 3a.lli,OTO aHTHqHHTe e Bb3M0)1(H0) H THnonorHqHaTa 3aBHCHMOCT, K05ITO
xapaKTepHCTHKH BCe OllJ,e He 65IXa H3)1(HBeHH, a e no,n:no)l(eHa Ha Cnlll,ecTseHH npoMeHH.
cpeJJ,HOBeKOBHHTe Ce 65IXa 3apO)J,HflH, HO He 65IXa ITpe3 II s. en. Xp. pHMCKaTa HMnepH5I ,n:ocTHra
ce HanO)I(HnH. To3H npoQec HaMHpa ,n:o6po no- CB05ITa Haif-roMMa MOlll,. HeH:HaTa TepHTOpH5I ce
TBnp)l(.r:t:eHHe B nOCTeneHHaTa npOM5IHa Ha yKpenH- pa3npocTHpa B Espona, A3H5I H A<PpHKa. 3a HeifHaTa
TenHaTa CHCTeMa KaTO Q5Ifl0 H Ha OT,n:enHHTe HeHHH 3alli,HTa e 6Hna Heo6xo,n:HMa ,n:o6pe o6MHcneHa H
eneMeHTH B qacTHOCT. nocne,n:osaTenHo H3nnnHeHa KpenocTHa CHCTeMa,
OcHOBHO 3BeHo s yKpenHTenHaTa cHcTeMa npe3 K05ITO B 06lli,H flHHHH Ce e CbCT05Ina OT MOlli,HH Kpe-
BCHqKH enOXH OT aHTHqHOCTTa )J,O cpe,n:HOBeKOBHe- nOCTH no rpaHHQHTe ( T.Hap. flHMeCH) H BbB BbTpern-
TO e KpenocTHaTa cTeHa (KypTHHa). OT cso5I cTpaHa HOCTTa.
T5I e o6eJJ,HHHTenHa KOHCTPYKQH5I 3a pa3nHqHH no Ha nposHHQHHTe, pa3nono)l(eHH Ha EanKaHCKH5I
CBOeTO npeJJ,Ha3HaqeHHe eneMeHTH: pa3H006pa3HH nonyocTpos, ce OT,n:asano oco6eHo 3HaqeHHe, ThH
nonnaHKynH, CThn6H,pa3IIOflO)I(eHHBKYflHTeHnHnO KaTo Te ocHryp5IsanH 3aiiJ;HTaTa OT cesep H cesepo-
KypTHHaTa, TaHHH nOJJ,3eMHH HflH Ha,n:3eMHH H3fla3H H3TOK Ha 11MnepH5ITa. ITpe,n:npHeToTo KpenocTHO
(noTepHH) . I13Me)I(JJ,y T5IX OC06eHO Ba)I(HO M5ICTO CTpOHTenCTBO OTpa35IBanO ysepeHOCTTa B CHnaTa H
3aeMaT KpenOCTHHTe nOpTH, KbM ycTpOHCTBOTO cTa6HnHocrra Ha ,n:np)l(aBaTa. XapaKTepHHTe qepTH
Ha KOHTO <PopTH<i>HKaTOpHTe CbCpeJJ,OTOqasaT HaH- Ha rpa,n:e)I(HTe ,n:aBaT OCHOBaHHe T03H nepHO.r:t: ,n:a ce
seqe csoeTo BHHMaHHe. Tosa ce JJ,bfl)I(H Ha o6cTo5I- Hapeqe KJlacu~tecKu H Tosa MO)I(e ,n:a ce npocne,n:H
TencTBOTO, qe Te Ca HaH-Y5I3BHMHTe MeCTa B Q5I- Haif-,n:o6pe npH ycTpOHCTBOTO Ha KpenOCTHHTe nop-
nOCTHaTa OT6paHHTenHa BepHra H TOqHo cpelll,y TH. T5IxHaTa nnaHHposKa ce ocHosasa Ha e,n:HHeH
T5IX HenpH5ITeMT CbCpe,n:OTOqasa HaH-3HaqHTenHH 3aMHCnn, oco6eHocrra Ha KOHTO ce 3aKniOqasa s
CHnH npH o6caJJ,aTa Ha Kpenocrra. cTporaTa CHMeTpH5I Ha nnaHHposKaTa. Bxo,n:HOTO
OT ,n:pyra CTpaHa, pa3Hoo6pa3HHTe rrnaHOBH npOCTpaHCTBO e 3allJ,HTaBaHO HeH3MeHHO OT .r:t:Be
perneHH5I 3a 3allJ,HTa Ha BXO)J,HOTO npOCTpaHCTBO npHspaTHH KynH, KOUTO HaH:-:ecTo HManH U-o6-
JJ,aBaT )J,06pH Bb3MO)I(HOCTH 3a npocne,n:5IBaHe Ha pa3eH HnH npasonrnneH nnaH. ,z:J:o6np npHMep

19
 o6meCTBeH0-11KOHOMH'IeCKI1 ycJIOBI1R, HO HaH-
Beqe Ha 3aCI1JII1JiaTa ce onacHocT oT ceBep. Ilpe3 MJi
III B. 3aqecTI1JII1 HarnecTBHR Ha rOTI1Te, a npe3 <Po
IV - Ha xyHI1Te. Bcl1qKo TOBa HaJimKI1JIO 113MeHe- Tp
HI1e B ycTpOHCTBOTO Ha IIOpT11Te. I1 Te, KaKTO 11 HI1
nonypa3pyrnaBaHI1Te cTeHI1 11 KYJII1, 611n11 B'h3CTa- Ha
HOBRBaHI1, HO 6e3 )J,a Ce HapyrnaBa CTapOTO IIJia- MO
HOBO ycTpOHCTBO. Penapa~I111Te cTaBaJII1 Beqe c np
no-HeKaqecTBeHI1 MaTep11an11 (noMeH 11 nonyo6- 3a6
pa6oTeH KaMnK), BnorneHo KaqecTBO Ha xopoca-
Ha, 1130CTaBHHe Ha ryxn11Te B 311)J.ap11HTa. Hai1-cn-
mecTBeH 11 xapaKTepeH IIp113HaK B Ta311 HaCOKa e
npeycTpoi1cTBOTo Ha nopT11Te. Te311 oT THX, KOI1-
0 10
1 TO e 611no TPY.D.HO )J,a ce 3ami1TaBaT, ca 611n11 1130-
"""•"""'"""" ""' cM
JI11paHI1 qpe3 nperpmK)J,aHeTo 11M c rpy6o o<Pop-

06p. 1. lO:JICHG KpenocmnG nopmG fiG A6pumyc MeHI1 311)J,OBe. TaKa e cTaHano npe3 III B. cnc
cnoMeHaTaTa IO)I(Ha nopTa Ha A6p11ryc - Hai1-Be-
poHTHO ome npe.D.I1 cpa)l(eHI1eTo B 251 r., KoraTo
npe)J, CTeHI1Te Ha rpa)J,a e 611JI pa3rpoMeH 11 y611T OT
rOTI1Te 11MnepaTop ,D;e~11i1 TpaHH.
ITo-.D.pyr e cnyqaHT c nopTaTa Ha fepMaHeH,
KORTO II'hpBOHaqaJIHO e 611Jia CTeCHeHa C HOB 311)1,,
a cne)J, TOBa e 611na HannJIHO nperpa)J,eHa c ome
e)J,I1H )J.e6en 311)1,. Te311 npenpaBKI1, KOI1TO ce Ha-
lliiiiiill- lliiiiill'
0 5 6JIIO)J,aBaT 11 np11 MHOrO .D.pyrl1 KpenOCTI1 OT TOBa
BpeMe, nOKa3BaT, qe Ta311 nnpBa <Pa3a Ha 6n.D.e- <Po
06p. 2. KpenocmnG nopmG fiG TepMGfleR mi1Te 3Haqi1TeJIHI1 113MeHeHHR MO)I(e )J,a Ce IIp11eMe rre
KaTO 3BeHO, KOeTO CB'bp3Ba KJiaCI1qecKaTa p11MCKa CT
3a nnpBHR cny"'lai1 e IO)I(HaTa nopTa Ha A6p11ryc
<PopT11<i>I1Ka~HSI C IIOCJie)J,BaJiaTa H paHHOBI13aH- Ha
(rrp11 Pa3rpa.D.), nocTpoeHa B'hB II B., a 3a BTOpHH-
TI1MCKa yKpeni1TeJIHa cTpaTerHR. BTopaTa rpyna He
rropTaTa Ha repMaHeH (.D.O Carrapesa 6aHH), CTpoe-
(<Pa3a) B paHHOBI13aHTI1MCKOTO KpenOCTHO CTp011- B
Ha sepoRTHO B KpaH Ha II B. (o6p. 1, 2). Han11~e TeJICTBO e THCHO CB'hp3aHa C II'hpBaTa. TR 06XBa-
e MomHa cTeHa, )J,e6ena KOJIKOTO caMaTa KYPTI1Ha.
ma, o6mo B3eTO, CTpOe)l(l1 OT V B. 11 B HeR Ce
Kyn11Te ca Ha e)J,HaKBO pa3CTOHHI1e oT sxo)J,a 11 ocl1-
npOCJie)J,HBa RCHO npo~eC'bT Ha CI1HTe3 Me)I()J,y KJia-
rypHBaT 3ami1TaTa My C KpnCTOCaHa CTpen6a 11 .D.py-
CI1qeCKI1Te np11H~I1lll1 11 113IIOJI3BaHeTO Ha HOBI1
rl1 cpe.D.CTBa. 3ami1THaTa KOH~err~HH rrpe)J,rronara
11)J,el1. ETo 3amo TH 611 Morna cnpaBe)J,JII1BO .D.a ce
ynOTpe6aTa Ha CTa611JieH CTp011TeJieH MaTep11aJI
onpe)J,eJII1 KaTo nocmKJlacuiJ.ec«a.
11 C'hBnprneH rpa)J,e)l(. Hanarana ce KBa.D.poBaTa 311-
B 11CTOp11qecKI1 nnaH neTHRT BeK e BpeMe Ha
.D.apHR OT )J,06pe o6pa6oTeHI1 6JIOKOBe (BapOBI1K,
HenpeK'bCHaTO HapaCTBaHe 11 1130CTpRHe Ha KOH-
IIHC'h"'IHI1K, rpaH11T), a IIO-pH)J,KO 611Jia 113IIOJI3BaHa
<Pni1KTI1Te c BapBap11Te. Hai1-ci1JIHO 11 MacoBo y"'lac-
CMeCeHaTa 311)J,apHR (IJayTaJI11H). 3a CBp'h3Ka e 113-
TI1e B TeXHI1Te HaWeCTBI1H B3eMaT aBap11Te, 06e)J,I1- H
llOJI3BaH 3)J,paB XOpOCaH 11 IIOHHKOra MeTaJIHI1 CK0611
HHBaml1 qeCTO CBOI1Te YCI1JII1H C'hC CJiaBRHI1Te. B
Me)I(.D.Y 6noKoBeTe. He JII1IICBaJII1 CJIY"lJ:al1, KoraTo
Cnopa)J.I1qHo Bl13aHTI1MCKHTe lO)I(HO.D.yHaBcKI1 Te- 0
IIOCJie)J,HI1Te 611JI11 pyCTI1~11paHI1, KOeTO 11MaJIO
p11TOp1111 ca OIIJIHqKOCBaHI1 11 OT rrpa6onrap11Te. c
eCTeTI1qeCKI1 ecpeKT, a CIIOKOMHaTa 06CTaHOBKa, KO-
,[(yHaBCKI1HT JII1MeC CTaBa HeHa)J,e)I()J,HO rrpeiiHTCT- c
raTO e 113BnprnBaHO CTp011TeJICTBOTO, II03BOJIHBa-
BI1e 3a TRX 11 TOBa HaJiara Bl13aHTI1MCKaTa BJiaCT, B
Jia npOHBaTa Ha 6eJie311, 113pa3RBaml1 yBepeHOCT B
3ae)J,HO C YCI1JIBaHe Ha KpeiiOCTI1Te Me)I()J,y ,[(yHaB 11
MomTa Ha .D.'hp)l(aBHaTa BnacT. TaKa Harrp11Mep Ha
CTapa nnaHI1Ha, )J,a 113rpa.D.I1 HOBa yKperreHa JII1HHR
MHOrO OT 6JIOKOBeTe OT A6p11ryc e 611na 113)J,RJIBaHa
no rrpe.D.nJiaHI1HI1Te Ha XeMyc. To311 npo~ec )J,aBa
II'hpBaTa 6yKBa (A) OT 11MeTO Ha rpa)J,a KpeiiOCT.
CI1JIHO OTpa)l(eHI1e Bnpxy Haqi1HI1Te 11 MeTO)J,I1Te Ha
Ome rrpe3 cne)J,Bami1H BeK oT6eJIH3aHaTa C11ryp-
KperrocTHO cTp011TencTBO. Hai1-)J,o6pHHT rroKa3aTeJI
HOCT 611na 1130CTaBeHa. ToBa ce )J,'bJI)I(I1 Ha HOBI1Te
B TOBa OTHOilieHI1e Ca KpeiiOCTHI1Te IIOpT11.

20
 Mo)l(e onpe,ll,eneHo ,ll,a ce Ka)l(e, qe npw o<)lop-
MJJeHHeTo Ha BXO,ll,HOTO IIpOCTpaHCTBO Ha IIOpTHTe
<)lopTH<)lHKaTOpHTe rrpO,ll,'hJJ)I(aBaT B 06I.QH qepTH
Tpa,ll,HU:HRTa Ha cwMeTpwqHo pa:monaraHe Ha oxpa-
HHTeJJHHTe Kynw. T03H npHHU:Hrr o6aqe e qecTo
HapyrnaBaH, KaK'hBTO e cnyqaRT c Kpenocrra Kpy-
MOBO Kane rrpH TnprOBHI.Qe, K'h,ll,eTO 3a06JJeHHTe OT-
npe,ll, Kynw HMaT pa3nwqHo HanpaBneHHe. ToBa ce
3a6eJJR3Ba H B pe,ll,Hl(a ,ll,pyrH IIJJaHHHCKH KperrOCTH
l1 ecTeCTBeHO e HanO)I(eHO OT HepaBHHR TepeH.
Ilpe3 T03H nepwo,ll, ce 3arra3BaT, MaKap w He
---·
0 ~ 10 IS 20 2S

CTPHKTHO npwno)l(eHH, KynwTe c OBaneH w npaBo-

06p. 3. Kpenocm Ha MaoapcKomo 11Jiamo
'hr'hJJeH IIJJaH, HO qecTO C'hOTHOIIIeHHeTO Me)l(,ll,y
TRX He e cna3eHo. B noBeqeTo cnyqaw Te He ca
op- e)J,HOTHIIHH, KOeTO e MHOfO IIOKa3aTeJJHO rrpH nop-
cnc TaTa Ha paHHOBH3aHTwi1cKaTa cTeHa Ha Hoc Ka-
se- JmaKpa, CTpOeHa BepORTHO K'hM HaqaJJOTO Ha V B.
aTo CoqeTaHH ca npaBO'hr'hJIHa w OKpnmeHa Kyna, pa3-
OT rroJIO)I(eHH Ha He C'hBCeM e,ll,HaKBH pa3CTORHHR OT
BXO)J,a. Tpy,ll,HO e ,ll,a ce ycTaHOBH ,ll,anw TOBa e nnp-
te~, BOHaqanHOTO peiiieHHe Ha CrpOHTeJIHTe, HJIH e,ll,-
,[(, HaTa OT KYJJHTe e IIOCTpOeHa B'hpxy no-paHHa, HO
TOBa B'hB BClfqKlf CJiyqalf e RBHO HapyiiieHHe Ha 06p. 4. KpenocmHa nopma Ha Mece.M6puR
yrBop,ll,eH BeKOBeH KaHOH.
E,ll,Ha oT Hai1-Ba)I(HHTe oco6eHOCTH Ha HOBaTa OI.Qe no-cnonyqnwBo T03H npHHU:Hn e npwno-

¢opTH<)lHKaU:HR e noRBaTa Ha ocTpOBnpxw Kynw - )l(eH B H3rpa)J,eHaTa MaJJKO nO-K'hCHO paHHOBH3aH-

rreTO'hr'hJIHH w TPH'hr'hJIHH. l1,ll,e~na 3a TaKHBa KOH- THHCKa CTeHa Ha MeceMBpHR (o6p. 4). 3H,ll,OBeTe

CKa CTPYKu:HH e H3BeCTHa ome oT BpeMeTo Ha ,ll,peB- Ha ,ll,BeTe npwBpaTHH neTO'hr'hJJHH Kynw ca H,ll,ean-

Ha Ena,ll,a (<IlwnoH), HO He e npwnaraHa. BepORTHO HO npOnOpl(HOHHpaHH, 06XBai.QaT BbTpeiiiHO rrpO-

HeHHaTa HY)I(,ll,a cTaBa oce3aTenHa npe3 paHHO- CTpaHCTBO C rroqTlf KBa)J,paTeH nJJaH H CaMO OTK'hM

BH3aHTHHCKaTa enoxa H TOBa e OTpa3eHO B TpaK- CTpaHaTa Ha OCTpHR 'hr'hJl HMaT )J,'hJJ60Ka KOHXa.

a- TaTa Ha T. Hap. aHOHHMeH BH3aHTHHCKH aBTOp. OcBeH ecTeTwqecKo npe,ll,Ha3HaqeHHe, TR e wMana

IlpewMyi.QeCTBaTa Ha T03H nnaH Ha Kyna ca, qe 3a 3a,ll,aqa ,ll,a no,ll,CHJIH KynaTa npw y,ll,apw OTB'hH. B

a- pa3110JlO)I(eHHTe ITO)], 'hr'hJl CTeHH YCTORBaT IIO- Te3H ,ll,OJJHH eTa)I(H Ha KYJIHTe ca 6wnw ycTpoeHH

BH rreCHO Ha y,ll,apHTe Ha HerrpHRTeJICKHTe 06Ca,ll,HH no e)J,Ha nOTepHa B'hB BCRKa OT TRX, OT KORTO 3a-

ce MaUlliHH, a 3ae,ll,HO C TOBa CIIOMaraT 3a pa3HOIIOCO- I.QHTHHl(HTe Ca HManH B'h3M0)1(H0CT CKpHTO H BHe-

qeH (BeTpHJIOBH,ll,eH) 06CTpeJI OT CTpaHa Ha 6paHH- 3aiiHO )J,a HaHeCaT y,ll,ap Ha npOTHBHHKa.

Ha TeiTHTe. 06wKHOBeHo TaKwBa Kynw ca pa3nonaraHw ManKo no-oco6eH e cnyqaRT c paHHOBH3aHTHH-

no ¢poHTa Ha KYPTHHaTa, HO oco6eHo ycneiiiHO CKaTa KpenocTHa cTeHa Ha aKponona Ha I1ayTanHR,

Te Ce npwnaraT, <)lnaHKHpaHKH BXO,ll,HHR npOXO,ll, cTpoeHa B KpaR Ha IV wnw npe3 V B. ( o6p. 5). Kpe-

Ha nopTwTe. OcTpwTe HM pn6oBe pR3KO ce Bp~n­ nocTHaTa nopTa ce HaMHpa B 10fOH3TOqHlfR 'hr'hJI

BaT B HaCT'hiiBai.QHTe BepHrH, a OT nJJaT<)lOpMHTe Ha CTeHaTa H e 6wna 3ai.QHTaBaHa OT )],Be H,ll,eaJJHO

o6cTpen'hT e no-e<)lwKaceH. ToBa MO)I(e ,ll,o6pe ,ll,a OC'hpa3MepeHH TpH'hr'hJJHH KyJJH. QqeBH,ll,HO BXO-

ce HmocTpwpa c npwMepa Ha Kpenocrra Ha Ma,ll,ap- ,ll,'hT Ha nOpTaTa e pa3nOJIO)I(eH Me)I()J,y TRX, HO Ha

CKOTO nJiaTO, KORTO, no BClfqKO JIHqH, e CTpOeHa IIJiaHa Ha pa3KOIIKHTe He e oT6enR3aH. BepoRTHa

B cpe,ll,aTa Ha V B. (o6p. 3). ToBa e TwrrwqHa nna- npwqwHa 3a TOBa e no-K'hCHOTO MY 3a3lf)I()J,aHe w

HHHCKa KpenOCT, HO pa3nOJIO)I(eHa Ha cpaBHHTeJIHO H30JJHpaHe. 0T6paHHTeJIHaTa MOI.Q Ha Ta3H KyJJa e

paBHO nnaTo. TR HMa KpenocTeH 3H,ll, OT Tpw crpa- 6HJJa nO,ll,CHJIBaHa OT HaMHpai.QaTa Ce C'hBCeM 6JIH30

HH, OT qeTB'hpTaTa e 3ai.QHTeHa OT CTpbMHaTa H OT- Kpnma 'hrJJOBa Kyna.

BeCHa cKana. E,ll,HHCTBeHaTa nopTa e <)lnaHKHpaHa 3ae)J,HO C HOBHTe TeH,ll,eHl(HH B nJJaHOBHTe KOM-

oT ,ll,Be H,ll,eanHo o<)lopMeHH neTO'hr'hJIHH KYJIH, pa3- n03Hl(HH Ha nOpTHTe OT T03~ nepHO,ll,, 3HaqwTeJI-

rroJJo)l(eHH CHMeTpHqHo Ha paBHH pa3CTORHHR. HH rrpOMeHH npeTbpnRBa CTpOHTeJIHaTa TeXHHKa.

21
 TaKTHqeCKH eJieMeHT B OT6paHaTa - H3HeCeHaTa
npe)J, cppOHTa Ha OCHOBHaTa CTeHa OIIJ;e e)J,Ha, nO-
MaJIKa no pa3MepH. C TOBa OT6paHaTa CTaBa no-
)J,'bJI60Ka H nO-f'hBKaBa, 3aiiJ;OTO Ta3H CTeHa (npoTeH- )J,eJ
XH3Ma) )J,aBa B'h3MO)f(HOCT 3a 6op30 npH)J,BH)f(BaHe
eou
Ha BOWCKHTe Ha 6paHHTeJIHTe. IIpenopoqBaHa, HO
HaA
HenpHJiaraHa B no-paHHHTe enOXH, Ta3H TaKTHKa
HO
cTaBa npeo6Jia)J,aBarn;a 3a no-roJieMHTe rpa)J,oBe Kpe-
BV
nocTH, a nocTeneHHO en ope)], HKOHOMHqecKHTe B'h3-
Tew
MO)f(HOCTH 3anoqBa )J,a ce npHJiara H B no-MaJIKHTe
yeT
06p. 5. KpenocmHa nopma Ha llay maJIUR cTpaTerHqecKH yKpenJieHH51. HaqaJioTo e nocTaBe-
na)J
HO c nocTp051BaHeTo Ha T. Hap. Teo)J,OCHeBa cTeHa
npo
Ha KoHcTaHTHHonoJI npe3 513 r . Ta3H xapaKTepHa
paT
oco6eHOCT no3BOAABa )J,a ce pa3rpaHHqH e)J,Ha rpy-
CTa
na KpenOCTH B 6aJIKaHCKHTe npOBHHQHH Ha HMne-
(o6
p1151Ta, K051TO rn:e HapeqeM cwu<pemurma. T51 o6-
xBarn;a QeJIH51 V H HaqanoTo Ha VI B. H ce 51B51Ba
CBOeo6pa3eH anorew Ha paHHOBH3aHTHWCKOTO Kpe-
nOCTHO )J,eJio. Tow MO)f(e Haw-)J,o6pe )J,a ce npocJie)J,H
B ycTpOWCTBOTO Ha KpenocTHHTe nopTH. TexeH
nopBoo6pa3 ca nopTHTe Ha KoHcTaHTHHonoJI, oT
KOHTO 3a HaW-)J,06op npHMep Tp516Ba )J,a Ce npHeMe
06p. 6. llopmama M eeReeu xaHe Kany e KoHcmaHmuHonofl T.Hap. MeBJieBH xaHe Kany ( o6p. 6).
IIpoTewxH3MaTa Ha KOHcTaHTHHonoJicKaTa Kpe-

bJIOKOB1151T CTpOe)f( (opus quadratum), MHOro CK'hn nocT OTCTOH Ha 14 M OT OCHOBHaTa CTeHa, a nop-

3a H3n'hJIHemte, OTCT'hnBa M5ICTO Ha nCeB)J,06JIO- TaTa e cpJiaHKHpaHa OT )],Be npaBO'hf'hJIHH KYJIH.

KOB (opus implectum). Corn;ecTBeHH HeroBH xa· Corn:o KaTo He51 H T51 HMa )],Be MaJIKH KYJIH, KOHTO

paKTepHCTHKH Ca HaJIHqHeTO Ha )],Be JIHQeBH 06JIH- Ca BC'hiiJ;HOCT CT'bJI6Hrn;a, BO)J,eiiJ;H K'hM 60WHaTa

QOBKH OT KBa)J,pH, 3an'hJIHeHH B Q5IJiaTa )J,e6eJIHHa noTeKa Ha KYPTHHaTa. Me)f()J.y T51X e ocpopMeH

Ha 3H)J,a OT n'hJIHe)f( (eMnJieKTOH), C'hCT051IIJ; Ce OT BXO)J,, UlHpOK noqTH KOJIKOTO T03H Ha paHHaTa CTe-

XOpOCaH, npHMeCeH C'hC CTpOHTeJieH TpOU1JI51K H Ha H Han'hJIHO coo6pa3eH c Hero. Me)f()J,y T51X ce

)J,pe6HH Heo6pa6oTeHH KaM'bqeTa. 3ae)J,HO C TOBa o6pa3yBa KBa)J,paTHO npOCTpaHCTBO C pa3MepH

nOCTeneHHO H3qe3BaT KBa)J,pHTe B 06JIHQOBKHTe H 17x17 M, KoeTO npe)J,cTaBAABa o6UJHpeH )],Bop. B

ce 3aMeiDIT OT no-)J,pe6HH noJiyo6pa6oTeHH 6JioK- T03H )],BOp Ce e npOHHKBaJIO KaKTO OT )J,BeTe nopTH,

qeTa (rycpeJIH). MHoro qecTo )J,OJIHH51T eTa)f( e 6Jio- TaKa HOT CTpaHHqHH naca)f(H, H)J,BaiiJ;H OTK'hM Me)f(-

KHpaH Han'hJIHO C'hC CnOMeHaT1151 n'hJIHe)f( H CaMO )J.yKypTHHHHTe npocTpaHCTBa (nepH6oJioca). TaKa

ropHHTe eTa)f(H ca 6HJIH ocpopM51HH KaTO 60WHH e C'b3)J,a)J,eHa )J,06pe 06MHCJieHa OT6paHHTeJIHa CH-

noMern;eHH51. U:eJITa Ha T03H 6JioKa)f( e )J,a ce C'h3)J,a)J,e CTeMa, 3aiiJ;OTO ycneJIH51T )J,a npeMHHe nopB1151 BXO)J,
pe
orn:e no-3)J,paBa nperpa)J.a 3a TapaHHTe H )J.pyrHTe npOTHBHHK 6HJI nO)J,JiaraH Ha KpbCTOCaH Of'hH
H
CTeH060WHH ycrpOWCTBa. ,[(o6pH npHMepH B Ta3H OTfOpe ( OT CTeHHTe H KYJIHTe) H B'hB cpJiaHr, OTK'hM
cp
HacoKa ca nopTaTa Ha Kpenocrra KpyMoBo Kane nepH6oJioca. Mo)f(e )J,a ce Ka)f(e, qe no T03H HaqHH
BH
npH ToproBHrn;e, Ta3H Ha Kpenocrra npH c. ,[(oJIHa nopTaTa e 6HJia noqTH HenpeB3HMaeMa.

Ka6)J,a H )J.p. B rpa)J,e)f(a ce H3nomBaT no3HaTHTe KoHcTaHTHHOnOJICK1151T MO)J,eJI noqTH Be)J,Hara

op
nopO)J,H KaM'hK, HO npe06Jia)J,aBa n51C'hqHHK, a B 3anoqBa )J,a ce npHJiara B MHoro oT ocTaHaJIHTe
)1,0
KpaHMOpCKHTe KpenOCTH Hep51)J,KO Ce H3nOJI3Ba no- KpenocTH. HaHCTHHa TOBa cTaBaJIO nocTeneHHO qe
KpeXKH51T 6Hrop. YnoTpe651BaH1151T 3a cBpo3Ka xo- H C OfJie)J, Ha HKOHOMHqeCKHTe B'h3M0)f(H0CTH -

pocaH e OC06eHO 3)J,paB, C'bCTOH Ce OT Bap, D51C'hK H Haw-Hanpe)J, B no-roJieMHTe rpa)J,oBe, a cJie)J, TOBa

e)J,po cqyKaHa ryxJia. B no-MaJIKHTe H BOeHHHTe KpenocTH. Tow HaMHpa

B HaqaJioTo Ha VB. HacTDriBaT cepH03HH H3MeHe- )J,06po npHJIO)KeHHe B 6aJIKaHCKHTe npOBHHQHH

H1151 B TeOp1151Ta H npaKTHKaTa Ha BH3aHTHWCKaTa Ha J1MnepH51Ta H BHHMaTeJIHOTO H3yqaBaHe Ha H3-

cpopTHcpHKaQ1151. Te ce )J,'hJI)f(aT Ha no51BaTa Ha HOB BeCTHHTe )J,OCera HaXO)J,KH )J,aBa B'h3MO)f(HOCT )J,a Ce

22
a pa3rpaHHqaT TpH OCHOBHH BapHaHTa Ha T03H CllO-
-
:>KeH THII IIOpTH.
D-
KbM IIbpBIDI OT THX, KOHTO MO:>Ke ~a ce onpe-
~emf KaTO npe~CTaBHTen Ha KOilCmpyKmU61lO
eouHcm6o, ce OTHacH nopTaTa Ha 3arra~HaTa cTeHa
0
Ha AyrycTa TpaHHa ( CTapa 3aropa). Cne~ e~Ho cnn-
a HO pa3pymeHHe Ha aHTHqHaTa KpeiiOCT OT XYHHTe
e- B VB. Ha 3,5 M rrpe~ KypTHHaTa e IIOCTpOeHa IIpO-
TeMXH3Ma. B HeH rrpe~ Bxo~a Ha paHHaTa nopTa e
ycTpOeH HaiibllHO CHMeTpnqeH BXO~, 3aTBapHH OT
na~alll,a BpaTa (KaTapaKTa). TaKa ce o<PopMH ~bnbr
npOXO~, KOHTO B npe~HaTa CH qacT o6pa3yBa KBa~­
paTHO rrpocTpaHCTBO, no~o6Ho Ha OHOBa B KoH-
cTaHTHHonon, HO C IIO-MallKH pa3MepH - 4x4 M
_
( o6p. 7). KaKTo H B cTOnnu:aTa, KbM Hero ce e npo-
HHKBano OT BXO~OBeTe Ha ~BeTe CTeHH H OT ~BeTe
a cTpaHH Ha nepn6onoca. TpH6Ba ~a ce npe~nonara
1.-
o6aqe, qe TaKa ce o6pa3yBa ~oneH eTa:>K Ha cno:>K-
Ha Ha~BpaTHa Kyna, a He CB060~eH H HeiiOKpHT
OTrope ~Bop. He3aBHCHMO OT Ta3H pa3nHKa HaqH-
HHTe Ha 3aiiJ,HTa ca aHanorHqHH Ha Te3H B KoHcTaH-
e THHonon.
BTOpiDIT BapnaHT MO:>Ke ~a ce npocne~H npH
cesepHaTa nopTa Ha ):(HoKneu:HaHorron (X11cap) 11
peiiieHHeTo MY ce 6a3Hpa Ha npHHU:Hna Ha flJlaJto6o
eOU11Cm60 Ha OT~ellHHTe eneMeHTH ( o6p. 8). Ilpe~
0
cesepHaTa KYPTHHa Ha aHTHqHaTa KpenocT npe3
V B. e ~o6aBeHa npOTeHXH3Ma, OTCTOHIIJ,a Ha 10 M
H
11 cne~BaiiJ,a HanbnHo npaBa nHHHH. Ilpe~ paHHaTa
rropTa e OTBopeHa H Ta3H Ha rrpoTeHXH3MaTa. To3H 06p. 7. 3anaiJHa nopma Ha Ayrycma TpaJ!Ha
e BXO~ e o<PopMeH OT ~Ba H3~aBaiiJ,H Ce HaBbTpe
H KbCH 3H~a H e HaiibllHO CHMeTpnqeH Ha paHHIDI.
06pa3yBaHOTO Me~y THX IIpOCTpaHCTBO oqepTa-
Ba IIOqTJi KBa~paTeH ~BOp C pa3MepH 8x9 M. ):(OCTb-
IIbT KbM Hero e OT qeTHpH CTpaHH - BXO~OBeTe

Ha KYPTHHHTe 11 OTKbM nepn6onoca. He MO:>Ke ~a

HMa CbMHeHHe, qe e Hannu:e e~Ha MHoro 6nH3Ka
pennHKa Ha KOHCTaHTHHorroncKHTe KOHCTPYKU:HH
11 TOBa IIJ,e noTBbp~H rrpe~rrono:>KeHHeTo 3a Herro-
cpe~cTBeHoTo BlliDIHHe Ha CTOllHU:aTa Bbpxy rrpo-
BHHU:HanHaTa <PopTH<PHKaU:IDI. 06p. 8. CeeepHa nopma Ha /l,uoKJi e!fuaHonon
TpeTIDIT BapnaHT, rrpe~cTaBnHBaiiJ, e~HO MHOro
opHrHHanHo pemeHHe, MO:>Ke ~ace BH~H BKperrocrra
~o c. Boi1Bo~a, lllYMeHCKO, 3a KOHTO ce npe~nonara,
qe e CIIOMeHaTa B aHTJiqHHTe KapTH KaTO ):(HHeH. 3a
pa3nHKa OT IIbpBHTe ~Ba, o<PopMneHHeTO Ha npH-
BpaTHOTO npocTpaHCTBO MO:>Ke ~a ce onpe~enn

KaTO H3pa3 Ha uoefmomo eOUilCm60 ( o6p. 9) . .H:

ryK KbM no-paHHIDI aHTHqeH KpenocTeH 3H~, 3aiiJ,H-
TeH OT MOIIJ,HH eynH cbc 3ao6neH npe~eH KpaH:, e
IIOCTpOeHa npOTeMXH3Ma. 3a pa3nHKa OT ):(HOKne- 06p. 9. TRG6HG nopma HQ /l,Uflefl

23
 t
'.'.
\
.....
....
...
...
\
\

..·.
\\

...
\\
\

."
06p. 11. flopma 11a paHH06U3aHmuiicKama Kpenocm
npu Men11uK

Beqe KOHCTaHTI1HOIIOnCKI1 MO)J,en.

CTp011TenHaTa TeXHI1Ka rrpe3 Ta311 <lJa3a ce xa-
paKTep11311pa C 113IIOn3BaHeTO Ha ll0-11KOHOMI1qHI1
MaTep11an11 - rro-,ll,pe6eH KaM'hK, xopocaH c rrp11Mec
OT ryxneHI1 KbcqeTa, qacTI1qHo rrp11no)l(eH11e Ha
cMeceHa 11n11 rrceB)J,OCMeceHa 311,ll,ap115I.
IJocne)J,HaTa rpyrra KpeiiOCTI1, KOI1TO Ce OTHaC5IT
Haii-o6ru.o KbM rrnpBaTa rronoBI1Ha Ha VI B. - spe-
MeTo Ha yc11neHa yKperri1TenHa )J,eHHOCT Ha 11Mrre-
paTop I0cTI1HI1aH I, MO)I(e )J,a ce orrpe,ll,enl1 KaTo
06p. 10. Kpenocm11a nopma 11a CaiJoecKo KGJie npedcpedno6eK06Ha. IInaHoBeTe Ha KperrocTHI1Te
rropT11 rro TOBa speMe ca rro)J,qi1HeHI1 rrpe,ll,I1MHO Ha
ycnOBI15ITa Ha HepaBHI1Te TepeHI1. Hanara ce aci1-
u.11aHorron 11 ,ll,pyrl1 KperroCTI1, T5l He cne)J,Ba rrpaBa MeTp11qHI15IT Haqi1H Ha rrnaH11pOBKa, rrp11 KOeTO
ni1HI15l, a 113BI1Ba rro oqepTaHI15ITa Ha Kyni1Te, KaTo HanbnHO Ce HapywaBaT ycTaHOBeHI1Te aHTI1qHI1
o6pa3yBa )J,'hrOBI1)J,HI1113)J,aThU.11, 11rpaeru.11 Bepo5ITHO rrp11HU.11ITI1. ToBa Haii-)J,o6pe ce BI1)1()J,a B rrpaKTI1KaTa
pOMTa Ha rrceB)J,Oeynl1. l13rpa)J,eHa rrpe3 VB., Ta311 )J,a ce cTp011 caMo e)J,Ha rrp11BpaTHa Kyna, HanO)I(eHo
IIpOTeHXI13Ma e Ha pa3nl1qHI1 pa3CT05IHI15l OT CTap115I OT pene<lJa Ha MeCTHOCTTa. lfHTepeceH np11Mep B
311)],, )J,OCT11raru.11 )],0 9 M. TOBa OTHoweHI1e e KaneTo rrp11 Ca)J,oseu., IIneBeH-
Bxo)J,HOTO rrpocTpaHCTBO Ha rropTaTa cne)J,Ba Be- CKO. 3arra3eHaTa 11 rrpoyqeHa rropTa e <lJnaHKHpaHa
qe rro3HaTaTa KOHCTaHTI1HorroncKa cxeMa. To e o6- caMo OT e)J,Ha Kyna c HerrpaBI1neH rreTonrnneH
pa3yBaHo OT )J,BaTa BXO)J,a (Ha rrpOTeHX113MaTa 11 rrnaH ( o6p. 10). 3a )J,a ce rrpeo)J,onee T5l, e Tp5I6Bano
paHHaTa cTeHa) 11 3aeMa rroqTI1 KBa)J,paTHa rrnoru. )J,a ce rrpeo)J,onee rropTaTa Ha rrpoTeHXI13MaTa, )J,a
(15xl6 M). B TaKa o<lJopMeHI15l )],Bop ca 113rpa)J,eHI1 Ce MI1He llOKpaif KynaTa, OT K05ITO npOTI1BHI1KbT e
)],Be, )J,OnerreHI1 )J,O rrpoTeiixi13MaTa rroMeru.eHI15l, 611n o6CTpenBaH. BI1)1()J,a ce 5ICHO, qe OCHOBHOTO B
KOI1TO rro BC5IKa Bepo5ITHOCT ca 11rpaen11 pon5ITa Ha pa3rne)J,aHI15l cnyqaif e u.enecno6pa3Hocrra B pa3-
rrp11BpaTHI1 Kyn11 11n11 Ha CTpa)l(eBI1 IIOMeiiJ.eHI15l. rronaraHeTo Ha 3aiiJ.I1THI1Te eneMeHTI1.
MaKap 11 B TBbp,ll,e orrpocTeH BI1)J,, pa3rrono)l(eHI1eTo IlO,iJ,06HO e perneHI1eTO Ha IIOpTaTa B paHHOBI1-
Ha OT)J,enHI1Te OT6paHI1TenHI1 eneMeHTI1 He OCTaB5l 3aHTI1HCKaTa Kperroc':!' rrp11 MenHI1K ( o6p.ll ). Bxo-
M5ICTO 3a CbMHeHI1e, qe e IIp11nO)I(eH II03HaTI15IT )J,bT e CbBCeM orrpocTeH, HO 3aiiJ.I1TaTa MY ce ocn- their

24
 I
06p. 12. KpenocmHa nopma 11a KunWIOBCKomo KaJ/e 06p. 13. Jlopmama Ha paHHOBU3aHmuucKama nopma Ha
LfapeBe/1 (BenuKo TbpHoeo)

11\eCTBRBa OT MO~Ha Tp11bf'bJIHa Kyna, nOKpaH K05!TO •••

e 611no Heo6xo~I1MO ~a ce MI1He, 3a ~a ce CTI1rHe ~o OT 113JIO~eHOTO ~OTYK 11 OT HanpaseHI15! on11T
Hero. HannnHo aHanor11qeH e no~xo~'bT np11 nop- )J.a ce npocne)J.I1, CI1CTeMaTI1311pa 11 Knac11cp11Q11pa
TaTa Ha x'hnMa IJ.apeseQ ~o Ben11Ko TnpHoso, KOH- CTpoe~T Ha paHHOBI13aHTI1HCKI1 KpenOCTHI1 nop-
TO npe~CTaBJI5!Ba qeTBbpTJITO npOCTpaHCTBO C ~Be TI1 CTaBa 5!CHO, qe T5!XHOTO HaqaJIO ce KOpeHI1 B 113-
BpaTI1 11 e 3a~I1TeH C'b~O TaKa OT Tp11bf'bJIHa no ni1TaHI1Te p11MCKI1 o6pa3Q11, HO nOCTeneHHO Hanyc-
rrnaH Kyna ( o6p. 12). Ka KJiaCI1qeCKI1Te KaHOHI1, 3a ~a )J.OCTI1rHe Han'hJIHO
~O~e 611 CBOe06pa3eH BpbX B 11306peTaTeJI- CBOeo6pa3HI1 nnaHOBO-KOHCTPYKTI1BHI1 perneHI15!.
HOCTTa Ha paHHOBI13aHTI1HCKI1Te cpopTWp11KaTOp11 To311 npoQec He e cnpase~ni1BO )J.a ce T'hneysa
e nOCTI1rHaT B Kpenocrra np11 c. K11n11noso, Cni1- KaTo yna)J.'hK, a )J.a ce oQeH5!Ba KaTo HanaraHe Ha
BeHcKo. Hei1HaTa nopTa 11Ma cno~eH nnaH 11 KOH- HOBI1 HOpM11, Bnpxy KOI1TO nO-K'bCHO ~e 113pac-
crpyKL\1151, KOI1TO 5I npeBpb~aT B 11CTI1HCKI1 na611- HaT cpe~HOBeKOBHI1Te yKpeni1TeJIHI1 Tpa~11Q1111.
p11HT (o6p. 13). TR e pa3nono~eHa Ha e~Ha OT XapaKTepH11Te qepT11 Ha Ta311 JII1HI15! Ha pa3BI1TI1e
ocTp11Te qynKI1 Ha KYPTI1HaTa 11 ce C'hCTOI1 OT ~sa ca HaJio~eHI1 OT He06XO)J.I1MOCTTa 3a 11KOHOMI1qHO
sxo)J.a. Cn3~a~eHa e 611na o6cTaHOBKa, KORTO e 3a- CTp011TeJICTBO, OT CneQ11cp11KaTa Ha TepeHHI1Te OC0-
TPY/l.H5!Bana np11/l.BI1~BaHeTo Ha npOTI1BHI1Ka, o~e 6eHOCTI1, OT HOBI1Te TeH~eHQI111 B OT6paHI1TeJIHaTa
rroseqe qe TOMe rp5!6sano ~aMI1He no~ Tp11biDJIHaTa TaKTI1Ka 11 cTpaTerl15!. TaKHsa Hai1-o6~o ca 611n11
OTB'bH 11 neTO'bf'bJIHaTa OTBbTpe Kyna. 11311CKBaHI15!Ta Ha HaCT'bnBa~aTa Cpe~HOBeKOBHa
enoxa.

EARLY-BYZANTINE PORTAL GATES.

ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Dimitar OVCHAROV

The diversity of applied lay-outs and constructive for studying the entire evolution of the defensive
techniques for defending the entrance post spaces theory and practice of the Byzantine Empire.
Bxo- present favourable opportunity for the tracing of
The suggested by the author classification ts
ocb- their development and give a good starting point

25
founded on two basic initial prerequisites - the of 5th c., could be defined as and referred to the pre-
planned engineering construction and building mediaeval type of strongholds.
techniques. The major applied methods are two:
chronological sequence and continuity, and typical The presently offered attempt to trace, classify and
dependence or characteristic co-relation. These two create a systematic picture about the construction
give the possibility to discriminate a succession of the Early-Byzantine stronghold portal gates
of several periods. The first one is the Classical gives a clear notion that their structure was
period observed within the boundaries of 2nd c., primarily rooted and founded on the reliably tested
as opposed to 3rd c. which brings forth a new stage Roman prototypes, and only later deviated from
of reconstruction and refashioning, thus creating the Classical laws and canons to reach some newly
the link between the classical Roman fortification originated and peculiarly Byzantine laying-out and
and the Early-Byzantine fortifying and defensive constructive accomplishments and architectural
strategy. decisions.

The second period displays definitely postclassical It would be rather unfair to interpret these tendencies
characteristics manifesting the process of as a decadent process of decay. And, it would
synthesis between the classical principles and the definitely be more appropriate to treat and evaluate
implementation of new concepts and ideas. them as the imposing of new architectural standards
and rules, on the basis of which were later developed
The beginning of 5th c. marks the initiation of certain and eventually evolved the fortifying traditions of
profound alterations in the theory and practice of the Middle Ages. The characteristic features of this
Byzantine fortification. This peculiarity allows the evolutionary trend were imposed by the necessity
differentiation of three stronghold varieties isolated for economic growth and reorganization, side by
syncretically by the author. side with the distinctive peculiarities of the terrain
and the conceptually new tendencies in the theory
The last group or variety, belonging to the first half and practice of defensive tactics and strategy.

Ha

26
 H3JI'hCKAHA KEPAMHKA

r~
OT K'hCHOAHTJiliEH DEULTUM

JbooMull C/J. BATAHHHCKH

es

:~
m

Ilpe,n:MeT Ha HaCTOjii.QOTO Cb06I.QeHHe Ca rJII1- 123- 124). JJ:saTa repMaHCKH rrpwMepa OT Deul-
HeHI1 Cb}J,OBe, 'll1j{T0 IIOBbpXHOCT e yKpaceHa qpe3 tum ce ,n:aTwpaT CTPaTwrpacpcKH no C'hW:OTO speMe:
tes MeXaHI1'lHO IBn'hCKBaHe. rrocne,n:Ha 'leTBopT Ha IV- 20-Te ro,n:HHH Ha V BeK
lid Bcl1'lKHTe co,n:ose ca OTKPHTH B paMKHTe Ha 11 BTopa rronoBI1Ha Ha V seK- Ha'!ano Ha VI seK,
yKperreHaTa rrnow: Ha pwMcKaTa Colonia Flavia Pa- C'hOTBeTHo cpwrypw q249 I1 HHB.NQ 229. TpeTaTa
cis Deultensium, pa3rrono)l(eHa KpaH: ceno JJ:e6enT qarna (cpwr. 3) e c rro-o6w:a ,n:aTwposKa B Deultum
(Deultum), o6w;wHa Cpe,n:eu,, o6nacT Byprac. fpa- (V- VI BeK), HO KaTO TI1I1 e OC06eHO xapaKTepHa 3a
)l;'bT e OCHOBaH B cpe,n:aTa Ha 70-Te rO)l;I1HI1 Ha I BeK rropBa rronoBHHa Ha V seK (Vagalinski 2002, <tawu
OT BeTepaHI1 Ha VIII AsrycTOB nerwoH, 'lHHTO rro- mun IX 122- 123). He caMo Hei1HaTa cpopMa, HO w
CTOj{HeH narep Me)l(.n:y 45 w 68 ro,n:wHa e Novae CKpOMHaTa M H3nocKaHa yKpaca (xopw30HTMHI1
Kpai1: Csww:os. CaMo .n:sa oT rrpe,n:cTaBeHI1Te C'h- wswu,w) j{ oTnwqasa OT .n:seTe ,sapsapcKH" qarnw.
.n:a ca rry6ni1KyBaHH (rjJu2. 2, 3; Vagalinski 2002, qempwTe KaHH ( cp11r. 4- 7) ca yKpaceHH c xo-
lf247, lf249) 1• <l>opMwTe Ha o6cb)l()l;aHHTe TYK eK- pi130HTMHI1 w sepTHKMHH H3n'hCKBaHI1j{. CTpaTH-
3eMrrllilp11 ca qaum, KaHH, Kyrra w ropHeTa. BKmo- rpacpcKaTa I1M ,n:aTHpOBKa e BTOpa ITOnOBHHa Ha
'leHI1 ca 11 cpparMeHTH OT cTeHw. KaTo rrpaswno Te- V seK- Ha'!ano Ha VI seK. <l>opMaTa HM e rrpoBHH-
311 C'b}J,OBe Ca ,n:o6pe rrpe'IHCTeHH I1 paBHOMepHO u,wanHo-pwMcKa c pe,n:wu,a rrapanenw Ha 10r OT JJ:o-
113ITe'leHI1 )1;0 CHB, CI1BO-'lepeH ll,Bj{T; I13KniO'leHI1j{ neH Jl:yHaB.
ca KepeMw,n:eHo'lepseHw wnw c IJ,Bj!T Ha oxpa rrpw- KyrraTa ( cp11r. 8) e yKpaceHa c xopH30HTMHI1
Mep11. H3n'hcKaHw wswu,w. <l>opMaTa e rrorryllilpHa Ha Ban-
l.JanmTe ca TPH ( cpwr. 1, 2, 3). <l>opMaTa Ha KaHwTe w B JJ:onHa ABcTpl1j{ 3a ,n:'hnor rrepwo.n: OT
}J,Be OT Tj{X ( cpwr. 1, 2) e qy)l(,n:a Ha MeCTHI1j{, I1pO- speMe - oT III- II B.rrp.Xp . .n:o K'hCHaTa aHTH'lHOCT
BI1Hll,I1MHO-pi1MCKI1, KepaMH'leH perrepToap, HO BKniO'lHTenHo, rrpe3 KOHTO rrpoMeHwTe B rrpocpwna
e rrorryllilpHa cpe.n: repMaHCKI1 rrneMeHa Ha BanKa- ca He3Ha'lwTenHH 3a rrpeu,w3Ha ,n:aTwposKa 6e3 ap-
HI1Te 11 B IJ,eHTpanHa Esporra rrpe3 rrepwo,n:a Kpaj{ xeonorwqecKw KOHTeKCT. JJ:eynTyMCKI1j!T rrpe,n:cTa-
Ha IV- VI BeK (Vagalinski 2002, <tawu mun XI, BHTen e cwrypHo .n;aTwpaH CTpaTwrpacpcKH B rropsa

(/)uz. 1 0
(/)uz. 2 (/)uz. 3 (/)uz. 4 (/)uz. 5

27
nonomma Ha V BeK. HeroBH H3JI'hCKaHH napanenH (565- 578), KOeTO ro OTHaC51 KbM llOCJie,D,HaTa
llO ,D,eCHJUI 6p51T Ha ,z:t:oJieH ,z:t:yHaB Ca OTHeCeHH B TpeTa Ha VI BeK. I.IJ;o ce OTHaC51 ,D,O <PopMaTa My,
HHTepBana nocne,D,Ha LJeTBbpT Ha III BeK--cpe,D,aTa ny6JIHKyBaHH Ca llO,D,06HH H3JlbCKaHH eK3eMnMpH
Ha V BeK, KaTO HaH-6JIH3KOTO llO,D,06He e HaMepeHO OT yHrapCKOTO, Cpb6CKOTO H 6bJirapCKOTO llo,D,y-
B Transmarisca/TyTpaKaH (Vagalinski 2002, Kynu HaBHe, ':IH51TO )J,aTHpOBKa Ce BKJIID':IBa B XpOHOJIO-
mun XI, eapum-tm I, 113, KY196). rH':IHHTe rpaHHI.I,H nocne,D,Ha LJeTBbpT Ha IV- nbp-
TpH mpHeTa ( <PHr. 9- 11) npHHa,D,Jie)l(aT Ha Ba noJIOBHHa Ha V BeK ( Vagalinski 2002, 2bpHema
THn, no3HaT B K'hCHOaHTHLJHa TpaKH51 c npHMepH mun XV, 132). Hai1:-6JIH3'hK e eK3eMnMp, OT-
OT Iatrus (Kpai1: ceno KpHBHHa, PyceHCKo) H Zoi- KpHT B K'hCHOaHTHLJHa Zoida!CJIHBeH (Vagalins-
da (CJIHBeH), KaKTO H OT CHHXpOHHH CeJIHilJ,a B ki 2002, F296). 0TJIHKa Ha ,D,eYJITYMCKOTO rnpHe
PYM'hHM, Cnp6H51 H lJexM(Vagalinski 2002, 2bp- e pa31l1Hp51Ball.l,aTa ce Ha,D,ony lliH51, c <PopMa Ha
Hema mun XIV, 130-131, F286-F291). THn'hT ce H351BeH npeceLJeH KOHYC, 3a pa3JIHKa OT noLJTH l.I,H-
,D,aTHpa B cpe,D,aTa Ha IV-VI BeK, HO noBeLJeTo MY JIHH,D,pHLJHHTe lliHH Ha H3pe,D,eHHTe no-paHHH ll0-
npe,D,CTaBHTeJIH ce OTHaC51T KbM nepHO,D,a Kpa51 Ha ,D,06H51. BepoHTHO Ta3H Mop<PonomLJHa oco6eHOCT
IV--cpe,D,aTa Ha V BeK. EK3eMITJI51pHTe OT Deultum e XpOHOJIOrHLJeH HH)J,HKaTOp Ha THlla.
Ca OTHeCeHH CTpaTHrpa<PcKH KbM BTOpa llOJIOBHHa ,z:t:BaTa <PparMeHTa C H3JlbCKaH OpHaMeHT ( <PHr.
Ha V - HaLJano Ha VI BeK. <l>opMaTa e LJy)I()J,a Ha MecT- 13, 14) ca ,D,aTHpaHH apxeonomLJeCKH K'hM ne-
HOTo npOBHHI.I,HaJIHO-pHMCKO rpbH':IapCTBO H Ce pHo,D,a BTopa noJIOBHHa Ha V-HaLJano Ha VI BeK.
CBbp3Ba C BapBapCKH (npeHMyll.l,eCTBeHO H3TO':IHO- KoM6HHal.I,MTa OT H3JI'hCKaHa H Bp513aHa yKpaca,
repMaHCKH) rpynH. llbpB006pa3 ce OTKpHBa B ':lep- KaKBaTO BH)I()J,aMe Bbpxy e,D,HHH51 ':IHpen (<PHr. 13), e
H5IXOBCKH KOMnJieKCH OT BTopa LJeTBbpT Ha IV BeK. THllHLJHa 3a KbCHOaHTHLJHaTa BTOpa XpOHOJIOrHLJHa
lJeTBbpTOTO rbpHe (<PHr. 12) ll0,D,Kpen51 Be':le Ha- rpyna H3JI'hCKaHa KepaMHKa (TOeCT BTOpa llOJIOBHHa
npaBeHH H3BO)J,H, LJe H3JlbCKBaHeTO Ha KepaMH':IHH Ha III BeK- HaLJano Ha VII BeK), KaTO ce HMa npe,D,-
Cb)J,OBe Ce npaKTHKyBa H B Kpa51 Ha aHTH':IHOCTTa B BH,D, TepHTOPMTa Ha l.I,HJia EnnrapM (Vagalinski
M3TOLJHaTa pHMCKa HMnepM, ToecT ,D,O HaLJaJIOTO 2002, 78).
Ha VII BeK (Vagalinski 2002, 84). Toe HaMepeHo B AHaJIH3 OT 2002 ro,D,HHa Ha Ta3H rpyna nOKa3-
ono)l(apeH nnacT c MOHeTa Ha IOcTHH II H Co<PH51 Ba, ':le H3JlbCKBaHeTO Ha rJIHHeHH Cb)J,OBe e MO)J,a,
)J,OHeCeHa OT BapBapH - H3TO':IHH repMaHH H cap-
MaTH. I10Ka3aTeJIHO e, ':le H3JlbCKaHH Cb)J,OBe Ca
MHOrO pe,D,KH B J0ro3ana,D,Ha D'hJirapM, 3a KOHTO
HMa OCK'h)J,HH ,D,aHHH 3a YC51,D,aHe Ha BapBapH npe3

ll>uz. 6

.-=-=-·-
ll>uz. 7 ll>uz. 8

ll>uz. 9 ll>uz. 10 ll>uz. 11

28
Hara

6:
oAy-
,,r'7
II
I~
~:~~ I I
I·,
I I
\'.
wema \}
OT-
fins- dJuz. 12 dJuz. 13 dJuz. 14
bpHe
Ha
l\11- K'bCHaTa aHTMlJHOCT. IIpMMepMTe 1a M3JI'bCKaHM Ha Deultum npe3 eceHTa Ha 377 rOJJ.MHa, B KOHTO

IIO- ,BapsapCKM" C'b)J,OBe C'bCTaBJUIBaT e)J,Ba 12,32 % TOTM pa36MBaT eJIMTeH p11MCKI1 OTpH,ll,, y6HBaHKM 11

HOCT or K'bCHoaHTMlJHaTa rpyna. HoBMTe no)J,aHMI.I,M Ha HeroBMH KOMaHJJ.MP Eap3MMep (Ammian. Marcel.,
HMnepmiTa 6op3o Bb3npMeMaT MeCTHMTe npoBMH- 174). 0T OMCMeHMTe H3BOp11 3HaeM, qe no OHOBa

qmr. l\11aJIHO-pMMCKM KepaMMlJHM <lJopMM - 11 KaTO yno- speMe roTMTe 11 TexHHTe C'hi03HMI.I,M He YMeHT JJ.a

rre- Tpe6a, 11 KaTo npoM3BOJJ.CTBO. IIHTepecHo e, qe npea3eMaT no-roneMM yKpeneHM ceJIMII.I,a. OT JJ.pyra

seK. np11lll'bJII.I,MTe ce npMJJ.bp)KaT noaeqe K'bM CBOI1Te CTpaHa, llO)J,HOBeHMTe apxeOJIOfJ1qecKM pa3KOOKI1 B

aca, K)'XHeHCKM, OTKOJIKOTO K'bM Tpane3HMTe CM rpbH- Deultum nOKa3BaT, qe rpa,ll,bT e nocTpaJJ.an Toraaa.

B),e tJapCKM <lJopMM (Vagalinski 2002, 76-84). IIpoBMH- IIMeHHO npe3 BTopaTa nonoBMHa Ha V seK, OTKoraTo

qHa l\11aJIHMTe TpbHlJapM OT CBOH CTpaHa Ce a)J,aOTM- )J,aTMpaT noseqeTo M3JI'hCKaHH C'hJJ.OBe OT Deul-

BHHa paT KaKTO K'bM TeXHMH BKyC, TaKa 11 K'bM MO)J,aTa, tum, 3a npoB noT ce nperpa)K)J,aT B rpa)J.a XOJJ.OBH

eA- 3aiiOlJBaHKI1 )J,a 113JI'bCKBaT npOJJ.YKI.I,MHTa CM. JII1Hl111 H MMa pH3'bK cna)J, B CTpOMTeJIHaTa TeXHMKa
KaK ce BOMCBaT B Ta311 KapTMHa HOBMTe np11- (BazaJiuHcKu 2006). CnelllHOTO npeo6pa3yBaHe Ha
Mep11 OT Deultum? Te noTBbp)K,ll,aBaT, qe ceaep- 6JIHCKaBM 06II.I,eCTBeHM crpa,ll,M (KaTO TepMMTe Ha-
mne 11M11TpaHTI1 B'b3rrp0113Be)K)J,aT maBHO CBOM npMMep) H ny6JIMlJHI1 npOCTpaHCTBa B CKpOMHM )KJ1-
KYXHeHCKM rpoHlJapcKM o6pa31.1,11. Coii.I,eBpeMeHHO JIHII.I,H1111 CTOnaHCKM llOCTpOHKM 113)J,aBa npMTOK Ha
npaBM BneqaTJieHMe OTHOCMTeJIHO BMCOKMHT )J,HJI HaceneHMe, npceii.I,o 3aii.I,MTa OT YHMII.I,O)KMTeJIHMTe
Ha ,BapaapCKM" <lJopMM B KOJIOHMHTa - 5 OT 06II.I,O xyHCKM aTaKM. CpeJJ. HOBMTe 3acenHMI.I,M MMa 11 <Pe-
12 M3JI'bCKaHM C'b)J,a. BepoHTHOTO MY o6HcHeHMe JJ.epaTcKa ,sapaapcKa" rpyna, qJ1HTO ocHOBHa 3a-
e pemaMeHTMpaHo 3acenaaHe B rpa,ll,a Ha cpaBHM- )J,aqa (11 TOBa e BTOpaTa npMlJHHa 3a HeHHOTO )],0-
renHo KOMnaKTHa ,aapaapcKa" (Haii-aepoHTHO npe- nycKaHe B rpaJJ.a) e oxpaHa Ha no)J,CThrrHTe K'hM
o6na)J,aBaii.I,O M3ToqHorepMaHcKa) rpyna. IIpMqJ1- CTOJIMI.I,aTa KoHcTaHTMHonon, KOeTo e np11op11TeT
mne 3a T03M aKT Ha II3ToqHaTa MMnepHH TpH6Ba Ha paHHOBJ13aHTMikKaTa BJiaCT. ,BapsapCKO" npH-
)J,a ce ThpCHT B )],Be nocoKM. ITopBaTa e KaTacTpo- C'bCTBMe OO)J,CKa3Ba H qacT OT rpo6HMH MHBeHTap
<PanHOTO pMMCKO nopa)KeHHe B ropeii.I,MH 9 aarycT Ha e)J,HH OT K'hCHOaHTJ1qHJ1Te HeKponoJIM Ha Deul-
Ha 378 ro)J,MHa Kpaii He)J,anelJHMH Hadrianopolis/ tum, pa3nOJIO)KeH a MeCTHOCTTa EyHKepa2 •
OJJ.pMH. Toe npe,ll,IlleCTBaHo OT 6MTKa npeJJ. cTeHMTe

I.J,HTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA REJIEJKKH

1
BaraJIHHCKH 2006: J1. BararrHHCKH. Pa3KOIIKH no 06eKT'bT ce rrpoyqsa oT KoneraTa KpacHMHpa Koc-
¢opnHjmKaL(ID!Ta Ha pHMCKaTa KOJIOHIDf ,[(eyJITyM. - TOBa (11M-Cpe,Liel(), KO~TO IIJ.e,LipO MH rrpe,LIOCTaBH B'b3-
AOP 3a 2005 ro,LIHHa, Co4JIDI, 2006. M0)KH0CT ,[Ia rry6JIHKyBaM T03H HHTepeceH H,1:106pe CTpa-
Ammian. Marcel.: Ammianus Marcellinus. Rerum TH4JHl\HpaH MaTepHaJI.
gestarum \ibri, - J1aTHHCKH H3BOpH 3a 6'hnrapCKaTa HCTO- 2
11H4JopMal\IDf OT KOJieraTa n. Earra6aHOB (HEY-
piD!, 1. Co4Jmr, 1958. Co<t>H~), Koiho e 3aMeCTHHK-pnKOBOAHTeJI Ha apxeono-
Vagalinski 2002: L.Vagalinski. Burnished Pottery rHlJeCKHTe rrpoyqsaHHj[ B Deultum npe3 80-Te rOAHHH
from the First Century to the Beginning of the Seventh Ha XX BeK H HaCTO~lll. lJJieH Ha HOBJ1j[ eKHn OT 2003 fO-
Century AD from the Region South of the Lower Dan- ,LIHHa HaCaM.
ube (Sofia). Sofia, 2002.

29
POLISHED CERAMIC VESSELS 3A
FROM A LATE-ANTIQUE DEULTUM ME
Ljudmil F VA GALINSKI KpQ(

Subject of the present study is a number of clay purified clay, evenly fired to a uniformly gray or
vessels whose surface has been decorated by means grayish-black colour.
of mechanical polishing.
Their dating is assigned to the period from the last
All dishes were uncovered within the confines of quarter of 4th to the end of 61h c.
the fortified area occupied by the Roman colony
FLAVIA PACIS DEULTENSIUM, situated in Five out of the altogether twelve dishes are
the vicinity of the village of Debelt, Sredets distinguished by their so-called ,barbaric" shape.
Municipality, District of Bourgas in Southeast Their presence on site of the deultum speaks in
Bulgaria. The shapes are distinctively referring to favour of a regulated populating of the town by a
cups, jugs, bowls and pots. relatively compact group of ,barbarian" settlers,
most likely from a predominantly Eastern-Germanic
As a whole these vessels are worked out of well- (Gothic) ethnical descent.

30
 3A :Q'bPKOBHOTO YTIPABJIEHHE HA 3EMHTE
ME)K,li;Y TYH,li;)KA H MOPETO (VII-XII B.)
KpacUMupa TATOBA

last

06nacrra, 3aTBopeHa Me)l()zy nopeqHeTo Ha CTpaH.n.)l(a e 6Hna e.n.HH BH.D. npo.n.nJI)I(eHHe, cTpa-
TyH.n.)l(a H 3ana.n.HoqepHoMopcKoTo Kpaii6pe)I(He, HH'IHa paMH<jJHKall,IDI Ha CTapOnJiaHHHCKaTa BepH-
HeCbMHeHO e npOCTpaHCTBOTO, Kb)l.eTO ce OCbW:eCT- ra2.
BS!BaT HaH-rOJUIMaTa qacT OT BOeHHHTe C6JibCbll,H HoTHI.l,IDI N2 1, cnope.n. H3.D.aHHeTo Ha ,[(apy3ec,
Me)K)zy cpe.n.HoBeKOBHaTa 6nnrapcKa .n.np)l(aBa H K05ITO H3rJie)l()l.a 0Tpa35!Ba CbCT05IHHeTO Ha TepH-
amc BH3aHTIDI. l13Mb'IeHoTo HaceneHHe o6aqe He Ha- TOpHaJIHOTO ll,bpKOBHO ynpaBJieHHe OT VII- VIII B.,
rrycKa Te3H TIJIO)l.OpO)l.HH 3eMH, MaKap H qecTO )l.a CO'IH, qe ll,eHnpnT Ha enapxiDI TpaKIDI e 6Hn <l>H-
CMeiD! CBOHTe nOJIHTH'IeCKH noBeJIHTeJIH. E.n.Ba JIH JIHnonon, a Ha enapxiDI XeMHMOHT - A.n.pHaHo-
MO)I(eM )l.a npHeMeM 3a 'IHCTa MOHeTa TBbp)l.eHHeTO, non. 0T)l.eJIHO OT TIOCO'IeHHTe MHTpOTIOJIHTCKH
qe TOBa e 6Hna nycTa 3eMR 1 KaKTo no BpeMeTo Ha TpOHOBe B CTIHCbll,HTe <jJHrypHpaT H aBTOKe<jJaJIHH
xaH TepBeJI, KoraTo BJUI3Jia 3a npoB nnT B npe.n.eJIHTe apxHenHCKOTIHH: 3a TpaKIDI - ApKa.n.Honon, Eepoe3
Ha EonrapiDI, TaKa H no BpeMeTo Ha KIDI3 EopHc I, HHHKOTIOJI(a.n.HecryM)4,3aXeMHMOHT- Hece6op 5.
KOraTO BH3aHTHHCKHTe H3BOpH npeTeH)l.HpaT, qe EnHcKoncKH TpOHOBe HMa B ,[(HoKJiell,HaHonon,
OTHOBO e 6HJia OTCThneHa Ha 6nJirapHTe. CeBacrynonHc H ,[(HocnonHc6 KbM MHTpononHTa
I1pe3 pa3rne)l(.n.aHIDI nepHO.D. paiioHnT e no.n. Ha <l>HJIHnonon H B Hece6op, Co3onon7, IIno-
hlpHC.D.HKI.l,IDITa Ha KoHcTaHTHHononcKaTa na- THHynon8, AHacTacHynon 9 H I..I;oH.n.a'° KbM A.n.pHa-
TpHaplllHH B HeHHHTe enapxHH XeMHMOHT H Tpa- HononcKaTa MHTponoJIHTCKa KaTe.n.pa.
KM5!. ,Il;oKaTo enapxHH TpaKIDI MeHH qecTo CBOHTe HoTHI.l,IDI N2 2 ce .n.aTHpa KbM KpaH Ha VIII-
O'IepTaHIDI H B onpe.n.eneH nepHO.D. e Ha30BaBaHa Ha'IaJIOTO Ha IX B. H B HeH HHMa cepH03HH npoMeHH,
TpaKM5! H MaKe.D.OHIDI, TO XeMHMOHT e OTHOCH- W:O Ce OTHaC5I )1.0 nOJIO)I(eHHeTO B )l.BeTe enapXHH .
TeJIHO ycTOH'IHBO Ha3BaHHe, 'IHHTO TepHTOpHH MHTponoJIHTCKHTe TpoHoBe ca B CbW:HTe rpa.n.oBe,
npe)l.CTaBJUIBaT Bpb3KaTa Me)l()l.y lO)I(HOTO TIO)l.HO- CaMO Ca Ce npeMeCTHJIH C e)l.HO M5ICTO Hanpe)l. B
)I(He Ha CTapa nnaHHHa H 3eMHTe Kpaii CTPaH.n.)l(a cpaBHeHHe c nnpBaTa HOTHI.l,HH. B TpaKIDI ce noH-
M CaKap. IlpoH3XO.D.bT Ha HMeTo e CBnp3aH HecnM- BHBa orn;e e)l.Ha He3aBHCHMa apxHeTIHCKOniDI - ,[(ep-
HeHo c opoHHMa XeMyc H yKa3Ba npe.n.cTaBaTa KOC11, a eTIHCKOnHHTe Ca CbW:HTe. 3aTOBa nnK B
Ha BH3aHTHHI.l,HTe OT pa3rJie)l()l.aHIDI nepHO)l., qe Ta3H HOTHI.l,IDI HMa )l.Be enapxHH no.n. HMeTo XeMH-

1
Theophanis Continuatus, Ionnes Cammeniata, Symeon Magister, Georgi us monachus, ed. I. Bekker, Bonn 1838, p. 164-165;
Joannis Zonarae Epitomae Historiarum libri XIII- XVIII, ed. Th. Biitter-Wobst, Bonn 1897, p. 389.
2 farooa, K. TpaKllil npe3 6bnrapcKOTO Cpe.liHOBeKOBHe. licTopw·JeCKa reorpa¢llil. Co¢Hll, 2002, c. 320 11 noco4eHaTa TaM

mueparypa.
3 farooa, K. TpaiGUI npe3 . . . , c. 180; MyTaiJiqueo, n. K"hM f..l"bpKOBHO-HCTOp114eCKa reorpa¢11ll Ha IlnOB.liHBCKO.- B: l136paHI1

np0113Be.lleHI1ll. T. 2, Co¢llil, 1973, c. 214.

4
farooa, K. PaiioH"bT Ha Cpe.liHa MecTa a K"bCHaTa aHTH4HOCT 11 cpe.liHHTe aeKoae cnope.ll nHcMeHHTe 113BOpH.- B: Konp11aneH.
T. I, Co¢11l1, 2002, c. 30.
5
Darrouzes, J. Notitiae episcopatuum ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae, Paris, 1981 , p. 205-206.
6
farooa, K. TpaKIDI npe3. .. , c. 203-205 , 292.
7
fiaK TaM, C. 254-255 , 301.
8 Soustal, P. Tabula imperii Byzantini 6. Thrakien (Thrake, Rodope und Haimimontos). Wien, 1991 , 240.
9
fiaK TaM, p. 69, 72, 81 , 127, 394, 483.
10
IlaK TaM, p. 490; faroaa, K. TpaKHll npe3.. ., c. 326.
11
Darrouzes, J. ~HT. C"b4., p. 218 .

31
MOHT. E,IJ,HaTa e Beqe no3HaTaTa c I.J,eHTbp A,IJ,pHa- ,[J:eKaTepOH C'bll.I,O OCTaBa HeB'b3MO:>KeH 3a H,IJ,eH-
Honon, B K051TO Ca H3pe,IJ,eHH - KaKTO H npe,IJ,Hlll- TH<l>HKai.J,H51 )J,O T03H MOMeHT, C'blli,O KaKTO H Jle-
HHTe enHCKOnH - Te3H Ha Hece6op, C03onon, Be,IJ,OC1 9. EnapxH51 XeMHMOHT nonyqaBa noBeqe
ITnoTHHynon, AHacTacHynon H IJ,oH,IJ,a, a ,IJ,pyraTa enHCKOnCKH MeCTa - K'bM npe,IJ,HlllHHTe Ca npH6a-
o6xBall.l,a 3eMH Ha ceBep OT EanKaHa, KOHTO B nop- BeHH H enHcKoncKHTe TpoHOBe Ha AHxHano H ,[J:e-
BaTa nHCTa ca B enapxH51 6e3 HMe, HMa 3a I.J,eHTbp Benr0. Cnyqa5JT c AHxHano ocTaBa ,IJ,OH51Ko,IJ,e He51-
MapKHaHonon/Mapi.J,HaHonon H KOHTponHpa enHc- ceH, TbH KaTO nopBHTe CnOMeHaBaHH51 Ha HefOBH51
KOnHTe Ha Po,IJ,ocTon (,[J:opocTon), TpaHcMapHcKa, enHcKon ca K'hM enapxH51 Po,IJ,onH, HMa H e,IJ,HO
HoBe, 3eKe,IJ,enoH H CKapH51 12 . K'hM enapxH51 EBpona21. Te o6aqe no-cKopo ce OT-
TeKCTbT Ha HOTHI.J,H51 N~ 3 e 3ana3eH B poKOnHc HaC51T ,IJ,o rpa,IJ, coc C'hlli,OTO HMe no EenoMopcKo-
OT XIV B., HO HCTOpHqecKH51T ll: KOHTeKCT 5I Bpolll,a TO Kpaif6pe:>KHe, OTKOnKOTO K'bM nOHTHHCKH51 AH-
K'hM BpeMeTo Ha IX BY. B TpaKH51 HMa Beqe caMo XHano. EnHCKOnHHTe K'hM ,IJ,pyrH51 XeMHMOHT
e,IJ,Ha MHTpOnOnHTCKa KaTe,IJ,pa - B'bB <l>HnHnOnOn, OCTaBaT C'blli,HTe 22 .
H OTHOBO ,IJ,Be enapxHH XeMHMOHT: Ta3H c I.J,eHTbp HoTHI.J,H51 N~ 4 e 6nH3Ka no BpeMe H C'h,LI,op:>KaHHe
A,IJ,pHaHonon, Ha 40-a no3HI.J,H51, Ta3H c I.J,eHTbp B C npe,IJ,XO,IJ,HaTa. J-hcne,IJ,BaqHTe H HeHHH51T H3,IJ,aTen
MapKHaHonon - Ha 50-a 14 . ABTOKe<PanHHTe apxHe- )l{. ,[J:apy3ec 5I o6Bop3BaT coc co6opa OT 869 r. 23 .
nHCKOnHH 3a TpaKH51 ca TPH - B Eepoe, HHKononHc B enapxH51 TpaKH51 ca TPHTe rpa,IJ,a oT nHCTHTe
ry Bonepy (HHKononHc a,IJ, HecTYM cnope,IJ, HOBOTO N~ 1 H N~ 2, a B IO:>KHaTa enapXH51 XeMHMOHT no,IJ,
Ha3BaHHe Ha TeMaTa BonepoH) H e,IJ,Ha aHOHHMHa, 3a noneqHTencTBOTO Ha A,IJ,pHaHonon ca caMo Hece-
K051TO ,[J:apy3ec ,IJ,onycKa, qe MO:>Ke ,IJ,a e XapHynon, 6op, Co3onon, ITnoTHeynon H IJ,oH,IJ,a24 .
HO Bee naK Tp516Ba ,IJ,a ce HMa npe,IJ,BH,IJ,, qe XapHynon Cne,IJ,Balli,HTe ,IJ,Be HOTHI.J,HH ca B CoKpaTeH BapH-
<l>HrypHpa B CnHC'bl.I,HTe KaTO enHCKOnH51 B enapXH51 aHT H Ce OTHaC51T e,IJ,HHCTBeHO )J,O MHTpononHTCKH-
EBpona 15. Epo51T Ha enHCKOnCKHTe ce,IJ,anHI.I.I,a H Te KaTe,IJ,pH. Colll,eCTBeHH npoMeHH B T51X H51Ma25 .
B ,IJ,BeTe enapxHH e 3HaqHTenHo noBHllleH. KoM HoTHI.J,H51 N~ 7 ce npHnHcBa Ha naTpHapx HHKO-
npe,IJ,H H36poeHHTe TPH rpa,IJ,a ca ,IJ,o6aBeHH Eepoe, naii I MHCTHK (90 1- 907, 3a BTOpH noT 912- 925)
MapKena, JlHTonpoconoc, ,[J:eKaTepoH H JleBe,IJ,yl 6. H Ce ,IJ,OnycKa, qe <l>HKCHpa CbCT051HHeTO Ha I.l,bp-
HoBHTe HMeHa npe,IJ,H3BHKBaT H3BeCTHO He,IJ,oBe- KOBHOTO ynpaBneHHe no BpeMeTO Ha HMnepaTOp
pHe y H3Cne,IJ,BaqHTe, TbH KaTO n051BaTa HM B naT- JieoH VI (886- 912). <l>HnHnonon H A,IJ,pHaHonon
pHapllleCKHTe nHCTH e no H3KmoqeHHe. KpenocT- OTHOBO ca MHTpononHH 26 . EnapxH51 TpaKH51 HMa
Ta MapKena e ,IJ,o6pe H3BeCTHa OT HapaTHBHHTe ,IJ,eceT enHcKonHH, a XeMHMOHT - e,IJ,HHa,IJ,eceT. Pa3-
nHCMeHH H3BOpH 3a BOHHHTe Me:>K,IJ,Y 6onrapH H ,IJ,en51HeTo Ha TepHTOpHanHOTO a,IJ,MHHHCTpHpaHe
BH3aHTHHI.J,H 17 , HO TOBa e e,IJ,HHCTBeHOTO ll cnoMe- CTaBa 3HaqHTenHO n0-51CHO H <PaKTHqeCKH Beqe
HaBaHe B I.l,opKOBHaTa a,IJ,MHHHCTpai.J,H51 Ha BH3aH- MO:>Ke ,IJ,a ce TBop,IJ,H, qe 3eMHTe B pa3rne:>K,IJ,aHaTa
TH51. I1051BaTa Ha HMeTO JlHTOnpOCOnOC e e,IJ,HHCT- o6naCT OCTaBaT H3KnJOqHTenHO no,IJ, 10pHC)J,HKI.I,H51Ta
BeHO CnOMeHaBaHe Ha eBeHryanHH51 rpa,IJ, H no Ha A,IJ,pHaHononcKH51 MHTpononHT. KoM HaqanoTo
npHHI.J,Hn Ce OT651rBa ,LI,OpH noKanH3ai.J,H51Ta Myi 8 • Ha X B. B enapxH51 XeMHMOHr 7 ca BKnJOqeHH enHc-

12
flaK TaM, p. 227.
13
flaK TaM, p. 32- 33.
14
flaK TaM, p. 231.
15
flaK TaM , p. 232- 233.
16
flaK TaM, p. 242 .
17
MoM'IHJJOB, )1.. flbTHa u cenumHa cucTeMa MelK,!I,Y ll3TO'!Ha CTapa nnaHHHa u ,EpKeCHl!Ta" IV- XIV B. (Bbp6HlllKH, PHlllKH
u Ai1TOCKH npoxo,!i,). BapHa, 1999, c. 80- 85 ; Soustal, P. U:uT. Cb'l., 34---39; rarosa, K. TpaKHll npe3 ... , c. 242- 243 .
18
MyraljJ'IHeB, n. U:uT. Cb'l ., 213 ; Asdracha, c. La Thrace Orientale et Ia Mer Noire: geographic ecclesiastique et prosopog-
raphie (VIII- XII s.).- In : Geographic historique du monde mediterraneen. Paris, 1988, p. 257.
19
rarosa, K. TpaKIDl npe3 ... , c. 201 , 236.
20
Darrouzes, J. U:uT. Cb'l., p. 241.
21
flaK TaM (KbM Po,!l,onu), p. 207, 250, 266; (KbM Espona) p. 232 .
22
flaK TaM, p. 244.
23
flaK TaM, p. 45 .
24
flaK TaM, p. 259- 260. 40
25
flaK TaM, p. 264---268. 41
26
flaK TaM, p. 272. 42
27
flaK TaM, p. 286. 43

32
 28
KommTe Co3onon, AraTonon , ,ll,eBeJIT, TpanoBH- aBTOKe<lJanHHTe apxHenHcKonHH Ha BpH3Hc, Hece-
31 2 39
31UJ29, KapaBoc 30 , ByKeJioH , IIpoBar1 , CKone- 6op H AHxHano .
n o c33 (T03H rpa.n; e oco6eHo HHTepeceH, ThM KaTo Cne,ll,Balli,HRT cnHCbK (N!! 13) e 3HaqHTeJIHO no-
C HerOBHTe OKOJIHOCTH e 06Bbp3aH )I(HBOTbT Ha CBe- no)J,po6eH. KoM enapxHR TpaKHH ca H3pe)J,eHH Ara-
TH E sapecT, a no-KbCHO KaTo qe JIH TOM e qacT OT TOHHKH, JliOTHI.(a, CKyTapHOH, JleBKH, Bnenry,
11HTeH3HBHIUI MOHallleCKH )I(HBOT B 06JiaCTTa IJa- ,[(paMHI.(a, lloaHHI.(a, KoHcTaHQHR, BenHKHR H EyKo-
pOpi-UI), BpH3HC (B JO)I(HOTO no,ll,HO)I(He Ha CTpaH- Bo, H3BeCTHH H OT npe)J,HlllHHTe JIHCTH - rpa)J,OBe,
34 pa3llOJIO)I(eHH B llO-fOJIRMaTa CH qaCT OKOJIO I1JIOB-
_n)l(a), BynrapoqmroH H U:oH,ll,a.
B HOTHI.(IUI N!! 8, oTpa3HBalll,a CbCTOHHHeTo Ha )J,HB40. CnHCbKbT Ha enHcKonHHTe, 3aBHCHMH oT
naTp HapllliUITa KbM KpaR Ha X B., e 3ana3eH e,ll,HH- MHTpOllOJIHTa Ha A,lJ,pHaHOllOJI, o6aqe e pa3IllHpeH.
CTBeHo CllHCbK Ha aBTOKe<lJaJIHHTe apXHellHCKO- IJORBRBaT Ce )J,Be HOBH enHCKOllHH - fOJIOe H JlH-
flHH, B KOJ.fTO Ca nponycHaTH HeMaJIKO Ha3BaHHR Ha Ma41. fOJIOe Ce npeBpblll,a B 3HaqHM BOeHeH I.(eHTbp
en ap xHH. TaM c enapxHR XeMHMOHT e o6Bop3aH no BpeMe Ha ynpaBJieHHeTo Ha AneKCHM I KoMHHH
e,nHHCTBeHo Hece6op 35 . IlpH6JIH3HTenHo OT Cblli,O- (1081-1118) BbB Bpb3Ka C HerOBHTe BOMHH C ne-
TO speMe ce npe,ll,nonara, qe e H HOTHI.(HR N!! 9. B qeHe3HTe. BepoRTHO, pa3pacHan ce KaTo rpa)J,, TOM
Hell KbM enapxHR XeMHMOHT ca H36poeHH Cblli,HTe e HMaJI Hy)I()J,a H OT CbOTBeTHaTa I.(bpKOBHa ynpa-
e,nHHa,neceT rpa,ll,oBe oT HOTHI.(HR N!! 7. Ba. KpaTKaTa MY BOeHHa cnaBa BepoRTHO npe)J,-
Cne,nBaiiJ,HTe ,ll,Be HOTHI.(HH N!! 10 H N!! 11 ce OT- onpe)J,eM H KpaTKOTO MY Cblll,eCTByBaHe KaTo
42
HaCl!T o6HKHOBeHo KbM XI B. N!! 10 e npe,ll,cTaBe- I.(bpKOBeH I.(eHTbp . JlHMa OCTaBa e)J,HH HeHCeH
Ha B ,nsa BapHaHTa, KOHTO B CJiyqaR C enapxHR Tpa- TonoHHM. ,ll,anH TOM e npHBHeceH OT )J,pyra)J,e cny-
KI-UI Ca HallbJIHO H,ll,eHTHqHH, a 11.1,0 Ce OTHaCH )J,O qaMHO B JIHCTaTa Ha XeMHMOHT, HJIH npocTo e
enap xiUI XeMHMOHT, HMa ManKa pa3JIHKa B H3llHC- BllHCaH npOH3BOJIHO, 3acera He MO)I(e )J,a Ce OTrO-
BaHeTO Ha HMeTO Ha TpanoBH3HH/TpaBH3HH 36 . OcTa- BOpH Ha T03H Bbnpoc. Cne)J,Balll,aTa HOTHI.(HR N!! 14
HaJIHTe rpa,noBe CbBlla)J,aT HallbJIHO C OHe3H OT npe,ll,- e OT KpaTKHR BH)J, H Cb0611.1,aBa e)J,HHCTBeHO, qe MHT-
xo,nHHTe JIHCTH. Cne,ll,Balli,HHT ,ll,OKYMeHT (N!! 11) e B pOllOJIHTbT Ha A)J,pHaHonon, enapxHR XeMHMOHT,
CbKpaTeH BH)J,. B Hero Ce CllOMeHaBa CaMO MHTpO- HMa Ha llO)J,qHHeHHe e)J,HHa)J,eCeT enHCKOllH 43 , KOH-
flOJII-UITa A)J,pHaHonon 37 H apxHenHCKOllHHTe - BH- TO sepoHTHO CbOTBeTCTBaT Ha Te3H OT XI B.
3a, BpH3HC, Hece6op38 . JlHCTHTe Ha narpHaplllHRTa B KoHcTaHTHHonon
CBCHqKH YCJIOBHOCTH npH )J,aTHpaHeTO Ha MHOfO npe)J,CTaBJIRBaT Cllel(HqJHqeH H3BOp 3a HCTOpHRTa
flbTH npenHCBaHH )J,OKYMeHTH, MO)I(e )J,a ce npHeMe, Ha o6nacrra. Te )J,eMOHCTpHpaT pa3BHTHeTo Ha
'!e CJie)J,BaiiJ,HTe TpH HOTHI.(HH OTpa3RBaT CTaryca Ha rpa)J,CKaTa CHCTeMa TaM, 3alli,OTO Ha pa3BHTHeTO
KoHcTaHTHHononcKaTa QbpKBa npe3 XII B. B JIHCTa Ha rpa)J,OBeTe H yseJIHqeHHeTO Ha HaCeJieHHeTO
NQ11 11 N!! 12 MHTponoJIHTHTe H apxHenHcKonHTe HM a)J,eKBaTHO CbOTBeTCTBa pa3BHTHeTO Ha I.(bpKBa-
ca KJiacHpaHH caMo no HMeTo Ha rpa)J,oBeTe, 6e3 )J,a Ta I1 pa3paCTBaHeTO Ha npaBOMOili,HRTa Ha HeM-
ce o6sbp3BaT c onpe)J,eJieHa enapxHR. CnoMeHaBaT HHTe npe)J,cTaBI1TeJIH. Pa36Hpa ce, TpH6Ba )J,a ce
ce MHTpononHTHTe Ha <l>HJIHnonon H A)J,pHaHonon, HMa npe)J,BH)J,, qe I.(bpKOBHaTa a)J,MHHHCTpal(HH e

28
Asdracha, C. ll,HT. C"b'l., p.259- 260; Soustal, P. ll,HT. C"b'l., p. 168- 169; rarosa, K. TpaKHJI npe3 ... , c. 155- 156.
29
Sousta1, P. ll,HT. C"b'l., p. 484--485 - HecHrypHa H.JWHTH(lJHKai.IHR.
30
flaK TaM, p. 300 - HeCHrypHa H}l,eHTIHlJHKai.IHR.
31
r arosa, K. TpaKHJI npe3 ... , c. 195; lle'laT Ha enHcKona - Laurent, V. Le corpus des sceaux de I 'Empire Byzantine: L't~glise.
I, Paris, 1963, p. 559.
32
farosa, K. TpaKHR npe3 ... , c. 283- 284; Sousta1, P. ll,HT. C"b'l., p. 41-416.
JJ farosa, K. TpaKHR npe3 ... , c. 296; Soustal, P. ll,HT. C"b'l., p. 446.
34
farosa, K. TpaKHJI npe3 ... , c. 184- 185; Soustal, P. ll,HT. C"b'l., p. 224.
35
Darrouzes, J. ll,HT. C"b'l., p. 294.
36
flaK TaM, p. 329.
31
flaK TaM, p. 343.
38
flaK TaM, p. 344-346.
39 flaK TaM, p. 342-352.
40
flaK TaM, p. 363.
41
flaK TaM, p. 364.
42
rarosa, K. TpaKHR npe3 ... , c. 197- 198.
43
Darrouzes, J. ll,HT. C"b'l., p.375.

33
IIO-KOHCepBaTMBHa OT CBeTCKaTa MTOBa B rOIDIMa HOTO ynpaBneHMe B o6nacrra Me)l(p;y TYHJJ:)I(a M
cTeneH o6ycnaB51 3HaqwTeJIHO no-6aBHMTe npoMe- MOpeTO, TO I.l,bpKBaTa, C MaJIKM M3KJIIOqeHM51, IIO,IJ;-
HM. 3alll,OTO, ,IJ;OKaTO BOeHHMTe MHCTMTYI.J,MM Ce IIpO- ,D;bp)l(a npe,D;CTaBaTa 3a IIOCT051HCTBO M Henpe-
MeH51T MC TOBa IIpOMeH51T IIOJIMTMqeCKOTO MBOeH- XO,IJ;HOCT Ha CB051Ta BJiaCT.

ABOUT THE CLERICAL RULE ON THE LANDS

BETWEEN THE TUNJA RIVER AND THE BLACK SEA
(7TH_12TH C.)

Krassimira GAGGOVA

The article traces the development of the clerical It becomes evident that no significant changes took
rule on the territories between the river of Tundja place within the range of the dioceses whereas in the
and the Black Sea in the period till the beginning of course of time increased the number of bishoprics
12th c. when the province was totally dominated by or episcopacies subordinated to the metropolitan
and dependent on the Constantinople patriarchate. bishops of Chemimontos and Thrace.

34
11 KYJITbT Kn M MnqEHH:QHTE
A- B IIPOBHH:QHHTE TPAKIDI H XEMHMOHT (IV-VI B.).
e-
IIPOEJIEMH HA H)J;EHTH <llHKA:QIDITA
Feopzu HJIHEB

K ynThT KbM Mb'leHHIJ,HTe 113Hrpasa sa:>Ima po- e,LJ,HHCTBeH Eor OTKpHBaMe JIHrrca Ha e,LJ,HHHa KOH-
llil B p a3rrpocrpaHeHHero 11 yrsbp)I(,D,asaHeTo Ha u,erru,HH HJIH IIOHe apXHTeKrypeH MO,LJ,eJI, KOHTO ,LJ,a
XpHCTIDIHCTBOTO B IIbpBHTe Be KOBe OT HerOBOTO Cb- o6e,LJ,HHHBa ITO HCeH Ha'lHH BCI1'1KI1 paHHOXpHCTHH
11\eCTByBaHe. Tow rrpe,D,crasmma ocHOBHmn Mexa- HCKH martyria. HarrpOTHB, Karo qe JIH Haii-xapaK-
)k
HH3bM 3a pa3rrpocrpaHeHHe Ha HOBara pen11rmr repHara 'lepra Ha MaprHpHyMHTe e THXHOTO pa3HO-
he
cn e,n erroxara Ha arrocroncrune MHCHH B Cpe,D,H- o6pa3He, KOeTO e OC06eHO IIO,LJ,'lepTaHO rrp11 cpaB-
cs
3eMHOMopcKIDI 6aceiiH. KynThT ocrasa nareHTeH HHBaHeTO Ha o6pa3U,H OT H3TO'lHHTe H OT 3aiia,LJ,HI1Te
an
,no rrb p sara 'leTBbpT Ha IV seK, Koraro xpHCTHHH- IIpOBI1HIJ,I1H Ha HMIIepHHTa.
crsoro rronyqasa 'lHCTO IOpH,D,H'lecKa caHKIJ,HH, Ilpo6JieMHTe Ha H,LJ,eHTHQlHKaiJ,HHTa Ha OT,LJ,eJI-
o6ocHosasar.u;a rrpasoro MY Ha cbrn;ecrsysaHe Ha- HHTe apXHTeKTYPHH rraMeTHHIJ,H 3aCHraT, OT e,LJ,Ha
pe,n C OCTaHaJIHTe peJIHri103HI1 ,LJ,OKTp11HI1, Cbi.IJ;eCT- CTpaHa, CaMHTe IIOCTpOHKH H KpHrepHHTe 3a OTHa-
sysar.u;H ,1(0 TOBa BpeMe B pa3JII1'1HI1Te IIpOBI1HIJ,I111 CHHeTO 11M KbM rpyrraTa Ha MapTHpHyMHTe, a OT
Ha PHMCKara HMrrepHH. Ilpe3 IV 11 V seK KYJIThT ,D,pyra crpaHa, cne,LJ, rrpaBHJIHOTO HM orrpe,D,eJIHHe
KbM Mb'leHHIJ,HTe IIOJiyqasa CBOeTO IIbJIHO pa3- KaTO Mapr11p11YM11 Te TpH6Ba ,LJ,a ce CBbp)l(aT C KOH-
BHTHe, KaTO BIIOCJie,LJ,CTBHe ce ,ll,OIIbJIBa 11 OT KYJITa KpeTHa Kynrosa rrpaKTHKa. BropHHT rrpo6neM e
KbM MOI.U;HTe. IlO'lHTaHeTO Ha Mb'leHHIJ,HTe 11 MHoro rro-cJIO)I(eH 3a pa3peiiiaBaHe 11 rrpe,D,rronara
rexHHTe MOI.IJ;H rropa)I(,LJ,a B PaHHara U,bpKsa e,LJ,Ha HHTep,D,HCIJ,HIIJIHHapHa MeTO,ll,HKa Ha pa6ora.
HOBa BbJIHa Ha peJIHr1103HOCT (Angenendt ]997, J1,LJ,eHT11QlHKaiJ,HHTa Ha KOHKpeTHHTe apXHTeK-
36). M b'leHHIJ,HTe post mortem ca rrocTOHHHO rrpH- rypHH rraMeTHHIJ,H TpH6Ba ,LJ,a 6b,LJ,e ,LJ,OIIbJIBaHa C
CbCTBar.u;H 'lJieHOBe Ha IIOMeCTHHTe U,bpKOBHH 06- H,LJ,eHTHQlHKaiJ,HH Ha KOHKpeTHHH Mb'leHH'leCKH
11\HHH, re ca 3aCTbiiHHIJ,I1 3a MHpHHHTe rrpe,D, Bora. Kynr, rrpaKTHKysaH Ha CbOTBeTHOTO MHCTO. Ho rro-
Ta3H THxHa <i>YHKIJ,HH Ha rroKpOBHTeJIH 11 3aCThrr- ,LJ,06HH CJiy'laH Ca H3KJIIO'lHTeJIHO pe,D,KH.
HHUH e rrpH'lHHara KYJIThT KbM Mb'leHHIJ,HTe ,LJ,a e B rpaHHIJ,HTe Ha KbCHara PHMCKa HMrrepHH
TaKa rrorryJIHpeH rrpe3 KbcHara aHTH'lHOCT. MapTHpHaJIHHTe rraMeTHHIJ,H HMaT pa3JIH'leH apXH-
B anKaHCKHTe pHMCKH rrpoBHHIJ,HH ocrasar TeKrypeH o6n11K - Ha 3arra,LJ, re ca rrpe,D,HMHO 6a3H-
H30JIHpaHH ITO OTHOIIIeHHe Ha arrOCTOJICKaTa rrpo- JIHKaJIHH IIOCTpOHKH, IIOCTpOeHH Bbpxy rpo6a Ha
IIOBe,l(. Ilo Ta3H IIp11'111Ha, KaKTO 11 3apa,D,I1 KOMIIaKT- Xp11CTI1HHCKI1 Mb'leHHK, 11JII1 11HKOpiiOp11parn;H IIO-
HOCTTa Ha rpaKHHCKOTO HaCeJieHHe, IIa3ei.IJ;O BCe paHHa IIOCTpOHKa, IIOCBeTeHa Ha TaKbB (memoria).
011\e CBOHTe rpa,nHIJ,HOHHH peJIHrH03HH BHpBaHHH, B Cbrn;oro speMe Ha l13TOK MapTHPHYMHTe ocrasar
IIpOU,eCHTe Ha XpHCTHHHH3aiJ,HH IIpOTH'laT C 113BeCT- B IIOBe'leTO CJiy'laH o6oco6eHI1 OT 6a3HJII1KHTe
HO 3aKbCHeHHe. liMeHHO KYJITbT KbM Mb'leHHIJ,HTe crpa,D,H c u,eHTpH'leH HJIH KpbCTOBH,LJ,eH rrnaH. Cne-
H3Hrpasa Ba)I(Hara ponH Ha KaTaJIH3arop 3a rro- ,LJ,osarenHo H3pa6orsaHero Ha e,LJ,HHeH MO,LJ,en 3a
6bp3oTO Bb3IIpHeMaHe H pa3BHTHe Ha XpHCTHHH- H,LJ,eHTHQlHKaiJ,HH Ha ,LJ,a,LJ,eHa IIOCTpOHKa KaTO Map-
CTBOTO. THPHYM, Karo ce B3eMaT 3a Mepo,D,aseH KpHrepHii
BbHl!lHara H3HBa Ha Kynra KbM Mb'leHHIJ,HTe e,LJ,HHCTBeHO OC06eHOCTHTe Ha apXHTeKTYPHHH
qecro rrpe,ncraBJIHBa rrbcrpa CMecHu,a Ha pa3Horro- IIJiaH, He 611 6HJI IIpHJIO)I(HM 3a IIO-rOJieMH TepH-
CO'lHH apxHTeKrypHH 11 eynrypHH BJIHHHHH. IlpH TOpHH. <l>opMHTe Ha rpo6HI.IJ;HaTa apXHTeKrypa
IIOCT.pO~IBaHeTO Ha crreu,HaJIHH IIOCTpOHKH Ha,LJ, 113rJie)l(,ll,a ca 6HJIH orrpe,D,eJIHHH OT JIH'lHH BKYCO-
rexmne rpo6ose HJIH Mecrara Ha Mb'leHH'lecKa Be H rrpe,D,IIO'lHTaHHH. lfMaJIO e, pa36Hpa ce, CTe-
caMo>I<ep r s a B CBH,LJ,erencrso 3a Xp11cra KaTo peOTHIIHH QlOpMH rp06HHIJ,H H 611 MOrJIO ,LJ,a Ce

35
onpe.n;emn o6uutpHH perHOHaJIHH HJIH xpoHo- xapaKTep, CIIOMeHaBall.I,H MbqeHHI.J,H, noqTH HHII.I,O
norHqHH rpynH, KOHTO npe.n;CTaB51T npe.n;noqHTa- He HH e H3BeCTHO OT H3BOpHTe 3a MapTHPHYMHTe,
HH51Ta H npaKTHKHTe no MecTa. Ho MHoroo6pa- IIOCTpOHKHTe, B KOHTO KYJIThT KbM MbqeHHI.I,HTe
3HeTO Ha npe.n;noqHTaHH51Ta e rOJI51MO H 3aTOBa Ca e CbCpe.n;OTOqeH. flHIICBaT KOHKpeTHH OIIHCaHH51
HaJIHI.J,e MHO)KeCTBO IIpHMepH, KOHTO H3JIH3aT H3- 3a T03H apxHTeKrypeH THII. IIpHqHHaTa 3a TOBa
BbH cTpomTe KJiacmj:mKai.J,HH (Ward-Perkins 1966, MO)Ke ,[(a Ce ThpCH BbB <PaKTa, qe BHHMaHHeTO Ha
24). A. fpa6ap H3pa6oTBa KJiacmtmKai.J,H51 Ha paH- arHOrpa<l:>HTe e IIpHBJieqeHO OT IIO,[(BHra Ha Mbqe-
HoxpHCTH5IHCKHTe MapTHPHYMH, KaTO o6oco651Ba HHqecKaTa caMO)KepTBa, oT JIHqHocrra Ha Mnqe-
ce.n;eM OT.[(eJIHH rpynH cnope.n; apxHTeKTYPHH51 HM HHKa, OT TaBMaryprH51Ta H I.J,eJIHTeJIHaTa CHJia Ha
IIJiaH: C KBa.n;paTeH IIJiaH, C npaBObThJieH IIJiaH, MOII.I,HTe. Ho caMHTe MapTHpHaJIHH nocTpOHKH oc-
IIpOCTH aiiCH,[(aJIHH KOHCTpyKI.I,HH, rpHKOHXH, Map- TaBaT B nepH<l:>epH51Ta Ha arHorpa<l:>CKHTe IIOBeCT-
THPHYMH c rpaHcenT, c KpnrnJI HJIH IIOJIHroHaJieH BOBaHH51. BepoHTHa npHqHHa 3a TOBa e H <PaKThT,
IIJiaH, C KpbCTOBH,[(eH IIJiaH ( CB060,[(eH HJIH BIIHCaH qe IIOBeqeTO MapTHPHYMH IIOBTap51T .n;o6pe II03Ha-
KpbCT) (Grabar 1946, 77-203). TH apXHTeKTYPHH <PopMH Ha rpo6Hll.I,HaTa apXH-
CnMHeHH51Ta OTHOCHO npaBHJIHocrra Ha .n;a.n;eHa TeKTYPa OT KJiacHqecKaTa enoxa, T.e. KaTo eKcTe-
H,[(eHTHQ:>HKai.J,H51 He KaCMTe,[(HHCTBeHO MapTHpHan- pHop Te He npe.n;cTaBJI51BaT HOBOBbBe.n;eHHe. Ho
HaTa apXHTeKTYPa. B apxeonorHqecKaTa JIHTepary- HCTHHCKH BbJIHyBall.I,OTO, 3aCJIY)KaBall.I,OTO 06UIHp-
pa He Ca pe.n;KH IIOJieMHKHTe H IIO OTHOUieHHe H,[(eH- HH OIIHCaHH51 H ,[(bJirH aiiOJIOrHqHH pa3Ka3H ca 6H-
1
TH<j:>HKai.J,H51Ta Ha paHHOXpHCTH51HCKHTe 6a3HJIHKH • JIH MOII.I,HTe Ha MbqeHHI.I,HTe, OHOBa, KOeTO rpo6-
HecHrypHocrra npH npHqHCJI51BaHeTo Ha .n;a.n;eHa HHI.I,HTe Beqe ca IIpHIOT51BaJIH.
IIOCrpOHKa KbM rpynaTa ce o6ycJiaB51 HaH-Beqe 3a TepHTOpH51Ta Ha EnnrapH51, pecneKTHBHO 3a
OT 06ll.I,HTe eJieMeHTH B apXHTeKTYPHH51 IIJiaH Ha 3HaqHTeJIHH qaCTH OT KbCHOaHTHqHHTe ,[(HOI.J,e3H
6a3HJIHKHTe H npe.n;cTaBHTeJIHHTe IIOCrpOHKH CbC TpaKHH H ,[(aKH51, Haii-.n;o6np npHMep, HJIIOcrpHpall.l,
CBeTCKH xapaKTep B KbCHaTa HMnepaTopcKa enoxa. aM6HBaJieHTHOCTia B ThJIKyBaHeTO Ha II0.[(06HH
IIpe.n;H noqTH cTo ro.n;HHH Hippolyte Delehaye naMeTHHI.J,H, npe.n;cTaBJI51Ba MapTHPHYMbT OT HoBe.
ny6JIHKyBa CT)',[(H51 Bnpxy CBeTI.J,HTe OT pHMCKHTe B HaqanHH51 cH nepHo.n; enHCKoncKaTa 6aJHJIHKa
npoBHHI.J,HH TpaKH51 H MH3H51 2. H .n;ocera TOBa H3- TYK e 6HJia e.n;HoancH.n;Ha. ,[(o H3TOqHaTa cTeHa Ha
cne.n;BaHe OCTaBa aKryaJIHO H HaH-IlbJIHO, ThH Ka- IO)KHH51 H Kopa6 e pa3KpHT napaKJIHC c BnTpeUIHH
TO Delehaye H3IIOJI3Ba BCHqKH, Cb6paHH OT 06- pa3MepH 5,47 x 3,38 M. Ha H3ToqHaTa cTpaHa e
ll.l,eCTBOTO Ha 6onaH.n;HCTHTe .n;o HaqanoTo Ha XX BeK o<PopMeHa aiiCH,[(a. B OCHOBaTa CH TH e UIHpOKa
,[(aHHH 3a CBeTI.J,H H MbqeHHI.I,H OT 6anKaHCKHTe pHM- 2,69 H ,[(nJI6oKa (.n;nnra) 1,63 M (Biernacki 1990,
CKH IIpOBHHI.I,HH. 102-103). AncH.n;aTa e 6HJia nocrpoeHa no-KbCHO to
OT .n;HeUIHaTa 6nnrapcKa TepHTOpHH He ca H3- OT Haoca Ha 6a3HJIHKaTa, KOeTO e BH,[(HMO IIO <l:>yraTa
So
BeCTHH OC06eHO MHOrO paHHOXpHCTH51HCKH CBeT- Me)K,[(y CeBepHaTa CTeHa Ha IIapaKJIHCa H H3TOqHaTa
in
I.I,H H MbqeHHI.I,H. ManKOTO HMeHa, KOHTO II03HaBa- CTeHa Ha lO)KHH51 KOpa6 Ha I.l,bpKBaTa. 0TKpHT e
Me, He ca CBbp3aHH C IIpOCTpaHHH TeKCTOBe, KOHTO OTneqaThK OT KaMeHeH npar B ceBepHaTa cTeHa Ha
.n;a XBbpJI51T CBeTJIHHa BbpXy HCTOpHqeCKOTO pa3- napaKJIHca. BepoHTHO e HMano Bxo.n; H Ha IO)I(HaTa
BHTHe Ha 6aJIKaHCKHTe pHMCKH IIpOBHHI.I,HH HJIH CTpaHa, a Bep051THO H OT 3ana.n;, 3a .[(HpeKTeH ,[(OCThii
KOHTO 6Hxa MOrJIH .n;a 6n,[(aT IIOJI3BaHH KaTO peJie- .n;o 6aJHJIHKaTa (B cnyqaif, qe npe.n;HaJHaqeHHeTo
BaHTeH H3B0p 3a H3BJIHqaHe Ha pa3H006pa3Ha HH- Ha napaKJIHCa ro e H3HCKBano). IIo.n; KaMeHHHTe
<PopMai.J,H51, OTHaC51ll.l,a Ce ,[(0 pa3JIHqHH acneKTH rmoqH, 3aCTHJiall.I,H no.n;a Ha ancH.n;aTa (Ha napaK-
Ha KYJITYPHH51, HKOHOMHqeCKH51 HJIH COI.J,HaJIHH51 JIHca), e OTKpHTa CHJIHO pa3pyUieHa KaMepa C pa3-
)KHBOT Ha HaceneHHeTo. Mo)Ke 6H e.n;HHCTBeHo H3- MepH 1,35 x 0,90 M (Biernacki 1990, 104). Cno-
fa

KJIIOqeHHe B TOBa OTHOUieHHe e paSSlO-TO Ha CB. pe.n; npoyqBaTeJI51 pa3IIOJIO)KeHHeTO Ha napaKJIHCa,

,[(aJHH OT ,[(ypocTOpYM (BHG. 491; BHG. Nov. HerOBH51T IIO,[( H Il0,[(3eMHaTa KaMepa B aiiCH,[(a-
Auct. 491; Cumont 1897, 11-15; Delehaye 1966, Ta H3.n;aBaT, qe ce Kacae 3a MapTHPHYM. B npe.n;-
230-235; Acta Dasii, 17-21), KOeTo Tpa.n;HI.J,HOHHO BapHTeJIHH51 ,[(OKJia,[( 3a pa3KOIIKHTe OT 1988 r. T0-
HaMHpa M51CTO B CbBpeMeHHHTe C60pHHI.I,H C II0,[(- 3M napaKJIHC e HHTepnpeTHpaH KaTO 6aiiTHCTepHH,
6paHH )KHTHeTa Ha paHHOXpHCTH51HCKH MbqeHHI.I,H ,[(OKaTO He ce OTKpHBa BbHUieH 6aiiTHCTepHH B
(Knopf 1901, 86-90, Musurillo 1972, 272-279). .n;Bopa Ha 6aJHJIHKaTa. 3. KanHHOBCKH Cbll.I,O oT6e-
Ha <PoHa Ha IIHCMeHHTe cBe.n;eHHH OT pa3JIHqeH JI513Ba, qe 6H Tp516Ba:ll0 .n;a e Cbll.l,eCTBYBaJI MapTH-

36
m:w:o pHyM Ha Tosa MJ!CTO (Z. Kalinowski 1995, 28). Toil: B Te3H pe,D;ose e 3araTHaTa ceMaHTHqHaTa spo3-
mTe, il,OpH IIHille 3a ,S'hHIIIeH 6anTHCTepHH" (KasHq- Ka Me)l()J;y Kp'hlll,eHHeTO KaTO pa)l(,D;aHe 3a XpHCTH5IH-
liHTe KHTe ca Ha KarrHHOSCKH), cne,D; KaTo npasw aHa- CKH )l(IfSOT H nopsa KpaqKa K'hM cnaceHHeTO Ha
aHIUI JIH3 Ha pa3nOJIO)l(eHHeTO Ha nOCTpOHKaTa cnpHMO ,D;yiiiaTa, OT e,D;Ha crpaHa, Jf OT ,D;pyra - CM'bpTTa S
TOBa 6a3HJIHKaTa H pa3nonaraHeTo Ha sxo,D;a Ha cesep- XpwcTosoTo HMe KaTo pa)l(,D;aHe 3a seqeH )l(HSOT.
ro Ha HaTa cTeHa, KaTo 3aKmoqasa, qe s cnyqa51 He ce C ,D;pym ,D;YMH - H 6anTHCTepH51T, H MapTHPHYM'hT
l'hqe- Kacae 3a 6anTHCTepwii:, a no-cKopo 3a MaJIKa rpo- MapKHpaT mKaKso Haqarro. EanTHCTepHHT e Haqa-
l'hqe- 6Hrn;Ha ll,bpKSa HJIH MapmpHyM (Kalinowski JIOTO Ha XpHCTH51HCKH51 3eMeH )l(JfSOT 3a 06HKHOSe-
m Ha 1999, 28). MapmpHYM'hT e ,D;aTHpaH s KpaH Ha HHTe MHp51HH, a MapTHPHYM'hT MapKHpa HaqarroTO
11 oc- V s. B cnyqa51 c T.Hap. B'hHIIIeH 6anTHCTepwii: OT Ha seqHif51 )l(IfSOT 3a T.Hap. MHOrO cnen,HaJIHH MbpT-
BecT- Hose rrponwqasa TPY,D;HOCTTa npw onpe,D;eJIHHeTo SH4. B e,D;Ha csoH cTaTH51 apx. CT. EoH,D;)l(Hes Thp-
KTbT, Ha e)l,Ha nocTpoii:Ka KaTo MapTHPHYM. KoraTo ce CH apXHTeKTYpHH aHaJIOrHH Ha l!epseHaTa ll,bpK-
nHa- 0Ka3Ba, qe C'hiiJ,eCTsysa ,D;pyr 6anTHCTepHH S HeiiO- sa Kpaii: IIepyiiJ,HIJ,a H cnoMeHasa ,no,D;3eMHaTa
tpxH- cpeil,CTBeHa 6JIH30CT H TOM e cwrypHo ,D;OKa3aH poTOH,D;a" s KapTareH, KOHTO HMa rpo6Ha KaMepa,
KCTe- qpe3 csoHTa 3ana3eHa nwcn,HHa H cnen,mlmqHo ,D;O K051TO Ce CTHra no 3aCSO,D;eHH CT'bJI6HIIJ,a, aS eTa-
. Ho pa3IIOJIO)l(eHHe Ha SXO)J;OBeTe, HHTepnpeTaiJ,H51Ta )l(a Ha pOTOH,D;aTa e HMaJIO Kpolll,eJIH51 (£oRO:JICUe6
ump- Ha II'hpBOHaqaJIHH51 6anTHCTepHH aSTOMaTHqHo ce 1999, 87). B cnyqaH e Harrwn,e coqeTasaHeTo s e,D;Ha
a 6H- rrpoMem (Kalinowski 1999, 28; Biernacki 2005, crpa,D;a Ha MapTHPHYM H 6anTHCTepHH, KOHTO KaTO
-po6- 59). B ,D;pyra 6a3HJIHKa extra murus OT Hose e OT- apXHTeKrypHH THnose He ca qy)l(,ll;H e,D;HH Ha ,D;pyr.
KpHT 3H,D;aH rpo6, H3rpa,D;eH TOqHO S cpe,D;aTa Ha an- Bonpoc'hT 3a H,D;eHTH<i>HKaiJ,H51Ta Ha pa3JIHqHHTe
'10 3a CH)l,aTa, T.e. S no-o6IIJ, CMHC'hJI T51 C'hlll,O MO)l(e ,D;a IIpHCipOeHH nOMeiiJ,eHH51 K'bM HaOCHTe, aiiCH)J;HTe
•l.le3H 6o)l,e HapeqeHa MapTHPHYM ( Cicikova 1997, 59; HJIH npHTSOpHTe Ha ll,bpKSHTe C'blll,O HMa OTHOIIIe-
1paw: Biernacki 2005, 59). HHe K'hM rrpo6JieMHTe Ha H,D;eHTH<i>HKaiJ,H51Ta Ha
3
06HH B e,D;Ha rroeMa Ha IIpy,D;eHn,Hii: e 3araTHaTa spo3- MapTHPHYMHTe. B qacTHOCT npe,D;Ha3HaqeHHeTo Ha
lose. KaTa MapTHPHYM-6anTHCTepHH, eKSHSaJieHTHa Ha npOTe3HCa H ,D;HaKOHHKOHa H TeXHHTe apXHTeKTYpHH
JIHKa 11pOJIHBaHe Ha KpbS-Kpblll,eHHe S CSeTeHa SO,D;a. npe,D;06pa3H, KOraTO JIHiyprHqHHTe H3HCKSaHH51
mHa IIoeMaTa e 03amaseHa ,Ha e,D;HO MJ!CTO s Karraxo- see OIIJ,e He ca HCHO <PopMynwpaHH. HanpHMep, ,D;sa
pa, K'h,D;eTo CTpa,D;axa M'hqeHHIJ,H H K'h,D;eTo cera e Ha,D;nwca oT AnaMeH (s CwpHH) npe,D;naraT e,D;Ha
tHa e 6aiiTHCTepHH" ( CJie,D;Sa OpHrHHaJIHH51T npeBO)J; Ha pa3nHqHa ynoTpe6a Ha npoTe3wca. B Hero Hape,D;
ipOKa aHrJIHHCKH): C'hC CSeTH ,D;apose ce CbXpaH51SaJIH H CSeTH MOIIJ,H (s
/990, This is a spot that was chosen by Christ for uplifting cnyqa51 Ha cs.cs. Ko3Ma H ,[(aMHaH) (Delehaye 1935,
:'hCHO to Heaven 225- 244). ,[(pesHaTa eTHMOJIOrHH Ha ,D;YMaTa proth-
yraTa Souls that are tested by blood, souls that are cleansed esis e pwryarroT no npwroTSHHeTo Ha rpo6Hwn,aTa
in this font.
!HaTa 3a nonaraHe Ha MopTsen,a. B K'hCHOaHTHqHH51 H s
mT e cpe,D;HoseKOSHH51 nepwo,D; prothesis e seqe MJ!CTOTO
Here two brave soldiers once gave up their lives for the
f!aHa S xpaMa, K'h,D;eTO Ce npHrOTS51 seiiJ,eCTSOTO 3a CS.
name of the Savior,
maT a Winning the martyr :S bright crown blazoned with EsxapHCTH51. ,[(HaKOHHKOH'hT C'hlll,O H3n'hJIH51sa HaH:-
ICT'hii purpling blood. ... pa3Hoo6pa3HH <i>YHKIJ,HH - S Hero MKOHJofTe IIpHe-
meTo MaJIH IIpHHOCHTe Ha SHpSaiiJ,HTe, TaM Ce na3eJIH ap-
IHHTe Once victorious martyrs to heights celestial XHBHTe, 6orOCJiy)l(e6HHTe KHHrH, CSeiiJ,eHHqeCKHTe
apaK- ascended, O,D;e)l(,ll;H. liHCMeHHTe H3SOpH CSbp3saT ,D;HaKOHH-
: pa3- Now from baptismal floods souls to heaven KOHa C HaH-pa3H006pa3HH <l>YHKIJ,HH- TaM yqacT-
Crro- take flight . ... saiiJ,HTe S CJiy)l(eHHeTO MO)l(eJIH )J;HCKpeTHO ,D;a CMe-
rruca, H51T MeCTaTa CH, TaM Ce CbXpaHHSaJIH O,D;e)l(,D;HTe,
He of this place is the Lord from whose wounds
~u)l,a­ TaM 6HJIO CbKpOSHIIJ,eTO Ha xpaMa, TaM 6HJIH
two fountains once issued.
lpeil,- pa<i>TOSeTe 3a JIHryprHqHHTe KHHrH Jf apXHSHTe
Water from one distilled and from the other
r. TO- blood. (Donceel-Voute 1995, 181; Krautheimer 1985, 69).
epHH, Cnope,D; Donceel-Voute e S'h3MO)l(HO scwqKH Te3H
111M B You will go hence, as to each is the grace, HeiiJ,a ,D;a He Ca 6HJIH CbXpaH51SaHH e,D;HOSpeMeHHO
OT6e- through the wounds of the Savior; S e,D;HO TOJIKOSa MaJIKO noMeiiJ,eHHe, KOeTO p51,D;KO
apTH- One by the way of the sword, one by the water Ha,D;xsopJI51 2-3 Ks.M. Cne;::i~saien'H'o ' c'iepMHHa
will rise.

37
 --~·~, ·~•ta: ·~ o~a -~----~

-•-.• -_--~-.·_ _•~-: _·. ~~··~·:t~ . .,'

r-~ .. .... : .. "~
,'

~--.;[) ~ f3t0o~Uc. rr.i r-·-

: : (:_:} 0
. I '
I '

1..,,11111111~~11111111111111111111111111111111
. ~.§/.
-----'' '
_____ '
.J

~ *~ CQ .
0 10 15

I 2 3 4 06p. 1.

,diakonikon" ce o6o3HaqasaT noMelll,eHIDI, qiDITO BHqem~;a e MHOrO CXO)l.eH C KOMaTeBCKIDI, HO TaM

cpopMa H JIOKaJIH3a~IDI BapHpa TOqHO KaKTO Ca pa3- MapTHPHYMbT e H3rpa,ll.eH Ha OKOJIO )l.Ba MeTpa
H006pa3HH cpyHI<IJ,HHTe, IIpHIIHCBaHH HM OT H3BO- cesepHo OT Kopnyca Ha 6a3HJIHKaTa (Krautheimer
pHTe (Donceel-Voute 1995, 182). 1985, 175).
OT CTOJIH~aTa Ha npoBHH~IDI TpaKIDI <l>HJIHIIO- BTOpiDIT Mapmp»yM OT <l>HJIHIIOIIOJIHC ( o6p. 2)
non»c HMaMe 3aCBH)l.eTeJICTBaHH apxeonorHqecKH e JIOKaJIH3HpaH H3BbH rpa,ll.a, B 6JIH30CT )1.0 H3TOq-
)l.Ba MapT»p»yMa. E)l.HHIDIT OT DIX ce HaM»pa B HaTa IIOpTa, cpe,ll. H3TOqHIDI HeKpOIIOJI OT KbCHO-
6nH30CT )l.O 6a3HJIHKaTa, pa3Kp»Ta OT Xp. ,[J;)I(aM- aHTHqHaTa enoxa. ITocTpoiiKaTa e npoyqeHa Ha-
6os B IIJIOB)l.HBCKHH KBapTan KoMaTeso (o6p. 1). IIOJIOBHHa, np» KOeTo ca )l.OKyMeHT»paHH TP»
Pa3KpHTaTa nocTpoiiKa e c oKToroHaneH nnaH KOHXH. Bb3 OCHOBa Ha THX Crpa,ll.aTa e OIIpe,ll.eJieHa
(jf:JICGM6oe 1959, 160-161). THe pa3IIOJIO)I(eHa Ha
8 M H3ToqHo oT anc»)l.aTa Ha 6a3HJIHKaTa. OcMo-
blhJIHHKbT e CbC CTpaHa 3,50 M. fiO)l.bT e 6HJI
3aCTJiaH c zyxnH (0,30 x 0,31 M). B cbopb)l(eHHeTo
ca OTKPHTH )l.Ba rpo6a, KaTo caMo e)l.HHIDIT e 6Hn
)l.OKYMeHTHpaH apxeonor»qecKH. Cnope,ll. OTKpH-
BaTeAA IIOCTpOHKaTa e CJIY)I(HJia 3a ,rpo6HH~a
HJIH Haif-MaJIKO e 6HJia IIpeBbpHaTa IIO-KbCHO B
TaKasa" (jf:JICGM6oe 1959, 161). Hen» qaHeBa-,[J;e-
qescKa B CBOH KOpnyc Ha paHHOXpHCTIDIHCKHTe
~bpKBH pa3rJie)l()l.a CbOpb)l(eHHeTO KaTO MapTH-
pHaJIHa IIOCTpOHKa (T.faHeea-f{elte8CKQ 1999, 255) 5•
fiO)l.06HH CHTya~HH, IIpH KOHTO napaKJIHC, IIOCBe-
TeH Ha MbqeHHK, e B 6JIH30CT )1.0 06HKHOBeHa 6a-
3HJIHKa (KaTO H npe,ll.XO)I()l.a XpOHOJIOrHqecKH HJIH
e CHHXpOHeH C HeH, HJIH IIbK e H3rpa,ll.eH BIIOCJie)l.-
CTBHe), e HOpMaJIHa IIpaKTHKa HaiipHMep 3a paifo-
0 I 2 J 4 5 6 7 8 9 10m
Ha Ha CesepHa l1TaJIIDI . llpHMepbT CbC CaHTH <l>e-
JIHqe e <l>opzyHaTO (SS. Felice e Fortunato) BbB 06p.2.

38
 KaTo llleCTKOHxaneH MapTHPHJ'M. IIpoyqsaTenKaTa HM - 18,50 M. Ha 3ana)J,HaTa cTeHa Ha npHTBopa,
e CKcr:IOHHa )],a )J,aTHpa no OTKpHTHTe MOHeTH Haqan- B'bnpeKH llOIUaTa C'bXpaHeHOCT Ha CTeHHTe, ca ycTa-
HIDI nepHo)J, Ha C'biJ.J;eCTByBaHe B IV seK, a KpaH MY - HOBeHH TpH sxo)J,a. CesepHaTa H IO)l(HaTa cTeHa ca
,D,O KpaH Ha Vl-HaqanoTo Ha VII seK (Bospatchie- KOHCTPYKTHBHO CB'bp3aHH C 51)1,pOTO Ha OCHOBHaTa
va 2001, 66). 3a T03H nepHO)J, Ha C'biJ.J;eCTByBaHe qaCT OT H3TOK, T. e. HapTeKC'bT e H3rpa)J,eH no e)J,-
ca pa3rpaHHqeHH )J,Ba cTpOHTenHH nepHo)J,a. IIpe3 HO H C'bl.li;O BpeMe C TeTpaKOHXa, a He e )J,06aBeH
BTOpiD! nepHO)J, nO)J,'bT Ha MapTHpH)'Ma e 6Hn yKpa- snocne)J,CTBHe. CesepHaTa H IO)l(HaTa KOHxa HMaT
CeH C llOllHXpOMHa M03aHKa, qacT OT K051TO e 3a- )J,HaMeT'bp 7,20 M, a )J,e6enHHaTa Ha CTeHHTe HM e
IIa3eHa. M. EocnaqHesa CB'bp3sa xHnoTeTHqHo Map- 1, 70 M . li3TOqHaTa KOHXa e CHllHO nospe)J,eHa OT
mpayMa )1,0 H3TOqHaTa nopTa Ha <l>HnHnononHc C'bspeMeHeH H3Kon. Me)l()J,y cesepHaTa, 3ana)J,HaTa,
C 37-Te M'bqeHH:QH OT T03H rpa)J,, 3arHHanH npH IO)l(HaTa KOHXa H H3TOqHaTa CTeHa Ha HapTeKCa Ce
e,D,HO OT roHeHH51Ta cpeiJ.J;y XpHCTIDIHHTe npH yn- ocpopM51T )],Be e)J,HaKBH nOMeiJ.J;eHIDI C HenpaBHnHa
paBJieHHeTO Ha HMnepaTOp ,lJ;HOKlle:QHaH (284- neTO'bThllHa HllH IUeCTO'bThllHa cpopMa. qpe3 BXO)J,O-
305). Cnope)J. asTopKaTa, He3aBHCHMO )J,anH cne)J, BeTe Ha 3ana)J,HHTe CH CTeHH Te Ce C'b06IJ.J;aBaT C
CMbpTTa Ha M'bqeHH:QHTe TeXHHTe MOIJ.J;H Ca 6HllH npHTsopa. B ManKa HHIUa, ocpopMeHa B wroH3-
CbXpaHeHH B H3rpa)J,eHIDI )1,0 H3TOqHaTa nopra Ha ToqHIDJ: 'bThJI Ha lO)l(HOTO nOMeiJ.J;eHHe, e OTKpHTa
rpa,D,a MapTHpH)'M HJIH He, OCHOBHaTa cpyHK:QIDI nHC:QHHa (HuKo!loe, KaJlttee 1992, 29- 30).
Ha nocne)J,HIDI e 6Hna )],a noqeTe naMerra HM H qeTHpHKOHXanHaTa nocrpOHKa e HMana 6o-
,D,a OT6eJie)l(H M51CTOTO, K'b)J,eTO 3 7 -Te XpHCTIDIHH raTa HHTepHopHa yKpaca, 3a KOHTO ce C'b)J,H no
(Synax. Eccl. CP 91 0) ce oKHqHnH c M'bqeHHqecKH OTKpHBaHHTe B HaCHna e)J,HHHqHH Ky6qeTa CManTa
seHe:u; (Bospatchieva 2001, 68). OT CTeHHH M03aHKH H cpparMeHTH Ma3HllKa C'bC
flo OTHOllleHHe Ha <l>HnHnOnOllHC o6aqe OCTaBa cne)J,H OT cTeHonHcH. B npHTBopa no)J,'bT e 6Hn
HeH3HCHeH B'bnpoc'bT c KOH M'bqeHHK e CB'bp3aHa HaCTJiaH c ryx.nH, ocpopMHIJ.J;H )J,eKopaTHBHH none-
oKToroHanHaTa nocTpoi1:Ka s KB. KoMaTeso, pa3- Ta, 3an'bnHeHH c reoMerpHqHH eneMeHTH, qpe3 H3-
6wpa ce s cnyqai:f, qe HaHCTHHa ce Kacae 3a MapTH- nomsaHeTo Ha OCMO'bThllHH TYXllH, 3aTBap51IJ.J;H
pwanHa nocrpoi1:Ka. noMe)l()J,y CH ManKH KBa)J,paTHH noneTa. B Haoca
B H3ToqHIDJ: HeKponon Ha Eepoe ()J.HeiUHIDI C'bl.li;O e pa3KpHTa in Situ ManKa qaCT OT nO)J,OBaTa
rpa,D, CTapa 3aropa) e npoyqeH )J.pyr HHTepeceH HaCTHJIKa (HUKO!l06, KaJlttee 1992, 30). 3a OCHO-
ITOq-
MaprwpHJ'M c qeTHpHKOHxaneH nnaH ( o6p. 3). Pa3- Ba Ha HaCTHllKaTa e H3nOll3BaH HHBeJIHpaiJ.J; nnaCT
CHO-
rroJio)l(eH e B H3TOqHIDJ: HeKpOnOn Ha rpa)J,a. rpa- OT qaK'bll, B'bpxy KOHTO e HaHeCeH CllOH OT XO-
Ha-
,D,e)l(bT e OT llOMeHH KaM'bHH, CnOeHH C XOpOCaH, pocaH. liO)J,'bT Ha qeTHpHllHCTHHKa BepOHTHO e
TPH IIpHMeCeH C'bC CHTHH napqeH:Qa CrpHTH ryxnH H HMan M03aHqHa yKpaca. He e Han'bnHo HCHO )J,a-
cr:IeHa
ryxneH npax. 06IJ.J;aTa )J,'bll)l(HHa Ha qeTHpHnHCT- JIH MapTHpHyM'bT e H3rpa)J,eH B'bpXy rpo6 Ha HH-
HHKa 3ae)J,HO C HapTeKCa e 23,50 M, a IUHpHHaTa KOH M'bqeHHK, HllH e npHIOTHll MOIJ.J;HTe Ha Ta-
K'bB, KOHTO Ca 6HllH C'bXpaHHBaHH B cne:QHaneH
capKocpar HllH B MOIJ.J;expaHHTellHH:Qa, KaKBHTO
Ca Hai:f-qecTHTe npaKTHKH npH H3rpa)l()J,aHeTO Ha
paHHOXpHCTIDIHCKHTe MapTHPHJ'MH. OT pa3nono-
)l(eHHeTo Ha nOCTpOHKaTa (B H3TOqHIDJ: HeKponon
'\
/' Ha aHTHqHIDJ: rpa)J.) e norHqHo )],a ce )J,onycHe H3-
rpa)l()J,aHe B 6nH30CT HllH Henocpe)J,CTBeHO B'bpxy
rpo6a Ha nonyMpeH MecTeH M'bqeHHK. MaKap s
C'b06IJ.J;eHHeTo 3a pa3KOnKHTe )],a He ce cnoMeHasa 3a
OTKpHT :QeHTpaneH rpo6, H3TOqHO OT nocrpOHKaTa
e OTKpHT MpaMopeH capKocpar (HuKo!loe, KaJlttee
1992, 31), 3a KOHTO MO)l(e )],a ce )J,OnycHe, qe e
C'bXpaHHBan HMeHHO MOIJ.J;HTe Ha M'bqeHHKa (M'bqe-
HH:QHTe), KoMyTo e nocseTeH T03H naMeTHHK. XH-
noTeTHqHo MapTHpH)'M'bT 6H MOThll )],a Ce CB'bp)l(e
c MKOH AMoH H 40-Te )J,eBH:QH, 3a KOHTO qeTeM s
0 10M
CHHaKcapa Ha KOHCTaHTHHOn9llCKaTa narpHapiUIDI
06p. 3. (Synax. Eccl. CP 3; Delehaye 1912, 194- 207).

39
MaKap 11 Te )J,a He ca nocpelli,Ha.JII1 Ha TOBa WICTO p11ni1CTHa ni1C.QI1Ha, srpa,IJ,eHa B 113ToqHaTa MY
CBOHTa M'bqeHI1qecKa CMbpT, a B CTOn11.QaTa Ha npo- cTeHa. KnM IO)KHaTa cTeHa Ha HapTeKca e np11neneHo
B11H.QHH XeMI1MOHT A,IJ,p11aHonon, TOBa npe,IJ,nono- npaBO'bf'bnHO nOMeUJ,eHI1e C anCI1)J,a OT 113TOK, KOe-
)KeHI1e e pe30HHO. OT passio-To Ha M'bqeH11.Q11Te e TO 11Ma BXO)J, OT cesep, K'bM 113TOqHaTa qacT Ha np11-
113BeCTHO, qe AMOH 113Bnpmsa qy,IJ,o B Eepoe, KaTo TBOpa. CT. EoH)J,)KI1eB cqi1Ta, qe nnpBoHaqa.rrHo e
no CTpaHeH Haqi1H e B)J,I1rHa.JI B'bB B'b3)J,yxa MeCTHHH 113rpa,IJ,eH qeT11p11ni1CTHI1K'bT 3ae,IJ,HO C'bC 3a0611Ka-
)Kpeu: Ha ,e311qecK11Te 6o)KeCTBa (11,IJ,0n11)". liMa nHUJ,I1Te ro OT IOr 11 oT cesep KOp11,IJ,Op11. Te311
o611qaif MapT11P11YM11 ,IJ,a ce nocTpOHBaT He CaMO nces,IJ,o,IJ,eaM6ynaTop1111 ca ce cno6UJ,aBa.rrl1 c no,IJ,-
Bnpxy rpo6H11.Q11Te Ha M'bqeH11.Q11Te, pecneKTI1BHO B KynonHoTo npocTpaHcTBO qpe3 meeT OTBopa,
6ni130CT )1,0 THX, 11n11 3a ,IJ,a CbXpaHHT M'bqeHI1qeCKI1 OQJOpMeHI1 B )J,'brOBI1)J,HI1Te CTeHI1 Ha CeBepHaTa 11
MOUJ,I1, HO 11 Ha TaBMarypr11qHI1, qy)J,O,IJ,eHHI1 MeCTa, IO)KHaTa KOHxa. CnUJ,HHT asTop peKOHCTpy11pa 11HTe-
K'b)J,eTO M'bqeHI1.QI1Te OUJ,e np11)1(11Be 11n11 cne)J, CM'bpT- p11opa Ha qeT11p11ni1CTHI1Ka C np11C'bCTBI1eTO Ha
Ta Cl1 ,IJ,aBa.JII1 HCHO )J,OKa3aTenCTBO Ha 0611KHOBe- e,IJ,I1H .QeHTpa.rreH capKoQ:>ar, nono)KeH B anci1,IJ,aTa, 11
HI1Te Xp11CTI1HHI1 3a CBOHTa Cl1na, 3a TOBa, qe Hai1C- Ha oUJ,e meeT ,IJ,pyr11 capKoQ:>ara, 113nO)KeHI1 B KOp11-
TI1Ha CTOHT OT ,IJ,HCHaTa cTpaHa Ha Bora. BepOHTHO ,IJ,Op11Te Ha IO)KHaTa 11 cesepHaTa KOHxa (no Tp11 B'bB
MapT11P11YM'hT oT Eepoe e 113,IJ,I1rHaT B cnoMeH Ha BCHKa OT nx) (£oJlOJICUe6 1998, 31).
TOBa, 113BnpmeHo oT ,IJ,HKOH AMoH qy,IJ,o. Me)K,IJ,y ,IJ,BaTa naMeTHI1Ka OT CTapa 3aropa 11
B rpaH11.Q11Te Ha npoB11H.QHH TpaKI1H MHoro fiepylli,I1.Qa Ce OTqi1TaT 11 HHKOI1 C'bUJ,eCTBeHI1 pa3-
cxo,IJ,Ha no nnaH c MapT11p11yMa OT AsrycTa TpaHHa nl1qHH. Ha.rr11.Qe ca sap11a.Q1111 Ita cTp011TenHaTa KOH-
e T.Hap. qepseHa .QbpKBa Kpaif Ilepylli,11.Qa ( o6p. 4). u:en.QHH B nnpBoHaqa.rrHaTa nnaHosa cxeMa. Ilnp-
II ,IJ,BeTe crpa,IJ,I1 11MaT 3a csoe apxHTeKrypHo H,IJ,po BoHaqa.rrHaTa nocTpOHKa no)J, qepBeHaTa .QbpKBa
qeT11p11ni1CTHI1Ka, KOHTO snocne,IJ,CTBI1e ce ,IJ,Opa3- OUJ,e B CaMOTO Haqano OT C'bUJ,eCTByBaHeTO Cl1 nony-
BI1Ba 11 ycnO)KHHBa KaTO nnaH11pOBKa, KOeTO no BCH- qasa IO)KeH 11 cesepeH o6xo,IJ,eH KOp11,IJ,Op. Ilpe3
Ka sepoHTHOCT e o6ycnoseHo OT HY)K,IJ,I1Te 11 oco- BTOpHH CTp011TeneH nep110)J, 113TOqHaTa KOHXa ce
6eHOCTI1Te Ha n11rypmqHHH p11rya.rr. lJ;npKBaTa npeycTpoifsa B anci1)J,a, KaTo cTaBa no-,IJ,'hn6oKa
Kpaif fiepylli,H.Qa 11Ma qeT11p11KOHXa.JieH KOpnyc qpe3 OT,IJ,enHHeTo H OT no,IJ,KynonHHH KBa,IJ,paT H
c oQ:>opMeHI1 Kpaif IO)I(HaTa 11 cesepHaTa KOHxa o6oco6HBaHeTo Ha napa6eMI1Te OT cesep H IOr.
,IJ,eaM6ynaTOp1111, KOI1TO cnope,IJ, ,[(. fiaHaHOTOBa ce B C'blli,OTO speMe qeTHp11nHcTHI1K'bT OT AsrycTa
cno6UJ,aBaT c 113ToqHaTa 11 3ana,IJ,HaTa KOHxa, a cno- TpaHHa oUJ,e B Haqa.rrHHH eM nep11o,IJ, npHTe)KaBa
pe,IJ, CT. Emi)J,)KI1eB Kpa11UJ,aTa Ha Te311 KOp11,IJ,Op11 ca o6oco6eH e,IJ,HO,IJ,eneH np11TBop 11 ,IJ,Be noMeUJ,eHHH
3anymeHI1 11 peanHa Bpn3Ka c np11ne)KaUJ,I1Te 11M c HenpasHneH nnaH, oQ:>opMeHI1 Me)K)J,y H3TOqHaTa
KOHXI1 He ce OC'bUJ,eCTBHBa (J7QliQUOm06Q 1956, cTeHa Ha np11TBOpa 11 B'hHmHaTa )],'bra Ha 3ana,IJ,HaTa
18-19; EoJlOJ/Cue6 1998, 26, 32-34). Bnl13aHeTO KOHXa. fipe3 BTOpHH CTp011TeneH nepHO)J, TYK He
B qeT11p11KOHXa.JIHaTa qaCT CTaBa npe3 CK'bCeH )J,By- HacT'bnBaT npoMeHH B nnaHa Ha qeTHpHKOHxanHaTa
,IJ,eneH np11TBop. B HerosaTa cesepHa qacT e pa3no- qacT, a B 3ana,IJ,Ha nocoKa ce pa3BI1Ba cno)KeH apxH-
no)KeH 6anTI1CTep11H C KBa,IJ,paTeH nnaH 11 qeTI1- TeKrypeH KOMnneKc. Te311 pa3nl1qHH ca noKa3aTen-
HI1, qe B MapT11P11YMa oT AsrycTa TpaHHa npe3
nnpBHH MY cTp011TeneH nep11o,IJ, e,IJ,Ba n11 e oTcny)K-
BaHa esxapHCTI1HHa cn~6a. IlocTpoifKaTa e 611na
c noMeHaTeneH xapaKTep - 3a qecTBaHe Ha ro,IJ,Hm-
HHH npa3HI1K Ha M'bqeHHKa (MnqeHH.Q11Te). KnM
cpe,IJ,aTa Ha IV B. Ta311 qeTHp11KOHxa.rrHa nocTpoifKa
see OUJ,e He e dornus ecclesiae B TecHHH cMI1c'bn Ha
,IJ,YMaTa.
I PaHHoxpHcTHHHCKI1HT KynTOB KOMnneKc npH
c. Bo,IJ,eH, 5IM6oncKo ( o6p. 5), nocTaBH C'hlli,O pe,IJ,
BnnpOCH 3a pa3pemaBaHe, KacaeUJ,I1 11)J,eHTI1QJH-
Ka.Q11HTa Ha .QbpKBaTa 11 MapTHP11YMa, 113rpa,IJ,eH
npe,IJ,I1 HeH Ha TOBa WICTO (Tawte6a-BacUJle6a
1993, 73-91). Ilo,IJ, MapT11P11YMa B ecTeCTBeHa Ka-
BepHa e ycTpOeHa Kp11nTa qpe3 )J,On'bnHI1TenHH
06p.4.
H33H)K)J,aHHH. TH nona,IJ,a no,IJ, 113TOqHaTa qacT Ha

40
I MY
JeHO
KOe-
npH-
HOe

~
n Ka-
mf
rrf
Te3H
ITO):(-
10pa,
m ~ Tfll I
~ ' !' I
ITa H
IHTe- JmD
) Ha ~ ~
Ta,H
:opH- f1J 1m ~ 06p. 7.
i B'bB
ITO-K'bCHO H3rpa.n:eHaTa D;'bpKBa. JJ:o Ta3H KpHITTa Ce

pa H
p a3- ~ m e CJIM3ano ITO n3ceqeHn B CKaJiaTa CThiTaJia. BnTpe
He e OTKpHT HMKaK'bB MaTepMaJI, HO HMa CBe):(eHMe,

KOH- qe OTTYK MeCTHH )I(HTeJIM Ca H3Ba,l],MJIH KOCTHTe Ha

l1np- .n:sa qoseiiiKM CKeJieTa (TaH'ie6a-BacUJle6a 1993,

p KBa 0 I 2 3 4 5 73-74). MapTnpnyMnT ITpe,LI,cTasmma ManKa crpa-

IOJIY- ,LI,a c KpncTOBM,LI,eH ITJiaH, n3rpa,LI,eHa OT 6nrop. OT

l1pe3 M3TOK e cHa6.n:eHa c MaJIKa aiTcn.n:a. PaMeHaTa Ha

06p. 5.
~a ce KpnCTa Ca o6pa3yBaHH qpe3 ):(06aBHHe Ha HHIIIH

6oKa K'bM IJ;eHTpaJIHHJ! KBa,LI,paT, CbCTaBJIHBaW: H):(pOTO

1aT H Ha ITOCTpOHKaTa. T03H KBa):(paT MMa CTpaHa 2,75 M,

I IOf. a HHIIIMTe ce H3):(aBaT OT BCJ!Ka OT CTpaHMTe MY C

'YCTa 1,15 M. AITCM,LI,aTa Ha M3TOqHaTa cTeHa e ,LI,nJI6oKa

)!(as a 1,24 M. IIocTpoH:KaTa e opneHTnpaHa ITO ocTa

eHJUI cesep03aiTa):(-IOfOH3TOK (TaH'ie6a-Bacu!le6a 1993,

maT a 80-81). M. BaKJinHosa ITo.n:qepTaBa JIMITCaTa Ha

tHaT a CBe,l],eHMJ! 3a JIHqHOCTTa Ha M'bqeHMKa (HJIH M'bqe-

'K He HHIJ;MTe ), KOHTO e 6nJI IToqnTaH ryK, KaKTo n aHo-

m aT a HHMHocrra Ha caMMJ! XpHCTHJ!HCKH u;eHThp, KaTO

lpXH- OT6eJIH3Ba, qe CITOMeHaBaHe Ha CBeTHJIHIIJ;eTO ITpH

aTen- c. Bo.n:eH ,cJie,LI,Ba ,LI,a ce Thpcn cpe.n: HHKOM OT He-

rrpe3 cnrypHo M,LI,eHTn<lJnu;npaHnTe MJIM Bno6w:e HeJio-

JI~- KaJIM3npaHn MMeHa Ha XpHCTHJ!HCKH IJ;eHTpOBe H

611na KYJITOBM MecTa" (BaK!lUH06a 1993, 67).

[\Hill- JJ:pyr M3BecTeH MapTnpnyM OT )J,HeiiiHa IOro-

K nM M3ToqHa EnJirapHH e JIOKaJIM3npaH B paMKMTe Ha

10H:Ka cpe,LI,HOBeKOBHaTa KpeiTOCT MapKeJIM ( o6p. 6 n 7).

bJI Ha IIocTpoiiKaTa ITpe.n:cTaBH Haii-paHHaTa <lJa3a oT cn-
w:ecTByBaHeTo Ha KOMITJieKC paHHOXpHCTHJ!HCKH

rrpn crpa.n:n. MapTnpMyM'hT ryK ITpe.n:cTaBJIHBa KpncTo-

) p e.n: BM):(Ha B ITJiaH crpa,LI,a, H3rpa):(eHa Bnpxy HaH-BH-

n¢n- COKOTO MHCTO Ha X'bJIMa, BbpXy KOHTO Ce pa3ITOJiara

la.n:eH KpeiTocrra. B CKaJIHMH Macns e M3ceqeHa qeTnpn-

weBa 'bfbJIHa .HMa (3,80 X 4,00 M), qnHTO CTeHM Ca 06JIH-

1a Ka- IJ;OBaHH c ITOJIOBMHKM BM3aHTMHCKM ryxJIM 11 M3Ma-

'eJIHH 3aHM c xn.n:po<iJo6eH xopocaH. OT cesep 11 oT 10r K'hM

06p. 6. TOBa ITOMeiiJ;eHMe BO):(.HT ,l],Be CThJI6Mru;a OT KaMeHHH
~T Ha

41
ITJIOl.J:I1. Ha 113TOl.J:HaTa cTeHa e o<PopMeHa nmpoKo TpaKH51 11 XeMI1MOHT (s rpaHHU.11Te Ha ,ll,HewHaTa
oTsopeHa arrcw,ll,a. B cpe,ll,aTa Ha rroMeiiJ,eHI1eTo ca 6bJirapcKa Tep11TOp1151) CaJIOKaJII13HpaHH weCT Map-
OTKpHTH CJie)l,H OT l.J:eTHp11 3H,ll,aHH CTbJI6a, KOHTO THPHYMa - ,ll,Ba OT <l>wnwrrorronwc (rrpw H3TOl.J:HaTa
sepOHTHO Ca HOCeJII1 BTOpH eTa)!( (£o5l(bfcue6 2002, nopTa H s KB . KoMaTeso ) , qepseHaTa U.bpKsa ,ll,O
215). He e 113secTHO HMeTo Ha KbCHOaHTHl.J:HaTa Ilepylll,Hl.l,a, l.J:eT11pHKOHXaJIHH51T MapTHP11YM OT
KperrocT. )!{. Ana)l,)I(OB e CKJIOHeH ,ll,a noKaJIH3Hpa Ha Eepoe, MapTHPI1YMbT OT Kperrocrra MapKeJII1 11
TOBa MHCTO AHaCTaCHOITOJI, H3BeCTeH OT errapXHH- MapT11p11yMbT B paHHOXp11CTHHHCKH51 KOMITJieKC
CKI1Te CI111Cbl.I,H (/l(epe6a, AllaOJIC06 2000, 294). 3a rrpw c. Bo,ll,eH. HwTo e,ll,HH OT THX He MO)I(e )],a ce
H,ll,eHT11<l>11Kal.I,H51Ta Ha Mbl.J:eHI1Ka, ITOl.J:HTaH Ha TOBa CBbp)l(e CbC CHrypHOCT C KOHKpeTeH Xp11CTH51HCKM
M5ICTO, H51Ma HHKaKBH CBe,ll,eHH51. ,lJ;aT11pOBKaTa Ha Mbl.J:eHI1K. <l>aKT e JIHITCaTa Ha KOpeJial.I,H51 Me)l(,ll,y
rraMeTHHKaeHarrpaseHarroaHanorHHCMapTHpHyMa CBe,ll,eHH51Ta OT CHHaKcap11Te H MeHOJIOri111Te Ha H3-
OT c. Bo,ll,eH, 51M6oncKo - KpaH Ha V -Hal.J:aJIOTO Ha TOl.J:HaTa l.l,bpKBa H HaJII1l.J:HI1Te apxeOJIOrHl.J:eCKH ,ll,aH-
VI seK (AllaOJIC06 2002, 208). Ho TOBa KaTo qe JIM HH. CaMo 3a MapTHPHYMHTe s Eepoe 11 T0311 rrp11
He e HaH-y,ll,al.J:HHHT BapHaHT 3a )l,aT11paHe, TbH KaTO H3TOl.J:HaTa I10pTa Ha <l>I1JII1I10I10JIHC MO)I(e )],a Ce
MapT11PHYMbT oT c. Bo,ll,eH He rrpe,ll,nara HHKaKBH ,ll,OITYCHe eseHryaJIHa Bpb3Ka C 113BeCTHI1 HH HMeHa
HaXO,ll,KH, KOI1TO )],a rrpe,ll,JIO)I(aT HHKaKBa CHrypHa Ha Mbl.J:eHHI.I,H. Te311 <PaKTH ca KpacHopeqwsH 3a
,ll,aTHpOBKa, a OCBeH TOBa rrpoyqsaTeJIKaTa Ha rraMeT- crreu.11<PwKaTa Ha H3CJie,ll,BaHe Ha KYJITa KbM Mbl.J:e-
HI1Ka ITOCOl.J:Ba KaTO ,ll,aTa Ha 113rpa)l(,ll,aHeTO MY HaH- HHUHTe H HeroBaTa apXHTe~<rypa H 3a He06XO)l,H-
06IIJ,O IV seK (TaHIJe6a-Bacu!le6a 1993, 88). MOCTTa OT 11HTep,ll,11Cl.I,HI1Jli1HapeH ITO,ll,XO,ll, rrp11 6b)l,e-
B paMKMTe Ha KbCHOaHTHl.J:HHTe rrposHHU.H11 IIJ,I1Te 113CJie)l,BaHHHTa B Ta311 HaCOKa.

QHTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA HOXp11CTIDIHCKaTa apx11TeKTYpa B obnrapHH IV- VI B.

Co<Pwll, 1999.
AJJa.ll,JKOB 2002: )£{. AJJa,D,:>KOB. MapT11p11)'MbT B lll,epesa, AJJa.ll,)f(OB 2000: 11. Ill;epesa, )I(. Ana.ll,)f(OB.
MapKeJJI1. - B: 11cTopiDI 11 Kymypa Ha KapHo6aTCK11ll Pa3KOnKHTe B Cn11BeH 11 KapHo6aT 11 npo6neMbT 3a npe-
Kpaii. T. 4, BapHa, 2002,207- 213. xo.ll,a oT AHTI14Hocrra KbM Cpe.ll,HOBeKOBI1eTo. - fo.ll.Hlll-
lioH.ll,IKJteB 1998: CT. oOH.IJ.)f(l1eB. Apx11TeKrypa, nbp- HHK Ha ,lJ.enapTaMeHT ApxeonorHH - HEYI AHM, IV- V,
BOHa'IaJJHO npe.ll,Ha3Ha'IeHI1e 11 npeycTpOHCTBa Ha l.Jep- Co<PIDI, 2000, 290- 299.
BeHaTa UbpKsa Kpaii Ilepylll,11Ua. - ApxeonomH, 1998, Angenendt 1997: A. Angenendt. Heilige und
1- 2, 24- 38. Reliquien: die Geschichte ihres Ku1tes vom frlihen
JioH.ll,IKIIeB 1999: CT. EoH.ll,IKI1eB. ApXI1TeKrypHI151T Christentum bis zur Gegenwart. Miinchen, 1997.
o6pa3 Ha MapTHpHHTe s MI13IDI 11 TpaKIDI npe3 IV- VI seK. - Biernacki 1990: A. Biernacki. Novae - Sektor Za-
B: Pe.JIJill1JI 11113KYCTBO s KYJITYPHaTa rpa.ll,I1UIDI Ha Espana, chodni 1988, Sprawozdanie tymczasowe z wykopalisk
AATHa HaY'ffia cpelll,a, BapHa'98, Co<PIDI, 1999,76-89. Ekspedycji Archeologicznej Uniwersytetu im. A. Mick-
JioH.ll,IKifeB 2002: CT. EoH.ll,IKI1eB. PaHHoxp11CTIDIHCKIDIT iewicza w Poznaniu. - Archeologia, 1990, 41,102- 106.
MapTI1pi10H s MapKeJ111 11 HacnoeHI1Te Bbpxy Herosi1Te Biernacki 2005: A. Biernacki . A city of Christians:
OCTaHKI1 cpe.ll,HoseKOBHH UbPKBI1. - B: 11cropiD1 11 KYJJTypa Novae in the 5'h and 6'h c. AD. - Archaeologia Bulgari-
Ha KapHo6aTCKI1ll KpaH. T. 4, BapHa, 2002, 214-231. ca, 2005 , 1, 53- 74.
BaKJJHHOBa 1993: M. BaKJJHHosa. PaHHoxpHCTHHH- Bospatchieva 2001: M. Bospatchieva. An Early
CKI1 ueHTpose s CesepoH3T0'1Ha TpaKHH.- B: Cesepo113- Christian Martyrium from Philippopolis. - Archaeolo-
T0'1Ha TpaKIDI 11 Bw3aHTIDI npe3 IV- XIV B., Co<P11li- gia Bulgarica, 2001 , 2, 59- 69.
Cni1BeH, 1993, 58- 72. Cicikova 1997: M. Cicikova. La basilique et la
)l;JKaM6os 1959: Xp. ,lJ.)f(aM6os. oa311JJI1KaTa np11 Ko- necropole paleochretiennes extra muros de Novae
MaTeso, IlJJOB.ll,I1BCKO. - fHAMII,T. 3, 1959, 155- 163. (Mesie Inferieure).- In: Late Roman and Early Byzan-
HnKOJJOB, KaJJqes 1992: ,D.. H11Konos, Kp. Kanqes. tine Cities on the Lower Danube, A. Biernacki, P. Paw-
PaHHOXp11CTHHHCKH KOMnneKc s AsrycTa TpaHHa - lak eds., Poznan, 1997, 57-67.
Eepoe. - 11MIOI1E, XV, 1992, 29-44. Cumont 1897: F. Cumont. Les Actes deS. Dasius. -
llaHaHOTOBa 1956: ,lJ.. IlaHaHOTOBa. l.JepBeHaTa Anai.Boll. (16), 1897, 16.
UbpKsa Kpaii IIepylll,HUa, Co<PwH, 1956. Delehaye 1935: H. Delehaye. Saints et reliquaries
Tauqesa-BacuJJesa 1993: H. TaHlJesa-Bac11nesa d' Apamee.- Anal. Boll. (53), 1935, 225- 244.
PaHHoxpHCTIDIHCKH KYJJTOB KOMnneKc np11 c. Bo.ll,eH. - Delehaye 1966: H. Delehaye. Les passions des mar-
B: Cesep0113T0'1Ha TpaKHH HBl13aHTHH npe3 IV- XIV B. , tyrs et les genres litteraires, Bruxelles. (Subsidia Hagio-
Co<PIDI- CnwseH, 1993, 73- 91. graphica, 13 b, 1966),. 1966.
l.Jauesa-)J;eqescKa 1999: H.l.JaHesa-,lJ.elfeBcKa. PaH- Donceel-Voute 1995: P. Donceel-Voute. L'inevitable

42
WHaT a chapelle des martyrs: identification. - In: Martyrium in Mul- Portam" di S. Quirino in Savaria. - In: Atti del IV con-
TMap- tidisciplinary Perspective (Memorial Louis Reekmans), M. gresso intemazionale di Archeologia Cristiana, XIX,
''IHaTa Lamberigts, P. van Deun (eds.), Leuven, 1995, 179- 196. Roma, 1948, 49-63.; E. TOth. Late Antique Imperial Pal-
ma ,ll,O Grabar 1946: A. Grabar. Martyrium. Recherches ace in Savaria (the Question of the So-called Quirinus Ba-
sur le culte des re1iques et !'art Chretien antique, vol. l , silica). - Acta Arch., 25, 1973, 117- 137.
~ OT
Paris, 1946. 2
H. Delehaye. Saints de Thrace et de Mesie. - Anal.
Halldn 1957: F. Halkin. Bibliotheca Hagiographica Grae- Boll., 31 (1912), 161- 300.
ca I, Bruxelles. (Subsidia Hagiographica, 8a, 1957), 1957. 3
The Poems of Prudentius, M. Clement Eegan
Kalinowski 1997: Z. Kalinowski. Stone Reliquaries (trans!.). - In: The Fathers of the Church. A New Trans-
at Novae. - In: Late Roman and Early Byzantine Cit- lation, Washington, 1981, 180- 181.
ies on the Lower Danube, A. Biernacki, P. Pawlak eds., 4
ToecT M'hLJemn.(H:Te. 1-bpaJ'hT rrpHHat~ne)!(H Ha
Poznan, 1997, 81- 86. IIHT'hp EpayH. B)l(. II. Jipayu. KynTDT K'hM cseTu;H:Te.
Kalinowski 1999: Z. Kalinowski. Baptistery in Bo3XOA 11 <!>YHKU:HH s naTHHCKOTO xpHCTIDIHCTBO. Co-
Episcopal Basilica at Novae. - In: Der Limes an der un- <!>IDI, 2000, 91- 108. MoLJeHHU:HTe BHHarH ca H:ManH
teren Donau von Diokletian bis Heraklios, G.von BiH- OC06eH, BHCOK CTaTyC B IJ;bpKOBHaTa M.epapxm1. lJ.opK-
ow, AI. Milceva (Hrsg.), Sofia, 1999, 25- 35 . BaTa IIpH3HaBa BCHLJKH XpHCTIDIHH:, OKH:LJH:llH: Ce C M'hLJe-
Knopf 1901: R. Knopf. Ausgewahlte Martyrerak- HH:LJeCKa KOpOHa, 3a LJHCll~WH ce K'hM He6eCHOTO u;apCT-
ten, Ttibingen, 1901. 80. Te He Tp~6sano ):Ia OLJaKBaT, IIO):I06HO Ha OCTaHanH:Te
Krautheimer 1985: R. Krautheimer. Early Chris- xpHCTH~HH, t~eiDI Ha CTparnHIDI C'h):l. B EsaHrenHeTO
tian and Byzantine Architecture, New Haven and Lon- CrracHTen~T o6eru;asa He6ecHa cnasa Ha OHe3H: xpHc-
don, 1985. TIDIHH, KOHTO rrpone~T KpbBTa CH: 3apa.nH: Hero, KOHTO
Musurillo, 1972: H. Musurillo. The acts of the Chris- ro H3IIOB~):IaT rrpeA xopaTa (MaT. 10:32) H: KOH:TO ca
tian Martyrs, Texts and Translations. Oxford, 1972. rrpecnet~BaHH: 3apa.nH rrpast~a (MaT. 5:10) HnH rrory6saT
Ward-Perkins 1966: J. Ward- Perkins. Memoria, .nyrnaTa 11 )I(H:BOTa cH 3apaAH Hero (MapK 8:35).
VI B. Martyr's Tomb and Martyr's Church. - JThS , n.s., vol. 5
Tp~6sa .na ce OT6ene)I(H, qe B'hB sorrpocHaTa
17, 1966 '20- 37. MOHOrpa<t>H~ Ha aBTOpKaTa TH LJeCTO Orrpet~en~ CIIOpHH
apXHTeKTypHH: IIaMeTHHIJ;H KaTO MapTHPHYMH, 6e3 .na
liEJIE'JKKll IIpH:nara ):IOBO):IH: BIIO.L\Kpena Ha rrpaBHllHOCTTa Ha CBOH:Te
HHTeprrpeTau;HH. T~ ce ocnaiDI Ha OTKpHTHTe B'hTpe ABa
1
DpHMep 3a rrot~o6Ha rroneMH:Ka e H:MrrepaTopcKIDJT rpo6a, HO CaMIDIT pa3KOIIBaLJ H3Ka3Ba C'hMHeHH:e ):lanH
!lBOpe'-1 BCasapiDI (CoM6aTXeH:, YurapiDI), KOHTO rropso- rpo6oseTe He ca BTOpH4HH crrp~Mo oKTorouanHaTa rro-
HalJanHo e H):leHTH:tl>H:I.\HpaH KaTO 6aJH:llH:KaTa Ha eiiH:CKOII cTpoM.Ka.
lumpHH. B)!(. S. Paulovics. ,Basilica ad Scarabetensem

THE CULT TO THE MARTYRS IN THE PROVINCES

OF THRACE AND CHEMIMONTOS (4th_6th c.).
PRBLEMS OF IDENTIFICATION

George ILLIEV

Within the boundaries of the late-antique provinces The Jack of co-relation between the evidence coming
of Thrace and Chemimontos (on the territory from the synacsaries and menologies of the Eastern
of present-day Bulgaria) have been localized Orthodox Church and the available archaeological
six martyries. Two of them are from the area of data is factually true. Only the martyries in Beroe
Philipopolis (by the Eastern Gate and the residential and that at the Eastern Gate of Philipopolis could
quarter of Komattevo), ,The Red Church" near eventually be referred to well-known names of
Perushtitsa, the four-conchoidal martyry from Early-Christian martyrs. The martyry at the Eastern
Beroe, the martyry from the Markelli stronghold and Gate of Philipopolis is associated with the worship
the martyry in the early-Christian complex at the of the cult to the thirty-seven martyrs ofPhilipopolis
village ofVoden. None of them can be conclusively while the martyry from Augusta Trajana was most
related to a definite Christian martyr. possibly related to the cult of St. Amonos and the
forty virgins.

43
 <llPArMEHT OT <llPOHTOH poM60J
HaMeH
OT CEJIO KOCTEH, KAPHOiiATCKO HO 4,5-
THKaJI
KmtcmaHmwt TOCllO/{lfHOB

HMaT

qJ1Ha
23,0 X

B licTOpHqecKM M)'3eif-KapHo6aT ce cnxpamma 2002, 171-185). Ha e,ZJ;HH KHJIOMeT'hp Ha ceBep OT

KopHH3 oT <PpoHTOH (HHB. N2 485), npoH3XO)I(,ZJ;ai.Q c. KocTeH Ha B'h3BHWeHHeTo KaneTo ce HaMHpa
oT c. KocTeH. KopHH3'hT e OTKPHT B 6nmocT ,ZJ;o KpenocT, ,ZJ;aTHpaHa B V-VII B. (MoMIJUJI06 1999,
QeHTbpa Ha CeJIOTO, Kb,ZJ;eTO nO-K'hCHO - npe3 41, 139, 226-227).
2000 r., ca npoBe,ZJ;eHH COH,ZJ;a)I(HH apxeonorHqecKM <l>parMeHT'hT OT KOpHH3 ( o6p. 1) e OT ropHaTa
pa3KOnKH no,ZJ; pnKOBO.ZJ;CTBOTO Ha kP ,ll;HMqo MoM- 'hrJIOBa qacT Ha roJIHM <PpoHTOH (nrnn 130°), Koif-
qJ1JIOB (licTOpHqecKM My3eif-KapHo6aT) 1. C Te3H TO BepOHTHO e 6HJI nO,ZJ;fOTBHH 3a H3nOJI3BaHe B
npoyqBaHMH Ca pa3KpHTM OCTaHKM OT 3HaqJ1MO H roJIHMa npe.ZJ;cTaBHTenHa crpa.ZJ;a. l13pa6oTeH e OT
HeH3BeCTHO ,ll;O TOraBa cpe,ZJ;HI.Qe- 3H,ll;OBe, OT KOH- nHc'hqHMK ..llimaTa qacT Ha 6noKa e .ZJ;'hnra (no <Pa-
1,50 M, H HaXO,ZJ;KM,
TO e,ZJ;HH MOI.QeH 3H,ll; C ,ZJ;e6eJIHHa ca,ZJ;HaTa JIMHHH) OKOJIO 103 CM, a ,ll;HCHaTa- OKOJIO
III H VII B.
,ZJ;aTHpai.QH Me)I(.ZJ;y TpeTaTa qeTBbpT Ha 100 CM, BHCOqMHaTa (no nepneH.ZJ;MKYJIHpa K'hM
(Mowmno6 2001, 138; MoMIJUll06 2002, 45). .ZJ;BYCTpeWHO HaKJIOHeHHTe CTpaHH Ha 6JIOKa) e
06eKT'hT B c. KocTeH e Ha y.ZJ;o6Ho MHCTO, He,ZJ;a- OKOJIO 60 CM, 06I.QaTa ,ZJ;e6eJIHHa ( OT <Paca,ZJ;aTa Ha-
neq, Me)I(.ZJ;y sepTHKanHHTe n'hTHI.Qa npe3 PmiiKHH 3a,ZJ;) e OKOJIO 125 CM, a OT,ll;OJiy, K'h,ZJ;eTO JIHra Bbpxy
npOXO,ll; H Kpaif C. 3HMeH (MoMIJU!l06 ]999, 3 7- 6JIOKa Ha THMnaHa - 75 CM, KaTO no T03H HaqJ1H Ce
38, 50-51), KaKTO 11 Ha XOpH30HTaJieH n'hT B'hB B'hT- H3,ZJ;aBa npe,ZJ; JIHQeTO Ha THMnaHa C 50 CM. IlJIOC-
peruHHTe qacnt Ha nnaHHHaTa (MoMIJUJI06 1999, KOCTHTe, C KOHTO KOpHH3'hT JIHfa Bbpxy 6JIOKa Ha
41, 145). Cni.QeBpeMeHHO ce HaMHpa B 3ana,ZJ;HMH THMnaHa, Ca B ,ll;bJI60qJ1Ha, KaKTO Ce Ka3a, 75 CM,
Kpaif Ha e,ZJ;Ha 3ai.QHTeHa OT CeBep, H3TOK H IOf THC- a no <Paca,ZJ;aTa ca c pa3nHqeH pa3Mep: JIHBaTa e
Ha ,ZJ;OJIHHa, Me)I(.ZJ;y pa3KJIOHeHMHTa Ha CTapa nna- 80 cM, a MCHaTa- 75 CM. Me)I(.ZJ;y nocne,ZJ;HHTe
HHHa. Ha6nH30, Ha 3ana,ZJ; e pa3nono)l(eHoTo Ha nJIOCKOCTH B br'hJia OT 130° HMa yneif C ,ll;'hJI60qJ1Ha
2 10 CM H lilHpHHa 3 CM.
n'hTH npe3 PHIIIKMH npoxo,ZJ; yKpeneHo cenHI.Qe
(Bb3HMKHaJIO nbpBOHaqaJIHO BepOHTHO KaTO n'hTHa KopHH3'hT ce qneHH H e yKpaceH, npocne,ZJ;eHo
CTaHQHH), KOeTO HHKOJIKO fO,ll;HHM 6e npoyqBaHO OT,ZJ;OJIY Harope, no CJie,ZJ;HMH HaqHH: 3b6H (MHOfO
OT IJ,oHH ,ll;pa)l(eBa (PemoHaneH 6ypracKH My3eif) HepaBHOMepHH: 8,5/9,0 X 8,0 CM, ,ll;'hJI60qJ1Ha 4,0-
IV .ZJ;O XI B.
11 ,ZJ;ampa c MaJIKH npeK'hCBaHMH OT 5,0 CM); npOCTpaHCTBO Me)I(.ZJ;y 3b6HTe (pa3JIJ1qHa MeTH
(MoMIJU!l06 1999, 116-119, 228-229; J(paJICe6a lilHpHHa OT 2,8 ,ll;O 3,5 CM); acTparan - XOpH30H-
TaJIHHTe 3bpHa no <PopMa Ca 6JIM3KH ,ll;O npH3MJ1qKa
C'hC 3ao6neHH pn6oBe, a sepTHKaJIHMTe ca c noqTH

06p. 1. Kop11U3bm om c. Kocme11 06p. 2. Jlpb4U!JU om 06eme cmpa11u Ha oByllume

44
poM60M,D;HO eeqemre (BMeO'IMHa Ha nOJieTO Ha Op-
HaMeHTa 4,0 eM; ,D;'bJI)I(MHa Ha XOpM30HTaJIHOTO 3bp-
HO 4,5- 5,0 eM, BMeO'IMHa 2,5 eM; pa3MepM Ha Bep-
TI1KaJIHMTe 3bpHa 3,0 X 3,0 eM); llOHMHeKa KMMa
(BHeO'IMHa 6,5 eM; OBYJIM e BMeO'IMHa OKOJIO 5,5 eM
11 lliHpMHa OKOJIO 4,5 eM) - BbpXOBeTe Ha OBYJIMTe
HMaT rope M .n;ony .n;oneneHM npb'IMIJ,M ( o6p. 2);
KOH30JIM (,D;OJIHa nJIOeKOeT - 23,0 X 22,5 eM, BMeO-
'IHHa 12 eM) M KaeeTKM (BbTpeUIHa nJIOeKOeT -
23,0 X 29,0/30,0 eM), 3a06MKOJieHM OT HOHMHeKa
KliMa (BMeO'IMHa Ha OBYJIMTe epe,n;HO OKOJIO 4,0 eM).
KoHJOJIMTe OT,n;ony ea yKpaeeHM e npaso'broJieH
BpS13aH KOHryp ( o6p. 3), e nOJIYKpbrJIO M3BMBaHe
HaBbTpe Ha 06bpHaTaTa K'bM TMMnaHa Ha <l>pOHTO-
Ha KDea eTpaHa. Ha BbTpeuiHaTa nJioeKoeT Ha Ka-
cerKwre, B noneTo Me)l(ey o6MKamuu,aTa no ne-
pmpeprn!Ta KMMa, ea 6MJIM M3.D;HJiaHM pene<PHM
p03eTM e 'IeTMpM JIMeTa M nonye<t>epM'IHO Tonqe no 06p. 3. YKpaca Ha KOH30Rama
cpe.n;aTa. OT .n;seTe u,eJIM Kaeenrn eaMo B e,n;HaTa e
3arraJeHa p03eTKaTa (o6p. 4), a B .n;pyraTa e no'ITM
3aJIM':IeHa. HaKpaH KopHM3'bT e yseH'IaH OT enMa, Ha.n;
KOS!TO MMa pasHa nnoeKOeT, BMeOKa OKOJIO 10,0 eM.
Hai1-0Trope, 3a.n; <Paea,n;HMH 'broJI Ha KOpHM3a e
3aiiO'IHaJIO M3.D;HJIBaHeTo Ha e3,n;aqa ( o6p. 5) - na-
paJieJierrMTie,n;Ha KOHeTPyKIJ,MH 3a noeTaBHHeTo Ha
aKporepMi1: (Hea11oe, Hea11oe 1998, 107, o6p. 76;
142, o6p. 103; 174; 179, o6p. 149; 180, o6p. 150).
CwMaTa e yKpaeeHa e naJIMeTM, KOMTO ea npe-
Bbp3aHH OT,D;OJiy, KaTO TOBa Tpy.D;HO MO)I(e ,n;a ee
npel.\eHH eaMo 3a epe,n;HaTa, KOHTO e pa3pyrneHa
TO'IHO B ,n;oJIHaTa ew qaeT. ITaJIMeTMTe ea eKa'IeHM
'1pe3 ,D;BOHHM o6paTHO eMMeTpM'IHH, eeOBH,D;HM
cnHpaJIM, 3aKa'IeHM 3a npespb3KMTe. ITanMeTMTe ea
Tp!i BH,D;a: 1) eoe 3aBMTM HaBbTpe JIMeTa ( 06p. 6); 06p. 4. YKpaca Ha Kacemama - p03ema
2) C 113BHTM ,D;'brOBM,D;HO HaB'bH paBHH JIMeTa
(o6p. 7); 3) e M3BMTM HaB'bH eTpeJIOBM,D;HM JIMeTa
(o6p. 8). KoM6MHau,MH OT TaKMBa TPM sn.n;a nan-
MeTM Ce cpel.l.\a B e,D;MH KOpHM3 OT 6aHH B'bB <PM-
flliiiOIIOJI, ny6JIMKyBaH OT ,[(MMMT'bp l.J,OH'IeB M ,n;a-
THpaH B'bB II B. (I..foH~Jee 1937- 1939, 156, o6p. 32).
B naMeTHMKa OT KoeTeH e Hannu,e eJIO)I(Ha KOM6M-
Hal.\MSI OT CHMeTpMM no pa3JIM'IHM OeM ( o6p. 9).
OcHOBHara sepTMKaJIHa oe e npe3 u,eHTpanHaTa
IIaJIMeTa, KOS!TO e OT nbpBMH BM,D; Me M3,D;HJiaHa eM-
MeTpH'IHO, TO'IHO B epe,n;aTa Ha ropHMH 'br'bJI Ha
KOpHH3a. OT .n;seTe eTpaHM eJie,n;saT enMeTpM'IHO
pa3nOJIO)I(eHM no TPM nanMeTM, KaTo ee pe.n;ysaT,
rpyrrwpaHM 2 X 1: naJIMeTa OT BTOpMH BH,D;, OTTpeTMH
06p. 5. E30G'-Ibm. H e3a6bputeHa o6pa6omKa
li naK OT BTOpMH. KOMn03MIJ,MMTe OT ,D;BeTe eTpaHM
caB o6parHa (orne,n;anHa) enMeTpMH. ITopBMTe .n;se eMMeTpMH e,n;Ha enpHMO ,n;pyra, a TpeTaTa e B o6-
eCOBM,D;HH CnMpaJIM OT BeSIKa OT ,D;BeTe eTpaHM Ha paTHa XOpM30HTaJIHa eMM~TpMH enpHMO BTOpaTa
1..\eHrpanHara naJIMeTa ea B npasa xopH30HTaJIHa ennpana. ITo T03M Ha'IMH M qpe3 npoeTpaHeTBeHo

45
 B rrpaBa XOpH30HTaJIHa CHMeTpH51, HO B o6paTHa
BepTHKaJIHa. IJpH TOBa nOJIO)l(eHHe 6H Tp516BaJIO )J,a
Ce OLJ:aKBa B JIHnCBal.li,HTe 6JIOKOBe OT OCTaHaJiaTa
'IaCT Ha KOpHH3a (Tp516Ba )J,a Ce )J,OnycHaT TaKHBa
npO,ll,'hJI)l(eHH51, noHe)l(e HaJIHLJ:HH51T 6JIOK OT KOpHH-
3a e MHOrO K'hC B cpaBHeHHe C MaCHBHOCTTa CH)
,ll,a HMa ome TPH rraJIMeTH C'hOTBeTHO K'hM ,ll,OJIHHTe
'hfJIH Ha <iJpoHTOHa - no e,ll,Ha )J,BOHKa, Il'hpBO C'hC
CTpeJIOBH)J,HH JIHCTa, a nOCJie C paBHH )J,'hrOBH)J,HO
H3BHTH HaB'hH, H HaKpa51 e,l],Ha e,l],HHHLJ:Ha - MO)l(e 6H
06p. 6. !JeHmpanl-tama nan.Mema- om nbp6u 6UO,
CbC 3a6umu 1-ta6bmpe JIUCma
C'hC CTpeJIOBH)J,HH, H3BHTH HaB'hH JIHCTa, HJIH )J,a Ce
nOBTOpH ~eHTpaJIHaTa naJIMeTa C'hC 3aBHTH HaB'bT-
pe JIHCTa, C KOeTO KOMn03H~H51Ta )J,a Ce 3aTBOpH.
Ta3H CJIO)l(Ha KOMn03H~H51, C'hCTaBeHa OT pa3-
H006pa3HH C'bLJ:eTaHH51 Ha H51KOJIKO I1pOCTH eJieMeH-
Ta, e B a6COJIIOTeH KOHTpaCT e Henpe~H3HaTa H
rpy6a H3pa6oTKa. HanpHMep: e,ll,HaTa naJIMeTa e c
pa3,ll,BOeHO ~eHTpaJIHO CT'bJI6LJ:e ( 06p. 10); naJIMe-
THTe Ca C pa31IH'!HH IIIHpHHH, HO OT )J,51CHaTa CTpa-
Ha, KaTO ~51JIO, Ca MHOrO IlO-IIIHpOKM OT naJIMeTHTe
B JI51BaTa CTpaHa, npH KOeTO )J,a)l(e rpynHpaHeTO
Ha naJIMeTHTe 2 X 1 Tpy,ll,HO Ce 3a6eJI513Ba, 3al.li,OTO
ca HaTHKaHH e,ll,Ha B ,ll,pyra nopa,ll,M JIMnca Ha M51C-
TO ( o6p. 9) H OCBeH TOBa 3a KpaHHaTa, TpeTa naJI-
MeTa He e CTHrHaJIO M51CTOTO H T51 e H3)1,51JiaHa Ca-
MO HanOJIOBHHa; BCH'!KH e)J,HOTHITHH OpHaMeHTH
Ca C pa31IHLJ:aBal.li,H Ce pa3MepH H Henpe~H3HO H3-
06p. 7. Jlan.Mema om 6mopu 6UO -
pa6oTeHH; H51Ma cnmacyBaHOCT Me)l(,ll,y HOHHH-
C U36UmU HG6bH pG6HU JIUCma
cKaTa KHMa H rrepJieHH51 OpHaMeHT H eJieMeHTHTe
Ce C'bLJ:eTaBaT 6e3pa360pHO nopa,ll,H pa31IHLJ:HaTa HM
IIIMpMHa; Torr·m~aTa Ha 3arra3eHaTa po3eTa He e
~eHTpMpaHa )J,06pe, a rOpHHTe H )J,OJIHHTe JIHCTeH~a
Ce pa3MHHaBaT, BMeCTO )J,a Ce Cpel.ll,aT pa,ll,HaJIHO,
rrpH KOeTo ce C'h3,ll,aBa ,ll,OpH HJII03H51Ta npH nome)],
OT,ll,aJieLJ:e, LJ:e e H3o6pa3eHa maBa Ha 3ai1:LJ:e.
PeJie<iJHTe Ha CHMaTa C'h3)J,aBaT BrreLJ:aTJieHHe, LJ:e
JI51BaTa CTpaHa e rrpaBeHa OT MaHCTOpa, a )J,51CHaTa-
oT H51Koro, KOHTO ce e yLJ:HJI, rropa,ll,H KoeTo e c MHO-
ro IlO-JIOIIIO Opa3Mep51BaHe H HaJIH'!HH rpeiiiKH
(pa3,ll,B051BaHeTO Ha ~eHTpaJIHOTO CT'hJI6LJ:e rrpH e)J,-
HaTa rraJIMeTa).
Ba)l(Ha oco6eHOCT Ha orrHcBaHH51 KOpHH3 e,
06p. 8. Jlan.Mema om mpemu 6UO - c U36umu HG60H
LJ:e e He,ll,OB'hpllleH (noJiy<iJa6pHKaT HJIM ,ll,e<iJeKTHa
cmpe!l06UOHU JIUCma
rrpo,ll,yK~H51). 3a TOBa CBH,ll,eTeJICTBaT MHOrO eJie-
rpymtpaHe, B'hB BC51Ka OT )J,BeTe CTpamt, TpeTaTa MeHTH: BCH'!KH nOB'hpXHOCTH Ca OCTaHaJIH Ha Ha-
naJIMeTa e OT)J,eJieHa OT rrnpBHTe ,ll,Be. 3a TpeTaTa LJ:aJieH eTarr Ha H3paBH51BaHe, HO 6e3 He06XO)J,HMOTO
naJIMeTa ca 3aKaLJ:eHH no e,ll,Ha ecoBH,ll,Ha cnHpaJia H3rJia)l(,l],aHe; p03eTaTa e OLJ:eBH)J,HO He)J,OB'hpllleHa,
OT ,ll,BeTe H: cTpaHH B o6paTHa xopH30HTaJIHa cH- ThH KaTO ~eHTpaJIHaTa TOil'!H~a e BCe Ol.ll,e TB'hp-
MeTpH51 e)J,Ha cnp51MO ,ll,pyra H npaBa BepTHKaJIHa )J,e roJI51Ma H Heoma,ll,eHa (o6p. 4); He,ll,OB'hpllle-
CHMeTpH51, )J,OKaTO 3a nnpBHTe )],Be naJIMeTH OT Ha e yKpacaTa Ha e,ll,HaTa KOH30Jia (o6p. 11); rop-
JI51BO H )J,51CHO Ha ~eHTpaJIHaTa naJIMeTa Ca 3aKa- HaTa IlJIOCKOCt Ha e3)J,aLJ:a e o<iJopMeHa LJ:aCTH'!HO,
LJ:eHH no e)J,Ha CnHpaJia OT )J,BeTe CTpaHH, KOHTO Ca e)J,HOBpeMeHHO JIHLJ:aT BepTHKaJIHHTe, H3paBH51Ba-

46
aaTHa
IIO .D,a
!Ulara

··-- --
KHBa

...
06p. 9. Pa32bHGm 6UO fiG yKpGcGmG fiG CUMGmG

I.l.(li, li KOCHTe, OTHeMalli,H MaTepmUia J13qyKBaHJUI, rrpeBbp3aHHTe ITaJIMeTH (Jf6aft06, Jf6af-106 1998,
OCBeH TOBa e.D,Ha qacT OT HeHy)I(HJ15l KaM'bK e OCTa- 114, 117) 11 CBbp3Balli,HTe rrpbqHU:H Ha OBYJIHTe
HaJia HecsaJJeHa ( o6p. 5); crpaHHU:HTe Ha e3.D,aqa He (lf6af-106, lfBaf-106 1998, 107), KaKTO H CXO.D,CTBaTa
ca o<jlopMeHH, BH)I(.D,a ce caMo, qe ca 3aceqeHH rpa- B CHJiyera Ha ITaJIMeTHTe H CI1HpaJIHTe C eJIHHHC-
HH!.(HTe OTnp e.D, H OTCTpaHH, B .D,OJIHaTa H rOpHaTa THqecKHTe CHMH H aHaJIOrHHTe C rraMeTHH[(H Ka-
MY qacr ( o6 p . 12). TO T03H OT <l>HJIHI10I10JI, CM5ITaM, qe HaiiiJUIT KOp-
BcwiKH o co6eHOCTH, ormcaHH HaKparKo, rrocra- HH3 Tp5!6Ba .D,a Ce ITOCTaBH H5IK'b.D,e OKOJIO BpeMeTO
Bl!T .n.sa maBHH Borrpoca. Ha yrrpaBJieHHero Ha Xa.D,pHaH H AHTOHHH IlHif.
E.n.MHJUIT e 3a .D,arara. Ha ocHoBaHHe rrocoqe- JlHrrcara Ha comacyBaHOCT Me)I(,LI,y MOHHMCKaTa
HHTe or T eo <jlHJI 11BaHoB .D,aTHpalli,H oco6eHocrH: KHMa H rrepJieHH5l OpHaMeHT e MO)I(e 6H ITO- CKO-
po rroKa3aTeJI 3a o6lll,o xapaKTepHara 3a KOpHH3a
Herrp eU:H3HOCT Ha H3pa60TKaTa, OTKOJIKOTO apry-
MeHT 3a .D,aTHpOBKa ITO- K'bCHO CJie.D, cpe.D,aTa Ha
III B., Koraro crrope.D, C. Eo6qeB Ta3H xapaKTepHc-
THKa e .D,OMHHHpalll,a (no M.naoerwea 1991, 145).
BropHHT Borrpoc e .D,aJIH HHe HaMHpaMe HBHO
He.D,OBbpiiieHH5l apXHTeKTypeH .D,eTaMJI Ha M5ICTOTO,
K'b.D,eTO e .D,06HBaH MaTepHaJI'bT H H3pa60TBaHa
ITOJiyrOTOBa rrpO.D,YKU:IDI, HJIH Ha M5ICTOTO, K'b.D,eTO e
KOHCYMaTOpbT, K'b.D,eTO Ce H3BbpiiiBa CaMO ITOCJie.D,-
HaTa rrpeU:H3Ha .D,opa6oTKa Ha rrpeHeceH or .D.pyro

06p. 10. Czpeweflo U3o6pGJICeflue fiG nwtMemG

06p. 11. Heoo6opweHG yKpGCG fiG K0/130!IG 0 6p. 12. Heoo6opwefiG u3pG6omKG IIG e30G'IG

47
WICTO nonycpa6pHKaT. KaTO HMaMe npe)l.BH)l. MOW:- 6Hxa OTKpHTH )l.aTHpamH OT pHMCKaTa enoxa TIO-
HHTe 3H)l.OBe, OTKpHTH npH CTiaCHTeJIHH COH)l.a)I(HH nycpa6pHKaTH Ha o6poqHH HJIH Ha)l.rp06HH na-
pa3KOTIKH oT ,[(HMqo MoMqHJIOB B c. KocTeH, no- MeTHHQH, C'hW:O OT TIHC'hqHHK (TocnOOWW6 2002,
BepOHTHO e .n.a CTaBa .D.YMa 3a BTOpHH BapHaHT, 156- 166). 3a )l.OTI'hJIHHTeJIHO npeQH3HpaHe Ha pe-
KOeTO He H3KJIIOqBa If TpeTH BapHaHT - )l.06HB'hT llleHHeTO 611: TpH6BaJIO )l.a TIOMOrHe 6o.n.em TieT-
H TI'hpBOHaqaJIHaTa o6pa60TKa )l.a CTaBaT Hj{K'b)l.e porpacpCKH aHaJIH3 Ha KOpHH3a If .n.pyrHTe HaXO)l.KH
B 6JIH30CT, T.e. If )l.06HBaiiJ:IfjiT, If KOHCyMaTHBHifj{T If reOJIO)I(KO H3CJie)l.BaHe Ha HaXO)l.HIQaTa Ha llii-
u;eHThp .n.a ca 6JIH30 e.n.HH .no .n.pyr. TyK rn:e npH- C'hqHifK, rO)l.HH 3a npOMHlllJieH )l.06HB.
TIOMHj{, qe Kpaif He.n.aneqHOTO CellO 3HMeH C'hW:O

QHTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA MoM'IHJJOB 2001: ,n:. MoMqHnos. CoH)l,a)f(HI1 rrpo-

yqsaHI1H B c. KocTeH, CyHrypnapcKa o6mHHa, rrpe3
rocno.r.HHOB 2002: K. [OCDO)l,I1HOB . .lJ:sa KaMeHHI1 2000 r. - AOP rrpe3 1999- 2000, Co<jJHH, 2001 , 138.
6noKa c pene<jm OT EypraCKI1H MY3eii, HaMepeHI1 s ce- MoMquJJOB 2002: ,n:. Mo~I1JIOB. Apxeonom'ieCKH
no 311MeH, MeCTHocrra CKeH)l.epn11ii. - B: 11cTop11H 11 rrpoyqsaHHH B KapHo6aTCKHH Kpaii. - B : 11cTopHH 11 KYJI-
Kynrypa Ha KapHo6aTCKHH Kpaii . T. 4, BapHa, 2002, rypa Ha KapHo6aTCKHH Kpaii. T. 4, BapHa, 2002, 41-48.
156-166. Qon'leB 1937-1939: ,n:. U:oHqes. HosooTKpHTa
.IJ:pa"'esa 2002: U: . .lJ:pa)l(esa. ApxeonomqecKI1 rrpo- pHMCKa 6aHH B ilJIOB)l,HB. fO)l.HIIlHHK Ha ilJIOB)l,I1BCKaTa
yqsaHHH Ha K'bCHOaHTI1qHaTa 11 cpe)l.HOBeKOBHaTa Kpe- HapO)l.Ha 6H6JIHOTeKa 11 My3eH, 1937- 1939, 129- 159.
ITOCT B MeCTHOCTTa fpa)l.l1meTo-fOJIOe Kpaii C. Jl03a-
peBO.- B: 11cTOp11H 11 Kynrypa Ha KapHo6aTCKHH Kpaii.
T. 4, BapHa, 2002, 171-185. liEJIEJKKH
Hsauos, Hsauos 1998: T. 11saHOB 11 P. 11saHOB. Ul-
1
pia Oescus Ynrr11a EcKYC. P11MCKI1 11 paHHOBI13aHTI1HCKI1 Enaro)l,apH Ha )l.-p .lJ:HMqo MoMqHnos - )l.HpeKTop
rpa)l.. I. Co<jl11H, 1998. Ha 11cTopHqecKH MY3eii-KapHo6aT, 3a B'b3MO)f(Hocrra
MJJa.r.euosa 1991: 51. Mna)l.eHosa. AHTI1qHaTa s11na )l.a rry6nHKysaM KopHH3a oT c. KocTeH.
2
ApM11pa Kpaii 11saiinosrpa)l.. Co<jl11H, 1991. Tsop)l.eHHeTO, qe TYK MO)f(e )l,a ce JIOKaJII13Hpa ro-
MoMqnJJOB 1999: ,n:. MoMqi1JIOB. TioTHa 11 cen11mHa noe (rrperne)l. Ha JII1TeparypaTa y .lJ:pa)f(eBa 2002, 172), e
CI1CTeMa Me)f()l.y I13ToqHa CTapa rrnaHI1Ha 11 ,EpKeCI1HTa" HeBepOHTHO (MoMqJ1JIOB 1999, 116-119).
IV- XIV B. (Bop611II1KH, P11II1KH 11 AiiTOCKH rrpoxo)l.).
BapHa, 1999.

FRAGMENTOFAFRONTON
FROM THE VILLAGE OF KOSTEN, KARNOBAT AREA

Konstantin GOSPODINOV

The article gives a presentation of a fragment from region was located a sandstone quarry for yielding
a fronton moulding, found in the area of the village material used in the manufacturing of architectural
of Kosten and manufactured for a stately and elements.
impressive building intended to be representative
of the settlement. The fragment comes from a A distinctive characteristic feature in the
big, newly -found Roman and Late-Antique town ornamentation is the contrasting inaccuracy of the
that used to be situated in the central part of the workmanship and the sophisticated composition
present-day village of Kosten. The settlement was consisting of variously shaped palmettes and
explored by means of drilling and prospecting by elliptical spirals hewn upon the simrna of the
Dimcho Momchilov. The fronton is left unfinished moulding. Judging by the linking of the palmettes
posing the problem if it was a semi-manufactured and rods at both ends of the ovules by means of tying
article or a piece of faulty production. Regardless ribbons, the dating of the fronton moulding is dated
of the answer, it makes clear that somewhere in the to the time of Hadrian's or Antoninus Pius' Rule.

48
 no- llHCAHOTO 3A MAPKEJIH
na-
002, )J(u6KO AJIA,[()J(QB
pe-
eT-
~KH

IDI-

npo-
rrpe3
Tipe3 2006 ro~HHa ce HaBnpnmaT ~Be KpbfJIH KH HaJIHqHJ1 rrpHpO~HH ~a~eHOCTH H Ca rH H3nOJI3-
ecKH fO.LJ;HWHHHI1, CBbp3aHH C KapH06aTCKaTa KpenOCT BaJIH pai.J,HOHaJIHO. C Bb3HHKBaHeTO CH Ollie npe3
K)'JI- MapKenw. Tosa ca 1250 ro~HHH oT 6HTKaTa npH KbCHaTa aHTHqHOCT IIbpBOHaqaJIHO T5I e 6HJia 3a-
8. MapKenw Me)l()zy BH3aHTHiicKHTe BOMCKH Haqeno IIIHTaBaHa OT KperrOCTHa CTeHa, a nO-KbCHO OKOJIO
c HMneparop KoHcTaHTHH V KonpOHHM 11 6nnrap- He5I Ca H3rpa~eHH MOIIIHH OT6paHHTeJIHH BaJIOBe.
CKHTe C xaH BHHeX (AH2e!l06 1976, 317), KaKTO H EcTeCTBeHH 3aiiiHTHH nperpa~H K'hM o6eKTa ce
9. CKpOMHHTe B cpaBHeHHe C nnpBaTa ~aTa 20 rO~HHH 5IB5IBaT peKa MoqypHI.J,a 11 CTP'hMHHTe CKaJIHH OTKO-
or 3ano4BaHero Ha apxeonorHqecKHTe npoyqBaHIDI CH B ceBepo3ana~HaTa qacT Ha o6eKTa.
Ha TOBa WICTO (AllaO:>IC06 U Op. 1991, 25-28). B HaCT05IIIIOTO H3JIO)f(eHHe nre ce cnpa Ha~aHHH­
ApxeonomqecKIDIT o6eKT ,KapHo6aTcKa Kpe- Te, KOHTO HMaMe 3a Kpenocrra OT enHrpa<i>cKH na-
K10p nocr" 3aeMa 3arra~HH5I KpaH: Ha B'h3BHIIIeHHeTo MeTHHI.J,H, nHCMeHH H3BOpH H B'h06nre OT IIHCaHOTO
erra X11cap, Koero e qacT OT IO)f(Hara BepHra Ha li3- 3a He5I rrpe3 rO~HHMTe OT pa3JIHqHH H3CJie~OBaTeJIH,
T04Ha Crapa IIJiaHHHa H OTCTOH Ha OKOJIO 7,5 KM a KOJIKOTO ~0 pe3yJITaTHTe OT apxeOJIOrHqeCKHTe
10r03ana..n;Ho or cnBpeMeHHIDI rpa~ KapHo6aT. Ha- npoyqBaHIDI npe3 H3MHHaJIHTe ~Be ~eCeTHJieTIDI,
uMeHosaHwero ,XHcap" H pa3HOBH~HOCTHTe MY Ha T5IX nre 6n~e nOCBeTeH CIIei.J,HaJieH TOM 1•
,XHcapH", ,XHcapnnKa", ,Acapa" 11 ~pyrH ca qec- 3acera y HaC IDlMa H3BeCTHH KapTOrpa<i>CKH 113-
ro cpel.l..\aHI1 HMeHa npH onpe~eneHIDITa Ha cTa- TOqHHI.I,H OT aHTHqHOCTTa HJIH cpe~HOBeKOBHeTO,
pHHHI1 rpa,Lie)f(H (KpenOCTH, yKpeneHH CeJIHIIIa H cn~bp)f(anrH ~aHHH 3a KapHo6aTcKaTa KpenocT.
;1,pym) or pa3JmqHH enoxH. B CnBpeMeHHaTa Tono- E~Ba npe3 XVIII BeK HaMHpaMe cBe~eHHe 3a He5I
rpa<jlcKa KapTa HMa qeTHpH TOIIOHHMa B paifoHa B e~Ha KapTa Ha EnnrapH5l H PyMeJIIDI oT 1791 r.
Ha o6eKTa - KaneTO, KpYMOBO rpa~Hnre, XHcap5I, HeHH aBTop e AHTOHHO 3anna 11 e H3~a~eHa B'hB
Hcapa (KOMeHapoe 2002, 187). BeHei.J,IDI, ycnoBHH5IT 3HaK B He5I, oT6eJI5I3Banr Kap-
06I.l..\oreorpa<i>cKHTe 11 reo<PH3HqecKH xapaK- Ho6aT, ~aBa HH<i>opMai.J,IDI KaTo 3a yKpenneHHe, no-
repHCTHKM Ha paMOHa Ca TBbp~e HHTepeCHH H Te ~o6Ho Ha aHTHqHHTe H cpe~HOBeKOBHMTe o6eKTH OT
nOKa3Bar, qe B roAAMa 6JIH30CT ~o KapHo6aTCKaTa BH~a Ha Mapi.J,HaHonon, HHKonon, HHKononHc a~
Kpenocr liMa errHIWHThp Ha 3eMeTpeceHHe OT cna6 licTpyM, TnpHOBO 11 ~p. (Ka;weHapoe 2002, 187).
eHepmeH KJiac. ToM: ce HaMHpa ~o ~eCHH5l 6p5Ir Cne~BanraTa HH<i>opMai.J,IDI 3a Kpenocrra Ha-
ding
Ha Mo4yp111.~a cpenry 3ana~HIDI KpaH: Ha o6eKTa. MHpaMe B KapTa, H3pa6oTeHa CJie~ HaqaJIOTO Ha
tural
Apxeonom4eCKH5IT o6eKT nona~a B cna6o Bo~o­ BOMHaTa OT 1877-1878 r., KOraTO PyCKIDIT TOIIO-
o6wneH pai1oH, K'h~eTO npeo6na~aBaT T.Hap. nop- rpa<i>CKH Kopnyc 3anoqBa e~poManra6Ho reo~e3H­
the HH nomeMHM BO..LJ;H no nopeqHeTo Ha Moqypm.1,a. qecKo 3acHeMaHe Ha 6nnrapcKaTa TepHTOpH5I. B
f the Te ca rrJIMTKH 11 npe~H3BHKBaT xapaKTepHHTe 3a- pe3yJITaT Ha TOBa ce Cb3~aBa MHOrOJIHCTHa TOIIO-
ition 6narHBaH1151 B yqaCT'bKa OT peKaTa H B 6JIH30CT rpa<}lcKa KapTa B Manra6 1:126 000. B KapTeH JIHCT
and ;J,O o6eKTa. liMa ..LJ;aHHH CaMO 3a e~HH ecTeCTBeH N2 VI-8 paifOH'hT Ha KapHo6aTcKaTa KpenocT e
the H3Bop c npHcHa nyKHaTHHHa cry~eHa Bo~a c MaJI'hK 03HaqeH KaTO pa3BaJIHHH ,~epKe3KbOM", CeBepHO
ettes ,iJ,e6HT (.L\O 100 niMHH.) no~ IO)f(HH5I CKJIOH Ha XH- OT o6eKTa Ca KapTOrpa<}lHpaHH H Ha~rp06HH MOrH-
tying cap, Me)!(..l(y rpa,Lia KapHo6aT H peKa Moqypm~a JIH, ~OJIHHaTa Ha p.MoqypHI.J,a e H306pa3eHa KaTO
dated (Ka11eHapoe 2002, 192-193). Pa3KpHBaHeTO Ha CHJIHO 3a6JiaTeH yqaCT'bK (Ka;weHap06 2002, 187).
e. apxeonom4eCKHTe CTPYKTYPH Ha o6eKTa noKa3a, ToBa, KOeTo ce Ha6HBa Ha oqH B Ta3H KapTa, e, qe
qe C'h311..n;arenHTe Ha Kpenocrra ca oTqMTaJIH BCHq- TaKa pa3rrOJIO)f(eHa, KapHo6aTcKaTa KpenocT KOH-

49
Tp01111pa e,LVIHCTBeH1151 Qe110rO,D;I1lllHO cyx noT s) ooo6paTa 000 11 yMp5I oooi1MnepaTOpoT" (Eewee-
Me:>Kp;y KapHo6aTCKOTO 11 CTpan.n;:>KaHCKOTO 611aTo Jluee1979, 116- 117)0
11 npe3 peKa Moqyp11Qa, K05ITO C'bll(O e 6naTHa, HO IhpB115IT Bonpoc, KOHTO B'h3HI1KBa, e CB'hp3aH
B paHOHa 11Ma TB'bp,ll;O CKa1111CTO ,ll;'bHO. lJ36op'bT Ha C'bC cpaBHeHI1eTO ,KaTO rp11<jl0H", He e 5ICHO o6aqe
M5ICTO Ha KapHo6aTcKaTa KpenocT OT cTpaTerw-:~ec­ ,ll;O KOrO Ce OTHaC5I TO - ,ll;O Bl13aHTI1HCK115111MnepaTOp
Ka me.n;Ha TO'IKa nOKa3Ba MHoro .n;o6po no3HaBaHe 111111 .n;o 6o11rapcKH5I s11a.n;eTe11 xaH KpyM? B nopB115I
Ha o6Il(oreorpa<jlcKHTe oco6eHOCTI1 Ha e.n;11H o6llll1- c11yqai1 TOH ce 5IB5IBa KaTo JIIOT 11 cTpallleH 3B5Ip
peH paHOH C pap;eyc 30--40 KM, BK11lO'IBall( OCHOB- (AllaOJ/C06 1999, 31- 39)0 BoB BTOp1151 rp11<jJOH'hT
HaTa CTapon11aHI1HCKa sep11ra 11 113TO'IHI15I Kpai1 Ce 1135IB5IBa KaTO p;o6po 11 nOKpOBI1Te11CTBall(O 'IOBe-
Ha Cpe.n;Ha ropao 06eKTDT 11Ma BH3YaJIHa spo3Ka c Ka C'hll(eCTBO (AllaOJ/C06 1999, 31- 39)0 0T TOBa
MHOrO KpenOCTI1 11 yKpeneHI1 Ce1111Il(a B OK011HOCTTao cpaBHeHHe CTaBa 5ICHO, qe aBTOp11Te Ha TeKCTa
KapHo6aTcKaTa KpenocT KaTo 1.(5I110 npe.n;cTaBMBa (npa6o11rap11Te?) .n;o6pe ca no3HaBaJII1 o6pa3a Ha
r0115IM 3eMJieH 11arep, KOHTO BK11IO'IBa KaMeHHO- rp11<jl0Ha 11 ca ro 113llOJI3BaJII1 lll11pOKO B CBOeTO
ryx11eHa KpenOCT 11 3eM11eHI1 BaJIOBe, KOI1TO 5I o6- 113KYCTBO, B CB05ITa pe1111r1151, K'h,D;eTO o6aqe 11Ma
rpa:>Kp;aT OT lOr 11 CeBep0113TOK 11 KOI1TO HaH-Bep05IT- ,ll;B05IKO 065ICHeHI1e 3a T0311 C'h611paTe11eH o6pa3
HO ca rpa.n;eHH Ha .n;sa eTanao KaMeHHaTa KpenocT (A!laOJ/C06 1999, 31- 39)0 Tosa e 11 e.n;I1HCTBeHoTo
C'bll(O 11Ma nop;aTKI1 3a ,D;Ba CTp011Te11HI1 nep110p;a, ynoMeHaBaHe B ,ll;OMallleH ni1CMeH naMeTHI1K Ha TO-
Ha 113TOK HMa pa3IImpeHHe 11 CTeHaTa e ,ll;BOHHao sa MI1TI1'IHO :>KI1BOTHO, KOeTO ro npaBI1 11HTepeceH
Toi1 KaTo TYK Kpenocrra e HaH-CI111HO Y5I3BI1Ma, Ha 11 3Ha'II1M B Ta311 HaCOKao
TOBa M51CTO e 113KOnaH 11 ,ll;'b1160K pOBo BTop1151T Bonpoc ce OTHaC5I .n;o 11MeTo ,MapKe-
To311 pai1oH, orpaHI1'IeH Me:>K.n;y EanKaHa 11 1111", ynoMeHaTo, KaKTo seqe nop;qepTax, caMo B
CTpaH.n;:>Ka, oT ,D;'b116oKa .n;peBHOCT ce 5IB5IBa KOH- T0311 en11rpa<jlcK11 113BOpo Cnope.n; MeHe CTaBa .n;yMa
TaKTHa 30Ha Me:>Key pa31111'IHI1Te KY11TYPI1 11 eTHOCI1o 3a TpaKI1HCKI1 TOnOHI1M C'bC 3Ha'IeHI1e ,rOJI5IMa
OrryK npeMHHaBaT Hai1-y.n;o6HI1Te n'hTI1Il(a, KOI1TO 611aTHa peKa", KaKTo Me:>Kp;ysnpoqeM npaBI111HO e
CB'bp3BaT MOpeTO C B'bTpelllHOCTTa Ha CTpaHaTa, KOHCTampan 11 EellleB1111eB (Beschevliev 1968, 25-
TYK ca 11 Hai1-y.n;o6HI1Te npoxop;11 npe3 CTapa n11a- 77)0 QqeBI1,ll;HO TaKa Ce e Hap11'IaJia 6JiaTI1CTaTa peKa
HI1Ha, KOI1TO CB'bp3BaT lO:>KHIITe qacni C'bC cesep- Moqyp11Qa, K05ITO B .n;pesHocrra e coe,D;I1H5IBana
HI1Te 11 Hai1-seqe Cesepo113TO'IHa TpaK1151 C'bC KapHo6aTCKOTO 11 CTpa11p;:>KaHCKOTO 611aToo To'IHO
Cesep0113TO'IHa n'h11rap115I 111lepHOMOp11eTOo n11aro- ryK, B ep;I1HCTBeHI15I Qe11oro.n;HlllHO cyx yqacT'bK, e
np1151THOTO reorpa<jJCKO n0110:>KeHI1e e np11'II1Ha Ha 61111a nocTpoeHa KaMeHHO-Tyx11eHa KpenocT, n'hp-
Ta311 Tep11TOp1151 OT ,ll;'b1160Ka p;peBHOCT ,ll;O ,D;HeC p;a BOHa'Ia11HO 3a110:>KeHa HaH-Bep05ITHO llO BpeMeTO
KHnl1 11HTeH311BeH :>KI1BOT, KOHTO e peri1CTp11paH no Ha AHacTaCHH I 11 npocomecTsysana .n;o speMeTo
apxeo11or11'IeCKI1 .n;aHHI1 11 11CTOp11'IeCKI1 cse.n;eH1151 Ha I0CTI1H II (565- 578), 'II111TO MOHeTH ce OTKp11Xa
(BeHeOUK06 2002, 79-144)0 11 np11 apxeo110ri1'IeCKI1Te npoyqsaHI15I oB Ha'Ia11oTo
lhsop11Te 3a KapHo6aTcKaTa KpenocT ca TB'hp- T5I Ce e Hai1MeHyBaJia no HMeTO Ha MeCTHOCTTa
.n;e OCK'b,ll;HI1 11 TOBa e HaJIO:>KI1110 MHOro OT 113C11e,D;O- MapKe1111, HO oT cpe.n;aTa Ha VIII seK sepo5ITHO ce
BaTe1111Te .n;a 5I csop:>KaT c Kpenocrra MapKe1111o e Hap11qana seqe AHacTac11yno11 (AllaOJ/C06 1999,
Ep;11HCTBeH1151T .n;oMallleH 113Bop, KOHTO cnoMeHasa nOO nett am), 113BeCTeH KaTO 3Ha'II1TeJieH l(bpKOBeH
MapKe1111, e CI11111CTPeHCK1151T Ha.n;n11co Toi1 e 3ana- QeHT'bp B npOB11HQ115I XeMI1MOHT 11 cnoMeHasaH
3eH B 'IeT11p11 'IaCTI1, OTKp11TI1 no pa31111'IHO BpeMe B enapX11HCKI1Te Cni1C'bl(l1 nO'ITI1 BI1Harl1 pe,D;OM
OK011o C111111cTpao <I>parMeHTapH1151T MY xapaKTep c Ty11.n;a (.n;Ho C1111seH)o Bnoc11e.n;cTB11e, He5IcHo 3a-
ro npas11 Tpy.n;eH 3a pa3'II1TaHe 11 HHTepnpeT11paHeo cera Kora, TOBa 11Me ce e 3ary611110 11 B Kpa5I Ha
Cnope.n; BonellleB1111eB 'IeTeHeTO MY 113rJie:>K,ll;a TaKa: X seK ce e B'h3CTaHOBI1110 cTapoTo Hai1MeHosaHI1e
a) ,00011 OH311 no6e:>K,D;aBaHK11 OTI1,D;eoooo ropQ11Te MapKe11H, KOeTo cpemaMe B cpe.n;aTa Ha XI seK 3a
B MapKe1111oooo (KaTO) rp11<jJOHo lh11e3e H11K11<jlop noc11e.n;eH ll'hT (Notitae episcopo, 146- 165)0 Ba:>KHO
00 00 OT HeroBI15I 5I,D; .n;a He ce co6epaT 00 00 ropQ11Te 11 e .n;a ce oT6e11e:>KI1, qe c11e.n; na.n;aHeTo Ha n'h11rap115I
OTHOBO ce co6paxa 0000 ropQ11Teo Eor HanpaBI1 ooo-5IT no.n; TYPCKa s11acT ce no5IB5IBa 11MeTo A3MaK, KOeTo
6or Hanpasl1 11 000 11 ro cpell(Haxa ropQ11Te 00 0rpa.n; 11 BC'bll(HOCT e npeBO,ll; Ha TpaKI1HCKI15I TOnOH11Mo
ce Cllp5I B oo oOTI1,D;e B ( cpell(y ?) A.n;p11aHOll011 11 oo ool1 Hai1-sep05ITHO B Kpa5I Ha VIII seK Kpenocrra e
BOeHOHa'IaJIHI11.(11Teo oo 61111a B'h3CTaHoseHa, a no speMeTo Ha xaH KpyM e 301)0
6) 000 HeroBI1Te BOHCKI1ooo no6e.n;11 KpyM 11 OTH.n;e 00 0 61111a o6rpap;eHa C'be 3eMJieHI1 BaJIOBe (AllaOJ/C06, OT
HanpaBI1 :>KepTBOnp11HOllleHI1e Ha MOpeTO (?) 00 o MoMttU!l06 1991, 138- 144)0 TyK ce e pa3no11arano

50
 Eeutee- rnaBHOTO ce,D:a.JIHlll,e Ha npa6onrapcKaTa soMcKa Ha JJO)KeHa no IIbTH Me)K)J,y EonrapHH u Bw3aHnui 11
10r oT EanKaHa (Anao.J/Coe 1999, 27-30). HeKOJIKO- e rpaHHlJHa KpenocT 3a 6onrapwTe (HaM-6JJH30 ,ll,O
Bbp3aH KpaTHo Bb306HOB5fBaHa, KpeiiOCTTa OKOHlJaTeJIHO 6onrapwTe).
o o6aqe 3anma B caMOTO Haqano Ha XIII seK, HaM-sepo5ITHO C nopa)KeHHeTo cH npH MapKenw ,ll,e cpaKTO
nepaTop ripH HarueCTBHeTO Ha KpbCTOHOCU,HTe. 6onrapHTe ry6HT 11 u,HnaTa BOMHa c BH3aHTHH, a
IIbpBIUI TpeTH5fT Bbnpoc, KOMTO IIOB,ll,Hra pa3me)K,ll,aHHHT Ha npaKTHKa TOBa e H IIbpBOTO IIOpa)KeHHe Ha 6bJJ-
Ha)J,nHc, e 3alll,o TOM e 6wn nocTaseH TOlJHO s Cw- rapCKOTO XaHCTBO Ha Jl:yHaBa OT Cb3,ll,aBaHeTO My.
JIHCTpa? KaTo OTlJHTaM HeroswH nponaraH,ll,eH xa- C no6e)J,aTa cw B T03H BbOpb)KeH KOHcpnHKT Bw-
paKTep H pomna MY Ha no6e,ll,eH 3HaK (Eeweenuee 3aHTH.MCKaTa HMIIep115I Cl1 Bb3Bpblll,a KOHTpOJJa
1979, 115), CM5fTaM, qe TOM e 6HJI HaCOlJeH npe,ll,H 11 Ha,ll, o6nacrra 3aropa, 3aBOIOBaHa c MHpHHH ,ll,O-
BCHLJKO KbM rpbKOe3HlJHOTO HaCeJieHHe, )KHBeelll,O rosop oT 716 r.
a3a Ha OTBbiJ. ,[(yHasa. He MO)Ke ,ll,a ce H36eme o6aqe cpaK- Ilpe3 rrocne,ll,HOTO ,ll,eceTHJieTI1e Ha VIII seK B
CBOeTO ThT, LJe HefOBOTO MeCTOIIOJIO)KeHHe e TBop,ll,e )J,aJieq H.3BOp11Te OTHOBO Ce IIOHBHBa 11MeTO Ha KpeiiOCTTa
qe HMa OT MapKenw u OT onwcaHHTe s Hero Cb6HTHH. Mo)Ke MapKeJJI1. To e CBbp3aHo c HOB BbOpb)KeH c6JJbCbK
o6pa3 6H KJIIOLJbT KbM 3ara)J,KaTa ce HaMwpa BbB cpaKTa, Me)K,ll,y Bl13aHTI1MCKI15I HMnepamp KoHcTaHTHH VI
BeHOTO 4e B npOTHBOIIOJIO)KHHH KpaM Ha 6bJirapCKaTa ,ll,bp- (780-797) 11 6onrapcKHH xaH Kap,ll,aM (777-803).
KHa TO- )l(aBa, Ha HeMHaTa IO)KHa rpaHwu,a e HMa.JIO ,ll,pyr Te3H cb6HTI15I xpoHHCThT TeocpaH l13nose,ll,HHK
epeceH Ha)J,IIHC C IIO,ll,06eH xapaKTep, KOMTO Cblll,O OIIHCBa oTpa3HBa TaKa: ,Ilpe3 Meceu IOJJH 11MnepaTOpbT ce
Te3H cb6HTHH u TeXHHH 6narononyqeH KpaM. CTaBa OTIIpaBH.JJ Ha IIOXO,ll, cpelll,y 6bJJrapHTe H 3aCTpOHJJ
MapKe- AYMa 3a T.Hap. XaM6apnHHCKH Ha)J,nwc, KOMTO B KpenocrraMapKenw.l1 Ha20 IOJJH.I13Jl513bJJ Kap,ll,aM,
caMo B npeBOA macH: rocno,ll,apHT Ha Eonrap11H, c u,HnaTa c11 BOMCKa 11 ce
a,D:)'Ma , .... 11 6paT MY He ro 3a6paBw u H3Jie3e u 6or MY ycTaHOBHJJ s yKpenneHHHTa (rro,ll,qepTaBaHeTo e
,rOlli!Ma IJ,a)J,e 11 TOM onycTOlllH cne,ll,HHTe Me eTa u KpenocTw: Moe). A H.MnepaTopbT, BbO,ll,yllleseH u y6e,ll,eH OT
HJIHO e CepAHKa, ,[(e6enT, KoHcTaHTHH, BepcwHHKHH, A.D:- Jib)Kerrpopou,l1, 3aBop3an cpa)KeHHe Heo6MI1CJieHo
r68, 25- pHaHonon. Te3H CHJIHH KpenocTH TOH npeB3e. A Ha 11 6e3pe,ll,HO 11 npeThpiiHJI cTpalllHO nopa)KeHI1e. 3a-

aTapeKa OCTaHaJIHTe KpeiiOCTH 6or ,ll,a,ll,e (=BHYlllH) CTpax BbpHaJJ ce KaTo 6emeu s rpa,ll,a, 3ary6saMKH MH0-
f!IDIBa.Jia H Te (=fbpU,HTe) m HanycHaxa u H36Hraxa u ,ll,OJI- 311Ha He CaMO OT o6HKHOBeHHTe BOMHHU,H., HO l1
HaTa CTpaHa, TOM (He?) 3a6paBH Ta3H CTpaHa, OTKb- OT HalJa.JIHH.U,I1Te, Me)K,ll,y KOI1TO u Marl1cThpa Ml1-
I· TOlJHO
~CTbK, e )J,eTO H3llil3bJI 6eUle C UHJiaTa CH BOMCKa H 6eUle xai1JJ JJaxaHO,ll,paKOH, 11 naTpHu,HH Bap,ll,a, 11 rrpoTo-
bT, IIbp- li3r0pHJI HalllHTe 3eMH CaM CTapHKbT HMIIepaTOp, cnoTOpHH CTecpaH XaMeM, 11 611Bllli1Te CTpaTe3H
3peMeTO riJielllHBHHT H 3aB3eJI 6eUle BCHlJKO H 6eUle 3a6paBHJI HHKI1Ta 11 TeorHOCT, 11 HeMaJIKO u,apcKH. xopa, 11
speMeTo KJieTBHTe 11 H3JJe3e cpelll,y Hero sna,ll,eTeAAT Kp)'M, JJb)KenpopoKa 11 acTpOHOM IlaHKpaTI1H, KOMTO MY
DTKpHXa 3a )),a BOIOBa ... H OTH,ll,e, 3a )J,a .... OIIYCTOlllHX .... " 611n npe,ll,CKa3aJJ, qe lll,e no6e,D:I1. Eonrap11Te B3eJII1
rLJaJIOTO (Eeuteenuee 1979, 109). 11 o6o3a, nap11, KOHe 1111MnepaTopcKaTa na.JiaTKa c LJ,5I-
fHOCTTa Ilpe3 760 r. BH3aHTHMCKHHT HMnepamp KoH- naTa HeMHa rrp11cnyra." (Theoph. Conf, 277-281).
t»THO Ce CTaHTHH V KonpoHHM, KOHTO cw nocTaBH 3a 3a,ll,aqa B T03H. 113Bop 11Ma ,ll,Ba Cblll,eCTBeHI1 MOMeHTa:
re 1999, )),a yHHlli,O)KH 6onrapcKoTo xaHCTBO Ha Jl:yHaBa 11 ,ll,a cnope,ll, IIbpBHH 3acTpOHBaHeTo Ha Kpenocrra oT
bpKOBeH Cli Bb3BbpHe 3asna,ll,eHHTe OT Hero 3eMH, npe,ll,npwen KoHcTaHTI1H BepoHTHO ce OTHacH ,ll,O norrpaBKI1 H.JIH
nopBHH rpaH,ll,H03eH noxo,ll, cpelll,y EonrapHH. Ilbp- )],0 IIOCTp05IBaHeTO Ha BTOpa 113TOlJHa CTeHa H CIIOpe,ll,
reHaBaH
I pe,D:OM BOHaLJaJJHo o6aqe 6onrapwTe HMaT ycnex 11 Te npe- BTOpHH - )],0 113KOIIaBaHeTO Ha ,ll,bJJ60K rOJ15IM pOB
rCHO 3a- cne)J,saT BH3aHTHMCKHTe BOMCKH, KaTO ,ll,OCTHraT ,ll,O oT H.3TOK. YKpenneHI15ITa, s KOH.To ce e ycTaHOBHJI
rpa5I Ha Kpenocrra MapKenw (s H3Bopa MapKena), o6aqe Kap,ll,aM, no BCHKa BepOHTHOCT ca 3eMneHI1Te Bano-
~ OBaHHe
Te IIOIIa)J,aT Ha 3aCa)J,a OT OCHOBHOTO H,ll,pO Ha KoH- se, KOI1TO orpa)K,ll,aT Kpenocrra. TaKa cse,D:eHH.HTa
I BeK 3a CTaHTHHOBaTa apMHH 11 ca pa36HTH. BoB Bpb3Ka Ha TeocpaH ce noKpHBaT c pe3ynTaTI1Te oT apxeo-
Ba)KHO c Ta3H BOMHa BH3aHTHMCKHHT xpoHHCT HHKHcpop nomqecKHTe npoyqBaHHH, OTHaCHlll,H ce ,ll,O cpopT11-
nHllle: ,11MnepaTopbT naK 3aBbp3aJJ cpa)KeHHe c cp11KaU,HHTa Ha KapHo6aTcKaTa KperrocT.
, KOeTO TliX npH T.Hap. MapKenw (Ta3H KpenocT ce HaMwpa ITo BCHKa sepOHTHOCT 3eMneHHHT narep Map-
M. HaH-6JJH30 ,ll,O 6bJJrapHTe), 06bpHa.JI rH B 6HrCTBO KeJIH e 113rpa,ll,eH IIO BpeMe Ha HaM-6ypHHTe Cb-
ocrra e H H36Hn MH03H.Ha OT THX" (Niceph. Arch. Canst., 6HTHH Me)K,ll,y 6nnrap11 H Bl13aHTI1MU,H B Kpa5I Ha
Kp)'M e 301). VIII u caMOTO Haqano Ha IX B. Torasa Kpenocrra
1aOJ/C06, OT T03H H3BOp cTaBa HCHO, qe MapKenw e pa3no- e Bb3JIOB onopeH nyHKT H ~a ,ll,BeTe cTpaHH, npe-
onarano

51
MHHaBa qecTO OT pbU:e B pbU:e, OKOJIO He5I ce pa3- rapcKa KpenOCT H HeMHOTO BOeHHOCTpaTerHqecKO
HrpaBaT Ba)I(HH C'h6HTIDI H IIOpa)J.H TOBa qeCTO IIO- 3HaqeHHe HaMaJIRsa.
rra,D,a B HCTOpHqeCKHTe XpOHHKH. Ho OTHOBO npe3 XI BeK, KoraTO EonrapHR e
flaK CbC Cb6HTIDITa OT 792 fO)J.HHa e CBbp3aHa ITO)]. BH3aHTHHCKa BJiaCT, HMeTO Ha KpenoCTTa ce
H HHQlOpMaU:IDITa OT ,,}KHTHeTO Ha HoaHHKHM", B cnoMeHasa OT AHa KoMHHHa B Heii:HaTa ,,AneKcHa-
KOeTO OCBeH IIOpa)l(eHHeTO Ha BH3aHTHH:u:J1Te KpaM .D.a", KOraTO OIIHCBa fOJI5IMOTO neqeHe)I(KO HaiiieCTBHe
,cemn.u:eTo, HapeqeHo MapKenH", e orpa3eH H orrH- OT 1088 r. Torasa Hana)J.aTeJIHTe OT cesep JJ.OCTHraT
ThT Ha 6onrapHTe )J.a XBaHaT HMIIepaTOpa )I(HB, KOMTO qaK JJ.O OJJ.pHH: ,,A CKHTHTe npeMHHaJIH nnaHHH-
o6aqe ce OKa3aJI HeycrreiiieH H TOM 6Hn crraceH oT CKHTe TeCHHHH, KOHTO Ce HaMHpaJIH ITO Cpe)J.aTa,
cMeJIIDI H:oaHHKHM (Vita Ioannicii, I 32-140). H nocrpoHJIH narepa CH Me)I()J.y fonoe (JJ.H. c.Jlo3a-
Cne)J. 6HTKaTa rrpH MapKeJIH rrpe3 792 r. HMrre- peso? - 6.M.) H ,[Vi:MIIOJI (JJ.H. 5£M60JI - 6.M.) Kpafi
piDITa H3IIa)J.a B KpH3HCHO IIOJIO)I(eHHe, oqeBH)J.HO TaKa HapeqeHaTa MapKena." (Annae Comn., 69-70).
e, qe C MHpHH5I )J.OrOBOp HMIIepaTOpbT ce 3a)J.bJI- OT H3Bopa cTasa 5ICHO, qe MapKeJIH e Ba)l(eH
)I(aBa JJ.a H3rrnaru:a e)l(ero)J.eH JJ.aH'hK H no BC51Ka o6eKT no II'hT5I CJmHCTpa-KOHCTaHTHHOIIOJI -
sep05ITHOCT e 6Hno 3aTBopJJ.eHo rrpaBoTo Ha n'hJI- <jlaKT, oT6eJIR3aH H no-rope, a TOBa cBe)J.eHHe caMo
rapHR )J.a BJia)J.ee o6nacrra 3aropa. flaK C'hC C'h- 3aTBbp)I()J.aBa xapaKTepHCTHKaTa My, KaTO Bb3JIOB 11
6HTIDITa OT rrocne.D.HOTO )J.eceTHJieTHe Ha VIII BeK Y513BHM nyHKT no cnoMeHaTOTO Tpace.
e CBop3aHo rropeJJ.HOTO crroMeHaBaHe Ha MapKe- 3a IIOCJie)J.eH II'bT B Cpe)J.HOBeKOBHHTe XpOHHKI1
JIH. KoraTo BH3aHTHMU:HTe OTKa3BaT JJ.a rrnaru:aT JJ.O- KapHo6aTcKaTa KpenocT e cnoMeHaTa B ,flHcaHHe
rosopeHIDI )J.aH'hK Ha 6onrapHTe, xaH KapJJ.aM OT- 3a sepcKHTe 6HTKH Ha cynTaH Mypa.D., CHH Ha
rrpaB5I 3arrnaxa K'hM T5IX. HMnepaTopoT oTroBOp5I: MexMeJJ. xaH" (KanutfUH 1992, 105), HO TYKe seqe
,A3 ru:e JJ.OMJJ.a npH MapKeJIH, a TH H3Jie3 Hacperu:a" C HOBOTO HMe, 3arra3eHO H )J.OCera, Ha pH)J.a, Bopxy
(Theoph. Conf, 27~. KOMTO T5I e nocTpoeHa- XHcap.
flpe3 811 rO)J.HHa HOBIDIT HMnepaTOp HHKH- JlOIIIaTa HOBHHa 3a KpbCTOHOCTHHR IIOXO)J. Ha
cpop I feHHK H3HeHa)J.Ba 6onrapHTe H 6op3o H 6e3- MJiaJJ.IDI noncKo-yHrapcKH Kpan Bna,D,HCJiaB III
npen5ITCTBeHo Hacnnsa OT OJJ.pHH no TyHJJ.)I(aH- 51reno 3aCTHra cynTaHa B Tasycny B Mana A3IDI,
CKOTO HanpasneHHe H ce cocpeJJ.OToqasa B MapKeJIH. KbJJ.eTo TOM ce 6HJI OTJJ.aJI Ha e)J.HO HaHCTHHa cyn-
3a Te3H co6HTH5I TeocpaH nHIIIe: ,KpYM, ynnaiiieH TaHCKO 3aHHMaHHe - nos Ha )l(epaBH. OrryK C'hC
OT MHOro6pOMHaTa BOMCKa, oru:e )J.OKaTO 6HJia B CBHTaTa CH TOM npeMHHasa MpaMopHo Mope 11
MapKeJIH, noHcKan MHp" (Theoph. Conf, 27n ce cocpeJJ.OToqasa B EJJ.HpHe (JJ.H.OJJ.pHH). OrryK
Ho HMnepaTopoT rropaJJ.H co6cTBeHoTo CH He6na- 3ae)J.HO c U:5IJiaTa HCJIRMCKa BOMCKa TOM ce OTnpa-
ropa3YMHe H He6naropa3YMHeTO Ha CbBeTHHU:HTe B5I Ha cesep H cne.D. e)J.HH )J.eH npexo.D. ce ycTaHo-
CH, KOHTO MHCJIRT KaTO Hero, OTXBbpJI5I JieKOMHC- B5IBa B ,lJ;)I(aMJIHK KbOM (Bep05ITHO ,lJ;epMeH )J.epe,
JieHO rrpeJJ.JIO)I(eHHeTo. OT T03H H3Bop, KaKTO H oT JJ.H.c.MenHHU:a, EnxoscKo). Cne.D. oru:e JJ.Ba )J.eHa
cnoMeHaTHTe npe.D.H 5ICHO nponHqasa, qe MapKeJIH noxo.D. rra)J.HIIIaX'hT ce cnHpa Ha narep B 51M6oJI.
e nyHKT 3a CbCpe)J.OTOqasaHe Ha BH3aHTHHCKaTa ,0T CB05I CTpaHa rra)J.HIIIaX'bT Ce B)J.HrHa 6naro-
BOMCKa, npeJJ.H T5I )J.a HacnrrH B cTpaiiiHHTe 6on- IIOJiyqHO OT 5£M6ony, )J.OM)J.e )1.0 MRCTOTO, Hape-
rapcKH nnaHHHH. qeHO XHcapnoK, H ce crrp5I Ha cTaH" (KanutfUH
TeocpaH cnoMeHaBa HMeTo Ha Kpenocrra OTHO- 1992, 105). Ha JJ.pyriDI )J.eH cymaH'hT ce cnycKa B
Bo, KOraTO OIIHCBa H 65IrCTBOTO Ha HMnepaTOpCKHR )J.OJIHHaTa Ha p.KaMqH5J:.
npHCJI~HHK: ,HerOBIDIT JIJ06HM npHCJIY)I(HHK OcMaHcKaTa HMnepiDI Hacne)J.Rsa noTHaTa Mpe-
BH3aHTHM H365lraJI OT MapKeJIH npH KpYM, KaTo )l(a Ha BH3aHTIDI H H3U:5IJIO 51 H3nomsa, KOeTo ce
3a)J.HrHaJI CbC ce6e CH HMnepaTOpCKHTe O)J.e)I()J.lf H BH)I(JJ.a OT U:5IJIOTO npHJJ.BH)I(BaHe Ha cynTaH My-
cTo JIHTPH 3JiaTo." (Theoph. Conf, 27n pa.D. OT MpaMopHo Mope ,D,O OJJ.pHH H orryK JJ.O
OT T03H naca)l( cTaBa 5ICHO, qe MaKap )J.a e oT- EanKaHa. flopBIDIT npexo.D. e JJ.O ,ll;)l(aMJIHK KI>OM
cnnHJI 3aropa 6e3 6oM, xaH KpYM e 6Hn Ha6nH30 H (sep05ITHO )J.H. c.MeJIHHU:a) Ha 35-40 KM OT 0)1.-
e CJie)J.RJI H3KbCO npH)J.Blf)I(BaHeTO Ha BH3aHTHMU:HTe pHH. flo-HaTaThK CYJITaH'bT pa3BHBa CBOeTO Ha-
B IIO)J.CThiiHTe KbM )J.bp)l(aBaTa H Onpe)J.eJieHO e CThiiJieHHe no TyHJJ.)I(aHCKOTO HanpasneHHe H cne~
BeyiiiaBaJI CTpax )J.OpH B CBHTaTa Ha HMnepaTopa. JJ.Ba )J.eHa npexo.D. (65-70 KM) cmra JJ.O 51M6on, K'h-
flpe3 cne)J.BaiJJ:HTe )J.eceTHJieTIDI Ha IX H u:e- )J.eTo narepysa, a cne,D, oru:e e)J.HH )J.eH npexo)J. CTH-
JIIDI X seK MapKeJIH H3qe3Ba oT cTpaHHU:HTe Ha ra JJ.O XHcapnoKa·, oqeBHJJ.HO pa3BaJIHHHTe Ha Kap-
JieTOIIHCU:HTe, ThM KaTO T5I CTaBa BbTpeiiiHa 6oJI- Ho6aTcKaTa KpenocT, Ha 35-40 KM. Ha cne)J.saru:IDI

52
;:~eH Toi1 ce crrycKa s .LJ.OJUIHaTa Ha p.fomiMa KaM- Me)I(.LJ.Y IloMopHe H peKa TyH.LJ.)I(a. II HaHCTHHa
'IHll, ThW KaTO rOHH nOCOKa BapHa, K'b)1,eTO HCKa )1,a s nocoqeHIDI yqacnK ce e 3ana3HJI .LI.O HaiiiH
,3aTBopH" Bna.LJ.HCJias III 5Ireno, KOeTo H HaHCTHHa .LJ.HH romiM 3eMJieH narep, KOHTO seqe oTqacTH e
ce cnyqsa. CBH.LJ.eTeJicTsa 3a Te3H cn6HTIDI cnope.LI. rrpoyqeH (AllaOJIC06, MoMIJUll06 I 99 I, 138- 144).
MeH ca MO)J(e 611 H OTKpHTHTe Ha Kpenocrra KaKTo e H3secTHO, s TpaKIDI 3eMneHHTe narepH
p11CYHKH rpa<PHTH (/{paJICe6a, I994, 24I-244). He ca TOJIKosa qecro cpemaHH, a s nocoqeHIDI
TaKa HanpaseHIDI npeme.LI. Ha H3sopHTe no- perHOH .LJ.pyr n0)1,06eH He e H3SeCTeH. 3eMJieHIDIT
TB'hP)I(iJ.aBa KmoqosaTa pomi Ha Kpenocrra Map - narep KpaH: KapHo6aT ce OTJIJiqasa ome c YHHKaJI-
KeJIH B 6oJirapCKaTa HCTOpiDI, a pa3nOJIO)I(eHHeTO HHTe CH pa3MepH H H3KJIJOqHTeJIHOTO CH pa3nOJIO-
Ha KapHo6aTcKaTa KpenocT, KaKTo H OTKpHTH- )I(eHHe. 0Kono u.eHTpanHoTo KaMeHHO YKpenneHHe,
re apxeonom qecKH CTPJ'KTYPH s HeH npasHT no- nOCTpOeHO Haif-sepOHTHO no speMeTO Ha HMne-
rH'IHO Hei1HOTO H.LJ.eHTH<Pm.~;HpaHe c MapKeJIH or paTOp AHacracHH: I, ce pa3nonaraT MOJ.IJ;HH 3eM-
nHcMeHHTe H3TOqHHI.J.H. Cnope.LI. pe3ynTaTHTe oT neHH YKPenneHIDI, H3rpa.LJ.eHH noHe Ha .LJ.Sa erana .
apxeonomqecKHTe pa3KOnKH Ha TepeHa cnsceM .lJ:saTa JO)I(HH sana ca rpa.LJ.eHH e.LJ.HOspeMeHHO, nH:
ecTeCTBeHO S'b3HHKSa SbnpOC'bT 3a npe.LJ.Ha3Haqe- Karo ca o6e.LJ.HHeHH s e.LJ.HHHa CHCTeMa. KnM THX e
HHeTO Ha Kpenocrra MapKeJIH, 3a HeHHHTe <PYHK- npH6aseH TpeTH, KOHTO o6XBaJ.IJ;a Kpenocrra OT
UHOHaJIHH OC06eHOCTH H THXHOTO npHJIO)I(eHHe cesepoH3TOK. Ba)I(Ho e .LI.a ce oT6ene)I(H, qe cnopn-
npe3 paHHOTO cpe.LJ.HOseKosHe. B npe.LI.HIIIHH MOM )l(eHIDITa ca pa3nOJIO)I(eHH rJiaSHO no JO)I(HaTa
pa60TH IIOCTaSHX T03H Sbnpoc, a TOM Haif-06J.IJ;O e OT6paHHTeJIHa JIHHIDI, OTK'b.LJ.eTO Ce e oqaKSaJI mas-
~opMynHpaH TaKa: Kn.LJ.e ce e HaMHpan u.eHT'bpbT Ha HIDIT npOTHSHHK H nopa.LJ.H TOSa Ca S3eTH HaH-
npa6'hnrapcKaTa soifcKa s TpaKIDI H XeMHMOHT? cepH03HH MepKH s Ta3H nocoKa. 3eMJieHoTo YKPeiDI-
B XaM6apJIHHCKIDI Ha.LJ.nHc xaH KpYM He 6e3 saHe Ha MapKeJIH 6e3ycnosHo e npe.LJ.CTasJIHsano
OCHOBaHHe C'b06J.IJ;asa 3a HaSJIH3aHeTO H pa3nOJia- MHOro Ba)I(Ha CTpaTerHqecKa n03HI.J.IDI npe3 paH-
raHeTO Ha HerosaTa soH:cKa Ha 10r OT EanKaHa. HOCpe.LJ.HOBeKOBHaTa enoxa. Tosa e TaKa nopa.LJ.H
XapaKTepHaTa KoH<PHrypau.IDI Ha 6nnrapcKHTe OT6eJIH3aHIDI seqe <PaKT, qe Ta3H KpenOCT 3aTBapH
BOeHHH qacTH e 3ana3eHa H TH SKJIJOqsa .LJ.Se KpHJia C MeCTOnOJIO)I(eHHeTO CH e)1,HHCTBeHIDI u.enoro-
11 ijeHThp: ,HanpaSHX MOH 6paT, a CTpaTer'bT Jibs )1,HIIIHO cyx n'hT Me)I(.LJ.Y CTpaJI.LJ.)I(aHcKoTo H Kap-
;~a 6o)J.e HeMy no.LJ.qHHeH. OT Eepoe .lJ:ympoHHH Ho6aTCKOTO 6JiaTO, KOHTO 6HJIH HenpOXO.LJ.HMH rrpe3
e np'hB TYK 11qepry 6oHJI'bT 3a .LJ.HCHaTa cTpaHa, a rGJIHMaTa qacT OT rG.LJ.HHaTa. 0 cBeH TOBa T H KOH-
crpaTe3HTe Bap.LJ.aH H 5IHH HeMy no.LJ.qHHeHH. 3a TpOJIHpa e)1,HHCTBeHIDI 6pO.LJ. C'bC CKaJIHO H TBbp.LJ.O
Jll!BaTa CTpaHa Ha MOHTa soifcKa: 3a AHxHano, .D:e- .LJ.'bHO rrpe3 HHaqe 6naTHaTa peKa MoqypHI.J.a (A3-
6em, Co3onon, PaHynH, e masaTap lipaTaHc 6o11na MaK). HaH:-ceTHe 3eMJieHaTa KpenocT e Sa)I(HO npe.LI.-
KanxaH'hT, a Kop.LJ.HJI H fperopa HeMy no.LJ.qHHeHH MOCTHe K'bM .LJ.BaTa npoxo.LI.a PHIIIKH H Bnp6HIIIKH,
CTpaTe3H" (Eeute6JlUe6 I973, I73-I74). KOHTO no HaH-KpaT'bK HaqHH BOMT OT IJ;apHrpa.LI.
OT TeKcTa ce SH)I(.LJ.a, qe Hai1-Hanpe.LI. e nocoqeH K'bM cnpu.eTo Ha cpe.LJ.HOBeKosHa EnnrapiDI - cTo-
UeHThp'bT, qHHTO rJiaSHOKOMaH)1,SaJ.IJ; e 6HJI XaH- JIHI.J.HTe IlJIHcKa H Ilpecnas. Tosa e oTqeTeHo H OT
CKHl!T 6paT, qHeTO HMe He 3HaeM, a C'bl.IJ;O TaKa narp11apx HHKH<Pop, KOHTO oT6eJIH3Ba, ,qe KpenocT-
He Ce e CbXpaHHJIO HMeTO Ha I.J.eHT'bpa. .lJ:HCHaTa Ta MapKeJIH ce HaMHpa Hai1:-6JIH3KO .LI.O 6nnrapHTe"
CipaHa (3aiia)J.HaTa), KOHTO e KOMaH)1,SaHa OT Hqep- (Niceph. Arch. Canst., 30I). Hec'bMHeHo MecTonono-
ry 60HJI'bT, e nocoqeHa S Ha)1,IlHCa .LJ.OCTa TOqHo )l(eHHeTO Onpe)1,eJIH Ba)I(HOTO 3HaqeHHe, KOeTO HMa
11 l!CHO - Eepoe H .lJ:ynTpOHHH (Anzenoe, lfoJlna- Kpenocrra, a TOSa HaJiara HeHHOTO COJIH)1,HO yKpe-
11061989, 163).J!HsaTa (H3TOqHaTa) C'bl.IJ;O e oqep- IUIBaHe, TaKa TH CJIY)I(H e)1,HaKBO )1,06pe 3a 3aJ.IJ;HTa
TaHa )J.OCTa ToqHo - AHxHano, .1J:e6enT, C03onon, H KaTo IIYHKT 3a cncpe.LJ.OToqasaHe Ha BOHCKHTe 3a
PaHyJIH (Kperrocrra npH ycTHeTo Ha p.PonoTaMo- HacnnneHHe KaKTo Ha 10r, TaKa H Ha cesep.
6.M.) (AH2eJZ06, lfollnanoe 1989, I 78), T.e. no 6pera OT MecToce.LJ.aJIHJ.IJ;eTo Ha .LJ.BeTe KpHna Ha npa-
Ha qepHO MOpe. AKO HaHeCeM Ha e)1,Ha KapTa 6nnrapcKaTa soH:cKa He ce e 3ana3HJIO noqTH HH-
TIOCO'IeHHTe rpa.LJ.OSe, a H npH6aSHM rOJieMHH nO- mo. Mo)l(e 611 3eMneHIDIT narep KpaH: c.3eMJieH,
rpaHW!eH san EpKeCIDITa, KOHTO e cTpoeH no Tosa CTapo3aropcKo, e ocTaT'bK OT ce.LJ.aJIHJ.IJ;eTo Ha .LJ.HC-
speMe (Pawee 1982, 65), 611 ce nonyqHJia cne.LJ.HaTa HOTO KpHJIO (pa3nOJIO)I(eHo Me)I(.LJ.Y Eepoe H .lJ:yn-
Kapnma, OT KOHTO CTaSa HCHO, qe I.J.eHT'bpbT Ha TpOHHH). B ThJIKysaHHeTo Ha cpe.LJ.HOBeKOBHOTO
npa6onrapcKaTa soH:cKa 611 TpH6sano .LI.a ce npcH Ha3BaHHe ,TyrxoH", KOeTO HHKOH cneU.HaJIHCTH
s ueHrpanHaTa qacT Ha EpKeCIDITa H s yqacnKa Ca CKJIOHHH )1,a OT)1,a)1,aT Ha npa6'bJirapHTe, MO)I(e

53
)J,a ce ThpC11 OT3BYK OT pa3nOJiaraHeTO Ha JI~BOTO cpe,ll,HOBeKOBI1e, KaKTO 11 M~CTOTO ll Bb06IJ.J,e B OT KapHo6a
Kp111IO Ha sowcKaTa B np11qepHoMopcKaTa 3oHa 11 npOBI1HIJ,~ TpaK~, e OT'IeTeHa OT BJI.Keu,Kapos, mcTMKa, V, 1
no-cneu,11aJIHO Kpai1: AHXI1aJIO . ,[(.AHreJios, B.EerneBJII1eB, B.TonKosa, B. BeJIKOB, AJJ3lJ)KO
Ilpeme,ll,bT Ha 11CTOp11qecKaTa 11H<lJopMau,~ MOMl{HJIOB.
(Ke'L{Kapoe 1940,
M. BaKJII1HOBa, II.Ill,epesa 11 .np.
3a Kpenocrra MapKeJII1 noKaJBa, qe MaKap 11 oc- ApxeoJiorMq
38- 52; AHzenoe 19 76; Eew.ee!luee 1979; Eew.ee!luee
AJJ31J.)KO
Kb)J,Ha, T~ Kacae MHOrO Ba)l(eH nyHKT B paHHaTa 1981; B.TMKoea-3auMoea 1978, 58- 73; BenKoe U.eHTbpbT H
6oJirapcKa ,ll,bp)l(asa. Tosa e 11 np11'111HaTa T~ .na e 1981, 79- 90; BaK!lUHoea 1993; Il.{epeea, AllaO:JJCoe KaHa. -Apxe
BbB <lJoKyca Ha 113CJie)J,BaHI1~Ta 11 11HTepnpeTaiJ,I111Te 2000, 290- 300; Il.{epeea u op. 2001). AJJ31J.)KO
Ha e)J,HI1 OT HaH-Cep1103HI1Te npoyqsaTeJII1 Ha nop- II36po~saHeTo Ha BCI1'1KI1 asTop11, cnoMeHaJII1 BbB BbHUIHa
BI1Te CTOJieT~ OT pO,ll,HaTa Hl1 11CTOp~ . TyK IJ.J,e no H~KaKbB noso.n MapKeJII1, e no'ITI1 HeBo3MO)I(HO, B: obJirapHJJ
oT6eJie)l(a caMo Te311, KOI1TO 11,ll,eHTI1<lJI1u,11paT Kap- ome noseqe qe BCI1'1KI1 Te ce 6a311paT Ha no-paHrn- seTe. B.TbpH
Ho6aTcKaTa KpenocT c MapKeJII1, MaKap rpynaTa HI1 ny6JII1KaiJ,I111, 3a )J,a 3aiJ.J,I1T~T HJ111 OTXBbpMT AJJaiJ.)KO
Ha yqeHI1Te, KOI1TO ~ ThpC~T Ha ,ll,pyro ~CTO, )J,a e CBOI1Te Te311 111111 )J,a HanpaB~T IJ,~JIOCTeH nperJie)J,
como sneqaTMBaiJ.J,a (Mowm!loe 1986, 59). Ome Ha npe,ll,I1IJJHI1Te MHeH~ (MaM'lUJl081986, 57- 65).
s Kpa~ Ha XIX seK K.Hpe'IeK s ,IlorysaH~ no IlO,ll,XO,ll,~IJ.J, np11Mep B TOBa OTHOIJJeHI1e e P.Soustal
En11rap~" o6poma BHI1MaHI1e Ha KapHo6aTcKaTa cnc cso~Ta Tabula Imperii Byzantini , KOHTO ce
KpenocT 11 nopBOHa'laJIHO ~ csop3sa c MapKeJII1, IJ,I1T11pa BbB BCI1'1KI1 aBTOp11TeTHI1 113)J,aH~, HO KO~TO
HO BnOCJie)J,CTBI1e npoMe~ CBO~Ta Te3a (Hpe'leK B KpaHHa CMeTKa e 6a311paHa Ha 113CJie)J,BaH~Ta Ha
1974, 805- 811). Ilo.no6Ha e CI1Tyau,I1~Tal1 c Ha6mo- pe,ll,I1IJ,a yqeHI1 OT noseqe OT e)J,HO CTOJieTI1e (Soust-
.neHI1~Ta Ha 6paT~Ta IliKopn11JI (lliKopnu!l 1885, a/ 1991, 348- 349). 3a .na 6o.ne npeme,ll,bT 11JIH MOMl{HJIOB.
48; lliKopnU!l1929, 80- 112). aHaJII13bT llbJieH, TO Tp~6Ba )J,a 6o)J,aT OT6eM3aHH KOBHaTaKpe
C roJI~Ma ,ll,03a ysepeHOCT Mora .na no.nqepTa~, 11 BCI1'1KI1 npoyqsaTeJII1 OT ITO-MJia,ll,OTO ITOKOJieHI1e, OT IOroH3ro
qe Cpe,ll, HaH-peBHOCTHI1Te 113CJie)J,OBaTeJII1 OT 30- KOI1TO <lJaKTI1'1eCKI1 Bb3KpeCI1Xa 3Ha'leHI1eTO Ha AJJaiJ.)KO
Te rO)J,I1HI1 Ha MI1HaJI~ BeK, KOI1TO HenpeKbCHaTO PHYMa B Ka
KpenOCTTa B pO,ll,HaTa Hl1 11CTOp11~ 11 KOI1TO Ha
Thpc~T poMTa Ha Kpenocrra npe3 paHHOTO cpe.n- 6bJirapcKaT
npaKTI1Ka pa3Kp11Xa MaTep11aJIHI1Te ,ll,OKa3aTeJICTB3
AnreJJ
HOBeKOBI1e, e Bac1111 AspaMOB. B cso~ Kani1TaJieH 3a 3Ha'leHI1eTo Ha MapKeJIH (Allao:JJCoe, MaM'lu.noe HOB.DbJira
Tpy.n s Tp11 qacTI1, 3a npoxo.n11Te Beperasa 11 C11.nepa, 1991; Allao:JJCoe u op. 1991; Allao:JJCoe 1992, 1993; AHreJJo
3a MeCTOITOJIO)I(eHI1eTO Ha CTap06bJirapCKI1Te ay1111, /{pa:JJCeea 1994; Allao:JJCoe 1997, 1998a; AllaO:JJCoe, 1976, Co<jlH
KaKTo 11 3a soi1HaTa Me)l(.ny En11rap11~ 11 Bl13aHT~ MaM'lu.noe 19986; Allao:JJCoe 1999; MoM'lu.noe 1999, RajaJJo
npe3 811 r., TOM noseqe OT 50 ITbTI1 no pa31111'1HI1 2000; Allao:JJCoe 2001, 2002, 2003; MaHo!loea 2002; IleUIHh. H
ITOBO)J,I1 CITOMeHaBa KpenOCTTa MapKeJII1 (AepOM08 HuHoe 2002; KGMeHapoe 2002; Cmameea 2002; Alla-
1929, 197). O:JJCoe u op. 2005; Allao:JJCoe 2006).
IfMeTO Ha KpenOCTTa, KaKTO 11 HeHHaTa 11CTOp11- B 3aKJIIO'IeHI1e 11CKaM .na no.nqepTa~, qe o6eM-
qecKa po11~ B nep110)J,a Ha IlopBOTO 6oJirapcKo u,ap- HaTa 611611110rpa4J~ , ll,I1T11paHa ryK, e CaMO )J,O-
CTBO ce pa3me)l(.na ome oT ,ll,.IJ,yxJieB, Hs.IlaH.na- Ka3aTeJICTBO 3a cep1103HOCTTa Ha 113CJie)J,OBaTeJII1Te,
Jiees, Hs.BeJIKOB, M.,ll,ese,ll,)l(l1eB, AT.Kapa11saHoB ,ll,OKOCHaJII1 ce .no npo6JieMa MapKeJII1, KaKTo 11 3a
11 .np. (l.(yXJlee 1910, 71- 78; IlaHO(l.Jleee 1921- peiJJI1MOCTTa Ha HaCTO~IJ.J,I1Te npoyqsaTeJII1 )J,a pa3-
1922, 237- 238; Kapauemwe1926- 1927, 291- 295, Kp11~T B llbJIHOTa 3Ha'leHI1eTO 11 pOMTa Ha Kpe-
,l{eeeo:JJCuee1979, 113, 185). PoMTa Ha Kpenocrra ITOCTTa s OKOJIHOCTI1Te Ha KapHo6aT - MapKeJII1.
B OT6paHI1TeJIHaTa CI1CTeMa Ha paHHOTO 6oJirapCKO

IJ.HTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA AJJaiJ.)I(OB 1992: )1(. AJia,n)!(OB. Ilpe,ncTOJIH4eH Ilpe-

cJiaB. - B: IlpHHOCH KbM 6bJirapcKaTa apxeoJIOrHJJ:,
ABpaMOB 1929: B . AspaMOB. I06HJieeH c6opHHK 1992, I, 53- 58.
IlmtcKa- IlpecJiaB. Co<jlH~, 1929. AJJaiJ.)KOB 1993: )1(. AJia,n)!(OB. Kperrocrra ,MapKe-
AIIamtroB, MoMqHJioB 1991: )K. A1Ia.rPKoB, ,n:. MoM'rn- JIH" - HJIKOH CTpaTHrpa<jlCKH H XpOHOJIOrH4eCKH 6eJie)!(-
JIOB. 3eMJieHo YJ<PermeHHe OKOJIO MapKe.JIH. - B: Ilpo6rreM11 KH. - B: CesepoH3TOqHa TpaKIDI 11 BM3aHTHJ! rrpe3 IX-
Ha npa6hrJrapcKaTa HCTOpllil H eymypa. II, 1991, 138-144. XIV seK. Co<jliDI, 1993, 118- 125. OT cpe,nH
AJJaiJ.)KOB u ll.P· 1991: )1(. AJia)J,)KOB, U:. .lJ:pa)!(esa, AJJaiJ.)KOB 1997: )1(. AJia,n)!(OB. MJ!cTo Hape4eHo KapHo6a
,n:. MoM4HJIOB. Pa3KOIIKH Ha Kperrocrra MapKemt rrpe3 ,MapKeJIH". - B: ,ErrHcKorr KoHcTaHTHHOBH qeTeHHJJ:", BaHIDI, II
1986- 1987. - B: 11cTOpiDI H eyJITypa Ha KapHo6aTCKIDI VI, lliYMeH, 1997. Hpeq
KpaM:. 1991, T.l, Co<jlm1, 25- 28. AJJ31J.)KOB 1998a: )1(. AJia,n)!(OB. OJioBeH Me,naJIHOH Co<jliDI, 1

54
o6me B or KapHo6arcKaTa Kpenocr. - H yMM3MaTI1Ka 11 c<jlpa- KanuuuH 1992: M. KanHI..\11H. TI11caH11e 3a BepcKI1Te
~KapoB, rwcTHKa,V, 1998, 1, 102- 104. 611TKI1 Ha cynraH MypaJJ, CI1H Ha MexMe.D, xaH. Co<jl11j{,
Ana~mou, MoM'IHJIOB 19986: )!{. Ana.nmoB, .[(. 1992.
MOM'IHJIOB. Cpe6opeH npoCTeH c Ha.D,nMc or KapHo6ar. KaMeHapou 2002: Ar. KaMeHapos. 06IUoreorpa<jJcKa
ApxeorromqecKM Becrl1, 1998, 1, 49- 52. 11 ronorpa<jlo-reoJJ,e3WiecKa xapaKTep11CTI1Ka Ha apxe-
Ana~JKOB 1999: )!{. Ana.nmoB. Kb.ne ce e HaM11pan onomqecK)1j{ o6eKT ,MapKenl1"- rp.KapHo6ar. - B :
ueHTbp'hT Ha npa6onrapcKara BoiicKa Ha 10r or Ean- licTOp11~ 11 Kynrypa Ha KapHo6arcKI1~ Kpaii . 2002, T.
KaHa.-Apxeonom'leCKI1 BeCTI1. 1999, 2, 31 - 39. IV, 186--196.
Ana~JKOB 2001: )l{. Ana.nmoB. TpaKMj{ 11 XeMMMOHT KapauuaHOB 1926-1927: Ar. Kapa11BaHOB. CrapM
BbB BbHWHara non11r11Ka Ha Ebnrap)1j{ npe3 VII- X B. - nbTMIUa B KapHo6arcKo. li3BeCTI1~ Ha 6onrapcKI1~ ap-
B: Dbrrrap)1j{, 6bnrap11re 11 reXHI1Te Cbce.n11 npe3 BeKo- xeonomqecKM 11HCTMryr, IV, 1926--1927, 291- 295.
BeTe. B.TbpHoBo, 2001, 87- 91. KeuKapou 1940: Bn. Ke~KapoB . YKpemnenHara
Ana~JKOB 2002: )l{. Ana.nmoB. Mapr11p11yMbT B opraHI13a~)1j{ Ha EbnrapHj{ H BH3aHTH~ or VII JJ,O IX
MapKeJII1. - B: licTOp)1j{ 11 Kymypa Ha KapHo6arcK)1j{ seK. PoJJ,I1Ha, 1940, 3 38- 52.
Kpai1. T. 4, BapHa, 207- 214. Mauonoua 2002: M . MaHonoBa. KepaMHKa or XI-
Ana~JKOB 2003: )!{. Ana.nmoB . ErHI1'1eCKI1 npoMeHI1 XII B. or Kpenocrra MapKenH. B : llcropHj{ 11 eyn1ypa
s TpaKID! 11 XeMMMOHT npe3 Bropan nonOBI1Ha Ha I Ha KapHo6aTCK)1j{ Kpaii. T. 4, BapHa, 2002, 232- 240.
Xl1JUIP,OJJeTI1e cne.n Xp11cTa. - B: Tpa.D,I1IJ.J1j! 11 np11eM- MOM'IHJIOB 1986: .[(. MoM'IHJIOB. KapHo6arcKaTa
crseHocr B Ebnrapmi M Ha EanKaHI1Te npe3 Cpe.D,HI1Te Kperrocr MapKeJJI1.- llcrop11'1eCKI1 nperneJJ,, 1986, 4.
seKose. BeJII1KO TopHOBO, 2003, 40--43 . MoM'IHJIOB 1999: .[(. MoM'IHJIOB. IlbrHa H cenHIUHa
AJia,a,JKOB 11 .LI,p. 2005: )!{. Ana.D,JKOB, ~· .[(paJKeBa, .[(. CHcreMa MeJK)J,y 113TO'IHa Cnpa nnaHI1Ha 11 EpKecmna
Mo~rroB. ApxeonorM'IeCKM npoyqBaiDUI Ha cpe.LUIOBe- IV- XIV B. Bbp611WKI1, P11wK11 11 AiirocKI1 npoxoJJ,,
KOBHaTa KpenoCT MapKenl1.- B : XXIV cpeiUa Ha MY3e11re BapHa, 1999.
OT IOrmmoqHa EbiTrapHj{. Co<jJHj{, 2005, 1, 13- 14. MoM'IHJIOB 2000: .[(. MoM'II1JIOB . .[(Ba cpe.nHoBeKOB-
Ana~JKOB 2006: )!{. Ana.LI,JKOB. OrHoBo 3a Mapr11- HI1 naMeTHHKa c JKHBOTI1HCKI1 H3o6pameH)1j{. Apxeono-
pH)'Ma B KapHo6arcKara Kpenocr. - B: Tip11Hoc11 KbM mqecKH BeCTI1, 2000, 1, 34- 38.
6brrrapcKara apxeonor)1j{. 2006, III- IV, 15- 20. HnHOB 2002: JI. H1mos. OcreoapxeonomqecKM H3-
Aurenou, qonnauou 1989: .[(. AHrenoB, E. llonna- cneJJ,BaH)1j{ Ha MerepHanH or Kpenocrra MapKenH. - B:
HOB. D'hiirapcKa BOeHHa 11cropm1. Co<jl11~, 1989. llcropH~ H Kymypa Ha KapHo6arcKH~ Kpaii . T. 4, 2002,
AurenoB 1976: .[(. AHrenoB . licrop11~ Ha Bl13aHTM~ . IV, 248- 257.
1976, Co<jJHj{ , I. IlaH.[I,3JICCB 1921-1922: llB.TiaHJJ,aneeB. Tio Bbnpoca
liajanoBuh-Xajn-IIernuh 1984: EajanOBI1h-Xajn- 3a MecroHaxoJKJJ,eHHero Ha Kpenocrra MapKeJII1. -
Tiew11h. HaKI1T Vlii- XVIII BeKa. EeorpaJJ,, 1984. liEAli, 1921- 1922, 16.
liellleBJIHCB 1973: B. EeweBnl1eB. IlbpB06onrap- Parnes 1982: P. Paweu. Crapo6bnrapcKI1 yi<penne-
CKHTe naJJ,n11c11. Co<jJM~, 1973. HH~ . BapHa, 1982.
liellleunueu 1981: B . EeweBnMeB. TibpBo6bnrapMr e. CTaTeua 2002: H. Crareua. EeneJKKI1 Bbpxy opHH-
Cocp~, 1981. ro<jJayHara Ha KapHo6arcKaTa Kperrocr MapKeJIH. - B:
Beue~HKOB 2002: lis. BeHe)J,I1KOB. KapHo6arcKo llcrop)1j{ H Kymypa Ha KapHo6arcKHj{ Kpaii . T. 4, BapHa,
npe~11 Cb3JJ,aBaHero Ha KapHo6ar.- B :licTOp)1j{ 11 Kynry- 2002,241- 247.
pa Ha KapHo6arcK)1j{ Kpaii . T. 4, BapHa, 2002,79- 144. ll,yxneu 1910: .[(. ~yxneB. llcrop11~ Ha 6onrapcKara
a pa3- BaKJiuuoua 1993: M . BaKJIMHoBa. PaHHoxp11CT)1j{H- JJ,bpJKaBa.Co<jJ)1j{, 1910, I.
a Kpe- CKH ueH1pOBe B CeBepo113TOqHa TpaK)1j{. - B : CeBep0113- illKopn11JI 1885: K. 11 X . IIIKopnHn. lliKOH 6e-
eJm. TO'IHa TpaKID111 Bl13aHTHj{ rrpe3 IV- XIVB. Co<jJHj{, 1993. neJKKI1 Bopxy apxeonorwJeCKHTe 11 HCTopwieCKHTe 113-
BenKoB 1981: B. BenKOB. TpaKHj{ B CI1CTeMara ua cneJJ,BaH)1j{ B TpaK)1j{. TinOB)J,HB, 1885.
paHHOBH3aHTMikKara JJ,bpmaBa.- B : Ebnrap)1j{ 1300. 11H- lUKopn11JI 1929; K. IIIKopnHII. Crapo6onrapcKara
CTI11)'WI1111 JJ,opmaBHa 1pa.D,J1UJ1jl. Co<jl)1j{, 1981 , I , 79- 90. Cb06IUHTeJIHa MpeJKa OKOJIO TipeCJiaB 11 KpenOCTHTe nO
BenKOB 1950: liB. BenKOB. fpaJJ,MJUa. On11r 3a Cl1cre- He~. - EonrapcKa 11crop114ecKa 6116n11oreKa, 1929.
MaTH3HpaHe 11 JJ,arMpaHe yKpeneHMTe cen11!Ua B 6onrap- :I.Qepeua, Ana.LI,JKOB 2000: M. I.IJ:epeBa, )!{. Ana.nmoB .
CKHTe 3eMI1. 1950. PaJKOnKHre B CnHBeH H KapHo6ar 11 npo6neMbT 3a npe-
)J,eue.L~,JKHeB 1979: M . .[(eBe)J,JKHeB. KparKa 11CTOpl1j{ Ha xoJJ,a or aHTI1'1HOCTTa KbM cpeJJ,HOBeKOBI1ero. - B :fo-
ce1ll1I.li;HOTO pa3BI1TMe rro 6bJirapcKMTe 3eMM. Co<jJHj{, 1979. )J,HWHHK Ha JJ,enapraMeHr Apxeonomj{ Ha HEY, 2000,
)J,pameBa 1994: ~. .[(pameBa. P11CYHKI1 rpa<jl11r11 IV- V, 290- 300.
or cpe,a,HOBeKOBHa uopKBa B Kpenocrra MapKenl1 Kpaii :I.Qepeua u .11,p. 2001: M. I.IJ:epeBa, Kp. Ba'leBa, .[(.Bna-
KapHo6ar. - B : MapMua-li3TOK. ApxeonomqecKI1 npoyq- )J,I1M11poBa-AnaJJ,JKOBa. Ty11JJ,a- Cn11BeH. T. I. PaJKOnKH 11
saH~, II, Co<jl)1j{, 1994, 241- 244. npoy'IBaH)1j{ , 200 1, XXVIII.
Jlpe'leK 1974: K.lipe'leK. TibryBaHI1~ no Eonrap)1j{. Arrnae Comn.: Arrnae Comnenae. Alexias,- fpbUK11
Cocp11j{, 1974. 113BOpH 3a EonrapcKara HCT0p)1j{, 4. Co<jl)1j{, 1961.

55
 Besevliev 1968: V. Besevliev. Ein Vorkaunter graphia, - fpol(KH H3BOp11 Ja 6orrrapcKaTa HCTOpiDI, 3.
trakischer Ortsname, 1968. Co<PIDI, 1960.
Niceph. Arch. Const.: Nicephorus Archiepiscopus Vita Ioannicii, - fpoU:KH 113BOp11 Ja 6orrrapcKaTa
Constantinopolitanus. Opuscula historica, - fpoU:KH HCTopiDI, 4. Co<Pm1, 1961.
113BOpH Ja 6orrrapcKaTa HCTOpiDI, 3. Co<PIDI, 1960.
Notitae episcop.: Notitae episcopatuum, - fpoU:KH liEJIEJKKH
113BOp11 Ja 6orrrapcKaTa HCTopmi, 4. Co<PIDI, 1961.
1
Soustal 1991: P. Soustal. Thrakien. Tabula Imperii ToMoT e B nocrre.a:Ha <PaJa Ha no.a:roTOBKa 11 B Hero
Byzantini. Band 6, Wien 1991, 348- 349. me 6o,lJ;aT BKJIIOqeHH ny6JI11Kal(HH Ha BCI1qK11 yqaCTHI11(11
Theoph. Conf.: Theophanes Confessor. Chrono- B pa3KOllKI1Te npe3 fO,lJ;I1HI1Te.

WHAT HAS BEEN WRITTEN ABOUT MARKELL!

Zhivko ALADJOV

2006 is the year of two round anniversaries The present expose makes an account of all data about
associated with the Karnobat stronghold of the stronghold available from epigraphic monuments,
Markelli. These are 1260 years from the battle at written sources and all kinds ofpublished presentations
Markelli fought between the Byzantine troops led of different explorers, while to the outcome of the
by the Emperor Constantine V Copronimos and archaeological investigations conducted in the last
the Bulgarian Khan Vinnekh, and the much more two centuries will be dedicated a special volume. 1
humble and rather less significant 20th anniversary
from the initiation of archaeological research So far we do not have at our disposal familiar
conducted on site of the stronghold. cartographic sources coming from the Antiquity
and the Middle Ages containing data about the
The archaeological site of the Karnobat stronghold Karnobat stronghold. The earliest found information
occupies the western end of the ,Hisar" eminence about the site is evidently observed on a map of
as a part of the southern chain of the Eastern Bulgaria and Roumellia from 1791. Its author is
Balkan Mountains standing 7,5 km southwest Antonio Zappa and it was issued in Venice. The
from the present-day town of Karnobat. The name conventional symbol designating Karnobat on the
,Hisar" and its multiple varieties like ,Hisarja", map presents it as a fortified settlement similar
,Hisarlucka", ,Assara", etc. are often met as to the antique and mediaeval sites belonging to
denominations of old constructions - strongholds, the type of Marcianopolis, Nocopol, Nicopolis ad
fortified settlements and other such structures !strum. Tumovo, etc.
from various periods. There exist four toponymic
designations in the region of the site as elements The next piece of information about the stronghold
of the contemporary topographic map - Kaletto, is revealed on a map worked out after the beginning
Kroumovo Gradishte, Hisarja, Issara. of the war from 1877-1878. What makes a clear
impression about the stronghold on this particular
The discovery of the archaeological structures of map is the fact that due to its location the fortified
the site reveals that the creators of the stronghold settlement used to be in full control of the only all-
had taken into consideration all available natural year-long dry route between the Karnobat and the
resources and rationally used them to the full extent. Straldja marshes and across the river ofMotchuritsa
With its origination still in the early periods of (also rather swampy at that time) owing to the hard
Antiquity it was initially protected by a fortification rocky bottom in its environs. Strategically viewed
wall and later by solid defensive ramparts built the choice of the stronghold location shows very
around it. Natural protective barriers thwarting good knowledge about the general geographic
access to the stronghold were the still existing river peculiarities of a vast area with a radius of
VICe
of Motchuritsa and the precipitous sheer cliffs at approximately 30--40 km, encompassing the main
the northwest side of the locality. Balkan Mmountain chain and the eastern end of events

56
HCTOpH.si, 3. Sredna Gora. The site had direct visual connection in the records and chronicles of that period.
with plenty of strongholds and fortified settlements
in the region. As a whole the Kamobat stronghold Contrary to this, in the following decades of 9th c. and
represents a large earthwork camp fortified by brick- the whole 1Qth c. Markelli disappears from the writings
and-stone fortress and earthen ramparts surrounding of the annalists as a result of the fact that it becomes
it from south and northeast, that were probably built an interior Bulgarian stronghold with gradually
in two different stages. The stone fortress bears diminishing military and strategic significance.
Ka H s Hero
yqaCTHHUH
certain signs indicative of two different construction Once again in 11th c. when Bulgaria is under
periods as well, e. g. the extension in an eastern Byzantine domination Anna Commenius makes
direction and the double-sided wall. Because of mention of the Markelli stronghold when describing
its most apparent vulnerability at this spot it was the great Pecheneg invasion from 1088 in her
additionally reinforced by a dugout moat. ,Alexiada". The source makes clear that Markelli
The favourable geographical situation gave the was a major post on the Sillistra - Constantinople
prerequisites for an intensively vibrant lifestyle of road, mentioned earlier in the report. This excerpt
the local settlers since hoary times registered by all from the "Alexiada" confirms the characteristics
available archaeological data and historical evidence. of the stronghold as a crucial and vulnerable point
along the above-discussed route.
data about Owing to the rather scarce sources about the
Kamobat stronghold a lot of researchers and For the last time in the mediaeval chronicles the
onuments, Kamobat stronghold is referred to in the ,Scriptures
sentations explorers felt inclined to relate it to the stronghold of
Markelli. The only domestic source making mention about the Religious Battles of Sultan Mourad, Son
orne of the of Mehmed Khan" but this time it's given the new
in the last of Markelli is the so-called Sillistra inscription. It's
preserved in four pieces uncovered at different times name of Hissar, preserved till the present day upon
olume.1 the ridge it was built over.
in the vicinity of Sillistra. Its fragmentary character
1 familiar makes it hard to decode and interpret. Despite of this The presently made review of the sources confirms
Antiquity there are two basic issues concerning the scrutiny the significance and the key role of the stronghold
about the of this monument. The first one is that it's the only Markelli for the history of Bulgaria. On the other hand
formation indigenous monument containing the name of the the disposition of the Kamobat stronghold along with
a map of fabulous griffin creature rendering it great significance the uncovered on the site archaeological structures
author is with a view to its mythological aspect. The second create logical grounds for its identification with the
nice. The issue refers to the fact that the name Markelli has Markelli stronghold from the written sources.
at on the been come upon only in this particular epigraphical
monument. In my opinion it is a Thracian toponymic Despite the insufficiency of the historical
name having the meaning of ,a big marshy river", information about the Markelli stronghold its
correctly established and ascertained in a previously presentation shows that it is related to a major and
published study by Beshevliev. strong point of the early Bulgarian State. It is the
reason why it became the focus of attention in the
It's most likely that the stronghold was restored research and interpretations of the most serious and
toward the end of 8th c., and at the time of Khan devoted explorers of the early centuries from the
Krum was surrounded by earthenwork ramparts. The beginning of our motherland history.
repeatedly recovered and renovated stronghold came
to its definitive end at the very beginning of 13th c. and In conclusion, I would like to emphasize the
ceased to exist after the invasion of the crusaders. circumstance that the voluminous bibliography
cited in the review is a proof not only for the
Most probably the earthwork camp of markelli was commitment of the investigators who have come
built during the most turbulent events in the struggle in touch with the Markelli problem, but also for
between Bulgarians and Byzantines at the end 8th the determination of the contemporary examiners
and the very beginning of 91h c. At that time the to reveal to an accomplished degree the entire
stronghold was a crucial key point for both sides importance and overall significance of the situated
often passing from Bulgarian to Byzantine hands and in the environs ofKamobat stronghold Markelli.
vice versa. It was the centre of important historical
events giving the reason for it to appear so regularly

57
 llJIHCKA H MAPKEJIH cne,n:HaTa
cpe.n:mue
(cpe~aTa ua VIII-Hal.faJioTo ua IX B.)
THH V 11

f(uw-1o MOMLllfJIOB

,n:11311pa

HeoT,n:aBHa 6e o6Hapo,n:BaHa ny6miKau,IDITa Ha npo,n:on)l(aT 11 me ce 3a,n:on6oiJaBaT. I13HeceHI1Te ap-

IlaBen reopr11eB ,3a CTOnl1u,aTa Ha AcnapyxoBa rYMeHTI1 OT ~KOnKO 113Cne,n:OBaTenl1 ,n:a ThpC~T Ha
Eonrap11~" (Feop2uee 2002a, 208- 227). He B nop- ,n:pyro ~CTO nopBIDI CTOnl1'1eH IJ,eHThp, 11 OC06eHO
BO no po,n:a c11 pa3Co)l(,n:eHI1e aBTOpoT, Ho TYK ,n:o- OT II. reopr11eB, ca MHOro cep1103HI1 11 npe,n:cTaB-
cTaTh'lHO KaTerop11'1HO, JacThnBa Te3aTa, qe IlJmc- MBaT HOB MOMeHT B npeOCM11CMHeTO Ha paHHaTa
Ka B A6o6cKOTO none e CTOnl1'1eH u,eHThp OT VIII B. 11CTOp11}1 Ha .lJ:yHaBCKa EonrapiDI. Cn11paM ce Ha
B HaCTo~maTa CTaTI1~ II. reopr11eB onpe,n:eM, qe T0311 Bonpoc, ThH KaTO TOH 11Ma np}IKO OTHOIIIeHI1e B paHHa
IIn11cKa e 113rpa)l(,n:aHa B Kpa~ Ha VIII B. KaTo HOB KoM 6onrapO-BI13aHTI1HCKI1Te OTHOWeHI1}1 - nOni1- Heo6xo
rpa,n:, Ko)l;eTO Ce npeMeCTBa 11 noni1TI1'1eCKOTO cpe- TI1'1eCKI1 11 OC06eHO BOeHHI1, OT cpe,n:aTa 11 BTOpaTa pe.n: co6
Jl:l1me, KOeTO BO)l;l1 11 )l;O npeHaC~He Ha 11MeTO. Ta311 nonoBI1Ha Ha VIII 11 nopBaTa nonoBHHa Ha IX B. OTHOWe
nope,n:Ha ny6n11Kau,11~ e B ocHoBaTa Ha e,n:Ha Te3a, I13}1CH}{BaHeTO 11 pOMTa Ha 6onrapCKI1}1)l;op)l(aBHO- ce .n:o T}l
KO~To me npe,n:no)l(a ryK, 3a pOMTa 11 M~CTOTO Ha noni1TI1'1eCKI1 u,eHThp cne.n: 681 r. 11Ma KOHKpeTHa Ha
cpe,n:HoBeKOBHIDI rpa,n: MapKenl1 (KapHo6aTcKaTa penaiJ,I1}1 c pomTa 11 3HaiJeHHeTo Ha HaH-3Ha'111MaTa AHXI1aJI
Kpenocr=KapHo6aTCKIDI ,X11capnoK") npe3 IIop- B Te311 co611TIDI KpenocT - rpa.n: OT CeBepo113T0'1Ha MOOTHO
BOTO 6onrapCKO u,apCTBO B np}{Ka Bpo3Ka C 6onrap- TpaKIDI - MapKenl1. floJene
CKIDI .D:op)l(aBHO-nOni1TI1'1eCKI1 u,eHThp. 3a II. reop- I13BopoBI1Te ,n:aHHI1 OT VIII B., 3ac}lram11 6on- OT,n:aBa
rl1eB B nocoqeHaTa no-rope ny6ni1Kau,IDI, on11pai1K11 rapo-BI13aHTI1HCKI1Te B3ai1MOOTHOWeHI1}1, 11 11HTep- Ta Ha
ce Ha pe,n:11u,a 113BOpOBI1 11 apxeonorl1'1eCKI1 ,n:aHHI1, npeTali,I1}1Ta Ha pe,n:l1u,a Co611TI1~ OT II. reopr11eB
MHeHIDI Ha 113Cne,n:oBaTenl1 11 cne.n: 3a,n:on6o'leHI1 onpe,n:eneHo no,n:qepTaBaT pon~Ta Ha AHx11ano 11
aHaJII1311, CTapiDIT noni1TI1'1eCKI1 IJ,eHThp Ha 6on- pai1oHa Ha AHx11ano KaKTo np11 pe,n:11u,a BOeHHH
rapcKaTa ,n:op)l(aBa e B .lJ:eBHeHCKaTa HI1311Ha B c6noColl,l1, TaKa 11 np11 £IOni1TI1'1eCKI1 KOHTaKTH. MSICTO
Te'leHI1e Ha OKOnO BeK cne,n: HeHHOTO Co3)l;aBaHe, OT cpe,n:aTa Ha VIII B. B 6onrapO-BI13aHTI1HCKI1Te ,Ome
no-KOHKpeTHO B pai1:oHa Ha BapHa (Feop2uee BoeHHI1 11 noni1TI1'1eCKI1 KOHTaKTI1 pomTa Ha AH- KoraTo
2002a, 208) . .lJ:pym 113cne,n:oBaTenl1 como CTI1raT xl1ano onpe.n:eneHo Be'le ce JaeMa oT MapKeml. XeMyc
,n:o 113BO.D:I1, Hai1-o6mo HaC0'1Baml1, qe IIn11cKa B ToecT, ,n:oKaTo B HaqanHI1Te ,n:eceTI1neTIDI oT Co3- BpeMe
A6o6cKOTO none He e 11 He MO)I(e ,n:a 6o,n:e nopBaTa ,n:aBaHeTo Ha .lJ:yHaBcKa Eonrapmr 6onrapo-BM3aH- 6onrap
6onrapcKa CTOn11u,a ( CTOnl1'1eH ayn) Ha Acnapyx. TI1HCKI1Te KOHTaKTI1 (He3aBI1CI1MO OT TOBa KaKBM MeceM
Mo)l(e 611 Ha'laJIOTO Ha TOBa npocne,n:}{BaHe Tp~6- ca Te) OCHOBHO Ce npo~B}{BaT B HaH-113TO'lHI1Te KaT
Ba ,n:a JanoqHe c MHeHIDITa Ha B. fi03eneB (D03e- IJaCTI1 - paiioHa Ha AHx11ano, noKpai1: lJepHo- BeCTHa
Jlee 1992, 3- 4; 1994, 40- 41) 11 11B. Eo)l(l1nOB (Eo- MOpCKOTO Kpai1:6pe)l(l1e 11 B 113TO'lHOCTaponna- ,n:aT o6
JICUllOB 1995, 52), 3a KOI1TO CTOni1IJ,a nO'lTI1 )l;O HI1HCKI1Te npoxo,n:11, TO OT cpe,n:aTa Ha VIII B. 311pamr
cpe,n:aTa Ha VIII B. e 0HronoT. ToBa cBoe Bl1)1()l;aHe onepaTI1BHOTO KOHTaKTHO HanpaBneHI1e e Be'le 113- AHXI1
Te npe,n:naraT 11 B CoBMeCTHI1~ c11 TPY.D: no cne,n:HI1~ TerJieHO no Ha 3ana,n: 11 npOTI1'1a OT 11MnepCKIUI 3aHTI1~
Ha'111H: ,BcomHOCT nopBOHaiJanHaTa pe311)l;eHIJ,I1~ u,eHThp KoHCTaHTI1Honon Ha ceBep (Hai1-BepO}ITHO npe,n:B
Ha xaH Acnapyx ce e HaM11pana B 0Hrona. Kora e A,n:p11aHonon)- MapKenl1-ceBepeH I13TO'lHOCTapo- KaTO
cTaHano npeMeCTBaHeTo ll: B IIn11cKa, He e TBop,n:e nnaHI1HCKI1 npoxo.n: (11 )-6onrapcKIDI.D:op)l(aBHO-no- B11JaH
}ICHo" (EoJ/Cu!loe, D03e.nee 1999, 103). ni1TI1'1eCKI1 IJ,eHThp (MoMIJUJl08, 1999). l1n11 cne,LI Co
Pa3611pa ce, B HayiJeH nnaH Te311Te 3a 11n11 npo- KaTO e )l;OCTaT'b'lHO )l;06pe 113BeCTHa 11 ~CHa Bl13aH- o6cer
TI1B IIn11cKa 11 BapHa KaTo nopB11 CTOni1'1HI1 u,eHTpo- TI1HCKaTa noni1TI1Ka.no OTHOIIIeHI1e Ha EonrapiDI - 3a
Be Ha611paT CKOpOCT 11 HaYIJHI1Te )l;I1CKYCI111 me )l;11peKTHI1Te 0£111TI1 ,n:a 6o,n:e eni1MI1H11paHa £10- XOnoTI

58
 CJJe)l,HaTa ,li,OpH qpe3 npOHHKBaHe B U,eHTpaJJHOTO MJia,LJ,a 6onrapcKa ,ll,bp)l(aBa Ha IOr oT peKa ,[(yHaB
cpe,li,H~e (onHTHTe Ha HMnepaTopHTe KoHcTaH- H TOBa npOJIHqaBa OT pe,ll,HU,aTa BOeHHH onepaU,HH
HIH V 11 HHKH<j:>op I)- Ta3H cwma Ha onepaTHB- npe3 VIII B. Ha nopBo MHCTO TOBa e noxo,LJ,'hT Ha 11M-
HO-CTpaTemqecKHTe HanpaBJieHH5l fJiaBHO Ha BH- nepaTop I0cTHHI1aH II cpelll,y TepBen. B paBHHHa-
3aHTMHCKHTe BOeHHH nOXO,ll,H H y,LJ,ap11 onpe,LJ,eJleHO Ta AHXI1aJIO e CbCpe,ll,OTO'leHa KOHHaTa apMH5I Ha
f OBOpH 3a npOM5lHa: H3MeCTBaHe Ha 6oJirapCKH5l BH3aHTI1HU,HTe OT TeMa TpaKHH, K'h,LJ,eTo c ,ll,pyraTa
,ll,bp)!(aBHO-nOJIHTH'leCKH U,eHThp OT H3TOK BbB BbT- qacT OT BoiicKaTa Ha Kopa6H npHCTHra 11 caMH5IT
pellJHOCTTa Ha ,ll,op:>I<aBaTa Ha 3ana,LJ,. B HCTOpHo- HMnepaTop (EoJJCu!loe, TI03e.nee 1999, 107-108).
r pacjlcKH nnaH cne,LJ,Ba ,LJ,a ce npeocMHCJIH, nepHO- Cne,LJ, Hana,LJ,eHHeTo Ha 6onrapHTe BI13aHTHHCKaTa
P.H3Hpa H HHTepnpeTHpa OCMH5IT H HaqaJJOTO Ha BOHCKa e pa3rpoMeHa. Ilpe3 763 r. e npoBe,LJ,eH BTO-
P,eBeTH5l BeK B CbBCeM HOB acneKT. 3aTOBa H IDI- pH5IT noxo,LJ, Ha KoHcTaHTHH V, Beqe cpelll,y Teneu,.
KOJJKOTO npe,li,BapHTeJIHH H3CJie)l,BaHH5l Ha pe,ll,HU,a HMnepaTopoT c qacT OT apMI1HTa npHCTI1ra Kpaii
emne ap- 113TbKHaTH 6oJirapCKH yqeHH 3a nopBaTa CTOJIH- AHXHaJJO Ha 16 IOHH (EoJJCUJl06, TI03e.Jle6 1999,
:npc5IT Ha
l(a Ha ,ll,yHaBcKa EonrapHH, 11 KOHKpeTHO ny6JII1Ka- JJ6). IlpOTHBOpe'IHBHTe H3BOpOBH CBe,LJ,eHH5l CO-
oco6eHo l(HHTe Ha II. reopr11eB H Haii-Beqe no-o6CTOHHO KO- qaT KpbBOnpOJlHTHa 6HTKa C He5lCeH no6e,LJ,I1TeJI.
!pe)l,CTaB-
MeHTHpaHaTa ryK, ca 5lCeH 3HaK 3a Te3H npoMeHI1. IIo-KbCHO HOBH5IT 6onrapcKI1 BJia,LJ,eTeJI CHBHH
paHHaTa 3a )l,a ce apryMeHT11pa poJIHTa 11 3HaqeHHeTo Ha npe3 Hece6op 6Hra BoB BH3aHTH5l (EoJJCu!loe,
aM ce Ha
P.BaTa cpe,LJ,HOBeKOBHH o6eKTa AHx11ano 11 MapKeJIH TI03e.nee 1999, 116). E,LJ,HH OT Haii-rpaH,LJ,I103HHTe e
roiiieHI1e B paHHaTa Cpe,ll,HOBeKOBHa 6oJirapcKa HCTOpH5I, e neTI15lT noxo,LJ, Ha KoHcTaHTHH V KonpoH11M, npo-

~ :T:;~;~ He06XO)l,HMO ,LJ,a Ce n03HaBaT B XpOHOJIOrl1qeCKI1

pe,ll, Cb6HTH5ITa B 6onrapO-BH3aHTI1HCKHTe B3ai1MO-
Be,LJ,eH c MHoro6poiiHa apMH5I. Coc cyxonoTHH qac-
TH nMnepaTopoT ce pa3nonara Kpaii BepHraBa
IHaIX B. OTHOWeHH5l - BOeHHI1 11 nOJIHTI1'1eCKH, OTHaC5llll,l1 (BeperaBa), aHa 21IOHI1 766 r. OT KoHcTaHTHHonon
rP)!(aBHO- Ce P,O T5IX. KbM Hece6op H AHxHaJio oTnnyBaT 2600 Kopa6a.
bHKpeTHa H a no,LJ,qepTaHaTa poM Ha cpe,LJ,HOBeKOBHH5l IIo-KbCHO MHoro OT THX ce pa36nBaT 11 qacT OT
aa'IHMaTa
A HxHano B paHHI1Te 6onrapo-BI13aHTI1HCKM B3aH- BoiicKaTa ce H3,LJ,aBH, KaTo Ha npaKTI1Ka noxo,LJ,bT
0113T0'1Ha MOOTHOIIIeHH5l H3KJIIOqHTeJIHO TOqHO ce cn11pa B. Ce npOBaJI5l, KaKTO HH yBe,LJ,OMHBaT XpOHHCTHTe
fi03enes (D03e.nee 2000, 43). BH,LJ,HH5IT Me,LJ,I1eBI1CT Teo<j:>aH (Theoph. Conf, 273), HnKH<j:>op (Niceph.

f
~H 6oJI-
ort~,asa 3aCJIY)!(eHH5l npHHOC npH onpe,LJ,eMHe poM- Patr., 305) H reopm MoHax (Georg. Mon., 50-
HHHTep- ra Ha AHXHaJJO Ha KoHCTaHTI1H HpeqeK. 3a B. no- 51). l1 TYK H,LJ,Ba e,LJ,HH oco6eH MOMeHT. Pe,LJ,Hu,a
eopmes 3eJJeB e,LJ,HH OT Haif-npOHI1KHOBeHI1Te 11CTOp11U,H Ha MHeHH5l Ca H3Ka3aHH no Bbnpoca 3a Cblli,HOCTTa
lliliaJIO 11
cpet~,HOBeKOBHa EonrapH5I e K. HpeqeK, KOHTO coc (npOXO,ll,, TeCHI1Ha, KJIHCypa), J10KaJJH3aU,H5lTa H eTH-
I BOeHHI1
3a6eJJe)J<HTeJIHa 11HTYI1U,H5l onpe,LJ,eJI5l 3HaqHMOTO MOJIOfl15lTa Ha TonoHI1Ma BeperaBa. TonOHI1MbT e
IOHTaKTI1. lli!CTO Ha AHXHaJJO (T103e.Jle6 2000, 43) C 113BO,LJ,a: OT6eJI5l3aH np11 H5IKOJIKO Cb6HTI15l OT ,LJ,BaMa aBTO-
~HiicKI1Te ,O~e no-roMMa BmKHOCT npH,LJ,06HJI AHXHaJJO, pH: npH ycTaHOB5lBaHeTO Ha 6onrapHTe B HOBHTe
a Ha AH-
KoraTO B Kpaii,LJ,yHaBcKo ce 3aceJIHJIH 6onrap11 11 CH rpaHnu,H , ... Te noceJIHJIH ceBepHTe OT npe,LJ,-
XeMYC cTaHaJJ rpaHI1u,a BMecTo ,[(yHaBa. OT TOBa HaTa KJIHcypa Ha BeperaBa KbM ... " (Theoph.
speMe ce,LJ,eMBeKOBHaTa 11CTOpH5I Ha 6oeBere Me)l()zy Conf, 264); npe3 BTopaTa nonoBHHa Ha VIII B.
6bJJrapH H BI13aHTHHLI,H Ce BbpTH OKOJIO CTeHI1Te Ha BoB Bpo3Ka c noxo,LJ,H Ha KoHCTaHTI1H V cpelll,y
MeceMBpH5I 11 Amrn:ano" (HpetteK 1974, 854-855). 6onrapnTe ,HMnepaTopoT ce OTnpaBHJI Ha noxo,LJ,
KaTo u,Hno poJI5lTa Ha AHxHano e ,LJ,o6pe H3- cpelll,y EonrapH5I 11 KaTo CTHrHaJJ B TeCHHHaTa ,LJ,O
secTHa B 6onrapcKaTa HCTOp115I. TyK caMo lll,e 6o- BeperaBa ... " (Theoph. Conf, 270), ,Ilpe3 Cblll,aTa
t~,aT o6oco6eHH OHe3H HCTOpHqeCKH MOMeHTH, BH- ro,LJ,nHa KoHcTaHTI1H ce oTnpaBHJI Ha noxo,LJ, cpe-
3H p a~I1 nopBOCTeneHHaTa no Ba)l(HOCT pOJI5l Ha lll,y 6onrapHTe 11 ,LJ,OUJ'bJI c npH,ll,py)l(aBalll,aTa ro
AHXHaJJO npe3 VIII B. HHKOJIKOTO 6onrapo-BH- BoiicKa CbBCeM 6JIH30 ,LJ,O 3eMHTa Ha 6onrapHTe
3aHTHHCKM C6JI'bC'bKa B Ta3H 30Ha (KaTO Ce HMa H Ce pa3nOJIO)l(HJI Ha CTaH npH TaKa Hape'1eHH5l
npe,li,BI1,LJ, 11 MeceMBpH5I) onpe,LJ,eJI5IT u,enH5l paiioH npoxo,LJ, BeperaBa ... " (Niceph. Patr., 305). l1MaJJ
KaTO nopBOCTeneHeH B CTpaTerl1qeCKI1 nJiaH 3a CbM Bb3MO)l(HOCTTa ,LJ,a npe,ll,JlO)l(a CB05l Xl1nOTe3a
BH3aHTH5l B nopBHTe ,LJ,eceTHJieTH5l cne,LJ, 681 r. 3a Cblli,HOCTTa, JIOKaJJH3aU,H5ITa H eTHMOJIOfH5ITa
Co6HTH5ITa oT 680 r. He ca B xpoHonorHqecKH5l Ha TOnOHHMa BeperaBa (MoMttUJloe 1997, 106-
o6cer Ha KOMeHTapa. 130; MoMttUfl06 1999, 85-89; MoMttu!loe 2000,
3a BH3aHTI15l Ta311 30Ha e 113XO,LJ,Ha 6a.Ja 3a cy- 240-241). 3a MeH TOBa e npOXO,ll,bT Me)l(,LJ,y H3qe3-
xorroTHO HaxnyBaHe B TOKy-lli,O KOHCTpyHpaHaTa HaJIOTO ,LJ,Hec ceno Pynqa 11 PHru, KaTo ocBeH q11c-

59
TO CTpaTentqecKMTe, reorpa<jlcKMTe M apxeonorM- BeH )J,By6oif e reHepanHoTo cpa)f(eHMe Ha 20 aB- C'hll.(MHC
qecKMTe )J,a)J,eHOcTM MMeTO BeperaBa e B'h3MO)f(HO rycT 917 r. Kpaif peKaTa Axenoif Ha AHxMaJICKOTO
)J,a Ce npoeKTMpa MJIM )J,a e npOM3BO)J,HO OT HaJIMqHJ-UI none.
B 3eMJIMll.(eTo Ha ceno Pmn TOTIOHMM Eperypna. BcMqKM nocoqeHM no-rope 3HaqMMM BM3aH-
MapKMpaHIDIT no-rope oco6eH MOMeHT e e)J,HO THMCKH BOeHHM onepauMM noKa3BaT, qe BM3aHTIDI
KpaMHO MHTepeCHO MHeHMe 3a Ha3BaHMeTO MMeCTO- ThpCM )J,MpeKTeH y)J,ap cpemy Ba)f(eH 6nJirapcKH
HaXO)J,Mll.(eTO Ha BeperaBa, npe)J,JIO)f(eHo OT rr. reop- o6eKT. B TIO)J,Kpena Ha TOBa TBbp)J,eHMe M)J,BaT M H3-
rMeB (FeopzueB 2004, 155-170). Cnope)J, aBTopa BOpOBMTe )J,aHHM 3a HHKOJIKOTO KOHTaKTa Ha O'hJI-
BeperaBa cne)J,Ba )J,a ce CB'hp)f(e Haif-BepoHTHO c rapMH H BM3aHTIDI Kpaif BapHa.
HaM-M3ToqHaTa qacT Ha lhToqHa CTapa nnaHMHa M KaTo ce MMa npe)J,BM)J, peanM3MpaHaTa 3all.(HTa
CeBepHO OT HeH C maBHaTa TI'hTHa Bpb3Ka (maBHIDI no H3TOqHOTO MOpCKO Kpaif6pe)f(Me B paMOHa Ha
TinT) AHxMano-MapuMaHonoJI. Bee B nocoKa Ha BapHa, qacT oT B'h3MO)f(HaTa npoxo)J,Ha Bpn3Ka
aHaJIM3MpaHe M KOMeHTap Ha cn6MTIDITa OT VII- cJie)J,Ba )J,a ce ThpCM B )J,HpeKTHa nocoKa AHxMaJio-
VIII B. ( oT6eJIH3BaHeTO Ha BeperaBa B M3BOpMTe) BapHa. HaJIMqMeTo Ha TaKaBa npHKa n'hTHa Bpn3Ka,
Ta3H Te3a Ha ll. reoprMeB 6M TIOCTaBMJia B HOBa BepOHTHO JieCHO OC'hll.(eCTBMMa TIOHe npe3 nbpBHTe
CBeTJIMHa MCTOpMqecKMTe MHTepnpeTal.I,HM. )J,eCeTMJieTHH CJie)J, 681 r. (npe)J,M M3rpa)f()J,aHeTO Ha
Cne)J, M3BeCTHO 3aTMIIIMe npe3 Meceu Maif 774 r. CTapo6nJirapCKMTe yKpenMTeJIHM JIMHHH B fi3TOqHa
KoHCTaHTMH V KonpoHHM opraHM3Mpa HOB roJIHM CTapa nnaHMHa), npe)J,onpe)J,eJIH BM3aHTMMCKaTa
noxo)J, 3a npeB3eMaHeTo Ha EnnrapiDI. eKcnaH3MH. B KOHTeKcTa Ha M3BeCTHHTe <jlaKTH
KOHHa apMIDI OT 24 000 KOHHMI.I,H e CTOBapeHa CJie)J,Ba )J,a ce BnMlllaT M HHKOJIKOTO nOXO)J,a no MO-
OT 2000 Kopa6a )J,O Hece6np M AHXMaJIO Ha cyrnaTa, pe cpemy EnnrapnH, KOMTO ca 6HJIM HacoqeHM K'hM
3a )J,a npeO)J,OJiee M3TOqHOCTaponJiaHMHCKMTe npo- MeceMBpiDI KaTo H3XO)J,Ha 6aJa. Bna)J,eeifKM Ta3H
XO)J,M. HMnepaTOpnT )J,e6apKMpa c BOMCKMTe CM npMqepHOMOpCKa 30Ha, MMaMKM n'hJIHOTO rocnO)J,-
Kpaif BapHa, HO no-K'hCHO e cKmoqeH )J,oroBop (Eo- CTBO Ha)J, MOpeTO B Te3M HHKOJIKO )J,eCeTMJieTIDI,
JICWlOB, D03e.ne6 1999, 117-119) cnope)J, cBe)J,e- BM3aHTIDI CM OCMrypHBa 6np3, BHe3aneH y)J,ap npe3
HIDITa Ha Teo<jlaH M HMKM<jlop. Heoco6eHo TPY)J,HOnpeo)J,OJIMMMTe H HeBMCOKH
)Wyr MHTepeceH eTIM30)J, e TIOKa3HIDIT, )J,eMOH- TeCHHHM Ha KpaifHMTe qacTM Ha fi3TOqHa CTapa
crpaTMBeH noxo)J, Ha MMnepaTpMua HpMHa npe3 TIJiaHMHa. TaKa cyxon'hTHHTe onepal.I,MM MMaT cH-
Maif 794 r. B TpaKMH, KoraTo B'h3CTaHOBHBa HHKOJI- rypHaTa M cTa6MJIHa 6a3a Ha MeceMBpiDI M AH-
KO rpa)J,a, Me)f()J,y KOMTO M AHXMaJIO, KaKTO Cb06- XHaJIO - Ba)f(HM npMcTaHHll.(a ()J,OpH Hece6np e
ll.(aBaT Teo<jlaH (Theoph. Conf., 276) M reopm MMTHMI.I,a), CTpaTerMqeCKM rpa)J,OBe, 3HaqMMH enMC-
MoHax (Georg. Mon., 53). llope)J,HOTO 3aMecBaHe KOnCKM cpe)J,Mll.(a. A MO)f(e 6M Ha nocTaBeHIDI B'h-
Ha AHxMano B 6nnrapo-BM3aHTMMCKMTe B3aMMOOT- npoc - )J,aJIM 6nnrapMTe MMaT M3rpa)J,eH )J,bp)f(aB-
HorneHIDI e B o<jlaH3MBaTa, npe)J,npMeTa OT xaH Ho-noJIMTMqecKM ueHThp B paifoHa Ha BapHa H
KpYM npe3 nponerra Ha 812 r. B TpaKMH, KoraTO 3amo onepal.I,MMTe Ha BM3aHTIDI ca cncpe)J,oToqe-
rapHM30HMTe Ha pe)J,MI.I,a KpeTIOCTM, Me)f()J,y KOMTO HM MMeHHO B HaM-CeBepHMTe TOqKJf Ha IO)f(HOTO
M AHXMaJIO, M36HrBaT M rM OCTaBHT B 6nJirapCKM Kpaif6pe)f(Me, TpH6Ba )J,a ce ThpCM M )J,pyr OTrOBOp.
pnue. H3me)f()J,a, qe ToraBa cnope)J, HHKOM HarnM Mo)f(e 6M MMeHHO 3amoTo Ha ceBep ce ycTaHOBHBa
Me)J,MeBMCTM (/{uMumpoB1981, 215-217; F103e.Jle6 6nJirapCKMHT BOeHHO-nOJIMTMqeCKM I.l,eHThp, OT-
2000, 45) nony•mBa Mnpa6nnrapcKOTO MMe TYTXOH. )J,eJieH OT C'hll.(MHCKaTa TepMTOpiDI Ha MMnepMH-
TyK o6aqe 6nnrapcKaTa MCTOpMorpa<jliDI B 6n)J,eme Ta caMo c Heoco6eHo TPY)J,Honpoxo)J,HMMTe M3-
me MMa 3a 3a)J,aqaTa )J,a o6HCHM pa3MMHaBaHeTo, ToqHocTaponnaHMHCKM npOXO)J,M, M MMeHHO
npoM3JIH3JIO OT cBe)J,eHMe, nocoqBamo no-paHHO 3amoTo Ha IOr ce HaMMpaT )J,Ba 3HaqMMM 3a BH3aH-
cn6MTMe, npM KOeTo ce paJqMTa MMeTO TYTXOH. To TIDI rpa)J,a, oco6eHo MeceMBpiDI, BM3aHTIDI Ha-
e CBbp3aHO C TIOXO)J,a Ha BM3aHTMMCKMH MMnepaTOp HaCH npeBaHTHBHH y)J,apM. fi3BeCTHO e 3HaqeHMe-
npe3 766 r. B XpoHMKaTa Ha CMMeOH MeTa<jlpacT M TO, KOeTO MMnepiDITa OT)J,aBa Ha MeceMBpiDI H
JioroTeT e oT6eJIH3aHo: ,IJ;apHT ce oTnpaBM cpemy AHXMaJIO, H3BeCTHO e C'hll.(O TaKa, qe THXHOTO
6nnrapMTe no cyrna M no Mope M npMCTHrHa B eBeHTYaJIHO npeB3eMaHe OT 6nJirapMTe OCMrypH-
TYTXOH" B npeBo)J,a Ha PYMHHa 3naTaHoBa ( C6. Ba Ha nocJie)J,HHTe CB060)J,HO npOHMKBaHe HaM-
EMzapcKa Rumepamypa. 1983, 196). I1pe3 Meceu MaJIKOTO )J,O CrpaH)J,)f(a. ToBa BepoHTHO e ocHoB-
OKTOMBpM 812 r. e npeB3eT M Hece6np. KyJIMM- HIDIT MOTHB BM3aH'riDI )J,a ce CTpeMM BCHqecKH
Hal.I,MOHHa TOqKa B 6nJirapO-BM3aHTMMCKIDI BeKO- )J,a napHpa eBeHryanHa 6nnrapcKa MHBa3IDI. Ho

60
e Ha 20 as- CbiUHHCKaTa np11'II1Ha e B HaJJI1'II1eTO Ha nOJIHTH- CTapa nnaHI1Ha (ceBepHo 11 JO)KHO oT HeH), ce OKa3-
lJeCKJI ~eHThp s pai1oHa Ha BapHa, MHoro npaBHJI- Ba, qe Ha MRCTOTO Ha peJia:QHRTa AHXI1aJIO (30HaTa
HO MOTI1B11paH KaTO nbpB11 OT I1. reopr11es. Ha AHxl1ano-MeceMBpHR)-BapHa 3a nep11o)J.a nnp-
M11 B113aH- T03H eTan OT apxeonor11qecK11Te npoyqsaHHR see so )J.eceTHJJeTI1e-rpera qeTsbpT Ha VIII s.-Ha'Ia-
B113aHTIDI orue e He)J.OCTaTh'IHO )J.eTaHJIH3HpaHO 113RCHeHa JJOTO Ha sTopaTa nonoBHHa Ha VIII-nnpB11Te )J.e-
6bJirapcKH ctpaTemqecKaTa nbTHa spb3Ka AHxHano-BapHa- ceTI1JieTI1R Ha IX B. Ha 3ana.IJ. ce noHBHBa HOBO
~BaT 11 H3- npHMep 3a TOBa Ca HOBHTe H)'MH3MaTH'IHI1 H c<l_lpa- onepaTI1BHO HanpaBJJeHI1e MapKeJI11-IIJI11CKa.
a Ha DbJJ- n!CTH'IHH )J.aHHH 1• T0311 npHH~I1nHO HOB MOMeHT MHOfO TO'IHO
<DaKThT, qe B np11MOpCKaTa 30Ha 11Ma )J.06pe o:QeHHBa 11 OT'II1Ta s .IJ.pyro csoe 113CJJe)J.saHe 11 II.
Ta 3alllHTa pa3pa60TeHI1 nbTHo-onepaTHBHI1 JJHHHH npe3 VII reopmes (Teopzuee 20026, 73). IT. reopmeB OT-
pai1oHa Ha H VIII B. c roJJRMO 3Ha'IeHHe 11 3a .IJ.BeTe .IJ.bp)KaBI1, 6eJJH3Ba, qe ,pe3yJITaTI1Te OT apxeOJJOfi1'IeCKI1Te
Ce IIOTBbp)K)J.aBa 11 npe3 BTOpOTO )J.eCeTI1JleTI1e Ha npoyqBaHI1H, KaKTO 11 HaJII1qHI1Te )J.aHHI1 OT 11CTOp11-
X seK. Torasa oT HOBHR 6bmapcKH .IJ.bp)KaBHO- qeCKI1Te 113TO'IH11:Q11 He n03BOJJRBaT )J.a Ce MHCJJH,
noJIHT11'IecKM ~eHThp I1pecnas BJJa)J.eTeJJRT ~ap qe CTOJII1'IHHHT )KHBOT TaM (pa36. IIJI11CKa) )J.aT11pa
CHMeoH yCTaHOBRBa apMHRTa c11 s paHOHa Ha AH- npe.IJ.I1 KpaH Ha VIII s." (Feopzuee 2002a, 208).
~aHeTo Ha XHaJio. ToBa OTHOBO nO)J.CKa3Ba, qe 3Ha'II1MOCT- B .IJ.pyra CBOH ny6JJI1Ka:Q11R (Feopzuee 20026, 73),
Bl13TO'IHa Ta Ha Ta311 30Ha e 113Be)J.eHa e)J.Ba Jll1 He 8 npHOp11- BnpoqeM H )J.BeTe 06HapO)J.BaHH npe3 2002 f., aBTO-
TeT BbB BOHHaTa OT 917 f., BepOHTHO C ome)J. 11 Ha pbT C'II1Ta, qe TpaHHOTO 113MeCTBaHe Ha nOJII1TI1'IeC-
pOJIHTa, KOHTO ce OT)J.aBa Ha paHOHa OKOJIO BapHa. KHR :QeHThp Ha 6nnrapcKaTa .IJ.bp)Kasa ce e ocb-
BapHa, 11JJH no-TO'IHO pai1oHbT Ha BapHa, CTOI1 mecTBHJIO 11JII1 np11 np11eMHHKa Ha Tenep11r, 11JII1
B 6nJirapCKaTa 11CTOpHR C HHKOJJKO 3HaqHMI1 Cb- HaH-KbCHO npe3 80-Te ro)J.HHI1 Ha VIII B., KaTo MO)Ke
6HTIDI. OT cnmecTBeHo 3Ha'IeHHe e cse)J.eHI1eTO OT )J.a ce TBbp.IJ.11, qe np11 Kap)J.aM CTOJII1'IHHRT :QeHThp
0 fOCnO,Z.J;- CHMeOH JloroTeT 11 Mera<l_lpacT, qe 6bnrapcKHRT e Beqe s A6o6cKoTo none. 3a Hero yTsbp)K)J.asaHeTo
ICeT11JieTIDI, Hapo~ , ... ce nocenH no XbJIMOBeTe 11 nnaHI1HI1Te Ha A6o6a-IIn11cKa 3a anTepHaTI1BeH .IJ.bp)l(aBHO-
Hy~ap npe3 Ha BapHa" ( C6. EbllzapcKa !lumepamypa. 1983, nonHTI1'IecKI1 :QeHThp 3anoqsa npe3 60-Te ro)J.I1HI1
HeB11COKH 185). Cne)J.Ba 6HrCTBOTO Ha naraH BbB BapHa. ,Z:Wyr Ha VIII B. H ce nO.IJ.KpeiiR OT cyxonbTHI1Te noxo)J.I1
lJHa CTapa MOMeHT e nocJie)J.BaJIHRT noxo)J. Ha KoHcTaHTI1H V Ha KoHcTaHTHH V KonpoHI1M, HacoqeHI1 KbM Map-
11MaT CH- KorrpoH11M c on11T 3a HaHacHHe Ha KOM6HHHpaH KeJJI1, no)J.rOTBHH 3a 6a3a 3a HaxnysaHe npe3 P11III-
piDI 11 AH- y.nap - OT KOHHHI.J,a CJie)J. MOpCKM )J.eCaHT 8 yqac- KHH 11JJH Bnp611IIIKHR npoxo)J.. IIpe3 60-70-Te
fr
Hece6bp e ThKa Hece6bp-AHxHano H eseHryaJIHO np11.IJ.BJ1)K- rO.IJ.I1HI1 A6o6cKOTO yKpenneHI1e nocTeneHHO ce
fi11M11enHC- saHe npe3 113TO'IHOCTaponJJaHI1HCKMTe npOXO)J.H 11 yTsbp)l(.IJ.aBa KaTo anTepHaTI1BeH :QeHThp Ha 6bJI-

r
aseHIDI Bb-
~bp)KaB-
OT .ne6apKHpama apMHR Ha'IeJio cnc caMHR 11Mne-
paTOp B pai1oHa Ha BapHa. IIpH noJIO)KeHI1e, qe
rapcKaTa noJJHTHKa cnpRMO Bl13aHTHR 11 3aKoHo-
MepHo ome B KpM Ha 70-Te HJIH HaH-KbCHO npe3

~
~;~:o:e~
ce rrp11eMe Te3aTa Ha II. reopr11eB, qe BI13HpaHaTa 80-Te rO)J.I1HI1 Ha VIII s. ce npespnma B nocTOHHHa
6bJirapcKa CTOJJH:Qa J1116a=JlHMa cnope.IJ. ,:>KH- BJia)J.eTeJicKa pe3H)J.eH:QHR (Feopzuee 20026, 73).
lO)KHOTO THeto Ha HoaHHKMH" OT MOHax Casa (Vita Joann., KaTo cnmecTBeH eneMeHT s Ta311 Rosa cxeMa
OTfOBOp. 133) BCblllHOCT e np11 BapHa (Feopzuee 2002a, rpR6Ba )J.a ce ThJJKysa e)J,HO MaKap 11 IIIHpOKO 113BeCT-
CTaHOBRBa 220) 11 qe 11MnepaTOp H11KM<l_J0p B nOXO)J.a CH npe3 HO cse)J.eHHe Ha Teo<l_laH il3nose)J.HHK, csnp3aHo c
eHTbp, OT- 809 f. H npeB3eMa 11 pa3pyrnasa )J.O OCHOBI1, TOBa KoHcTaHTHH VI. Cse)J.eHHeTo macH: ,npe3 Mece~
11MnepHR- seqe e KYJIMHHa:QHOHHHRT MOMeHT oT poJJRTa Ha IOJIH (pa36. 792 r.) HMnepaTOpbT ce ompaBHJI Ha
U11M11Te 113- BapHa. KaTo 'IeTBbpTI1 nyHKT cne)J.sa )J.a ce ThJJ- noxo)J. cpemy 6nnrapHTe H 3acTpOHJI Kpenocrra
l 11MeHHO eysa 11 MacosHRT npa6nnrapcKM rpo6 Kpai1 ,[(es- MapKeJIH" (Theoph. Conf, 277). To3H H3pa3 Ha
13a Bl13aH- HH (j{UMump06 1987, 210) OT 76 11H)J.HBI1)J.I1 (MJia- XpOHHCTa B HHKOH 6bJirapCKH H3CJie)J.BaHHR e npHe-
aHTIDI Ha- }1.11 )KeH11 11 )J.e:Qa), J'MbpTBeHH no oco6eHo )l(eCTOK MaH .IJ.OCTa 6e3KpHTH'IHO. Ha npbs nome)]., KaTo
3HalJeHI1e- HalJ11H. Tosa MacoBo norpe6eHI1e, )'Meno 11HTepnpe- Ce cpaBHHBaT, no 113BOpOBI1Te CBe)J.eHHR Ce ycTaHO-
eMBpiDI 11 tHpaHo oT K. MenaMe.IJ.2 KaTo cBbp3aHo 11 cJJe)J.CTBI1e BRBa, qe 11Ma npOT11Bopeql1e. OT e)J.Ha crpaHa, 11Me-
e THXHOTO OT HaJiaraHeTO Ha Xp11CTHRHCTBOTO B e)J.I1H OnopeH TO MapKeJJI1 <l_JHryp11pa Beqe rpai1Ho s HapaTI1BHHTe
f OCHryp~- nyHKT Ha npa6bmapcKaTa ap11CTOKpa:QHR, npenoT- 113TO'IH11:Q11, 11 TO Hee)J.HOKpaTHO. Kpai1 MapKeJJI1
maHe HaH- Bbp)l(,ll,aBa 3a nope.IJ.eH nbT ponRTa Ha BapHa. KoHcTaHTI1H V KonpOHI1M pa3611Ba 6bnrap11Te, a
pe OCHOB- Bcnrn;HocT, KaTo ce npocJie)J.HT s xpoHOJIOfH'IeH nopa)KeHI1eTo cnope.IJ. pe.IJ.11:Qa 113CJJe)J.osaTeJJI1 -
' BCH'IeCKH pe~ 6nJirapO-BH3aHTHHCKI1Te BOeHHI1 H nOJJI1TI1- nocne)J.HO MHeHI1e, H3pa3eHo OT Ms. DO)KHJJOB 11
1Ba3IDI. Ho qecKH KOHTaKTI1 B paHOHa Ha )J.HeiiiHaTa il3TO'!Ha B. rl03eJJeB, npe3 760 r. peiiiasa Cb)J.6aTa Ha xaH

61
B1-mex (EoJ/CuJioe, n03e.nee 1999, 115). B enap- e IIpOBeJia ~eMOHCTpaT11BHH51 CH IIOXO~ H Ce e 3a-
XHHCKH CIIHC'hU.H oT VIII B. 11 no-ToqHo B cnHC'hK BbpHaJia B M11p, JIHIICaTa Ha ~pyrH CBe~eHIDl, IIO~­

oT BpeMeTo Ha IIcaBpHifcKaTa ~HHaCTIDI, C'hCTaBeH CKa3Ball.I,H eBeHryaJIHO 3a BOeHHH ~eHCTBIDl HJIH

Me)l(~y 733 11 787 r. (Notit. epics., 184), B enapxiDI 3eMeTpeceul151 ~o 792 r., pa3KpHBaT e~Ho. Ilpe3
TpaKIDI MHTponoJIHHTa <l>HJIHnonoJI HMa ce~eM rpa- 90-Te ro~HHH Ha VIII B. Ha MapKeJIH Beqe ce
~a, Me)l(~y KOHTO H MapKeJIH (Notit. epics., 196). OT~aBa H3U,51JIO HOBO 3HaqeHHe OT CTpaHa Ha BH-
3a ~a ce IIpOBe~aT BH3aHTHHCKHTe IIOXO~H B 760 3aHTIDl. E~HHCTBeHIDlT rpaHHqeH rpa~, KOHTO B
11 766 r. npe3 BeperaBa K'hM EonrapiDI, e HY)I(Ha npo~'hJI)I(eHHe Ha ~Be ~eceTHJieTIDI e npeceqHaTa
MOll.I,Ha 6a3a H TOBa, qe B CJiyqa51 T51 e MapKeJIH, He TOqKa Ha 6HTKJ1 H IIOX0~11 Me~y ~BeTe ~bp)l(aBH,
ocTaB51 C'hMHeHHe. Ho npHBH~HOTO pa3MHHaBaHe ce onpe~eJI51 no HaCHTeHocrra B H3BopHTe 3a Map-
BbB BH3aHTHHCKHTe TeKCTOBe OT IIO-paHHOTO CIIO- KeJIH ( 3aCTp051BaHeTO npe3 IOJIH 792 r.; 6HTKaTa
MeHaBaHe H IIO-KbCHOTO 3aCTp051BaHe HMa CBOe- Ha 20 IOJIH 792 r.; OIIHT'hT 3a peBaHlll npe3 796 r.;
TO no-~on6oKo o651cHeHHe. qe MapKeJIH e rpa~, noxo~'hT Ha H11K11Q:>op oT MapKeJI11 11 B Ta3H Bpb3Ka:
3aCTPOeH ~OCTa IIO-paHO npe~H IOJIH 792 r. C'hC KpYM 11CKa MHp OT H11K11Q:>op, ~oKaTO e B MapKeJIH,
CBOHTe yKpeiiJieHIDl H cpopTHcpHKaU,HH, rpa~-eiiHC­ B113aHTHif H3651rBa OT MapKeJI11 npH KpYM). Ca-
KOIICKH U,eHTbp, He IIO~Jie)I(Ji[ Ha OCIIOpBaHe ~OpH MO C Ta3H KaqeCTBeHO HOBa pOJI51 MO)I(e ~a Ce
caMo cnope~ IIHCMeHHTe cBe~eHIDI. B TaK'hB cny- o6HCHH 113pa3bT y TeoQ:>aH ,3aCTPOHJI Kpenocrra
qaif aKU,IDITa Ha HMnepaTop KoHcTaHTHH VI MO)I(e MapKen11". KoHcTaHTHH VI e HanpaB11JI OIIHT ~a
~ace nneyBa B ~Be nocoKH. E~HaTa, no-TpHBHaJIHa npeo6pa3yBa B'h3JIOBIDI rpa~ MapKeJIH B 6a3a cpe-
B CJiyqa51, e, qe TOBa e IIOpe~HOTO Bb3CTaHOB51BaHe ruy Beqe YTBbp~eHIDl 6oJirapCK11 ~bp)l(aBHO-IIO­
Ha BH3aHTHHCKH rpa~OBe 11 KpeiiOCT11, KaKBOTO JIHT11qecK11 CTOJIHqeH u,eHnp - IlJIHcKa. To3H HOB
BC'hll.I,HOCT e H3BbpweHOTO ua Eepoe 11 AHXHaJIO MOMeHT e TOqHO OTqeTeH IIpHMepHO OIUe H OT
IIO BpeMe Ha ~eMOHCTpaTHBeH IIOXO~ npe3 784 r. B CT. PoHCHMaH, KOHTO oT6eJI513Ba, qe KoHcTaHTHH
TpaKIDI. KaKTo n11we TeoQ:>aH II3noBe~HHK, npe3 ,CTHrHaJI ~o norpaHHqHaTa KpenocT MapKeJIH 11
Meceu. Maif 784 r. HMnepaTPHU.a IIpHHa C'hC CHHa B'h3CT3HOBHJI yKpeiiJieHI151Ta H" (PbHCUMQT-l 1993,
CH, CJie~ KaTO H3JIH3a Ha IIOXO~ B TpaKIDI, CTHra 54). TaKa qe B T0311 cnyqaif (~op11 caMo B qHcTo
~o Eepo51. ,T51 3aiiOB51~aJia ~a 3acTp051T T0311 rpa~ TeopeTHqeH IIJiaH He MO)I(e ~a Ce IIpHeMe MHeHHeTO
11 ro npeHMeHyBana IIpHHynon. CnycHana ce ua yBa)l(aBaH1151 Me~HeBHCT II. Kone~apoB, qe Kpe-
Cbll.I,O H ~0 <1>11JIHIIOIIOJI B IlbJIHa 6e30IIaCHOCT H nocrra e cTpoeHa npe3 793 r. (Koneoapoe 1978,
ce 3aBbpHaJia B M11p, KaTO 3aCTpOHJia H AHX11aJIO." 29). E~11u ~OII'hJIHHTeJieH IIHCMeH 113TOqHHK, a
(Theoph. Conf, 276). II ~BaTa rpa~a ca H3BeCTHH HMeHHO XpoHorpaQ:>HHTa Ha Jl'hB fpaMaTHK, oTro-
IIO pe~11U,a CBe~eHH5111 Cb6HTIDl ~aJieq IIpe~H 784 r., BapH MHOrO TOqHO Ha BbiipOca. ABTOpbT 51CHO e OT-
11 TO Hee~HoKpaTHO. ,3acTP051BaHeTo Ha MapKenH", 6eJI513'hJI, qe B IIOCOqeHIDI IIOXO~ Ha KOHCTaHTHH
II030BaBaw.o ce e~HHCTBeHo Bopxy TeoQ:>aH, e no- H IIpHHa , .... EepoH, MaifKa MY 5I B'h3CTaHOBHJia",
oco6eH cnyqaif. 3a noxo~a npe3 784 r. xpOHHCT'hT 11 no-HaTanK: ,TH B'h3CTaHOBHJia C'hlli.O 11 AH-
oT6eJI513Ba 3acTp051BaHeTo Ha Eepo51 11 AHxHano, x11ano" (Leon. Gramm., 153). IIocoqeuHTe no-
Ha6JI51raifKH Ha ~Be 06CT051TeJICTBa, a HMeHHO- rope C'h6HTIDl, IIp51KO pa3BHBall.I,H Ce BbB H KpaH
II'hJIHaTa 6e3onacHOCT 11 3aBpow.aHeTo B M11p. Oc- MapKeJIH npe3 792, 796, 811 r., 113Be)l(~aT 11 ro
TaBa ToraBa OTKPHT BbiipocbT 3aw.o MapKeJIH He e onpe~eJI51T KaTo naif- 3HaqHMIDl rpaHHqeH o6eKT
B'h3CTaHOBeHa npe3 784 r. (11n11 ,3aCTPOeHa" cnope~ 3a 6'hJirapO-BH3aHT11HCKHTe B3a11MOOTHOllleHIDl B
TeoQ:>aH)? Iloxo~'hT ua IIpHHa 11 KoHcTaHTHH VI B Kpa51 ua VIII- HaqanoTo ua IX B. <I>aKT e, qe Bonpe-
nocoKa Eepo51- AHXHaJio e, aKo He npe3 MapKeJIH, KH ,3acTpOHBaHeTo" Ha AHxHano npe3 784 r. B no-
TO noHe e B 6JIH30CT Kpaif Hero. II Beqe npe3 792 r. cne~BaJIHTe 6'hJirapO-BH3aHTHHCK11 BOeHH11 11 IIO-
ce OKa3Ba, qe Ta3H nope~Ha aKIJ,IDI Ha KoucTaHTHH JIHT11qecKH KOHTaKTH, rpa~bT OTHOBO yqacTBa
VI e Hacoqeua ~HpeKTHO K'hM MapKeJIH H caMo e~Ba npH noxo~HTe Ha xaH KpYM npe3 nponerra
H51KOJIKO ~eHa IIO-K'hCHO TaM Ce pa3rap51 HaH-)I(eCTO- ua 812 r. Bee TYK cne~Ba ~ace oTqeTe, qe B qJ1CTO
KOTO cpa)l(eHHe cne~ 681 r. Me)l(~y EonrapiDI 11 apxeOJIOr11qecKH IIJiaH Ha KapHo6aTCKaTa KpeiiOCT
BH3aHTIDI. 5Icuo e, qe e a6coJIIOTHO HeB'h3MO)I(HO Ca KOHCTaTHpaH11 CTp011TeJIHH pa3pyrneHH51 H npe-
IIpH T03H CBOH IIOXO~ B qacTO TeXH11qecKH acneKT npaBKH npe3 VIII B. (Ha6niO~eHIDI 11 pe3ymaTH OT
3a KpaTKOTO BpeMe KoHcTaHT11H VI ~a 3acTpoH, IIpOyqBaHIDITa Ha eKHna), KOHTO C OCHOBaHHe MOraT
T.e. ~a IIOCTPOH Ta3H KpeiiOCT, CJie~ KOeTO HMa ~ace oTuecaT 11 K'hM cnoMenaTH51113pa3 y TeoQ:>aH 11
BORHa. 06cT051TeJicTBOTo, qe 11MnepaTP11U.a IIpHHa K'hM BOeHH11Te ~eifcTBH51 B'hB 11 Kpaif MapKeJIH.

62
e e 3a- B Hay•maTa mnepazypa 11Ma ,ll,OCTaTb'lHO HaTPy- paHHHH nep110,ll, - KpaH Ha VII 11 ,ll,O cpe,ll,aTa Ha
naHa CI1CTeMan13aUIDI 3a pomiTa 11 3Ha'lemteTo Ha VIII B., TO TOBa 03Ha'!asa, qe TO'lHO TaKasa ponH
MapKenl1 B T03H .r:vm OT paHHaTa 6bnrapcKa cpe,ll,- e 11rpana spo3KaTa AHxl1ano-BapHa. Hnw TOBa
HOBeKOBHa HCTOpiDI, Bpb3KaTa-IIbTHH KOMYHHKa- npenoTsop:>K,ll,asa, qe orue oT Ha'lanHaTa cpa3a Ha
U1111 Me)J(,ll,y CTOJlHl..l,aTa fiJli1CKa 11 rpaHH'lHaTa Kpe- C'h3,1l,asaHeTo Ha 6onrapcKaTa ,ll,op:>Kasa Bl13aHTHH
nocr-rpa,ll, MapKeJlH. C ,ll,OCTaTb'lHO ocHosaHIDI e HaCO'lHJla CBOH y,ll,ap cperuy IIOJli1TH'leCKIDI l..l,eH-
cne)J,sa ,ll,a 6b,ll,e TPeTHpaH B HayqeH nnaH npo6neM'hT Tbp TaKa, KaKTO npOBe:>K,ll,a HeOTKJlOHHO CBOHTa
33 6MrapO-BI13aHTHI1cKHTe BOeHHO-nOJli1TH'leCKH 110Jli1THKa H npe3 CJle)J,Bail..I,I1Te ,ll,eCeTI1JleTIDI 11
KOHTaKTH npe3 VIII H Ha'laJlOTO Ha IX s. npe3 npH3- seKoBe. ToecT BoB BapHa Hl1e cne,ll,Ba ,ll,a TbpC11M
Mara Ha Te3H ,ll,Be CTPaTefH'leCKH IIOCOKH - IIbpBO- nopBIDI ,ll,bp:>KaBHO-nOJli1TH'leCKI1 l..l,eHTbp Ha MJla-
H3'1aJJHO s HaH-H3TO'lHIDI KpaH: Ha l13TO'!Ha CTa- ,ll,aTa ,ll,yHascKa 6onrapcKa ,ll,op:>Kasa. Hn11 nep11o-
pa nnaHHHa, H3MeCTeHH B cpe,ll,aTa Ha IX B. no Ha ,ll,'hT 68l-nopB11Te ,ll,Be ,ll,eceTI1JleTIDI Ha IX s. yc-
3ana.11 - npe,ll, IO:>KHHTe ycTIDI Ha ,ll,HeUIHHTe Becenw- nosHo MO:>Ke 11 cne,l],sa ,ll,a 6o,ll,e npeqyneH npe3
HOBCKH, PHUIKH 11 Bop6HUIKH npoxo,ll,. Ee3cnopHo peanl1311paHI1Te Bl13aHTI1HCK0-6'hJlfapCKH BOeHHO-
BI133HTI1ikKHTe BOeHHH KaMnaHHH, H3BeCTHH OT nOJlHTH'leCKI1 OTHOllleHHH B ,ll,Be HanpasneHIDI:
ni1CMeHHTe H3TO'lHHU.H OT cpe,ll,aTa Ha VIII H Ha'!a- AHx11ano (paH:oHa AHxl1ano-MeceMBp11H)-BapHa
noro Ha IX B. H 3acHraruH MapKenw, HMaT 3a uen cop- 11 MapKen11-Iln11cKa ( o6p. 1).
uero Ha 6onrapcKaTa ,ll,op:>Kasa- cTonwuaTa IlnwcKa. I1 Torasa, KoraTo s cpe,ll,aTa Ha VIII s. Eon-
Pomna Ha rpaHH'!HaTa MapKeJlH s T03H nepHO,ll, OT rapiDI 3anoqsa no,ll,rOTOBKa 3a H3rpa:>K,ll,aHe Ha HOB
Cbll(eCTByBaHeTO Ha Cpe,ll,HOBeKOBHaTa 6oJlrapcKa ,ll,op:>KasHo-nonHTI1'lecKI1 ueHTbp s Ilnl1cKa, BH-
AbplKasa (KoraTO CTOJlHU.H ca IlnwcKa H IIpecnaB) e 3aHTIDI npH KoHcTaHTI1H V KonpoHI1M npose:>K,ll,a
OT 113KJllOI.J:HTeJlHO 3Ha'leHHe H 3a ,ll,BeTe ,ll,bp:>KaBH, TH CBOI1Te onepal..I,HI1 seqe B ,ll,Be nOCOKH: 11 cperuy ,ll,O-
e B ueHropa Ha e,ll,Ha csoeo6pa3Ha 6ycpepHa 30Ha. TOfaBalllHI1H ayn, H cpeuw HOBOTO cpe,ll,I1Il..l,e, HO
Bna)J,eeHeTo Ha T03H Ha npaKTHKa UIJli03 (Moru- seqe npe3 HOBO onepaTI1BHO HanpasneHI1e Map-
Ha KpenOCT, '!HeTO H3rpa:>K,ll,aHe e H3l..I,HJlO Cb06pa- KeJli1-Ilni1CKa.
3eHO He CaMO CbC CTpaTefH'leCKH BHCO'lHHH H BH- IlpesaHTI1BHaTa noni1TI1Ka Ha KoHcTaHTHH V
A11MOCT, HO H C OKOJlHIDI JlaH,ll,UiacpT - ,ll,Be 6naTa: Cperuy fiJli1CKa np11eMa HCeH 11 OTKpHTO KaTeropH-
KapHo6aTcKoTo H CTpan,ll,:>KaHcKoTo, MOCT, rapaH- 'leH 113pa3 11 npe3 CJle,ll,Bail..I,HTe ,ll,eCeTI1JleTI1H, TO-
THpatU e,ll,HHCTBeHaTa B MHOfO fOJUIM paHOH II'hTHa rasa, KOfaTO TH Belle e 6onrapCKI1HT ,ll,bp:>KaBHO-nO-
Bpb3Ka Ha IOr K'hM A,ll,pHaHonon H KoHcTaHTHHonon JlHTI1'leCKH l..l,eHTbp 11JlH ,OKOH'laTeJlHa BJla)J,eTeJlCKa
11 Ha CeBep KbM fiJlHCKa (nO-KbCHO H KbM IlpeCJlaB, pe3H,ll,eHUHH", npaBI1JlHO OT'leTeHO OT II. reopr11eB
11 peKa ,ll,yHaB) e nopsocTeneHHa uen H Ha ,ll,BeTe c noxo,ll,HTe 11 BOHHI1Te np11 MapKenl1 11 Ha cesep,
AbplKaBI1. Bna,ll,HHa OT Bw3aHTIDI, 03Ha'!asa ,ll,HpeK- OC'hil..l,eCTBHBaHH nOCJle,ll,OBaTeJlHO, HO HeOTMeHHO
reH .1\0CThii ,1],0 H3TO'lHOCTaponnaHHHCKHTe npOXO- oT KoHcTaHTI1H VI 11 H11K11cpop I npe3 792, 796,
AI1116bnrapcKaTa CTOJlHUa IlnwcKa (wnH Ilpecnas). 811 f. lf3pa3 Ha T0311 Ka'leCTBeHO HOB MOMeHT
Bna)J,HHa OT EonrapHH, npe,ll,nonara nmpoK nepw-
Merop 3a cso6o,ll,HO HacTbnnemJe Ha 10r s TpaKIDI AHXHAJlO BAPHA BEPErABA MAPKEJlH
KbM CbllJ,I1HCKHTe ueHTpose A,ll,pHaHonon 11 KoH- 708 2.
CTaHTHHOIIOJl H H30Jlal..I,HH OT TpH CTpaHH (6e3 H3- 7602. 7602.
TO'IH3Ta) Ha sa:>KHHTe 3a Bw3aHTHH MopcKH rpa,ll,ose ]6 IOfiU 763 2.
MeceMBpiDI 11 AHxwano, KOHTO s T0311 nepwo,ll, ca 763 2.
MelK)J,ysnpo'leM6onrapcKH. 764 2.
AKl..l,eHTI1Te B ueHTpHpaHaTa 110 OTHOllleHHe Ha
7662. 766 2.
MapKenl1 noni1THKa H Ha Bl13aHTIDI, 11 Ha EonrapiDI
MGU 774 2. 774 2.
A11peKTHO fOBOpHT TO'lHO 3a l..l,eJlTa fiJlHCKa ( OT CTpa-
20 IOJIU 792 2.
Ha Ha Bw3aHTIDI) 11n11 o6paTHO- 3a OTCTpammaHe
796 2.
Ha eseHryanHaTa onacHOCT 3a 6onrapcKaTa CTOJl11Ua
11 npeHaCHHeTO Ha npo6neMHTe KOJlKOTO MO:>Ke no 8092.

Ha 10r (3a EonrapiDI). AKo T03H xpoHonom'leCKH 8112.

no-KbCeH MOMeHT - cpe,ll,aTa Ha VIII 11 nopB11Te 917 2.
AecemneTIDI Ha IX s. - ce np111lO:>KI1 KaTo eKBI1Ba-
06p. 1. Jloxoou, 6umKu, 60Uflu, npe2o6opu u MupHu oo2o6opu
neHT B ll0Jli1THKaTa Ha ,ll,BeTe ,ll,bp:>KaBI1 3a no-

63
OTHOCHO pOJUITa H 3HaqeHHeTO Ha MapKenH e CBbp- soeHHH )J,eikTBHH Ha BH3aHTHH oT AHxHano (11 Ha cpe.n
3aH H C cpparMeHT OT neTOIIHCeH Ha)J,IIHC (res ges- oTqacTH MeceMBpHH) Ha ceBep. <l>HHaneH MOMeHT
tae). Ha)J.rrHC'hT, Ha KOHTO ce qeTe MapKenH, e OT THX ca IIOXO)J,HTe Ha KOHCTaHTHH V - B TaK'bB ropens1a
6Hn MHoroKpaTHO KOMeHTHpaH, OCHOBHO OT B. Ee- cnyqai1: OT MopcKHTe rpa)J.oBe AHxHano ( oTqacm BenHKO
rnesnHeB (Eewe6JlUe6 1981, 71-73; 1992, 12 3- MeceMBpHH) rrpe3 BeperaBa KbM 6nnrapcKHH )J.bp- rro3
127). Crrope)J. HanHqHHTe cse)J,eHHH Ha)J,IIHC'bT )f(aBHo-rronHTHqecKH QeHThp (pe3H)J,eHQHH) Kpaii.
IIpOH3XO)I()J,a HnH OT CTapH51 II'bT OT TyTpaKaH 3a BapHa. TaKa ce o6HCHHBaT BOeHHHTe rroxo)J,H 11
6onrapc
CHnHcTpa, HnH oT pa3BanHHHTe Ha ,fpa)J.Hll.l,eTo" c6nnC'bll,H B Ta3H 30Ha. H KoraTo 6nnrapHTe 3arroq-
IInHCKa
rrpH Ka)J.nKbOH Ha peKa ,ll;yHas ()J.Hec MannK IIpe- BaT H3rpa)I()J,aHeTO Ha CTOnHqeH ()J.np:)f<aBHO-IIO- )],uM
cnaseQ), Me)f()J.y TyTpaKaH H CHnHcTpa, HnH Hai1- nHTHqeCKH) QeHThp B pai1oHa Ha A6o6a-IInHcKa, ce
sepOHTHO OT CHm1cTpa (Eewe6Jlue6 1981, 71-73; H3BbplllBa H3MeCTBaHeTO Ha BOeHHOOIIepaTHBHHTe
1992, 123-127). B rrpeso)J, macH: nHHHH Ha 3arra)J, H ToraBa (Beqe cne)J, cpe)J.aTa Ha
... u Ol-l3U no6eJICOa6aUKU omuoe (?) ... Zbptjume VIII B.) rnaBHOTO HarrpaBneHHe e rrpe3 MapKenH-
6 MapKe.!lU ... (Kama) zpurjJo1-1. Jf3Jle3e HuKurjJop ... Ha ceBep KbM IInHcKa.
om 1-leZ06U5l 510 Oa He Ce Cb6epam Zbptjume U B KOHKpeTHHH cnyqaJ;i ponHTa H 3HaqeHHeTo
om/-1060 ce cb6paxa . . . ZbpLJume. Eoz Hanpa6u .. . Ha MapKenH, TaKHBa, KaKBHTO )J,O MOMeHTa ca
Rm 6oz Hanpa6u u . . . u zo cpeUfHaxa ZbpLJume .. . pa3pa60TBaHH B 6nnrapCKaTa HCTOpHOrpacpHH,
zpao u ce cnpR 6 ... omuoe 6 (cpeUfy) AopuaHonoll cne)J,Ba 3HaqHTenHo )J,a ce rrpoMeHH. fpaHHqHHHT
u ... u 60eHa'lQJll-lULJUme ... rpa)J. MapKenH He e caMo cpe)J.Hll.l,e Ha 6HTKH, 6a3a Ha
KaTo rrpasH orrHTH 3a aHanH3H Ha He)J,OCTaThqHo rroxo)J,H, MHCTO 3a CKniOqBaHe Ha )J,OrosopH. PonHTa
)J,06pe CbXpaHeHH51 OTK'bCneK OT Ha)J,IIHC, B KpaH- H 3HaqeHHeTO Ha MapKenH ce pa3BHBaT rrapanenHo
Ha cMeTKa B. EernesnHeB 3aKmoqasa, qe crroMe- c H3pacTBaHeTo Ha IInHcKa KaTo )J.bp)f(aBHo-rro-
HaBaHeTo Ha MapKenH H A)J.pHaHorron rroKa3Ba, qe nHTHqecKH ll,eHThp H e qacT OT T03H rrpOII,eC, 3a-
cn6HTHHTa ca cTasanH no II'hTH, BO)J,en 3a Torasanma rroqHan Oll.l,e B cpe)J.aTa Ha VIII B. llH)J.HpeKTHO
EnnrapHH, H sepoHTHO ce OTHacH 3a rpaH)J,H03HHH ToqHo HCTOPHHTa Ha MapKenH rrpe3 IlnpBOTO 6nn-
BH3aHTHHCKH IIOXO)J, OT811 r. rapcKo IJ,apCTBO, HCTOpH51Ta Ha Cb6HTH51Ta, OT
H TYK 6H Mornn )J,a ce BMeCTH OI..Qe e)J,HH apry- KOHTO e HeH3MeHHa qacT MapKenH (soeHHo-rronH-
MeHT- rrocoqeHOTO no-rope BH)f()J,aHe Ha II. THqecKHTe c6nnC'bli,H, IIOXO)J,H, BOHHH H T. H.), Ca
feopmeB (Teopzue6 2004, 155-170) 3a MeCTO- e)J.HH ToqeH, CnBpeMeHeH ( oT cpe)J.aTa Ha VIII-
IIOnO)f(eHHeTO Ha BepHrasa. AKo ce rrpHeMe 6e3- HaqanoTo Ha IX B.) IIHCMeH H apxeonorHqecKI1
pe3epsHo Tosa MHeHHe, ce CTHra )J,O rrpHeMnHsa H3TOqHHK Ha rrpeo6pa3yBaHeTO H H3paCTBaHeTO
HCTOpHqecKa 6a3a, apryMeHTHpall.l,a HaCTOHII.I,aTa Ha IInHCKa B cTonHqeH QeHThp. IIocTaBHHeTo Ha
Te3a. ToecT rrpH rrono)f(eHHe, qe BepHrasa (Be- BbiipOCHTe B TaKaBa IIOCOKa TeiibpBa ll.l,e )J,a)J,e
perasa) e B HaH-H3TOqHaTa qacT Ha l13TOqHa CTa- Bb3MO)f(HOCT 3a peruaBaHe Ha Kap)J,HHanHHH Bb-
pa rrnaHHHa, H ce rrpHeMe, qe rrnpBoHaqaneH cTo- rrpOC 3a 6nnrapCKH51 )J.bp)f(aBHO-IIOnHTHqecKH ll,eH-
nHqeH ()J.bp)f(aBeH) ll,eHThp Ha lOr OT peKa ,lJ;yHaB Thp H OTKpOHBaHeTO Ha H3KniOqHTenHaTa pOnH 11
e pa3rrono)f(eH B pai1oHa Ha BapHa, TO C'hBCeM 3HaqeHHeTO rrpe3 IlnpBOTO 6nnrapCKO IJ,apCTBO Ha
eCTeCTBeHa 060CHOBKa IIpHeMaT HerrpeK'bCHaTHTe AHxHano H MapKenH.

U:HTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA XIV s., 1, Co<PIDI, 1999.

reoprueB 2002a: II. reopmes. 3a CTOJII1l(aTa Ha
AspaMOB 1929: B. AspaMoB. I06HneeH c6opHHK Acnapyxosa Ennrapllil. - l1cTopHqecKH nperne.n, 2002,
IInHCKa-IIpecnas, 3. Co<Pm1, 1929. 5-6, 208-227.
liewesJiues 1981: B. Eewesn11es. IInpso6nnrapHTe. reoprueB 20026: II. reopmes. Pa)l(,naHeTO Ha
nHT 11 eynrypa. Co<Pllil, 1981. CTOnHQa A6o6a-IInHcKa. - IIOAYXPONIA. C6. s qecT
lieweBJiues 1992: B. Eewesn11es. IIopso6nnrapcKH Ha npo<P. l1saH EO)I(I1JIOB. Co<Pm1, 2002, 63-77.
Ha.IJ.rmcH. Co<Pm1, 1992. reoprues 2004: II. reopmes. ,Bep11rasa" 11 ,~11Ka".
liOOKHJIOB 1995: Ms. nO)f(J1nOB. PmK.D.aHeTO Ha cpe)J.- E311KOBH H KynrypH0-11CTOpHqecKI1 napanen11.- Tpy.nose
HOBeKOBHa n'bJirapiD! (Rosa HHTeprrpeTaQllil). - B: Ce)J,eM Ha KaTe,np11Te no 11CTOpHS1 11 6orOCJIOBI1e - illYMeHCKH
eTIO,na no cpe,nHoBeKOBHa HCTOpllil. Co<PIDI, 1995. yHHBepcHTeT, 6 (B naMeT Ha IIe10 .[(HMHrpos), 2004,
bOIKHJIOB, rro3eJieB 1999: l1B. EmKHJIOB, B. fl0- 155-170, illYMeH.
3enes. l1cTOpllil Ha cpe,nHOBeKOBHa Ennrapm1 VII- rro3eJieB 1992: B: fl03enes. 0THOBO 3a CTOJIHl(HTe

64
 HarJO (11 Ha cpe,IIHOBeKOBHa Eonrapl-HI (lliiKOH HOBH me.u,Hw.a 11 Cnpa 6onrapcKa JII1Teparypa. T. 3. Co<tJIDI, 1983.
MOMeHT x1more311). - Studia protobulgarica et mediaevalia eu- CTapa 6onrapcKa JJI1TepaTypa. T. 3. Co<tJIDI, 1983.
B TaK'bB ropensia. B qecT Ha rrpo<tJecop BecenHH EewesnHeB. Georg. Mon.: Georgius Monachus. Chronicon. - fpbl..\-
(onacTI1 BeJJHKO TopHoso, 1992, 3- 11 . KH 113BOp11 3a 6onrapcKaTa wcTopiD!, 4. Co<tJID!, 1961.
CKIUI: )J.np- fJ03enes 2000: B. [103enes. Cpe.u,HoBeKOBHH~T Leon. Gramm.: Leonis Grammatici. Chronographia.-
) KpaH: AHxHano.- B: Hcrop11~ Ha TioMopHe. TioMopHe, 2000. fpol..\KH H3BOpH 3a 6onrapcKaTa HCTOpiD!, 5. Co<tJIDI, 1964.
)J,HMHTpOB 1981: E. ll,HMHTpOB. Cne.u,H OT 11pa- Niceph. Patr.: Nicephori Patriarcha. Breviarium.-
6bJJrapcKo 3acensaHe 110 IO)I(HOTO llepHoMopwe. - B: [pbl..\KH H3Bopw 3a 6onrapcKaTa 11CTOpiD1, 3. Co<tJID!, 1960.
llJJHCKa-TipecnaB. T. 2. Co<Pw~ , 1981 , 215- 217. Notit. episc.: Notitia episcopatuum. - fpol..\KH 113-
)J,HMHTpOB 1987: )],. )],HM11TpOB. Tipa6bJirapHTe 110 BOp11 3a 6onrapcKaTa 11CTopw~ , 3. Co<tJIDI, 1960.
HCKa,ce cesepHoro H3ana.u,HoTo llepHoMopHe. BapHa, 1987. Theoph. Con.: Theophanes Confessor. Chrono-
aTHBHHTe Kone,llapOB 1978: n. Kone.u,apoB. TionHTH'-IeCKa reo- graphia. - fpbl..\KH H3BOp11 3a 6onrapcKaTa 11CTOpiD1, 3.
e)J,aTa Ha rpa<jl~ Ha cpe.u,HoBeKOBHaTa 6onrapcKa .U,bp)l(asa, 1. Co<tJIDI, 1960.
apKeJII1- Co<jl~. Notitiae episcopatuum
MOM'IHJIOB 1997: )],. MoM4HJIOB. Beperasa (E.u,Ho Vita Ioann. : Vita Ioannicii. - fpol..\KH H3BOpH 3a
aqeHHeTO MHeHHe 3a TOTIOHHMa ,Beperasa"). - B: llJBeCTH~ Ha 6onrapcKaTa HCTOp11~, 4. Co<PH~ , 1961.
eHTa ca HcropH'IecKH~ My3ei1lllYMeH, 1997, IX, 106- 130.

rpa<j>IDI, MoM'IHJIOB 1999: )],. MoM'IHJIOB. TibTHa 11 cenHw.Ha

CIICTeMa Me)l(.u,y 113TO'IHa Cnpa 11naHHHa 11 ,EpKeCID!Ta" liEJIEJKKII
Hii4HIDIT
IV-XIV B. (Bop6wwKI1, PHWKI1 11 Ai1TOCKH 11poxo.u,).
,6a3aHa BapHa, 1999 . 1
ll,oKJJa.u, oT Me)l(,[l,yHapo.u,HaTa KOH<tJepeHl..\IDI ,Tipa-
. PomiTa MoM'IHJIOB 2000: )],. MoM4HJIOB. IO)I(HHTe qacTI1 6onrapHTe 11 TeXHHTe coce.u,H V- X s.". BapHa, 22- 24
panerrHo Ha PHWKIDI 11 Bnp6HrnKH~ npoxo.u, 11 ,EpKecw~Ta" 11pe3 arrp11n, 2004 r. B .U,OK1la,IJ,11Te 6~a npe.u,CTaBeHM HOBOOT-
aBHO-IIO- Obpsoro 6onrapcKo QapcTBo. - TinHCKa- Tipecnas 8, KpHTH MOHeTa 11 ne'laT OT HaH-113TO'IHaTa 'laCT Ha il3T04Ha
l(eC, 3a- WyMeH, 2000, 240- 241. CTapa llJiaHHHa Me)l(,[l,y 063op 11 BapHeHcKo (no.u, ne'laT).
HpeKTHO PbHCHMaH 1993: CT. PoHCHMaH. llcTopiD! Ha Tibp- 2
IlaK raM (no):( neqar).
OTO 6nJI- soro 6onrapcKo QapcTBO. Co<PH~ , 1993 .
LTa, OT
r0-IIOJII1-
PLISKA AND MARKELL I
~~ H~i~~~ (The middle of 8th-beginning of 9th c.)
lfli4eCKI1
CTBaHeTO Dimcho MOMCHILOV
~HeTO Ha
ue )J,a)J,e
riD! B'b- In the present report the author traces the relation role and significance grows simultaneously with the
CK!i QeH-
Pliska- Markelli in the period of the First Bulgarian development of Pliska as a state and political centre
f poiDI 11 Kingdom supporting some already stated theses of and takes active participation in this initiated still
~CTBO Ha
well-known scientists that Pliska was not the first in the middle of 8th c. process. Or putting it more
capital city established in parallel with the birth accurately its precisely the history of Markelli at
of Danubian Bulgaria. The significance of the the time of the First Bulgarian Kingdom with all its
Kamobat stronghold of Markelli becomes tangibly military and political collisions, campaigns, wars,
outlined at the moment when in the middle and etc., that provide a genuine and contemporary for
~11ara Ha
e,11, 2002, the third quarter of 8th c. Bulgaria commences the middle and second half of 8th and beginning
preparatory work for the construction of a new of 9th c. written archaeological source about the
state and political centre arranged and located reformation and growth of Pliska into a capital
on the territory of Pliska. The importance of the centre.
Anchiallo - region of Varna connection so typical
of the period from the end of 7'h till the middle of 8'h This angle of view will certainly ensure opportunity
c. recedes to the background giving way to the new for contributions in solving the cardinal issue about
eHCKH prevailing operative destination Markelli- Pliska. the state and political centre of Bulgaria on the
i), 2004, Danube and in highlighting the primary role and
In a relatively new and slightly unusual manner is significance of Anchiallo and Markelli in the First
~mH.\HTe presented the mediaeval town of Markelli whose Bulgarian Kingdom.

65
 ,IJ;EKOPATHBHA YKPACA
HA XPHCTIDIHCKHTE XPAMOBE
HA MAPKEJIH IX-XIV B.

l{o1m J(PAJKEBA

Pa3KpMTMHT xpMCTMHHCKM KYJITOB KOMnJieKc yKpaca (AllaOJICoe u op., 1986-1994).

B Kpenocrra MapKeJIM MMa CJIO)I(Ha cTpOMTeJIHa llopa):Vi CMJIHOTO o6pyruBaHe Ha OCTaHKMTe
MCTOpMH,THCHOCBbp3aHaCMCTOpMqecKMTeCb6MTMH OT Crpa.ll:aTa, M3llOJI3BaHM 3a .ll:06MBaHe Ha Ka-
B pemoHa (AllaOJIC06 2002, 207-209). OcTaHKMTe MbK npe3 20-Te rOJl:MHM Ha XX BeK, noBeqeTo
Ha QbpKOBHMTe llOCTpOHKM CBMJl:eTeJICTBaT 3a MHO- OT apXMTeKTYPHMTe Jl:eTaHJIM 6Hxa M3Ba.ll:eHM OT
rOKpaTHM pa3pyrueHMH M npeycTpOHCTBa, CBbp- cTpOMTeJIHMH HacMn. ToBa npeqM 3a no-ToqHa MH-
3aHM c xpoHonorMHTa Ha M3rpa)I(Jl:aHe Ha naMeT- TepnpeTaQMH Ha THXHOTO MHCTO M KOHCTpyKTMB-
HMKa ( o6p. 1). Hanara ce o6aqe o6mMHT M3BO.ll:, Ha pOJIH B Jl:eKOpaTMBHaTa CMCTeMa Ha QbpKBaTa.
qe BbB BCMqKM CTpOMTeJIHM nepMOJl:M Ce e 3alla3MJI OT .ll:pyra cTpaHa, TOqHoTo MM .ll:aTMpaHe HM .ll:aBa
BMCOKMHT CTaHJl:apT Ha KaMeHHMH rpaJl:e)l( M KOH- Bb3M0)1(H0CT Jl:a rM CBbp)l(eM C OTJl:eJIHMTe eTallM
CTpyKTMBHM perneHMH. KaTo .ll:OllbJIHeHMe KbM TO- Ha KyJITOBOTO cTpOMTeJICTBO B MapKeJIM, a MMeH-
Ba, B XOJl:a Ha apxeOJIOrMqeCKMTe pa3KOllKM 6HXa Ho: C BTOpMH - paHHOBM3aHTMHCKaTa 6a3MJIMKa
OTKpMTM MHTepeCHM llaMeTHMQM Ha KaMeHHaTa oT V-HaqaJioTo Ha VII B., M c TpeTMH - KpbcToKy-
llJiaCTMKa, KOMTO ll0Ka3BaT, qe M HeHHMHT BbTperneH nonHa QbpKBa oT IX-XIV B. B noBeqem cnyqaw
MHTepMop ce e OTJIMqaBan c 6oraTa nnacTMqHa naMeTHMQMTe Ca M3llOJI3BaHM BTOpMqHO B CJieJl:Ba-

06p. J. 0614 U32/led Kb/11 XpUCmUJIHCKUJl KOMf1J/eKC - no211e0 Om U3mOK

66
 IIJ;HTe rpa)J,e:am 113B'bH II'bpBOHaqaJIHaTa 11M QJYH-
Kl(I151. ToBa He OMaJIOBa:>KaBa T51XHaTa pon51 3a rrpe-
l(l1311paHe Ha CTpOHTeJIHaTa 11CTOp1151 Ha l('bpKBaTa.
H51KOI1 OT OTKp11TI1Te rraMeTHI1l(l1 HMaT TOqHJ1
aHaJIOrl111 cpe)J, 113BeCTHI1Te )J,eKOpaTI1BHI1 )J,eTaHJII1
OT paHHOBI13aHTI1HCKaTa erroxa, a C'biiJ;O 11 OT CTOJII1-
l(aTa IlpecnaB (MaBpoowwB 1959, 205-213; BaK-
JlUHOBa 1993, 68- 100). nJII13ocrra Ha Kperrocrra
MapKeJIH )J,O BTopaTa 6'hnrapcKa CTOJII1l(a IlpecnaB
o6ycnaB51 CI1JIHOTO BJII151HHe B'bpxy apX11TeKrypH11-
Te 11 )J,eKopaTHBHH TeH)J,eHI(HH B KYJITOBOTO ll: cTpoH-
0 6p. 2. CeeepeH KeMr/Jepoe KanumeJt TencTBO.
npu 3anaiJ1wma cmpaHa Ha npumeopa
Hai1.-)J,o6pe 3arra3eHI1 ca )J,Ba rrceB)J,OMOHI1HCKI1
KeM<jlepoBI1 Kaiii1Tena c rroqTH e)J,HaK'bB CTI1JI Ha yK-
IKHT e
paca. Te 651xa OTKp11TI1 B rrp11TBopa, rroqTI1 C11MeT-
t Ka-
p11qHo pa3IIOJIO)[(eHI1 OT CeBepHaTa 11 lO)[(HaTa CTpa-
Ha Ha l(eHTpaJIHI151 BXO)J,. <l>opMaTa 11 yKpacaTa 11M Ca
11 OT
e)J,HI1 11 C'biiJ;I1. ,[l,eTaHJII1Te Bep051THO ca 113pa60TeHI1
a 11H-
C e)J,I1H rna6JIOH, 3aiiJ;OTO OC06eHOCTI1Te 11M Haii'bJIHO
ITI1B-
C'bBIIa)J,aT.
BaT a .
Ex11HaTa e MO)J,eJI11paHa KaTo )],Be BOJIYTI1, CB'bp-
)J,aBa
3aHI1 C aKaHTI1311paHH IIaJIMeTI1. flp11 CeBepH1151 Ka-
TanH
IIHTeJI JII1HI151Ta Ha BOJIYTI1Te e B'bJIH006pa3HO Haqy-
M eH-
IIeHa, a rrp11 IO)[(HI151- rrpaBa, yrrn'hTHeHa 11 Ha MecTa
JIHKa
rrpeK'bCHaTa. ,[l,'hJiri1Te 11M l(I1JII1H)J,p11qHI1 CTpaHI1 Ca
'OKy-
yKpaceHI1 c y)J,'hJI)[(eHI1 JIOTOCOBH l(BeTOBe. T51JIOTO
yqaJ1
(KeM<jlepa) e C'bC CI1MeTp11qHQ Tparrel(OBI1)J,Ha QJOp-
:)J,Ba-
Ma.
XapaKTepHo 3a OTKPHTI1Te Karri1TeJII1 e, qe pe-
ne<jJHoTo OQJOpM51He Ha )J,eKopaTHBHI1Te eJieMeHTI1
cesepeH KanHTeJI
••••2
c'==:::Jso Ha T51JIOTO He e Haii'bJIHO 3aB'bpllleHO Ha )],Be OT
cTpaHI1Te 11M, a caMo IIJII1TKO oqepTaHo. Bepo51THO
06p. 3. CeeepeH KanumeJt - zpar/Ju<ma pG32b6Ka TOBa e CB'bp3aHO C T51XHOTO M51CTO B'bB B'bTpernHaTa
Ha 'lemupume MY cmpaHu.
KOMII0311l(I151 11 KOHCTpyKTI1BHa p0JI51, KOeTO He e
IIpaBeJIO e)J,HaKBO BI1)J,I1MI1 BCI1qKI1Te 11M CTpaHI1.
CeBepH1151T Kaiii1Ten e c pa3Mep11: BHcoqi1Ha
0,62 M 11 lll11p11Ha 0,68 X 0,52 M. B11c0q11HaTa Ha
a6aKa e 0,09 M, Ha KeM<jlepa - 0,32 M, a BOJIYTHTe
ca c )J,HaMeThp 0,19 M. XapaKTepHo 3a Hero e, qe
Haii'bJIHO 3aB'bpllleHH ca )],Be nepneH)J,I1KYJI5IPHO
pa3IIOJIO)[(eHH e)J,Ha )J,O )J,pyra CTpaHI1 ( 06p. 2). JlH-
l(eBaTa e yKpaceHa C 11HBOKaTI1BeH Kp'bCT, qJ151TO
)J,OJIHa qaCT Ce pa3KJIOH51Ba B aKaHTI1311paHI1 JiaCTa-
p11, 3aB'bprnBarn;l1 c qeT11p11JII1CTHI1nanMeTI1. PacTH-
TeJIHHTe OpHaMeHTI1 Ca C MHOrO )J,06pe 113ll'bJIHeH
113II'bKHan pene<jl. YKpacaTa Ha )J,pyraTa C'hCe)J,Ha
CTpaHa e ll0- 6e)J,Ha, HO C'biiJ;O 113ll'bJIHeHa B'bB BI1COK
pene<jl. AKaHTI13HpaHI1Te KJIOHKI1 ca CTI1JIH311paHI1
B'bB QJOpMa Ha BOJiyTH. fope a6aK'bT 11 Ha )J,BeTe
06p. 4. <l>pa2MeHm om 300Mopr/JeH cKy!lnmupaH CTpaHI1 e OQJOpMeH KaTO T51CHa IIJieTeHI1l(a. ,[l,pyr11Te
apxumeKmypeH iJemaW! - cmpoumeJteH Hacun e Haoca.
)],Be CTpaHH Ca C llJII1TKO oqepTaHI1 OpHaMeHTI1, 6e3

67
 06p. 5. MpGMopeH KopHU3 om qeHmparmama ~Jacm Ha Haoca

3aBnpnmaHe Ha peneqlHaTa o6pa6oTKa. B pe3ynTaT 0,17 X 0,12 M. TOMe H3pa6oTeH OT 6HJI e;J;p03bpHeCT
Ha K'bCHH H3KOIIHH pa60TH e OTqyrreH <PparMeHT OT MpaMOpH3HpaH BapOBHK. 3ana3eHaTa qaCT Ha tPH-
ropHaTa qacT ( o6p. 3). rypanHHR opHaMeHT e c ;J;o6pa o6pa6oTKa H e;J;pH
IO)I(HHRT KarrHTeJI e c pa3Mepw: BHcoqwHa <PopMH, H3II'bJIHeHH B'bB BHCOK pene<P (o6p.4). l13-
0,53 M H nmpwHa 0,7 x 0,48 M. BwcoqwHaTa Ha o6pa)l(eHHeTO e Ha IITHqa rJiaBa, BepOHTHO 6yxan
a6aKa e 0,07 M, Ha KeM<Pepa- 0,36 M, a ;J;HaMen- HJIH rpHtPOH. QqwTe Ca lllHpOKO OTBOpeHH, oqep- BH)l.
pnT Ha BOJIYTHTe- 0,12 M. IlpH Hero ;J;Be OT cpe- TaHH C ;J;BOHHa JIHHH51. ropHaTa qaCT Ha maBaTa e
W:YIIOJIO)I(HHTe CTpaHH, rrpe;J;IIOJiaraeMO JIHJ.J;e- OT;J;eJieHa C npaBa JIHHHR KaTO MaCKa C TpHbr'bJIHO
BHTe, Ca yKpaceHH C HHBOKaTHBeH KpbCT. ,lJ;OJIHOTO oqepTaBaHe Ha KJIIOHa. rope 3aBbpi11Ba C JieKO H3BH-
My paMO Ce pa3;J;B051Ba B )J;Ba JiaCTapa, KOHTO Ce TH OCTpOBbpXH YlllH, KOHTO Ca pa3;J;eJieHH B OCHO-
H3BHBaT HaB'bH B pa3KJIOHeHH JIHCTa, 3aeMalQH U:H- BaTa cw OT TPH CHJIHO H3II'bKHaJIH oBynw. CnW:HRT
JIOTO cTpaHHqHo rrpocTpaHCTBO. Kpawrn:aTa HM 3a- OpHaMeHT KaTO rHpJIRH;J;a OtPOpMH CTpaHHqHaTa
BnpnmaT c rpw- H qeTHpHJIHCTHH aKaHTH3yBaHH qacT Ha maBaTa, KaTO IIO;J; OBYJIHTe Ha;J;OJiy H3JIH3aT
rranMeTH. YKpacaTa Ha;J;pyrwTe ;J;Be cpern:yrroJio)I(HH ;J;'bJirH OCTpOBbpXH rrepa. 3a C'b)l(aJieHHe <PparMeH-
CTpaHH e H3II'bJIHeHa CaMO C IIJIHTKO oqepTaHH lllH- T'bT e TaKa OTqyrreH, qe He ;J;aBa B'b3M0)1(HOCT ;J;a OII-
pOKH aKaHTH3yBaHH BOJIYTH. To3H KanwTen BTO- pe;J;eJIHM ToqHaTa MY <PYHKU:HR. Bn3MO)I(HO e TOH
pwqHo e o6pa6oTeH B ropHaTa cw qacT KaTo KaHTa- ;J;a e qaCT OT B'bHlllHaTa yKpaca Ha U:bpKOBHaTa
poc 3a cBeTeHa BO;J;a. <Paca;J;a HJIH KaMeHeH ynyK Ha rroKpHBa. Ta3H cKynrr-
KeM<PepoBHTe KarrHTeJIH ca oT xy6aB 6RJI MpaMop THpaHa yKpaca e xapaKTepHa 3a IX-X BeK He pa3-
OT ,npoKoHeCKH" THII c e;J;p03npHecTa CTPYKTYPa rrpocrpaHeHa B CTapo6nnrapcKHTe u;eHTpOBeTe
H 6ne;J;OCHHKaBH )I(HJIKH. Ta3H <PopMa H yKpaca e IIO;J; BJIHRHHe Ha rrpeCJiaBCKH51 ;J;eKOpaTHBeH CTHJI
U1HpOKO pa3IIOCTpaHeHa B paHHOBH3aHTHHCKHTe (JfeaHoea 1949, 17-18; MaepoouHoe1959, 212-13;
paHHOXpHCTH51HCKH 6a3HJIHKH B HaiiiHTe 3eMH CmaHttee1969, 75-77; MoMttWIOB 2000, 34-38).
(j{uMumpoe1967, 2-4; Oe•wpoe, BaKJluHoea 1978, B Haoca Ha KncHaTa u;npKBa 6e OTKPHT MpaMo-
40-41).1IecTO ce cpern:aT B He3aBnpllleH BH;J;, KOeTo peH KOpHH3, BTOpHqHO yrroTpe6eH B KaMeHHaTa
rrpe;J;IIOJiara, qe Ca ;J;OCTaBHHH Ha e;J;pO OT CTpOH- HaCTHJIKa OT BbTpelllHaTa CTpaHa Ha J.J;eHTpaJIHHR
TeJIHHTe aTeJIHeTa H ca 3aBbpi11BaHH Ha MHCTO C'b- BXO;J; K'bM IIpHTBOpa ( o6p. 5). Toil: e H3pa60TeH OT
o6pa3HO KOHKpeTHHTe ycnoBH». Ta3H Tpa;J;HU:H51 MHOrO KaqeCTBeH MpaMOp OT ,IIpOKOHeCKH" THII C
e rrpeMHHana H B cpe;J;HOBeKOBHeTo. He;J;OBnpllle- rrnnTHa <PwHa CTpYKTYpa. EenHRT U:B»T Ha MecTa
HH KaiiHTeJIH Ca BJIO)I(eHH B ;J;BOpeu;a H B ;J;pyrH ce O)I(HB»Ba oT cBeTJIOCI1BI1 )1(11JIKH. KopH113'bT e
rrpe;J;CTaBHTeJIHH Crpa;J;H B IlpeCJiaB, B ;J;BOpU:OBH51 1 M, I1111pHHa 0,13 M 11 BI1CO-
C pa3MepH: ;J;'bJ1)1(11Ha
KOMrrneKc B U:apeBrpa;J; TnpHOB H ;J;p. (BaKlluHoea qi1Ha 0,14 M. IIpo<PwnnT e cnrranoBI1;J;eH, a B ;J;BaTa
1993, 72-73) KpaH Ha ropHaTa IIJIOCKOCT 11Ma npaBO'br'bJIHH
<PparMeHT oT ;J;pyr cKynrrTHpaH apxHTeKTYpeH )I(Jle6oBe 3a CBnp3BalQHTe cKo611. YKpacaTa e MHoro
)J;eTaHJI C'blQO IIOKa3Ba BJIHHHHe Ha CTOJIHJ.J;aTa rrpeJ.J;H3HO H3II'bJIHeHa B Cpe;J;HO BHCOK pene<P. TH
IIpecnaB. Toil: e OTKpHT B cTpOHTeJIHH51 Hacwrr B Ce C'bCTOI1 OT pe;J;yBalQH Ce aKaHTH3yBaHI1 rreT-
CeBepOH3TOqHaTa qaCT Ha Haoca, HO HHMa )J;aHHH JIHCTHI1 rraJIMeTH, Me)I(;J;y KOI1TO B OCHOBaTa Ca
)J;a e rrpeH3IIOJ13BaH B rpa;J;e)l(a Ha K'bCHaTa U:bpKBa pa3rrOJIO)I(eHI1 ;J;BOHHO oqepTaHH KpnrqeTa. CKnce-
KaTO CIIOJIHH. <f>parMeHT'bT e IIpHCHO OTqyrreH, Be- HHTe ;J;pb)I(KH Ca rpaneu;OBH;J;HO pa3I11HpeHH B OC-
pOHTHO IIpH Ba;J;eHe Ha KaM'bK B ITO-HOBO BpeMe. HOBaTa. B cTpowTeJIHI1Te Hac11rr11 B u;npKBaTa ca
Pa3MepwTe ca: 3arra3eHa BHcoqwHa 0,21 M, lllHpHHa OTKp11TH 11 ;J;pyrl1 IlO-MaJIKI1 <PparMeHTI1 OT C'blQHR 1

68
 0 5 10
-=::J
06p. 7. Tpa¢u'IHG p eKoHc mpyK!JUfl
06p. 6. JlnO'IG Om GM60HG C MOH02pGMU.
HG 3GnG3eHume Oemaun u HG GM60HG.

BilL\. Marep11aJI'hT 11.ll,eKopaTI1BRI1Te oco6eROCTI1 Ra OTHaC51T K'bM paHHOBH3aHTHHCKaTa enoxa, KaTO B

Kopmna ~aBaT ocRoBamle .ll,a ro CB'hp)l(eM c rmac- llOBeqeTO CJiyqaH Ca npeH3llOJI3BaHH H B llO-K'bCRH
TII'lHara yKpaca Ra paRROBH3aRTHHCKaTa 6a3HJIH- rpM e)I(H.
Ka B Kperrocrra MapKeJIH . BTopiDIT <t>parMeRT e OT BepTHKaJIRa r -o6pa3Ra
Oco6eRo HRTepecRH ca .li,Ba <PparMeRTa oT na- CTpaRH~a C'bC 3ana3eRH pa3MepH: BHCOqHRa 0,58 M,
panera Ha aMBOR, OTKpHTH B CTpOHTeJIRIDI RaCHll B .[J,'bJI)I(HRa 0,1 M 3a K'bCaTa CTpaRa H 0,14 M 3a llO-
cesepo113roqRara qacT Ra Raoca. Te ca oT C'hll(IDIT .[J,'bJiraTa . .1J:e6enHRaTa e 0,07 M . fopRaTaH qacT C'hll(O
Tlln llpOKOHeCKH MpaMOp KaTO KOpRH3a - 651JI C'bC e C npo<t>HJIHpaR .[J,BOeR KaRT, a .[J,eKOpaTHBROCTTa
CBeTJIOCI1BI1 )I(HJIKH. Ce llO.[J,CHJIBa OT npo<t>HJIHpaReTO Ra B'bRillRHTe
IlbpB1151T e OT nnoqa c neKa .ll,'hrOBH.li,Ra H3BHBKa, pb60Be H B'hB BepTHKaJI. OT C'hCTOHRHeTo Ra .[J,Ba-
OT'lyrreHa B .[J,OJIRaTa qacT H CTpaRH~HTe (o6p. 6). Ta <PparMeRTa e TPY.li.RO .[J,a ce ycTaROBH KaK'bB e
3anaJeHI1Te pa3MepH ca: .[J,HaMeT'bp 0,53 M , BHCO- 6HJI RaqHR'hT Ra THXHOTO CB'hp3BaRe ( o6p. 7). B'h3-
'll!Ha 0,4 M 11 .[J,e6enHRa 0,08 M. TH e c B'hRillRO npo- MO)I(RO e TOBa .[J,a e CTaBaJIO qpe3 Me)I(.[J,HRRa KO-
~IIJIHpaH ropeR KaRT H yKpaca Ra H3ll'bKRaJiaTa JIORKa, KaKBaTO e 06HqaJiRaTa npaKTHKa npH ll0.[1,0-
.1111,\eBa CTpaRa. YKpacaTa e H3ll'bJIReRa B'bB BHCOK 6eR pO.ll, naMeTRH~H .
pene<iJ 11 Ce C'bCTOH OT HRBOKaTHBeR KpbCT, pa3- IlaK B ceBepoH3TOqRaTa qacT Ra Raoca 6ellle
llOJIOlKeH B cpe.ll,aTa Ra .[J,'hraTa. B noneTaTa Me)l(.li.Y OTKpHT <t>parMeRT OT 06JIH~OB'bqRa llJIOqa C 6oraTa
paMeHeTe My, B KpbrJIH Me.[J,aJihORH Ca H3p513aRH pene<t>Ra yKpaca ( o6p. 8). Pa3MepHTe Ra 3ana3e-
\IOHorpaMH. MRoro .li,06pe ca 3ana3eRH ropRHTe HaTa qacT ca: .[J,'bJI)I(HRa 0,37 M, BHCOqHRa 0,44 M
;jBa II '!aCT OT .[J,eCRIDI .[J,OJieR, a JieBIDIT .[J,OJieR H 3- H .[J,e6eJIHRa 0,066 M . IlnoqaTa e H3pa6oTeRa OT xy-
UJIJIO n11rrcsa. B ropRHTe .[J,Ba MORorpaMa e npe.ll,- 6aB 651JI MpaMop C llJI'bTRa, <!>HRa 4>paKTYpa. J1H~e­
craseHa <PoPMYJiaTa ,rocno.li,H I Eoropo.li,H~e noMa- BaTa qaCT e pa3.ll,eJieRa qpe3 .[J,BOHRH KaRTOBe Ra
ra~ csoero pa6a .... ". B .li,OJIRIDI pe.ll, BH)I(.[J,aMe caMo .[J,Be KBa.ll,paTRH llOJieTa, B KOHTO e pa3llOJIO)I(eR pa3-
:\Be 6yKBI1, 6e3 .ll,a MO)I(e .ll,a ce pa3qeTe Ran'hJIRO JIHqeR .[J,eKopaTHBeR MOTHB .
~OpMyJiaTa Ha ~eJIIDI MOROrpaM nopa.li,H <t>parMeR- fiO-.li,06pe e 3ana3eR MOTHB'bT B JI51BOTO llOJie .
TI!paHeTO Ha rmoqaTa. Toii e c'bc CTHJIH3HpaRa reoMeTpHqRa KOMD03H-
Tpa~I1~1151Ta 3a yKpacHBaRe Ra apxHTeKTYpHHTe ~H.51, B ~eRT'bpa Ra K051TO .[I,HarORaJIRO e pa3llOJIO-
:1eralli:m c p ene<PHH MOHorpaMH ce pa3npocTpaH51Ba )I(eR KBa.ll,paT. l1.3.ll,'bJI)I(eRHTe MY B'hRillRH KpaHII(a
B Haumre 3eMH OII(e B n'hpBaTa noJIOBHHa Ha VI B. npO.ll.'hJI)I(aBaT B neTJIHCTRH rraJIMeTH. B'hTpew-
Op11 rraMeTHHKa oT MapKeJIH naJieorpa<t>cKHTe Hocrra Ra KBa.ll,paTa e Jan'hJIReRa c oceMJIHCTRa
OC06eHO CTI1 Ha 6yKBHTe C'bll(O HacoqBaT K'bM .[J,aTH- p03eTa, qJ.iHTO JIHCTRH BpbxqeTa Ce npeJIHBaT B
paHe s rrep11o~a VI-VII B. Ilo.ll,o6HH MOHorpaMH B ocRoBaTa Ra nanMeTHTe. Te3H eneMeRTH ca BIIH-
KpbrJIM Me~aJibOHH C aRaJIOrHqHH OC06eHOCTH Ha caRH B'bB BTOpa <l>Hrypa B'bB <t>opMaTa Ra BO.[J,O-
IBnHcsaHero ca H3BeCTHH B'hpxy KanHTeJIH oT Bap- paBRO pa3IIOJIO)I(eR KBa.ll,paT, qJ.iHTO CTpaRH ce
Ha(j(UMumpoe1967, 2- 4), Hece6bp (Be.nK06 u op., rrpeK'hCBaT B Cpe.[J,aTa OT arrJIHKHpaRH .[J,eTaHJIH,
[blll,IDI 1986, 62-63), Co<PIDI (Cmmt<Jeea 1967, 32). Te ce o<t>opM51Il(H IIO.[J,KOB006pa3RH llOJieTa OKOJIO rreT-

69
 JIHCTHHTe nar:JMeTH. CTpaHHqHHTe 'hrJIH Ha noneTo
Ca 3aTI'hnHeHH C qeTHpH H3~'hn:>KeHH Ce~eMnHCTHH

nanMeTH.
,lJ;eKOpaTHBHHj{T MOTHB B ~j{CHOTO none Ce Cb-
CTOH OT pa3rhpHaTa B ~Ba CHMeTpHqHJ1 Kpbra fO-
Jlj{Ma ce~eMnHCTHa nanMeTa. ,ll;BaTa nacTapa,
H3nH3aii.J.H OT ocHoBaTa ll:, ce H3BI1BaT HaB'hH H 3a-
BnpumaT C ~Be H3~'hn:>KeHJ1 naJIMeTH, BHCjiii.J.H B 06-
paTHa TIOCOKa. J:-bpa60TKaTa Ha BCHqKH ~eTaMnl1 e
113KmoqHTeJIHo npe~I13Ha. Pene<J:>nT e c pa3nJ1qHa
~'hJI60qHHa OT 1 ~0 1,6 CM, KaTO HaM-rOnjiMa e D!
npH H3pj{3BaHeTo Ha BnTpeumocrra Ha JIHcTqeTaTa.
CTpaHHqHJ1Te KaHTOBe ca no-nnHTKO H3pj{3aHH,
KOeTO TIO~CHJIBa e<J:>eKTa Ha a:>KypHa nnaCTHqHOCT.
06p. 8. 06JIULf06b'IHa YI.!IO'Ia c aKaHmu3upaHa yKpaca- 1np6nT Ha nnoqaTa e rpy6o o6pa6oTeH cnc cne~11
ce6epou3mO'IHG 'lacm 11a uaoc
OT snaraHe B xopocaHOBifj{ xacTap.
IJo~qepTaHOTO Bnlfj{HHe Ha aHTHqHJ1Te MOTHBH
B yKpacaTa Ha nnoqaTa oT MapKenH e B YHHCOH
cnc CTHnOBHTe oco6eHOCTH Ha IIpecnascKaTa xy~o­
:>KeCTBeHa lllKOJia npe3 IX-X seK, KOj{TO H3nomsa
eneMeHTI1 OT yKpacaTa Ha aHTHqHHTe aHTe<J:>i1KCI1,
Tiar:JMeTH, aKaHTH311paHJ1 KnOHKI111 JiaCTapH (Bmozu-
H06a 1984, 28; MoM'iWZ06 2003, 255-266). Tosa
06p. 9. rparpU'IHO U306pa:>1CeHUe JIG YIJIO'IU Om JlpeCJIG6 6e3CTIOpHO H llOCTaBH B rpynaTa Ha Beqe H3BeCTHHTe
TIJIOqH OT T.Hap. npecJiaBCKH Tl1ll OT KOJieK~HHTe Ha
apxeonorHqecKHTe My3el1 B Co<J:>Hj{, Ilpecnas, Illy-
MeR, Cn11seH ( o6p. 9). ToqHHTe aHar:JOrHH ~aBaT
Bb3MO:>KHOCT ~a Ce peKOHCTpyHpa ~j{naTa ~eKOpa ­

THBHOCT np11 pe~yBaii.J.HTe Ce MOTHBH Ha CKynTITH-

paHaTa 06JIH~OBKa, CBbp3aHa C BTOp11ji CTp011TeJieH
nepHO~ Ha ~bpKBaTa .

lliKOJIKO <J:>parMeHTHpaHH KOJIOHKH, B TOBa qifc-

no H e~Ha OCeMCTeHHa, BepOHTHO OT OJITapHaTa
nperpa~a, ~onnnBaT KapTHHaTa Ha nnacTHqHaTa
~eKopa~Ifj{ oT KaqecTBeH 6Hn MpaMop. HeH3jiCHeHH
3acera ocTaBaT ~sa <J:>parMeHTa OT e~po3npHecT 65!.JJ
MpaMOp, KOHTO 611xa MOrJIH ~a Ce onpe~emT KaTO
qaCTH OT OJITapHaTa Maca, HO nopa~H nHTICa Ha
noseqe ~aHHH 3a HeMHHTe xapaKTepHCTI1KI1 3acera
06p. 10. lfacm om nooo6a M03atiKa-
TOBa e ~OCTa ycnOBHO.
102o3anaaua 'lacm 11a 11aoca.
Ba:>KHO MjiCTo B'hB BnTpei.llHaTa ~eKopaTHBHa
CHCTeMa Ha ~bpKBaTa HMaT OTKp11THTe qaCTI1 OT
TIO~OBHTe M03aMKH B ~eHTpar:JHifjl KOpa6 H npe-
~OnTapHOTO npOCTpaHCTBO. 3ana3eHI1 Ha Mj~CTO
6HXa pa3Kp11TI1 cpaBHHTenHO MaJIKH <J:>parMeHTH
11 OT~eJIHH qaCTH B CTpOHTeJIHHjl HaCHTI ( o6p. 10).
BnTpelllHOTO none e 6HJIO o<J:>opMeHo OT I.llaxMaTHO
pa3TIOnO:>KeHI1 KepaMJ1qHH OCMO'hrhnHH~H, CbqeTa-
BaHH C KpbrOBe B Cpe~aTa H KBa~paTHH MpaMOpHH
nnoqKH. To e paMKHpaHO c r -o6pa3HH MpaMOpHH
06p. 11. MpGMopHu eJU!MeHmu om nooo6ama M03aiiKa TIJIOqKH, KOHTO ~aB~T CBOeo6pa3Ha HaqyneHOCT 11

70
 06p. 14. TpacjJu'IHa peKOHcmpyK!JUfl Ha cmeHonucume Ha
3anaiJHama cmeHa Ha Haoca.

06p. 12. (/)paZMeHm om cmemta M03ai1Ka om IX- X 6. -

cmpoumeJteH Hacun 6 MapmupuyMa. (o6p. 13). 3a T51X e xapaKTepHa IIO-T'bMHa, HaCMTe-
Ha QBeTOBa raMa, B K051TO rrpeo6na,~J;aBaT Ka<lJ51BO-
qepBeHI1Te TOHOBe C rpa<lJMqHI151 eJieMeHT Ha T'bH'bK
T'hMHOKa<P11B KOHTYP rrpH ,ll;eTaHJII1Te OT ,ll;pexH, pb-
u.e M nMu.a.
IJoBeqe ,ll;aHHM Ce OTKpHBaT 3a CTeHOIIMCBaHeTO
Ha nocne,~J;HaTa U.'hPKBa - OT Kpa11 Ha XI-XIII B.
Hai1-,~J;o6pe 3arraJeHI1 ca qacTM OT cTeHOIIMCM OT 3a-
na,~J;HaTa CTeHa Ha IIpHTBOpa, I.J.OKJII1Te Ha B'bTpelll-
HMTe KOJIOHI1 11 OT,ll;eJIHI1 ,ll;eTaHJIM OTII'bpB1151 M BTOp1151
pe,ll; CTeHOIIMCM B QeHTpaJIHOTO rrpOCTpaHCTBO
( o6p. 14). Te ,~J;aBaT o6rua npe,ll;cTaBa 3a CTMJia 11 Tex-
HI1KaTa Ha MKOHOIII1CBaHe, HO Ca TB'bp,ll;e He,li;OCTa-
T'bqHI1 3a IIO-Cep1103HO peKOHCTpyHpaHe Ha )f(MBO-
06p. 13. (/)paZMeHm om paHeH cmeHonuc IX- X 6. -
IIMCHI1Te HMBa.
u3mO'IHa cmeHa Ha MapmupuyMa.
Hai1-roneMMJIT 3arraJeH cTeHOIII1CeH ,~J;eTai1n e
e~HpHOCT Ha B'bHIJlHaTa JIMHMJI ( o6p. 11 ). 3a C'b)f(a- OT ,ll;parrep1111 B ceBepo3ana,li;HaTa qacT Ha rrpHTBopa
.leHHe B nep110,ll;a Ha HeHHOTO <lJyHKI.J.I10H11paHe ( o6p. 15). He)f(HMJIT Konop11T Ha 6enMJI, npen11BaiU
npe3 XII-XIII B. rro,~J;oBaTa M03ai1Ka e HapyllleHa B 6ne,~J;a oxpa <PoH c 113q11cTeHM, rpa4>11qHo rrpe,ll;-
OT norpe6aJIHI1 C'b0p'b)f(eHM51 B'bTpe B I.J.'bpKBaTa M craBeHI1 MOTMBI1 B CMH, 11pKoqepBeH 11 )f('bJIT I.J.B51T
no-roJUIMa qacr or HeHHMTe ,~J;erai1nM ca 3ary6eHI1 Hl1 HaiiOMH51 Ha QBeTOBaTa KOMII03MQH51 OT l)aq-
B HaCIHIMTe 11JII1 rrpeyrrorpe6eHM B HOBI1 rpa,ll;e)f(M. KOBCKaTa KOCTH11Qa B CQeHaTa Ha ,[(eHCI1C (Tpa6ap
B crpmnenHM11 HacMrr B'hTpe B Haoca 11 maBHO B 1923- 1924, 14- 15). AHanomqHI1 caM QBeTOBI1Te
n:Jacra, 3aii'bJIHI1Jl MapT11P11YMa, Ce OTKpHBaT 11 peUleHMJI IIpH 3aiia3eH MaJI'bK <lJparMeHT OT ,ll;eKO-
~parM eHTI1 OT cTeHHa M03ai1Ka. T11 e H3pa6oTeHa paTI1BHa paMKa Ha KOHXaTa Ha,ll; QeHTpaJIHM51 BXO,ll;
OT MaJIKH Ky6qeTa OT OQBeTeHO B CMHhO M 3eJieHO Ha Haoca K'hM rrpHTBopa ( o6p. 16). CMnHo Ha-
CTbKJIO, Cp e,ll; KOI1TO M TaKMBa, Il0Kp11TM C'bC 3JiaT- qyneHMJIT reOMeTp11qeH MOTI1B, 113Il'bJIHeH B 11pK11,
Ha cMama (o6p. 12). Te ca rroJIO)f(eHM B'hpxy ,~J;e- IIJI'bTHI1 TOHOBe, C'b3,ll;aBa MJII03M51. 3a IIO-fOJI5.1Ma
6en xopocaHOB xacrap B reoMeTp11qHM MOTI1BM 11 06eMHOCT B'bB BMCOqi1Ha, IIpHBJII1qaJ1KI1 IIOfJie,ll;a
BepOliTHO ca qacT OT yKpacaTa Ha paHHOBI13aHTI1H- K'hM u.eHTpanHaTa cu.eHa B ropHIDI pe,ll; - Bepo11T-
CKaTa UbpKBa 11 MapTHP11YM. B'h3MO)f(HO e cTeHHI1Te HO ,Bo3HeceHI1e focno,~J;He". CTeHOIII1C'hT e na,~J;­
\I03aHKH .n,a ca yKpac51BaJIM 11 U.'hpKBaTa oT IX- X B., HaJI rrp11 OCHOBaTa Ha 3aiia,li;HaTa CTeHa Ha QeH-
Cb'leTaHH C ,ll;eKOpaTI1BHaTa KaMeHHa IIJiaCTMKa. TpaJIHMJI KOpa6 M e CI1JIHO pa3TpOllleH. ,[(o6pe Ce
0 TT0311 nep110,ll; Ca 3arra3eHI1 MHOfO MaJIKO ,ll;aHHI1 peKOHCTpy11paT ,li;Be Jl11Qa Ha CBeTQ11, eJieMeHTI1 OT
1a creHOIII1CBaHe. CaMo MaJIKH <lJparMeHTH ca OT- ,ll;pexM 11 ,~J;eKopaTMBHaTa paMKa ( o6p. 17).
KpHTH B li.Ma B rOpHaTa qacT Ha HaCHITa, 3aii'bJIHMJI OT ,li;OJIHI111 cTeHOIII1CeH pe,ll; Ha 3arra,~J;HaTa cre-
pa3pyrneHMll MapT11p11yM - Bep011THO CMMBOJIMqHO Ha Ha Haoca 611xa OTKpHTI1 3aiia3eHI1 ,ll;eTaHJII1 OT
norpe6aHH TaM IIp11 CTp011TeJIHI1Te npeycTpOHCTBa JIMQa Ha ,li;BaMa CBeTQM C IID-fOJieMI1 pa3Mep11 Ha
a nocne.n,HM5.1 nep11o,1J; OT C'hiUeCTByBaHeTo H o6pa311Te, Bepo11THO npe,ll;cTaBeHM B U.11JI pbCT. OT

71
 06p. 16. <!JpaZMeHm om cmenonuc om iJeKopamu6Ha paMKa
HQ KOHXQ - 3GnGOHQ cmeHQ flQ HQOCQ

06p. 15. /{emaiuz om iJpanepuR- cmenonuc na 3anaiJnama

cmeHa Ha npum6opa.
06p. 17. <!JpaZMeHm om cmeHonuc -
zopen peiJ na 3anaiJna cmena na naoca
JUIBaTa CTpaHa Ha U,eHTpanHIDI BXO)J. Ha Haoca 6Hxa
Co6paHM MHOrO ~parMeHTM OT M306pa~eHMe Ha
maBaTa Ha CB. reopm ( o6p. 18). TeXHMKaTa Ha CTe-
HOilMCBaHe e C MHOrO BMCOKM xy.no~eCTBeHM Ka-
qeCTBa. C IlOJIYTOHOBe M CBeTJIOCeHKM Ca xy6aBO
O~OpMeHM ThMHMTe Kb)J.pMU,M OKOJIO MJia)J.e~KOTO
nwu,e M KpacMBO oqepTaHMTe .non6oKM oqw. Colll,a-
Ta xy.no~eCTBeH-a TexHMKa ce Ha6mo.naBa M B o~op­
MrnHeTo Ha BTopoTo nwu,e Ha HeM3BecTeH errwc-
Korr, OTKpMT B Cblll,M51. rra.nHaJI CTeHOilMCeH CJIOH
rrpw Bxo.na. To e cTapaTeJIHO o~opMeHo c MHoro
JlOJiyTOHOBe M 110Cpe6peHM OTqeTJIMBM )J.eTaHJIM
Ha Y.lJ.bJI~eHaTa KOCa, 6pa.na M MYCTaU,M (o6p. 19).
IlpM Te3M M306pa~eHIDI Ca M3110JI3BaHM IlOBeqe
rrpwmyrneHMTe 6Jie)J.M U,BeTOBe M TeXHMTe HIOaHCM:
06p. 18. l.Jacm om U306pa:JICeHue fiG C6. reopzu,
rrpeJIMBalll,O Ce OT ThMHO )1.0 CBeTJIO- rroqTM M3MMTO
3anaiJna cmena na naoca.
3eJieHO, CbqeTaHO C 6ne.na oxpa M CBeTJIOKa~HBM
KOHTypM. TaKa e rrocTMrHaT MaKCMManeH e~eKT Ha
aKBapeneH Hanopen, KOHTO Cb3)J.aBa e~MpHocT Ha
M306pa~eHMeTO.
CMJIHO M3pa3eH .neKopaTMBeH e~eKT e ThpCeH
M rrpM O~OpMHHeTO Ha ll,OKbJia Ha CTeHMTe M BbT-
peliiHMTe KOJIOHM. 3arra3eHMTe CTeHOilMCHM ~par­
MeHTM 110Ka3BaT MMMTMpaHeTO Ha MpaMOpHa 06JIM-
ll,OBKa B CMBO-CMHM TOHOBe, CbqeTaHM C HpKO
qepBeHM M ~JITM BbJIH006pa3HM JIMHMM ( o6p. 20).
B .npyrw qacTM Ha u,opKBaTa ca OTKPMTM Ha MHC- 06p. 19. rpac/JU"_HG peKOHCmpyK!JUfl flQ 2JIQ6Q
Ha HeU36ecmeH enucKon.
TO ManKM )J.eTaHJIM OT CTeHOJlMCM, KOMTO He )J.aBaT

72
 06p. 20. CmeHonucnu ppaZMeHmu - UMumaquJl Ha MpaMopeu qoKbll.

06p. 21. MallKama Kpunma om IO:J/Citama cmpmta Ha Haoca.

~ocTaTbqHa npe.n;cTaBa 3a H3o6pa:>Kemuna. Bopxy HO CBbp3aHaTa C KpHnTaTa ,3aynOKOHHa MOnHTBa"

no-rOJUIM ,n;eTaHn OT ,D;OnHaTa qacT Ha CTeHOnHC B (o6p. 21).
KOHxaTa Ha H3rpa.n;eHaTa OT IQf .n;oneneHa KpHnTa MaKap 11 ManKo 3ana3eHH, cTeHonHCHTe oT u,opK-
6llxa OTKpHTH oqepTaHH51 Ha TPH <jmrypH B npas BaTa B KpenOCTTa MapKenH no CBOHTe CTHnOBH
pbCT c 6oraTo opHaMeHTHpaHH .n;pexH. CTeHonH- OC06eHOCTH MOraT ,n;a Ce ,n;aTHpaT B'bB BTOpaTa no-
CHTe ca cmmo H36ne,n;HenH OT snaraTa, HO no no- nOBHHa Ha XII seK. Te ce csop3BaT c :>KHBOnHCHHTe
xapaKTepHHTe ,n;eTaHnH H n03Hll,HH Ha qmrypHTe e CTHnOBe B HHKOH OT Haif~6neCT51lll,HTe naMeTHHll,H
Bb3MO:>KHO Ta3H CU,eHa ,n;a e H306pa351Bana TeMaTHq- OT T03H nepHO,D;: J)aqKOBCKaTa KOCTHHU,a, U,bpKBHTe

73
B Tpane3M~a, BeJIMKO TnpHoso, ~npKBaTa ,Cs. IIpe.D,CTO}llli,MTe pecnBpa~MOHHH .D,eHCTBMH lll,e
HMKOna" B MeJIHMK I1 .D.p. (EaKaJL06a 1977; J(uMo6 .D,a.D,aT Bb3MO)l(HOCT 3a peKOHCTpyHpaHeTO Ha .D,eKO-
1915, 112- 175; Heute6a 1989, 1). 3aTosa, BnnpeKM paTHBHaTa CHCTeMa B pa3JII1qHHTe CTpOMTeJIHH ne-
JIOlllOTO HM CbCTOHHMe, Te TIOKa3BaT MHCTOTO Ha pi10.D,H Ha ~bpKBaTa KaTO OTpa)l(eHMe Ha xapaKTep-
xpMCTMHHCKMH KOMTIJieKc B KpenocTTa MapKeJIM HHTe 3a enoxaTa ecTeTHqecKM M JIMryprMqHJ1
B Cpe.D,HOBeKOBHaTa Xpi1CTI1HHCKa .D,eKOpaTMBHa npi1H~I1TII1.

CMCTeMa, .D,aTMpaHa Hai1-o6lll,o XII-XIV B.

JIHTEPATYPA HHHCKI1 K3IIHTeJIH OT paHHOBH33HTHHCKaTa enoxa. -

HHMB, Bapua, 1967, 2-4.
AJia)J,:tKOB 2002: )K. Arra)J,)l(OB. MapTHPI1YM'hT s Map- ,ll,HMOB 1915: B. ,lJ;HMOB. P33KOIIKH ua Tpane311u;a s
KenH. - B: HcTOpmr 11 KYJITYPa ua Kapuo6aTCKID£ Kpaii . Tnpuoso. - HEA.IJ:, 5, Co<lJmi, 1915, 112- 175.
T.4,Bapua,2002,207- 209. HBanoBa 1949: B. 11sauosa.P33KOIIKH ua ABpa~aKa
AJia)J,:tKOB u i1,p. 1986: )K.Ana)J,)l(OB, U:. ,l(pa)l(esa, B Tipecnas. - PTI, 3, 1949, 17- 18.
.IJ:. Mowmnos. P33KOIIKH ua KpenocTia MapKenH Kpaii MaBpO)J,HHOB 1959: H . Maspo~11nos. CTapo6nn-
rpa)J, Kapuo6aT. - AOP, 1986--1994. rapcKo 113KycTBo. l , Co<lJIDr, 1959, 205- 213.
JiaKaJIOBa 1977: E. EaKanosa. EaYKOBCKaTa KOCTHH- MoM'lHJIOB 2000: .IJ:. MoMYHnos . .IJ:sa cpe~noseKOB­
u:a. Co<lJIDr, 1977. HH naMeTHHKa c )l(HBOTHHCKH H306pa)l(eHID£. - Apxeo-
BaKJIHHOBa 1984: M . BaKJII1HOBa. PannoBI13aHTI1ii- nom<JeCKH secTH, III, 2000, 1, 34-38.
cKa )J,eKopau;ID£ 11 yKpaca ua pauuocpe~uoseKOBHHTe MoMYHJIOB 2004: .IJ:. MoMYHJIOB. TinaCTI1YeH opua-
6'bnrapcKH nocTpoiiKH. - B: C6opHHK B qecT ua CTaHYO MeHT npecnascKH THn oT MapKenH. - B : Tipecnas, 6.
BaKJIHHOB. Co<Pm1, 1984, 28. Co<PHH, 2004, 255- 266.
BaKJIHHOBa1993 : M . BaKnHnosa. MaTepHanH 11 HerneBa 1989: B . Heruesa. Manacmpa ,Cs. HH-
IIpOH3BO~CTBO Ha TipeCJI3BCK3T3 K3MeHH3 IIJI3CTI1K3. - Kona". - B : MenHHK, 1, Co<PHH, 1989.
B : Tipecnas, 5, Co<lJmi, 1993, 68- 100. 0B'lapoB,BaKJIHHOBa 1978: ,n:.Osqapoa,M . BaKJIH-
BeJIKOB Hi1,p.1986: B.BenKOB, n.OrneHOBa, )lClJHM- uosa. PaHHOBI133HTHHCKH naMeTHHU:H OT EnnrapHH IV-
6ynesa. MecaM6pmi - Hece6np. Co<lJIDr, 1986, 62- 63 . VII s. Co<PHH, 1978, 40-41.
I'pa6ap 1923-1924: A. fpa6ap. PocnHCh u:epKBH - CTaH'lCB 1969: CT. CTaH<JeB. BenHKH Tipecnas,
KOCTHHU:hi 6aYKOBCKora ManacTbipH. - HEAH, II, Coqm.H, Co<lJHH, 1969, 75- 77.
1923- 1924, 14- 15 . CTan'leBa 1967: M . CTaH<Jesa. HosH naMeTHHI.(H ua paH-
,lJ;uMuTpoB 1967: .IJ:. ,lJ;HMHTpos. KeM<lJeposH 11 H:o- uoxpHCTID!HCKOTO 113KYCTBO OT Co<lJHH, Co<lJHH, 1967, 32.

74
eHCTBIDl II.J,e
ORNAMENTAL DECORATION
:TO Ha ll,eKO-
HfTeJIHH rre- OF THE CHRISTIAN TEMPLES OF MARKELL!
a xapaKTep- FROM 9TH_14TH c.
nrryprwqHH

Tsonya DRAZHEVA

During archaeological exploration of the Christian part of a gutter with a distinctively zoomorphous
complex situated in the highest central part of the shape and fragments from a revetting tile of the so-
Markelli stronghold were recovered interesting called ,Preslav" type. Plenty of other marble, wall
r a erroxa. - elements of its external and internal decoration. and flooring mosaic details additionally enhance
Unfortunately greater part of these finds were the impression about the abundant internal and
Tparre3HIJ,a B removed from the context of its original position external architectural decoration.
75. and re-used as building material in the later
~ aAspa,llaKa In the construction fill for the central part of the
constructions of the mediaeval church. The high
church and mainly the filling of the destroyed
degree of ruining the remains of the building for the
Crapo6bJI- martyry were uncovered fragments of murals,
purpose of yielding stone material at the beginning
testifying its first wall-painting performance
D e~HOBeKOB-
of the 20th c. also presents an impediment for the
referred to the end of 9th and the 1Qth c. The
1».- Apxeo- more accurate interpretation of their place and
prevalent amount of data about its wall-painting
constructive function in the decorative system of
belong to the period from the end of 11th to the end
mqeH opHa- the church. On the other hand, the precise dating
ITpecnas, 6.
of J3th c. with well-preserved parts of murals on
of the remains gives an opportunity to reinforce the
spot of the west wall of the narthex, the pedestals of
argumentation in favour of the exact dating of the
)a ,CB. HH- the internal columns and separate details from the
separate stages in the cult-and-ritual construction of
first and second row of murals in the central part of
Markelli. None-the-less it allows the determination
a,M.BaKJIM- the church. They give a good general idea about the
of the architectural and decorative tendencies
,nrapJ:!ji IV- style and technique of icon-painting, despite their
exerting influence on the different phases in the
insufficiency for the more profound reconstruction
11 ITpecnas, development of the church complex.
of the pictorial levels. Although scarcely preserved,
Some of the found marble monuments have precise the mural paintings from the Markelli church could
Hl1l(I1 Ha paR-
analogies among the familiar decorative details be securely related to the artistic styles of some
, 1967, 32.
from the Early-Byzantine period as well as the of the most brilliant monuments of the period:
capital of Preslav, conditioned by the proximity the Bachkovo ossuary, the churches in Trapesitsa,
of Markelli to the Second Bulgarian Capital. Most Veliko Tarnovo, the church of ,St. Nicolas" in
intriguing in this direction are some pseudo-Ionic Melnik and others, emphasizing its significance
kempfer column capitals with unfinished relief of for the exploration of the mediaeval Christian
two of their sides, a partially fragmented pulpit decorative system in Bulgaria.
with monograms surrounding an invocative cross,

75
--

3A E,li;HH TIO-OCOEEH rPOE OT HEKPOTIOJIA

TIPH :Q'bPKBATA B MAPKEJIH
Emm llETPYHOBA

ITo speMe Ha apxeononfqeeKHTe npoyqsaHH51 Ha rpo6HaTa 51Ma. IIorpe6eHHeTo npH rpo6 N2 39 e

Kpenoerra MapKeJIH npe3 1989-1991 ro,IJ;HHa 6Hxa H3BbpllleHO B ,ll;bpBeH KOBqe~ eKOBaH e rB03,IJ;eH,
pa3KpHTH o6IQo 44 rpo6a. Te ea pa3nOJIO)I(eHH Ha KaTO BbTpe B KOBqera ITO)]; maBaTa Ha llOKOMHHKa
pa3JIJ1qHJ1 MeeTa OKOJlO H B KOMITJleKea OT XpaMOBe. e 611na noeTaBeHa zyxna. Tyxna no,IJ; qepena 6e pe-
.[('hJI6oqJ1HHTe, Ha KOHTO ee OTKpHBaT, KaKTO H rHeTpHpaHa npH oiQe e,IJ;HH rpo6, a B qeTHpH eny-
MeeTOITOJlO)I(eHHeTO HM enp51MO apXHTeKTypHHTe qa5J no,IJ; qepenHTe ee OTKpHxa KepeMH,IJ;H. Te3H
OeTaHKH OT pa3JJJ1qHJ1Te eTpOHTeJlHH nepHO)J;H ITO- HaXO)J;KH, KaKTO H <PaKT'bT, qe npH pa3qHeTBaHeTO
Ka3BaT, qe Te3H rpo6ose He ea oT e,IJ;HH HeKponon qepenHTe ee OTKpHBaT e JJHu,esaTa qaeT Ha eesep
H MOraT ,IJ;a 6'b,IJ;aT pa3,IJ;eJJeHH Ha H51KOJlKO XpOHO- HJlH Ha IOr, ITOKa3BaT, qe B norpe6aJIHaTa npaKTHKa
JlOrHqeeKH rpynH. Haii-paHHHTe ee OTKpHBaT npe- OT T03H nepHO)J; ee o6pbiQa eepH03HO BHHMaHHe
,IJ;HMHO 3ana,IJ;HO OT npHTBOpa, BbTpe B Hero H )];0 Ha nOeTaB51HeTO Ha ,B'h3rJJaBHHU,a" ITO)]; rnaBaTa
IOro3ana,IJ;HH51 'hrDJI Ha HaH-K'heHaTa u,'hpKsa. TpH Ha noqHHaJIH51. TaM K'b,IJ;eTo He 651xa OTKpHTH
OT T51X ea o<PopMeHH BbpXy eKaJiaTa, a rpo6HHTe TYXJIH H KepeMH)J;H, HaJIJ1qHeTO Ha ITO)J;JlO)I(Ka OT
51MH Ha ,IJ;Ba OT T51X ea JieKO BKOITaHH B He51. llpH HeTpaeH MaTepHan no,IJ; masaTa ee ,IJ;OKa3Ba OT no-
,IJ;Ba rpo6a e perHeTpHpaHO Orpa)I(,IJ;aHe H ITOKpHTHe JJO)I(eHHeTo Ha qepenHTe. OeseR seHqKo oeTaHano,
OT KaM'bHH (N2N2 10 H 17). llpH e,IJ;HH OT 3ana,IJ; perHeTpHpaHH51T o6Hqaif noKa3Ba, qe npe3 XII-
3a,IJ; qepena e 3a6HTa KaMeHHa nnoqa (rpo6 N2 36). XIII B. OKOJJO TpHKopa6HaTa U,bpKsa ee norpe6sa
Haxo,IJ;KHTe OT Te3H rpo6ose ea MaJIKO H He ,IJ;aBaT npe,IJ;HMHO rpa)I(,IJ;aHeKO HaeeJieHHe.
KaTeropHqHa HH<PopMau,H51 3a ,IJ;aTHposKaTa. Tosa .[(o IOr03ana,IJ;HH51 'hrDJJ Ha K'beHaTa u,bpKBa 651xa
ea npe,IJ;HMHO )l(eJle3HH npe,IJ;MeTH, qaeT OT KOHTO pa3qHeTeHH qeTHpH norpe6eHH51 e,IJ;HO Bbpxy ,ll;pyro.
rB03,IJ;eH OT ,IJ;bpBeHHTe KOHeTpyKIJ,HH, e KOHTO e llpH H3Bbpii1BaHe Ha noene,IJ;HOTO norpe6en11e
o<PopMeHa rpo6HaTa 51Ma. OeseR T51X e OTKpHTa 11 qaeT OT KOeTHTe Ha no-paHHH51 eKeJleT ea 6HJJH
e,IJ;Ha Kpbma TOKa, KaKTO H qaeT OT 6pOH30Ba <P116yna. H3Ba,IJ;eHH H eTpynaHH eesepHo OT rpo6a. Me)l(.cy
llpH rpo6 N2 17 Me)I()J;y KOeTHTe Ha KpaKaTa, no- ropHaTa ,IJ;'beKa OT HaH-paHHOTO norpe6eHHe H
ToqHo Me)I(,IJ;y me3eHHTe, e OTKpHT 3'b6 OT rJIHraH, )J;OJlHaTa ,IJ;'beKa OT HaH-K'beHOTO norpe6eHHe 6eme
KOHTO KaTeropHqHo ee esbp3Ba e norpe6eHHeTo. OTKpHTO rOJl51MO KOJlHqeeTBO <PparMeHTH KepaMHKa
Haii-o6IQo, Ta3H rpyna rpo6ose ee eno6pa351Ba OT XIII B., KOeTo ,IJ;aTHpa He eaMo rpo6oseTe, HO H
e'be eTeHHTe Ha e,IJ;HOKOpa6HH51 xpaM, OT KOMTO npH eTpOHTeJlHHTe eTaiTH Ha XpaMOBeTe.
npoyqsaHeTO ee OTKpHBaT apXHTeKTYPHH ,IJ;eTaMJJH, BeHqKH, BKJJIOqeHH B Ta3H ny6nHKau,H51 rpo-
,IJ;aTHpaHH OT )!{. A.rra,IJ;)I(OB B IX-X B. 11MeHHO TOBa 6ose ea xpHeTH51HeKH. CKeneTHTe ee OTKpHBaT B
,IJ;asa oeHoBaHHe ,IJ;a ee TB'hp,li;H, qe Te3H norpe6eHH51 H3IT'bHaTo noJJo)l(eHHe no rpo6, a pou,eTe ea 6mm
ea 6HJIH H3B'hpniBaHH ,IJ;o X seK, KoraTo aHTHqHaTa nonaraHH Hai1:-qeeTo B'hpxy T51.JIOTO, KaTo ee epe-
6a3HJlHKa seqe He e <l>YHKIJ,HOHHpana. IQaT e,IJ;HHHqHH enyqaH, npH KOHTO e,IJ;HaTa pbKa
IIo-K'beHHTe rpo6ose, oT XI-XIII B., ee OTKpHBaT e OIT'bHaTa ITOKpai1: T51JIOTO. llpH H51KOJlKO rpo6a e
npe,IJ;HMHO IOroH3ToqHo 11 fO)I(HO OT u,'hpKBaTa. Te perHeTpHpaHO ,IJ;06pe IT03HaTOTO ITOJIO)I(eHHe, npH
ea eBbp3aHH e qeTBbpTH51 eTpOHTeJJeH nepHO)J; Ha KOeTO e,IJ;HaTa HJlH ,IJ;BeTe pou,e ea eroHaTH K'bM e'hOT-
xpaMOBH51 KOMnJieKe Ha MapKeJIH. BeTHHTe paMeHe I1 3a KOeTO ,IJ;Oeera B eneu,HaJJH3H-
llpH neT rpo6a 6Hxa pemeTpHpaHH ene,IJ;H oT paHaTa JIHTeparypa H51Ma npHeMJJHBO 0651eHeHHe.
H3TJl51Jl0 ,ll;bpBO, KOeTO B noseqeTO enyqaJ1 e OT BoB seHqKH.rpo6ose noKOHHHIJ,HTe ea 6HJJH rro-
,ll;bpBeHaTa KOHeTpyKIJ,H51, e K051TO e o<PopM51Ha JJO)I(eHH e I13fl'bHaTH KpaKa, KaTO eaMO Ha eKeJJeTa OT

76
~ 3~~H~
~ HHKa
6 e p e-
cny-
T e3H

HKa

no-
\ \I_ B
I
D

XII- \
oe6Ba

rpo6 N2 39 KpaKaTa ca KpbCTocaHH npH xop,HnaTa. 03HaqaBa, qe p,opH p,a e 6Hna qacTHqHo pa3pyrneHa
6Hxa
Kar o ce HMa npep,BH,ll, KOJIKO rolliiMO BHHMaHHe ce BbB BpeMeTO, KOfaTO Ca HanpaBeHH Te3H rpo60Be,
pyro.
e o6pnmano Ha TaKa HapeqeHOTO nop,pe)l(p,aHe Ha TH e 6HJia ,li,OCTaThqHo BH,li,HMa, 3a p,a nOCJIY)I(ll
eHHe
nOKOHHHKa, Ta3H n03H:QHH Ha KpaKaTa MO)I(e p,a 6n- 3a opHeHTHp. Ep,HHCTBeHOTO o6HcHeHHe Ha TOBa
,1e o6llcHeHa c nocTaB.smeTo MY B TpaneQOBH,D,eH pa3MHHaBaHe B opHeHTaQHHTa e, qe npe3 XIII-
CaH)l,'hK. XIV B., He3aBHCHMO OT HaJIHqHeTo Ha xpaMoBe
OpHeHTaQHHTa Ha BcHqKH rpo6oBe e 3anap,- HJIH Ha CJie,D,H OT xpaMOBe, npH H3BbplllBaHeTO Ha
H3TOK, HO OTKJIOHeHHHTa Ca pa3JIHqHH H nOHHKOra norpe6eHHH 3anap,nT ce e onpep,enHn no cnnHQeTo.
MHOfO roneMH. Te3H, KOHTO ca C 15 rpap,yca Ha Ta3H npaKTHKa e KOHCTaTHpaHa npH npoyqBaHHH
!Of0113TOK, HBHO ca 6HJIH OpHeHTHpaHH no CTeHHTe H Ha p,pyrH HeKpOITOJIH B KpeiTOCTH: IlepHHlllKaTa
Ha U'hpKBaTa, KOHTO e CbC CbiQOTO OTKJIOHeHHe. B KpenocT, Co noT, fliOTHQa 1•
Hl!KOJIKO cnyqaH o6aqe qepenbT Ce OTKpHBa ,li,O 25 3a p,a 6np,e 3aBnprneHo o6IQOTO onncaHHe Ha
rpall,yCa Ha CeBep HJIH IOf OT 06HqafiHaTa nOCOKa pa3KpHTHTe npe3 1989-1991 r. rpo6oBe, TpH6Ba p,a
Ha 3an ap,. Oco6eHo noKa3aTeJIHH ca p,BaTa rpo6a ce CITOMeHe H rp06HOTO CbOpb)l(eHHe, OTKpHTO B
(N2 21 11 N2 22), pa3qHcTeHH B TaKa HapeqeHHH IO)I(HaTa npHcrpoi1Ka. To e BKonaHo B CKanaTa H e c
napaKJIHC, HJIH KpHnTa, npHJieneHa ,li,O lO)I(HHH TpaneQOBH,D,Ha <)lopMa H cTapaTenHo o<)lopMeH nep-
Kopa6 Ha QnpKBaTa. TaM ca OTKpHTH cKeneTH Ha Ba3 3a ITO,ll,ll,bp)l(aHe Ha ITJioqecTHTe KaMbHH, KOHTO
MblK 11 )!(eHa, norpe6aHH noqTH no ep,Ho H CbiQO ca ro noKpHBanH. ,[(nJI)I(HHaTa MY 3anap,-n3TOK e
BpeMe, HO H ,D,BaTa rpo6a Ca C pa3JIHqHa OpHeHTaQHH, 2,50 M, a lllHpHHHTe Ca CbOTBeTHO 0, 70 H 1,50 M
KOliTO I1pH TOBa He e Cb06pa3eHa CbC CTeHHTe Ha (?). 3a Cb)l(aJieHHe B Hero KOCTH He ce OTKpHxa. Te
KpHI1TaTa. IlpH OTKpHBaHeTO ll Ce 0Ka3a, qe CTe- ca 6HJIH H3Bap,eHH OIQe npep,H XII B. Ilo- KbCHo,
HHTe Ca 3alla3eHH Ha BHCOqHHa ,li,O 2,50 M, KOeTO HO He H oT cpep,aTa Ha XIII B., Ha CbiQOTO MHCTO

77
Ca 611JIH M3BbpilleHM OIIJ,e IUIKOJIKO I10rpe6eHMSI. JiereH,nl1", MwxaMJI ApHay,nos (ApHayooe 1920,
Pa36wpa ce, Bb3MO)J(HO e BKorraHMSIT rpo6 ,na e 6MJI 246-274) M3I10JI3Ba OKOJIO 50 6bJirapCKM TeKCTa,
orpa6eH OIIJ,e B paHHOTO Cpe,nHOBeKOBMe, HO Cblli,O B KOMTO ITO e,D.MH MJIM ,npyr HaY:I1H e 3aCTbiTeH
TaKa e sepOSITHO rrpw IUIKOH rro-eKcTpeMeH MOMeHT CJO)J(eTbT 3a srpa)J(,naHeTo. flpe3 1983 r. ca rro3HaTH
OT )J(MBOTa Ha KpeiTOCTTa KOCTMTe Ha ,CBeTMSI Y:O- seqe 180 6bJirapcKM sapwaHTa, rry6JIMKyBaHI1 ca
BeK", 3a KOrOTO OY:eBM)J.HO e 6MJI rrpe,D.Ha3HaY:eH MHOro CTaTMI1 M )].Be MOHOrpaQJMM Ha l. Merac H
rrapaKJIMCbT MapTHpMH, ,na Ca 6MJIM M3HeCeHM M H. TaJiorn, CbOTBeTHO s TecaJIOHI1KM 11 Eyeypell\
rrpeHeCeHI1 Ha IlO-CMrypHO MSICTO. (llapanylloea 1983, 21). BcwqKI1 Te3M M3CJie,nsamrn
U:eJITa Ha Tosa Cb06IIJ,eHwe e He caMo ,na ce pa3rJie)J()J.aT KbCHMTe OTrJiaCM Ha e,D.11H BepOSITHO
rrpe,ncTaBSIT rrpoyqeHMTe Ha MapKeJIM rpo6ose, HO MHOrO paHeH o6pe,n, np11 KOHTO, HaH-06IIJ,O Ka3aHO,
11 ,na ce 06bpHe BHMMaHI1e Ha e)J.I1H OT TSIX. Tosa Ce 113Bbpil1Ba Y:OBeillKO )J(epTBOI1pMHOil1eHI1e, KaTO
e rpo6 N!! 28 OT rrpMJIO)J(eHMSI KaTaJior - MJII1 22- TSIJIOTO Ce 3apaBSI B OCHOBMTe Ha HOB CTpOe)J(, 3a
p11SIT rpo6, OTKPMT rrpe3 1991 r. Tosa, KoeTo ro ,na ocwrypw 3,npasi1HaTa My. KaKTo ApHay,nos, TaKa
rrpas11 I10-0C06eH, e HerOBOTO MeCTOITOJIO)J(eHMe. 11 CTOSIH 1eHY:eB ca Ha MHeHwe, qe sapwaHTI1Te
Toi1: e OTKp11T Ha 0,90 M M3TOY:HO oT 3arra,nHI1SI Kpai1: Ha ,o6pe,nHMSI KOMITJieKc srpa)J()J.aHe" ca ce pa3-
Ha JO)J(HMSI 311)]. Ha KbCHaTa u;npKsa. CKeJieTbT e BMJIM BbpXy e,D.Ha 11 CbiiJ,a OCHOBa, KaTO BTOpMSIT
HeiTOCpe,D.CTBeHO ITO)]. 311)J.a, KaTO XOpOCaHOBaTa ,norrbJIBa, qe s KpaSI Ha XIX 11 HaY:aJIOTO Ha XX B.
ITO)J.JIO)J(Ka MMHaBa Ha)J. rpo6HaTa SIMa TaKa, qe Sl ,HaH-pa3I1pOCTpaHeHaTa M e,D.MHCTBeHaTa peaJIHa
3arreY:aTsa 11 3arra3sa. B Ta3M Heo6wqai1:Ha rro3MI.J;MSI o6pe)J.Ha rrpaKTI1Ka" (TeHIJe6 1996, 261), KOSITO ce
e ITOrpe6aHO MOMY:e Ha OKOJIO 7-8 rO)J.MHM. f'po6- 3arra3sa, e srpa)J(,naHe Ha MSipKa OT pbCTa Ha qoseK
HM HaXO)J.KM He Ce OTKpMXa, HO e OY:eBM)J.HO, qe I10- MJIM Ha CSIHKaTa My. ,ZJ;pyra CbiiJ,eCTBeHa I1pOMSIHa
rpe6eHMeTO e M3Bbpil1eHO MaJIKO rrpe)J.M MJIM ITO BbB BpeMeTO e, qe B 6bJirapCKMTe 3eMM, ITOHe KaTO
speMe Ha cTpoe)J(a Ha u;npKBaTa. 3a rro,no6Ha Ha- QJOJIKJIOp, HaH-ITOITYJI5IpHMSIT sapMaHT e T0311 Ha
xo,nKa 11MaM YCTHa MHQJOpMai.J;MSI OT ,lJ;I1M11Tbp 5JH- srpa,neHaTa HesecTa.
KOB, KOHTO TBbp,D.M, qe rrpw pa3KOITKM s Kapacypa s Bbs spb3Ka c rpo6 N!! 28 oT MapKeJII1, KOHTO
OCHOBMTe Ha crpa,na e OTKpMT ,neTCKM CKeJieT. pa3rJie)J(,naMe ryK, e Heo6xo,nMMO, Me)J(,ny MHoro-
Pa36Mpa ce, KaKTo rrp11 BCMY:KM cpe,nHoseKOBHI1 6poi1HMTe 113BOpM M KOMeHTap11, ,na Ce ITOTbpCH
KperrOCTM, TaKa 11 TYK MSICTOTO B I1pO)J.bJI)J(eHI1e Ha oTrosop Ha ,nsa sa)J(HM Bbrrpoca. flnpso: rrpaKTH-
BeKOBe e M3ITOJI3BaHO 3a CTpOe)J(M M I10rpe6eHMSI, KysaH JII1 e T03M o6pe,n npM CTpOe)J( Ha I.J;bpKBI1?
I1pM KOeTO Ca pa3pyrnasaHI1 CTap11 CTeHI1 M Ce e BTopo: MMa JIM cse,neHMSI 3a srpa)J()J.aHe Ha ,neu;a?
rrorra,naJio Ha CTapw rpo6ose. 06wmi1HoTo rro- flo nbpBMSI Bbrrpoc IIJ,e ce ,nosepwM Ha MHeHMSITa
se,neHMe I1p11 BTOpMSI CJiyY:aH e MJIM HOBOTO I10- Ha )J.BaMa M3CJie,nsaqM, Ha Y:MHTO aBTOp11TeT ce e
rpe6eHMe ,na ce M3Bbprnw Herrocpe,ncTseHo Ha,n cTa- no3oBaJI 11 ApHay,nos. B Herry6JIMKysaHaTa BTopa
poTo, MJIM, KOeTO e M rro-qecTO, KOCTI1Te OT CTapOTO qacT Ha CBOSI Tpy,n flaMSJTHMKM J1J06eH KapaseJIOB
rrorpe6eHwe ,na ce rrp116epaT cTapaTeJIHO s H5IKOH BKJIJOqsa CJie)J.HI1Te CBe,D.eHMSI ITO ITOBO)J. rreCHI1Te 3a
oT brJIMTe Ha HosaTa rpo6Ha SIMa. BnrrpocbT TYK Brpa,neHI1Te HeBeCTM: ,flpe,naHMSITa, 3aJIO)J(eHI1 B
e: aKO CTpOMTeJIMTe Ca 3asapMJII1 Ha MSICTO T0311 OCHOBaTa Ha Te3M neCHI1, Ca 3a ITOCTpOSIBaHeTO Ha
,neTCKH rpo6, 3aiiJ,O He Ca rrpeMeCTMJII1 OCTaHKMTe? rpa,D.OBe, I.J;bpKBM 11 MOCTOBe, .... l1 Ca Ce CbXpaHMJIH
OIIJ,e rroseqe Y:e rrpw rrpocJieMBaHe Ha OCHOBaTa Ha s naMerra Ha 6bJirapcKMS1 Hapo,n s T0 3M BM)J. ...
rpa,ne)J(a cTaHa SICHO, qe xopocaHosaTa rro,nJIO)J(Ka 3arroqsai1:KM ,na Ce CTpOM KaKBOTO 11 ,na e rOJISIMO
HaBCSIKb)J.e JI5Ira BbpXy CKaJiaTa, CJie,D.BaHKM HeH- 3)J.aHMe, KaTO HarrpMMep MOCT, l/bpK6Q (KypCMB'bT
HaTa KOHQJMrypai.J;MSI, KaTO Ha OKOJIO 0,40-0,50 M MOH), QJOHTaH, BSipBaT, Y:e 6e3 )J(epTBa TO He MO)J(e
OT OCHOBaTa Ce IlOCTaBSIT M3paBHI1TeJIHM ITJIOqM, ,na 6b)J.e ITOCTpOeHO, 3aiiJ,OTO rrpe3 HOIIJ,Ta 113JIM3aT
KOMTO ,na KOMITeHCMpaT HepaBHOCTMTe. ETO 3alli,O HeY:MCTM ,nyxose, M MCKaT )J(epTBa, 11 aKO He Sl
Ce HaJiara M3BO)J.bT, qe MJIM rrpM CTpOe)J(a e MMaJIO HaMepSIT, TO Te pa3pyrnasaT IlOCrpOeHOTO". fl.P.
MHOro cepM03Ha rrpwqwHa T0311 rpo6 ,na ocTaHe Ha CJiasei1Kos CbiQO e KOMeHT11paJI T03M o6wqai1: H
MSJCTOTO cw, MJII1 TOH e yMMrnJieHo srpa,neH s oc- OC06eHO TaJiaCbMMTe, KaKTO Ca 6MJIM Hap11qaH11
HOBMTe. s TbpHOBCKO ceHKMTe Ha xopaTa, srpa,neHM s oc-
CTpowTeJIHMSIT o611qai1: ,srpa)J(,naHe" e MHoro HOBMTe: ,BCSIKa ITO-rOJI5IMa crpa,na MMa TaJiaCbM,
06Il1MpHO KOMeHTMpaH B M3CJie,D.BaHMSI Ha QJOJIKJIO- 6wJia TSI yqwJIMIIJ,a, 6wJia 'lepKoea. LfepKoeume
pMCTM, eTHorpaQ->w 11 eTHOJI03M. KoraTo rrwrne (KypcMBbT Moi1) MCKaT MaJIKO qwcTM ,na m ,D.bp-
CBOMTe ,Cry,nMM BbpXy 6bJirapCKMTe o6pe,D.M M )J(aT OT TaKBM3M pa6oTM, aMa 11 3a TYH rra,naT Ta ce

78
920, pyxHy BaT lfeCTO, xeM KaK ThM rra,LiaT Ta ce CTpO- <PonKnop rrpepa3Ka3Ba TeMaTa c H.L\eHTa, qe cBeThT

CT a, I!JaBaT 113 ,L\'bHO 51; 3a T)'M cera I"H rrpaB51T OT ,L\'bCKH e C'b3.[\a.[\eH OT )l(eHCKOTO T51ll0 (flapany!loea 1983,
KyOeTaTa 11M, a TO OT KaM'bHH He MO)I(e 6e3 TaKBO - 25). Ee3 ,Lia OTXBnpn~Me H.L\e~Ta Ha aBTOpKaTa, qe
Jf1, OCYH Ha e,LIHO eyqe, HllH Ha e.[\Ha KOTKa CeHKaTa K'bCH~T BapHaHT Ha T03H MOTHB e .[\a ,H3pa351Ba

ca rpe6a )l,a c e n p eMaH,LIOnH TaM, 11 ThM ce,LIH LJepKoea HeH36e)I(HOCTTa Ha )l(eHcKaTa Cb,L\6a - ,Lia ce rrpe-
{rypc11B'hT MOM) 611na HnH KaKBOTo H ,Lia e". TyK e BnpHaT B OCHOBa Ha HOBa IIOCTpOMKa, Ha HOB
\1JICTOTO )l,a Ce OT6ene)I(H, qe Brpa,LieH~T qoBeiiiKH CBHT, Ha HOBO CeMeMCTBO", 3a HaC e IIO- Ba)I(HO .[\a
;lYX Ce rrpeBpnlll,a B .[\eMOHHqHO C'biiJ,eCTBO, KOeTO o6npHeM BHHMaHHe Ha cnoMeHaTHTe ,LieQa B no-
ce Hap11qa p a3nHqHo B pa3nHqHHTe KpaHIIJ,a Ha paHHH <lJonKnOp HH BapHaHTH. QqeBH,LIHO e, lfe <lJa-
obnrapl1Jl: .L\OMaKHH, HaMeCTHHK, TanacbM, CTH~ 11 6ynaTa 3a Brpa,LieHaTa HeBecTa no cBoeo6pa3eH
T.H. Karo ce B3eMe n p e,LIBH.L\ MecTonono)l(eHHeTo Ha HalfHH ,OTXBbpJI51" OpHfHHanHHTe napaMeTpH Ha
\1apKeJJI1, KaKTO H H3BO,L\HTe, KOHTO IIJ,e rrp e,LICTaB51 nnpBoo6pa3a. ETo 3aiiJ,o MO)I(e ,L~a ce npe,LinOJIO)I(H,
no-Haran K, B Ta3H rpyrra TpH6sa ce BKmoqH 11 qe B no-cTap~ MY BapHaHT o6pe.L\'hT e BKmoqBan
rpb~KOTO Ha3BaHHe opaKOC. TaKa HaiipHMep B Ace- KaTO )l(epTBa ,LieTe, qy)I(,LieHeQ HllH n'hTHHK. 3a .[\eT-
HOBrpa,ll, e p a3np ocTp aHeHa nereH,LiaTa, qe B ,Lipa- CKH )l(epTBH cno6rn:asa H M. ApHay,LioB, KaTo B
KOCH ca c e npeBnp HanH cecTpHTe Ha 6nnrapcK~ CT)'.L\H~Ta MY Ha CTp . 260 e ,Lia,LieHO CBe.[\eHHe OT
B. uap Kocr a,LIHH, KOMTO 6Hn Bna,LieTen Ha AceHoBaTa IIepylll,HQa 3a ,LieTe OT ceMeMCTBO ManHHqoBH,
Ha Kpenocr (ApHayooe 1920, 260). KOeTO 611n0 Brpa,LieHO np11 H3rpa)I(,LiaHeTO Ha qepK-

ce To311 CTPOHTeneH o6pe.LI He e y6HrHan 11 OT BaTa, pa3pyiiieHa no BpeMe Ha B'bCTaHHeTO OT

eK BHI1MaHI1eTO Ha K. llpeqeK, KOMTO fO KOMeHTHpa 1876 f. fi3KnJOqHTenHO HHTepeCHH Ca H .[\aHHHTe,

TaKa: , l f3o 6rn:o B Ennrap~ QHpKynHpa rrpe,LiaHHe, cn6paHH OT cenaTa OKOJIO HeBpOKOn, K'b.L\eTo npH-
Ye HHKOH K(JMeHHa nocmpouKa (KypCHB'hT MOM) He HacHnH )l(epTBH Ha cmonaHUHQ Ha K'biiJ,aTa, KaTO
ycnesa, aKo ce He 3a3H,L\aT B OCHOBHTe arHe, rreTen 3a cTonaHHH ce onpe,Lien~n ~KOM oT YMpenHTe
11lll1 llOHe lfOBeiiiKa CeHKa... H3MepeHH51T qoBeK pO,LIHHHH npHTe)l(aBaiiJ, npH)I(HBe nOJIO)I(HTenHH
y~mpa 11 crasa TanacnM Ha Ta3H crpa,Lia. C Te3H KalfeCTBa. HeroBaTa ponH e 6Hna ,Lia ce rpH)I(H 3a
nosepHH e B'bB Bp 'b3Ka, MO)I(e 611, H 3a3H)I(,LiaHeTO CeMeMCTBOTO, 3a 3eMHTe H 3a ,LI06HThKa H pa36Hpa
Ha Henorpe6HH CTap H qepKOBHH KHHfH, KOeTO ce ,Lia na3H 3,LipaBHHaTa Ha K'biiJ,aTa.
011JIO l1311'bpBOM BCe06IIJ,O pa3IIpOCTpaHeHO Ha ll3KmoqHTenHo HHTepeceH napanen MO)I(e ,Lia
nonyocr poBa" (HpeLJeK 1899, 604). KaKTo ce BH)I(,Lia ce OTKpHe B e.[\HH OT aHanH3HTe Ha ,D:)I(. <l>peM3'bp
OT llOCOlfeHHTe MHeH~, Q'bpKBHTe C'blll,O ca 6HnH ( ([Jpeu3bp 1989, 187). Pa3rne)I(,LiaMKH H3BnpiiiBa-
BKJIIOlfeHH B Te3H Crpa,LIH, 3a 3,LipaBHHaTa Ha KOHTO HeTo Ha )l(epTBOnpHHOIIIeH ~ npH CKnJOqBaHeTO

v:
pa
e He06XO,L\!1Ma )l(ep T Ba. ,D:OKOllKOTO o6aqe o6pe,LibT
e yHacne)l,eH OT e3HqecKaTa enoxa H MaKap H
Ha ,LioroBopH npe3 ,LipeBHocrra, TOM cnoMeHaBa pe-
3ymanne OT pa3KOnKH Ha npo<tJ . CTIO'bpT MaKa-
OB ,HerJJaCHO", BKmoqeH B Xp HCTWI.HCKHTe rrpaKTHKH, nHCThp B IlaneCTHHa, npH KOHTO B OCHOBHTe Ha

3a TO 110)], B'b3,LieMCTBHe Ha Cll~HTellHTe Ha Q'bpKBaTa crpa,Lia 6HnH OTKpHTH CKeneTH Ha ,L\BaMa M'b)l(e,

B nocreneHHO o6p e,LIHHHT <tJonKnop ce H3MeCTBa K'hM KaKTO H ropHaTa qaCT OT TeJiaTa Ha MOMHqe H MOM-

Ha rpaJK)l,aHCKHTe nocTp OMKH. TyK MO)I(e ,Lia ce Harrpa- qe. CaM~T npo<tJ. MaKanHCThp e o6HcHHn Te3H Ha-

H 811 e)l,HO 110-,Lip 'b3KO n p e,LIIIOllO)I(eHHe, qe ll'bpBO- XO.L\KH KaTO OCTaHKH OT qoBeiiiKH )l(epTBH, OCHrypH-
o6pa3'bT Ha lfOBeiiiKaTa )l(epTBa e 6Hn CBbp3aH 110- BaiiJ,H 3,LipaBHHaTa H HenOKnaTHMOCTTa Ha rpa,Lie)l(a.
CKOpO C'bC CTp Oe)l(a Ha xpaMOBe, a He Ha )I(HllHIIJ,a. MaKap qe caMH~T <l>peM3bp CBbp3Ba Te3H HaXO.L\KH

T Bropmn Bnrrp oc orrHpa .L\O caMaTa )l(epTBa. c .Lipyr o6HqaM, TO He TpH6Ba ,Lia ce npeHe6p erBa

e Cnope,ll, 6nnrapcKH~ rreceHeH <PonKnop B rroBeqeTo H CTaHOBHIIJ,eTO Ha OTKpHBaTe~ 3a Bp'b3KHTe Ha

aT CJJylfaH TOBa e MJia.[\a HeB51CTa, IIO-p51.L\KO CTpaHHHK .[\eTCKHTe )l(epTBH C'bC CTpOHTellHHTe o6pe,LIH.

~ (YyJK)l,eHeQ) HJIH II'bpB~T, IIp HCTHfHan Ha CTpOe)l(a B cwiKO, Ka3aHo .L\OT)'K, ,LiaBa ocHoBaHHe ,Lia ce
.P. YOBeK. B rpnQKHTe necHH o6aqe ce Ka3Ba : ,,D:oKaTo npe,LinOJIO)I(H, qe ,L\eTCK~T CKeneT, OTKpHT B rp06

H He Brpa)l,HTe q o BeK, MOCTbT ~Ma Ce 3a,LI'bp)I(H; H N!! 28 no,LI OCHOBaTa Ha JO)I(HaTa cTeHa Ha Qnp KBaTa
He cupaLte, H He 8008UutKO oeme (KypcHBbT MOM), B MapKenH, He ce e o3oBan TaM cnyqaMHO. B n3-
HO JKeHaTa Ha ll'bpBOMaMCTOp 5IHH" HJIH ,Ho .[\a He MO)I(HHTe BapHaHTH Ca ,L\Ba: HllH CTpOHTeJIHTe
Ob,l(e Hl1 cupalJe (KypCHBbT MOM), HH q~,LieHeQ, Ca 3aBapHllH T03H .[\eTCKH rpo6 Ha ~CTO H Ca fO
HH ll'bTHHK" . Crrop e,LI r. Merac )l(epTBaHeTo Ha Brpa,LIHJIH B TeMeJia, HllH no BpeMe Ha CTpOe)l(a e
.1106HMI1H lfOBeK B'bB <lJOJIKllOp a e XY.L\O)I(eCTBeH noqHHano ,LieTe, KOeTo e 6Hno H3nomBaHo 3a pea-
11360p, )l,OKaTO cnope,LI fl . Ilap arrynOBa 6nnrapCKH~T nH3HpaHeTo Ha T03H CTpOHTeneH 0 6HqaM. IlpH

79
BCH4KH OCTaHanH cnyqaH TpynbT HnH KOCTHTe 4e npH pa3KOnKHTe npe3 1991 r. apxeonom4eCKH5IT
IIJ.Hxa ,ll,a 6b,ll,aT npeMecTeHH, 3a ,ll,a ce no4HCTH eKHn e nona)J,Han Ha opaKoca Ha UbpKBaTa B Map-
M5ICTOTO 3a CTpOe)l( H )J,a Ce Cna3H ,ll,pyr XpHCTH5IH- KeJIH, KaKTO 11 Ha e)J,HH QJaKT, HniOCTpHpaiiJ. peaKTH-
CKH norpe6aneH o6pe,ll,, np11 KOHTO 40BeJJJKHTe oc- BHpaHeTO Ha e3114eCKHTe 06H4aH B CXeMaTa Ha
TaHKHTe OT no-cTapH rpo6ose ce npenorpe6saT s XpHCTH5IHCKaTa 06H4aHHa npaKTHKa.
HOBHTe rp06HH 5IMH. ETO 3aiiJ.O MO)I(e ,ll,a ce Ka)l(e,

ra.

JUITEPATYPA IlapanyJloBa 1983: JI. ilapanynosa. Eana,LJ,aTa , Brpa-

,LJ,eua HeBeCTa". - bbJirapCKH cpOJIKJlOp, 1983, 2, 21- 25.
Apuay~oB 1920: M. Apuay,LJ,oB. Cry,LJ,HH Bbpxy 6bJI- <Dpeii3bp 1989: )],)!(. <1>peii3bp. <l>oJIKJIOpbT B CTa-
rapcKHTe o6pe,LJ,H H JiereH,LJ,H. - HY, 1920, 34, 246-274. p11H 3aseT, CoqmH, 1989, II, 187.
reu<JeB 1996: C. feuLJ.eB. OY.epuw no 6bJirapcKa
eTuorpacpwH, B. TbpHoBo, 1996, 261. JiEJIEJKKH
Hpe<JeK 1899: K. llpeY.eK. IlbrysaHHH no bbJirapwH,
1
ilJIOB,LJ,HB, !899,604. Pa3KOnKH ua asTopa.

rPOEOBE OT KPEITOCTTA MAPKEJIH

1989-1991 r.
rPOn .N'!! 1-111989 rPOn .N'!! 3-2/1990
MecmonoJloJ/CeHue: Ha 1,25 M IO)I(HO OT CTeHaTa MecmonofloJ/CeHue: Ha 0,25 M cesepHo ,ll,O rpo6
Ha napaKnwca, ,ll,bn6o4HHa - 0,90 M. N2 1, ,ll,bn604HHa - 0,75 M.
IloJloJ/CeHue Ha cKenema: H3nbHaT no rpb6, pb- IIoJloJ/CeHue Ha cKenema: H3nbHaTno rpb6, nwue-
u.eTe ca nono)l(eHH Bbpxy rbp,ll,HTe. saTa qacT Ha 4epena e o6bpHaTa Ha IOr, pbUeTe ca
OpueHmaL{UJl: 3ana,ll,- H3TOK. neKO CBHTH B naKTHTe H nonO)I(eHH B ropHaTa qacT
PG3Mepu: ,ll,bn)I(HHa -1,80 M, JJJHpHHa Ha pa- Ha KOpeMa.
MeHeTe - 0,50 M, illHpHHa Ha Ta3a- 0,34 M. OpueHmal{uJl: 3ana)J,- H3TOK, c OTKnOHeHHe 30°
HHeeHmap: H5IMa. Ha IOr.
PmMepu: )J,bn)I(HHa - 1,15 M, JJJHpHHa Ha paMe-
HeTe - 0,42 M, illHpHHa Ha Ta3a - 0,30 M.
rPon .N'!! 2 - 111990
HHeeHmap: H5IMa.
MecmonofloJ/CeHue: B IO)I(HH5I Kpaii Ha napaK-
nwca, Ha 0,15 M OT 3H)J,a, Ha 1,60 M OT BTOpH4HaTa rPon .N'!! 4- 3/1990
anCH,ll,a.
IlofloJ/CeHue Ha CKenema: H3nbHaT no rpb6, 3a- MecmonofloJ/CeHue: Ha 0,60 M OT BbTpeJJJHOTO
na3eH ,ll,O KoneHeTe, 4epenbT e c nm.J,esaTa qacT Ha nwue Ha cesepHaTa cTeHa Ha napaKnHca, Ha 0,44 M
cesep, pbJJ.eTe ca CrbHaTH s naKTHTe no,ll, npas brbn oT 3ana,ll,HH5I nwnacTbp, ,ll,bn6oqwHa- 1,05 M. 1
H nono)l(eHH Bbpxy KopeMa, MCHaTa Ha,ll, AABaTa. IlofloJ/CeHue Ha cKenema: 3ana3eHH ca caMo qac-
OpueHmaL{uJl: 3ana)J,- H3TOK, c OTKnOHeHHe 5° TH OT rpb,ll,HH5I KOJJJ, OT KOHTO MO)I(e )J,a Ce Cb)J,H, 4e
Ha IOr. rnasaTa e 6wna Ha 3ana,ll,. KocTHTe Ha pbUeTe H Kpa-
PmMepu: 3ana3eHa ,ll,bn)I(HHa- 1,23 M, JJJHpHHa KaTa nwncsaT.
Ha paMeHeTe - 0,43 M, illHpHHa Ha Ta3a- 0,34 M. OpueHmaL{UJl: 3ana,ll,-H3TOK, c OTKnoHeHHe 15°
HHeeHmap: H5IMa. Ha IOr.
PmMepu: 3ana3eHa ,ll,bn)I(HHa - 0,52 M, JJJHprma
Ha paMeHeTe - 0,38 M.
HHeeHmap: H5IMa.

80
'If'IeCKIDIT fPOJ> .N'!! 5 - 4/1990
ra s Map-
11. peaKTM- MecmonoJloJ/CeHue: Ha 2,20 M cesepOM3TO'lHO
eMaTa Ha or cesepaara ancM.n.a Ha 6a3MJIMKara.
JionoJ/CeTme Ha CKeJlema: M3nnHaT no rpn6, JIM-
l.leBara qacr Ha qepena e o6npHaTa Ha cesep, pn-
l.lere ca IIOJIO)I(eHM Bnpxy KopeMa e.n.Ha cpern;y .n.py-
ra. Fpo6M 8 (M 2/1991)
OpueHmat~uR: 3ana)1,-M3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHMe 15°
Ha cesep0113TOK.
PG3Mepu: )J,'hJI)I(MHa- 1,44 M (6e3 CT'hnanaTa),
ara,Brpa-
WHpMHa Ha paMeHeTe - 0,34 M, UIMpMHa Ha Ta3a -
t, 21-25.
0,29 M=
lbT s Cra-
HHeeHmap: )l(eJUI3Ha xaJIKa s o6nacrra Ha Kp'hCTa.

fPOJ> .N'!! 6-5/1990

MecmonofloJ/CeHue: Ha 0,30 M IO)I(HO OT ,rone-

\IIDI nMnacThp", aenocpe.n.cTseHo npe.n. sxo.n.a aa
napaKJIMCa, .n.nn6o'lMHa- 1,60 M.
JionoJ/CeHue Ha CKeJlema: M3n'hHaT no rpn6, JI51- JlOJlOJ/CeHUe HQ CKeJlema: H3n'hHaT no rpn6,
sara pbKa e On'hHaTa noKpaH T51JIOTO, )1,51CHaTa e Cr'h- 'lepen'hT e JieKO H3BHT Ha IOf, pnQeTe Ca KpbCTOCaHH
HaTa o6paTHO K'hM C'hOTBeTHOTO paMO. aa KopeMa, KaTo )1.51CHaTa e Bnpxy MBaTa. KocTMTe
OpueHmat~uR: 3arra)1,-M3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHMe 15° OT CT'hnaJiaTa ce OTKpHBaT OTJI51BO )1,0 KOCTMTe Ha
Ha !Of0M3TOK. JieBM51 KpaK.
PG3Mepu: 3ana3eHa )J.'hJI)I(MHa- 1,50 M, umpHHa Opue~-tmat~uR: 3arra)1,-H3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHHe
~o rpo6 Ha paMeaere- 0,40 M. 25,3° aa IOr.
HHBeHmap: H51Ma. Pa3Mepu: )J,'hJI)I(HHa- 1, 70 M, rnHpHHa Ha paMe-
HeTe - 0,45 M, lllHpHHa Ha Ta3a- 0,30 M.
H~-teeHmap: H51Ma.
fPOJ> .N'!! 7 - 111991

MecmonofloJ/CeHue: B cesepHaTa qacT Ha aap-

r POJ> .N'!! 9 - 3/1991
reKca, IIO~ nJIO'lHTe, Ha )1,'hJI60'lMHa 0,35 M OT T51X.
IJorpe6eHHeTO e H3BbpllleHO Herrocpe)J,CTBeHO Bbp- MecmonofloJICeHue: s u.eaTpaJIHIDI Kopa6, aa
xy cKanaTa. 1,50 M cesepHO OT BTOpiDI lO)I(eH nMJiaCT'hp, B Ha-
JlOJIOJ/CeHUe HQ CKeJlema: CMJIHO M3TJI51JI, KOCTMTe CMna Ha MapTHpH51?
ca pa36'bpKaHH, qepennT e Bnpxy KepeMH)J,a. IlolloJ/CeHue Ha CKeJlema: M3nnHaT no rpn6, qe-
OpueHmat~uR: 3arra)1,-M3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHHe 15° pen'hT JIHrrcsa, pnQeTe ca noJIO)I(eHH Bnpxy rnp-
Ha cesep03ana.n.. .D.HTe, KaTO KOCTHTe OT )J,JiaHTa Ha )1,51CHaTa Ce OT-
PG3Mepu Ha zpo6Hama R.Ma: )J,'hJI)I(MHa- 1,60 M, KpHBaT nO-BHCOKO OT Te3H Ha JI51BaTa.
WHpMHa OT 3ana)1,- 0,60 M. Opue~-tmat~uR: 3ana)1,-H3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHHe 15°
HHBeHmap: H51Ma. Ha ror.
Pa3Mepu: )J.'hJI)I(MHa- 1,30 M, rnHpMHa aa paMe-
aeTe- 0,33 M, lllHpHHa Ha Ta3a- 0,32 M.
fPOJ> .N'!! 8 - 2/1991
H~-teeHmap: H51Ma.
MecmonoflOJ/CeHue: Ha 0,40 M cesepHo OT rpo6
N~ 7, Ha 0,70 M H3TO'lHO OT 3ana)J,HaTa CTeHa Ha
HapreKCa, )1,'hJI60'lMHa OT nJIO'lHHKa- 0,65 M, Jie)I(H
Bbpxy MarepHKa. fopHaTa qacT oT cKeneTa nona.n.a
no~ xopocaHOBIDI nnacT, Bnpxy KOHTO e o<PopMeH
no~bT aa aapTeKca.

Fpo6M 9 (M 3/1991)

81
 rPOJ> X2 11 - 5/1991

Mecmonoflo:JICeHue: B ceBepHaTa qacT Ha QeH-

Tpa.rrHJUI KOpa6, Ha 0,60 MOT OJITapHaTa nperpa)J,a.
lloflo:J/Ceuue ua CKe.Jlema: H3n'hHaT no rpb6,
qepen'hT e o6'hpHaT Ha IOr, pb:QeTe ca cnHaTH KbM
C'bOTBeTHHTe paMeHe. J1HllCBaT KOCTHTe OT JieBI1JI
KpaK H Ha Jl,eCHJUI llOJl. KOJI51HOTO.
OpueumalJUfl: 3anaJ1,- H3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHHe 15"
Ha ceBep.
Pa:JMepu: 3ana3eHa Jl.'hJI:>KHHa- 1,10 M, nmpima
rPOJ> X2 10-4/1991 Ha paMeHeTe- 0,45 M, nmpHHa Ha Ta3a- 0,40 M.
Jfueeumap: H51Ma.
Mecmono!lo:J/CeHue: B :QeHTpa.rrmui Kopa6, Me:>K-
3a6e.Jle:JICKa: npeJl,nonaraeMa aHTpononorwqHa
Jl.Y lO:>KHHTe IIHJiaCTpH Ha 0,90 MOT 3anaJl,HJUI nH-
xapaKTepHCTHKa - M'b:>K Ha OKOJIO 55 rOJl,HHH.
JiaCTbp. fpo6'hT e BKOnaH B CKa.JiaTa, KaTO rpo6HaTa
51Ma e nOKpHTa C KaM'bHH, OT KOHTO Ca Ce 3ana3HJIH
4 B IOrOH3TOqHJUI 'br'bJI.
flOJlO:J/CeHUe Ha CKe.Jlema: CHJIHO H3TJI51JI Jl,eTCKH
CKeJieT. fpb6HaqHJ151T CTbJI6 e HeeCTeCTBeHO H3BHT,
pbQeTe Ca 6HJIH Cr'bHaTH o6paTHO K'bM C'bOTBeTHHTe
paMeHe.
Opueumat.jUJl: 3anaJ1,- H3TOK.
PmMepu: Ha rpo6HaTa 51Ma: Jl.'hJI:>KHHa - 1,10 M, Pa3.Ate
Tpo6M 11 (M 5/1991)
IIIHpHHa - 0,50 M, 3ana3eHa Jl,'bJI:>KHHa Ha nOKpH- Ha paMeH
THeTO OT nJioqH - 0,48 M; CKeJieT: 3ana3eHa Jl.'bJI:>KH- Jfuee
Ha - 1,00 M, nmpHHa Ha paMeHeTe- 0,27 M. 3a6e.JZ
Jfueeumap: H51Ma. BeHH no
IIbpBHTe
KaTa. Tip
pHCTHKa
60 roJl,H

rPO

Mec
3HJ1. N2'
rPOJ> X2 12 - 6/1991 llofl

Tpo6 M 10 (M 4/1991) Mecmonoflo:J/CeHue: Ha 0,40 M IO:>KHO OT napaK-

JIHCa. rP
llo!lo:J/CeHue ua CKe.Jlema: 3ana3eHH ca qacTH OT
qepena H rpbJl.HIDI KOIII.
OpueumalJUfl: 3anaJ1,- H3TOK. OT OJIT

PmMepu: 3ana3eHa Jl.'hJI:>KHHa- 0,50 M. OT CeB

Jfueeumap: H51Ma.

rPOJ> X2 13 - 7/1991

Mecmono!lo:J/Ceuue: npeJl. 3anaJl,HaTa <PacaJl,a Ha

HapTeKca, Ha 0,90 MoT 3HJ1. N2 1.
lloflo:J/CeHue ua CKe.Jlema: H3n'hHaT no rp1>6. J1w-
:QeBaTa qacT Ha qepena e H3BHTa Ha ceBep. P'h:QeTe

82
 lloJlOJ/CeHue 11a CKertema: 113TI'bHaT no rpn6 c
pnu;e, TIOJIO)KeHI1 BbpXy Ta3a, 6e3 ,[(aCe KpbCTOCBaT.
u;eH-
qepennT e noJIO)KeH Bnpxy ryx11a.
OpueHmatfuJl: 3ana,[(-113TOK.
Pa3Mepu: Ha rpo6Hara HMa: 3ana3eHa ,[('bJI-

Tpo6M 13 (M 711991) )KJ1Ha- 0,80 M, ll111p11Ha OT 3aTia,[(- 0,65 M; CKeJieT:

,[('bJI)KI1Ha-1,70 M, lll11p11Ha Ha paMeHeTe- 0,40 M,
lll11p11Ha Ha Ta3a - 0,35 M.
lfHeeHmap: H51Ma.
3a6erteJICKa: npe,[(noJiaraeMa ,[(aT11pOBKa XIII B.

rPOli .N'!! 16- 10/1991

MecmonolloJ/CeHue: B IO)I{Hara qacr Ha HapreKca,

Ha ] , 10 M 3ana,[(HO OT I0)KHJ151 MY BXO,[(
flOJlOJ/CeHUe HQ CKertema: Ha ,[('bJI60qi1Ha 0,20 M
OT HI1BOTO Ha TIJIOqHI1Ka Ce OTKp11BaT pa36npKaHI1
KOCTI1. In situ ca CaMO KOCTI1Te OT KpaKaTa.
OpueHmGLfUJl: 3ana,[(- 113TOK.
Ca CKpbCTeHI1 B'bpXy KOpeMa, KaTO ,Z:VI.CHaTa e Bnpxy
:I~ sara.

OpueHmatfUJl: 3ana,[(-113TOK, c OTKJIOHeHI1e 15° r POli .N"!! 17 - 1111991

Ha cesep .
Pa:Mtepu: 3ana3eHa ,[(nmKI1Ha - 1,75 M, ru11p11Ha MecmonolloJ/CeHue: B HapreKca, Ha 0,20 M 3a-
na,[(HO OT I0)KHJ151 BXO,[(. fpo6nT e TIOKp11T C qer11p11
Ha paMeHeTe - 0,40 M, lll11p11Ha Ha Ta3a - 0,34 M.
KaMeHHI1 TIJIOql1,
11HBeHmap: H.HMa.
Ja6e.neJ/CKa: Ha C'blli,OTO M51CTO Ca 6111111 Hanpa- lloJlOJ/CeHue Ha CKertema: 113TI'bHaT no rpn6. qe-

BeHH fiOCJie,[(OBaTeJIHO Tp11 norpe6eHI151, KaTO OT pennT JIHIICBa. Jbmara pnKa e Ha rnp.L(11Te, ,[(HCHa-

nbpBHTe ,[(Be Ca 3ana3eHI1 caMO KOCTI1Te OT Kpa- ra - Ha KopeMa .

Kara. IIpe,[(nOJiaraeMaTa aHrponoJiorwiHa xapaKTe- OpueHmatfUJl: 3ana,[(-113TOK.

p11CTHKa Ha TIOCJie,[(HI151 CKeJieT e M'b)K Ha OKOJIO 55- PG3Mepu: Ha KaMeHHOTO noKp 11r11e: ,[('bJI)KHHa -

60 fO)J,HHH. 1,20 M, lll11p11Ha - 0,80 M; CKeJieT: ,[('bJI)KI1Ha -

fPOE .N'!! 14 - 8/1991

MecmonoJloJ/CeHue: Henocpe.L(CTBeHo ,[(0 11 no,[(

311):1 N~ 2, Ha 0,40 M OT rpo6 N'~ 13.
Ilo!lOJ/CeHue Ha CKertema: 3ana3eH e caMo qepennT.
Tpo6M 17 (M Jl /1991)

fPOE .N'!! 15 - 9/1991

OT
MecmonollOJ/CeHue: B u;eHTpaJIHI151 Kopa6 Ha 1M
or oJJTapHara n p erpa.L(a. fpo6Hara HMa e orpa.L(eHa
or cesep c o6pa6oTeHI1 KaM'bHH.

Tpo6Ng 15 (M 9/1991)

83
1,55 M (6e3 qepena), nm:pHHa Ha paMeHeTe - Iloflo:J/CeHue Ha CKeJlema: pa3qHcTeHH ca caMo
0,45 M, lliHpHHa Ha Ta3a- 0,30 M. KOCTHTe Ha KpaKaTa, a ,n:pyraTa qacT OT CKeJieTa
HHeeHmap: OCTaBa no,n: nJIOqHHKa.
1) TpHpn6 BpbX Ha )l(eJUI3Ha CTpeJia, OTKpHT OpueHmaLfuR: 3ana,n:-H3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHHe 15°
npH neTaTa Ha .n:ecHIDI KpaK Ha ceBep
2) )I(HBOTHHCKH 3b6, OTKpHT Me)l(.n:y KOCTHTe Ha Pa3Mepu: .D:bJI)I(HHa Ha KpaKaTa- 0, 70 M.
KpaKaTa HH6eHmap: HHMa.
3) 6 6pOH KOBaHH rB03,n:eH, OKOJIO CKeJieTa
4) MeTaJIHa nJiaCTHHa
rPOJ> .N!! 20- 14/1991
5) qacT OT qm6yJia, OTKpHTa Me)l(.n:y rJie3eHHTe.
3a6e;re:JICKa: ,n:aTHpOBKa- IX-X B. Mecmonoflo:J/CeHue: Henocpe,n:cTBeHo ceBepoH3-
ToqHo no.n: rpo6 N2 16, Ha 0,50 M 3ana,n:Ho OT 10)1(-
rPOE .N!! 18- 12/1991 HHH BXO.ll: Ha HapTeKCa. fpo6nT e 6HJI orpa,n:eH H
nOKpHT C nJioqH, OT KOHTO Ha MHCTO Ca 3ana3eHH
Mecmonoflo:J/CeHue: Ha 0,50 M OT H3ToqHHH TPH, no e,n:Ha 3a.n; qepena, OT ceBep H Ha,n: CThnaJiaTa.
Kpaif Ha IO)I(HIDI 3H.ll: Ha napaKJIHCa. qepennT e noJIO)I(eH Bnpxy KepeMH,n:a.
IloflO:J/CeHue Ha CKeJlema: H3nnHaT no rpn6. qe- IloJlo:J/CeHue Ha cKe;rema: H3nnHaT no rpn6. qe-
pennT e pa3pymeH npH H3KOnHHTe pa6oTH. PnueTe pennT e neKo H3BHT Ha 10r. ,[VIcHaTa pnKa e 6HJia
ca B o6nacrra Ha KopeMa, e,n:Ha Ha,n: .n;pyra, KaTo Bnpxy KopeMa, JUIBaTa- Bnpxy Ta3a. KocTHTe OT Jie-
.n;HCHaTa e no-Harope. BIDI KpaK JIHnCBaT.
OpueHmaLfU5l: 3ana,n:-H3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHHe 20° OpueHmaLfuR: 3ana,n:-H3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHHe 25°
Ha ceBep. Ha 10r.
Pa3Mepu: ,n:nJDKHHa-1,30 M (6e3 qepena), IDHpHHa Pa3Mepu: rpo6Ha HMa c .D:bJI)I(HHa 1,80 M, lllH-
Ha paMeHeTe- 0,34 M, IDHpHHa Ha Ta3a- 0,31 M. pHHa - 0,50 M; CKeJieT C .ll:bJI)I(HHa 1,50 M, lliHpHHa
HHeeHmap: Q>parMeHTH OT rnpHe, OTKpHTH He- Ha paMeHeTe - 0,30 M, lllHpHHa Ha Ta3a- 0,33 M.
nocpe,n:cTBeHo Ha,n: KOCTHTe Ha KpaKaTa (XIII B.) HHeeHmap: HHMa.

rPOE .N!! 21- 15/1991

MecmonoflO:J/CeHue: B napaKJIHca, Ha 2 M IOro-

3ana,n:Ho OT anCH,n:aTa, .D:bJI60qHHa OT no,n:OBOTO HH-
BO - 0,20-0,30 M.
Tpo6M 18 (NQ 12/1991) IloJlo:J/CeHue Ha CKeJlema: OT qepena e 3ana3eHa
,n:oJIHaTa qeJIIOCT. PnueTe ca crnHaTH B JiaKTHTe c
,n:JiaHH, nocTaBeHH BHCOKO Ha rpn,n:HHH KOUl. Kpa-
KaTa ca c npHneneHH KOJieHe.
OpueHmaLfuR: 3ana,n:-H3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHHe 15°
Ha 10ro3ana.n;.
Pa3Mepu: ,n:'hJI)I(HHa - 1,40 M (6e3 ropHaTa qacT
Ha qepena), mHpHHa Ha paMeHeTe - 0,23 M, UJH-
pHHa Ha Ta3a- 0,30 M.
HH6eHmap: HHMa.

rPOJ> .N!! 19 - 13/1991

Mecmonoflo:J/CeHue: B IO)I(HIDI Kopa6 Ha u:npK-

Tpo6M21 (M15/1991)
BaTa, Henocpe.n;cTBeHo .n:o Bxo.n:a KbM HapTeKca, Ha
.D:bJI6oqHHa 0,20 M OT HaCTHJIKaTa.

84
11 ca caMo fPOE .N'!! 22- 16/1991 OpueHma'lfUJl: Jana.n;- H3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHHe 15°
CKeJieTa Ha cesep.
Mecmono!lo:JICeHue: Ha 0,60 M Jana.n;Ho H 0,35 M
PG3Mepu: JanaJeHa ,ll;'hJI)J(HHa- 0,85 M, umpHHa
IIJTOl!HO or rpo6 N2 21.
Ha paMeHete - 0,45 M.
flo!lo:J/CeHue Ha CKe.Jlema: H3n'hHaT no rpn6.
H11ee11map: )l(eJieJeH rrpe.n;MeT, OTKpHT 3a,ll; qepena.
):VicHara pnKa e B'hpxy KopeMa, mmara- Ha rnp.n;Hte.
Kocnne or KpaKata ca JanaJeHH .n;o KOJieHete.
OpueHma'lfUJl: Jana.n;-HJTOK, c OTKJIOHeHHe 10° rPOE .N'!! 25- 19/1991
Ha KJr.
Mecmono!lo:JICeHue: Henocpe.n;crseHo JO)l(HO H
Pa:JMepu: JanaJeHa ,ll;'hJI)J(HHa - 1,19 M, umpHHa
no.n; rpo6 N2 23, ,ll;'hJI6oq~:~Ha- 0,90 M.
Ha paMeHere - 0,42 M, umpHHa Ha TaJa 0,43 M.
esepoHJ- Ilo!lo:JICeHue Ha CKe.Jlema: in situ e OTKPHT caMo
lfHeeHmap: IDIMa.
OT JO)J(- qepen.
a.n;eH H OpueHma'lfUR: 3ana.n;- H3TOK.
anaJeHH

rPOE .N'!! 26- 20/1991

MecmonoflO:JICeHue: cesepo3ana.n;Ho no.n; rpo6

N2 24 1:1 Ha 0,10-0,20 M oT B'htpelllHOTO JIHIJe Ha
JO)l(Hata cTeHa Ha napaKJIHCa 10 •
Tpo6 M 22 (M 1611991) IloflO:JICeHue Ha CKe.Jlema: H311'hHaT no rpn6. ,ll,Hc-
Hata pnKa e Bnpxy TaJa, JIHBata - Ha KopeMa. Or
fPOE .N'!! 23 - 17/1991 KOCTHTe Ha KpaKata e 3anaJeHa caMo 6e.n;peHata
KOCT Ha .n;eCHHH KpaK.
HpHHa MecmonoflO:JICeHue: B'hpxy JO)J(HWI 31:1,!1;, Ha
OpueHma'lfUR : 3ana.n;- H3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHHe 15°
,33M. 1,10 M3ana.n;Ho or JO)l(Hata cTeHa Ha napaKJIHCa, Ha
Ha 10r.
2,60 M OT JO)l(HIDI KOpa6 Ha IJ'hpKBata, ,ll;'bJI6oqHHa
PG3Mepu: 3anaJeHa ,ll;'hJI)l(HHa - 1,25 M, lllHpHHa
0,60 M.
Ha paMeHeTe - 0,45 M, lllHpHHa Ha TaJa- 0,30 M.
flo!lo:J/CeHue Ha CKe.Jlema: H3n'hHaT no rpn6. Pn-
HHeeHmap: IDIMa.
Qere ca B'hpxy KopeMa c MaHH e.n;Ha B'hpxy .n;pyra.
3a6e.Jle:JICKa: npe.n;noJiaraeMa aHtponoJiorHqHa
Kocnne or KpaKata ca 3anaJeHH .n;o KOJieHete.
M IOro- xapaKTepHCTHKa - M'h)l( Ha 55- 60 fO,li;HHH.
OpueHma'lfUR: 3ana.n;- H3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHHe 25°
oro HH-
Ha cesep.
Pa:JMepu: 3anaJeHa ,ll;'hJI)l(HHa - 1,10 M, lllHpHHa
Ha paMeHeTe - 0,34 M, lllHpHHa Ha TaJa - 0,28 M.
lfHeeHmap: IDIMa

fPOE .N'!! 24- 18/1991

Mecmono!lo:JICeHue: B'hpxy JO)l(HIDI3H,ll;, Ha 0,60 M Tpo6 M 26 (M 2011991)
cesepHo or rpo6 N2 23, ,ll;'hJI6oqHHa - 0,90 M.
flo!lo:J/CeHue Ha CKe.Jlema: H3n'hHaT no rpn6. 3a- rPOE .N'!! 27- 2111991
na3eH e .n;o TaJa. ,ll,HcHata pnKa e B'hpxy KopeMa,
Mecmono!lo:JICeHue: Ha 2,40 M 3ana.n;Ho or JO)l(-
KOCTHTe Ha JIHBaTa pnKa He ca JanaJeHH. qepen'hT
Hata <t>aca.n;a Ha IJ'hpKsara.
e 113BMT Ha cesep.
Jlo!lo:JICeHue Ha CKe.Jlema: H3n'hHaT no rpn6. qe-
,. . . r pen'hT e o6npHaT JieKo Ha 10r. PniJete ca noJio)l(eHH

(]~__r-~,---
Ha KopeMa.
OpueHma'lfuR: 3ana.n;-H3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHHe 5°
Ha cesep.
PG3Mepu: ,ll;'hJI)l(HHa - 1,65 M, lllHpHHa Ha paMe-
~ Hete - 0,40 M, lllHpHHa Ha TaJa- 0,35 M.
Tpo6 M 24 (M 1811991)
H11ee11map : IDIMa.

85
 OpueHmat{ufl: 3ana)J,- M3TOK. rP
Pa3Mepu: 3ana3eHa )J,bJI:lKMHa- 0,95 M, rnMpMHa
Ha paMeHeTe - 0,34 M, IllMpMHa Ha Ta3a - 0,39 M.
Me
OT 3an
HHeeHmap: c<PepMqHo, 6pOH30BO no3JiaTeHo
flO
Konqe, OTKPMTO s o6nacrra Ha Ta3a.
HM Ca
3a6eJle:JICKQ: nO)], CKeJieTa M IO:lKHO OT Hero Ce
qacT
OTKpMBaT CJie)J,M OT M3TMJIO ,ll,bpBO.
Tpo6 N!! 27 (N!! 2111991) Op
Ha ce
rPOli .N"!! 28- 22/1991 Pa
HapaM
MecmonoJlO:JICeHue: Ha 0,90 M M3ToqHo OT 3a-
HH
na)J,HMK Kpai1: Ha IO:lKHMH 3M)], Ha KbCHaTa QbpKBa.
rpo6bT e Henocpe,ll,CTBeHO nO)], 3M)J,a, KaTO XOpoca-
HOBaTa nO)J,JIO:lKKa MMHaBa Ha)J, rpo6HaTa HMa TaKa, rP
qe H 3aneqaTsa M 3ana3sa. Tpo6N!! 30 (N!! 24/1991)
Me
llo!lo:JICeHue Ha CKeJlema: M3nbHaT no rpn6.
.N!! 33
.lJ:HCHaTa pnKa e OnbHaTa )J,O THJIOTO, MBaTa OCTaBa rPOli .N"!! 31-25/1991 llo
no)], 3M)J,a.
)J,eTCK
OpueHmat{Ufl: 3ana)J,- M3TOK. Mecmono!lo:JICeHue: 3ana)J,HO OT KpaH Ha IO:lKHM~

Pa:JMepu: 3ana3eHa )J,bJI:lKMHa- 0,90 M, nmpMHa 3M)], Ha napaKJIMCa, Ha )J,bJI60qMHa 0,30 M OT nO)J,O-

Ha Ta3a- 0,15 M. BOTO HMBO Ha QbpKBaTa. rP

HHeeHmap: HKMa. llo!lo:JICeHue Ha CKeJlema: M3nnHaT no rpn6 . .lJ:Kc-

3a6eJle:JICKa: npe,ll,nonaraeMa aHTpononorMqHa HaTa pbKa e Bbpxy rbp,ll,MTe, MBaTa - Ha KOpeMa.

OpueHmat{Ufl: 3ana)J,-M3TOK. HMH b
XapaKTepMCTMKa- )J,eTe Ha 7-8 rO)J,MHM.
Pa3Mepu: )J,bJI:lKMHa - 1, 70 M, rnMpMHa Ha pa- lla
MeHeTe - 0,48 M, IllMpMHa Ha Ta3a - 0,40 M. situ q
I HHeeHmap: <PparMeHT OT BM3aHTMHCKa KepaMM- qeTBb

I Ka, OTKpMT nO)], qepena. Op

Pa
I HI
o6na~
Tpo6 N!! 28 (N!! 22/1991)

rPOli .N"!! 29- 23/1991

Mecmono!lo:JICeHue: JOJKHO OT npMTBOpa, Heno- Tpo6 N!! 31 (N!! 25/1991)

3a)J,
cpe,ll,CTBeHo )J,O OCHOBMTe Ha JO)KHMj{ 3M)],.
llo!lo:JICeHue 1-1a CKeJlema: M3nnHaT no rpn6. Pn- rPOli .N"!! 32 - 26/1991
n
QeTe ca Bnpxy Ta3a. qepenbT e pa3pyrneH M M3BMT
Ha 10r. Mecmono!lo:JICeHue: s npMTBopa, Ha 1,20 M ce-

OpueHmat{Ufl: 3ana)J,-M3TOK. sepHo OT JO)KHMj{ BXO)J, Ha QbpKBaTa, Ha 0,10-

Pa3Mepu: )J,bJI:lKMHa- 1,50 M. 0,15 M nO)], OCHOBaTa Ha paHHaTa CTeHa, Jie:lKM Bbp-

HH6eHmap: Hj{Ma. xy CKaJiaTa.

llo!lo:JICeHue Ha CKeJlema: M3nbHaT no rpn6. CMJI-
HO M3TJIKJI. PnQeTe ca cKpncTeHM Ha rnp,ll,MTe.
rPOli .N"!! 30 - 24/1991 OpueHmat{Ufl: 3ana)J,-M3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHMe 15°
Ha cesep.
Mecmonoflo:JICeHue: B npMTBOpa, BJIKBO OT QeH-
Pa3Mepu: 3ana3eHa )J,'hJI:lKMHa - 1,40 M.
TpaJIHJij£ BXO)J, Ha KbCHaTa QbpKBa, )J,bJI60qMHa
HHeeHmap: Hj{Ma.
0,30 M OT nO)J,OBOTO HMBO.
lloflo:JICeHue Ha CKeJlema: M3nbHaT no rpn6. qe-
penbT e o6npHaT Ha IOr. PnQeTe ca Bnpxy KopeMa,
KaTO MCHaTa e nO-BMCOKO.

86
 fPOJi .N!! 33-27/1991 rPOE .N!! 37 - 31/1991

MecmonoRo:J/CerLUe: IO)I(HO OT u,npKBaTa, Ha I ,40 M Mecmonoflo:J/CeHue: pa3pyweH e npw HanpaBaTa

nron Ha HMIIIaTa, ,LtbJI6oqHHa - 0,80 M.
or 3ana;:uiiDI Ha rpo6 NQ 36.
IloRoJJCeHue Ha CKeJlema: OT CKeneTa ca 3ana3e- Ilo!lo:J/CeHue Ha CKeJlema: in situ e 3ana3eH caMo
HH CaMO qepen'bT, KOCTHTe Ha pnU,eTe .IJ:O naKTHTe, qepen'hT.
'!aCT OT rpn6HaqHJ1Jf CT'bn6 H rpb.IJ:HIDIT KOW.
OpueHmaLfu5l: 3ana.D:-H3TOK, c OTKnOHeHHe 5°
r POE .N!! 38 - 32/1991
Ha cesep.
Pa3Mepu: 3ana3eHa .IJ:'hmKHHa - 1,56 M, wHpHHa Mecmono!lo:J/CeHue : IO)KHO OT u,npKBaTa, .n:o rpo-
Ha paMeHeTe - 0,37 M. 6ose NQNQ 36 H 37, Ha OKono 0,40 M Ha.n: T.liX
l1HeeHmap: IDIMa. Iloflo:J/CeHue Ha CKeJlema: H3n'hHaT no rpn6 . 1.Je-
pen'hT e H3BHT Ha 10r. Pnu,eTe ca cKpncTeHH Ha rop-
fPOJi .N!! 34- 28/1991 .D:HTe.
OpueHmaLfu5l: 3ana.n:-H3TOK.
Mecmono!lo:J/CeHue: Ha 0,50 M cesepHo OT rpo6 Pa3Mepu: .IJ:'hll)KHHa- 1,60 M, wwpwHa Ha paMe-
N233. HeTe - 0,40 M, WHpHHa Ha Ta3a - 0,29 M.
IlOJlOJ/CeHUe HQ CKeJlema: pa36bpKaHH KOCTH OT HHBeHmap: )Kene3eH rso3.n:eii, OTKpHT no.n: Ta3a.
)\eTCKH CKeneT. 1.Jepen'hT nHnCBa.

fPOJi .N!! 35 - 29/1 991

Mecmono!lo:JICeHue: Ha I, 70 M 3ana.n:Ho OT H3Toq-

HHll blbll Ha HHWaTa, .IJ:'bn6oqHHa - 1,30 M.
IloRoJJCeHue Ha CKeJlema: H3n'hHaT no rpn6. In
Tpo6 Nil 38 (Nil 3111991)
situ ca OTKpHTH qacT OT rpn6HaqHIDJ: CT'hn6 - OT
'leTBbpiH npewneH Ha.n:ony, Ta3'bT H neBIDIT KpaK.
OpueHmaLfU5l: 3ana.D:- H3TOK.
PG3Mepu: 3ana3eHa .IJ:'hn)KHHa - 1 M.
J1H6eHmap: 6pOH30Ba Kpnrna TOKa, OTKpHTa B
o6nacrra Ha KpncTa.

fPOJi .N!! 36 - 30/1 991

Mecmono!lo:J/CeHue: 3ana.n:Ho H no.n: rpo6 NQ 33 ,
Ja.Q ':!epena e 3a6HTa sepTHKanHo KaMeHHa nnoqa.
Ilo!loJJCeHue Ha CKeJlema: H3n'hHaT no rpn6. P'h-
uere Ca CrhHaTH B naKTHTe K'bM C'bOTBeTHHTe pa-
ce- MeHe. JleBIDIT KpaK H .n:onHaTa qacT OT .n:ecHIDI nwn- rPOE .N!! 39 - 33/1991
IO- csar. }J;o .D:eCHIDI KpaK Ce OTKpHBaT KOCTH OT KpaKa
Ha .Qpyr HH.IJ:HBH.IJ:, sepo.liTHO OT rpo6 NQ 35. Mecmono!lo:J/CeHue: no.n: rpo6 NQ 38
OpueHmaLfU5l: 3ana.D:-H3TOK. Iloflo:JICeHue Ha CKeJlema: H3n'hHaT no rpn6.fu-
PG3Mepu: .IJ:'hn)KHHa - 1,15 M, wwpHHa Ha paMe- BaTa pnKa e Bnpxy Ta3a, MCHaTa - Ha KopeMa. Kpa-
Here - 0,36 M, WHpHHa Ha Ta3a - 0,22 M. KaTa ca KpncTocaHH B rne3eHHTe. llo.n: qepena HMa
l1HeeHmap: IDIMa. ryxna.
OpueHmaLfU5l: 3ana.n:-H3TOK.
Pa3Mepu: .IJ:'hll)KHHa - 1,40 M, wHpHHa Ha paMe-
HeTe - 0,38 M, WHpHHa Ha Ta3a - 0,27 M.
HHBeHmap: zyxna- 0,24 x 0,20 M.
3a6eJle:JICKa: norpe6eHHeTo e H3BnpweHo B
.IJ:bpBeH CaH.IJ:'hK, 06KOBaH C )Kene3HH fB03.IJ:eH.
Tpo6 Nil 36 (Nil 30/1991)

87
 qeperrbT ne)I(H Bbpxy KepeMH)l.a. ,Z:VrcHaTa pbKa e
OIIbHaTa IIOKpaif TMOTO, MBaTa pbKa - BbpXy KO-
(\~ peMa. KocTHTe oT KpaKaTa ca 3arra3eHH .D.O KoneHe-

('~ Te. OT IOr B rpo6HaTa 51Ma ce OTKpHBaT cne)l.H OT

lJ I13Tn5Ill0 )l.bpBO.
OpueHmat{Ufl: 3arra)l.-H3TOK.
Pa3Mepu: )l.bJI)I(HHa- 1,50 M, umpHHa Ha paMe-
Tpo6M 39 (M 3211991) HeTe- 0,40 M, IllHpHHa Ha Ta3a- 0,35 M.
lfHeeHmap: H51Ma.

rPOJ> N!! 43-37/1991

Mecmono!loJICeHue: cesepHo .D.O rpo6 .l'(Q 42, Ha

0,20 M IIO-)l.bn60KO OT Hero
llo!loJICeHue Ha CKeJlema: H3IIbHaT no rpb6. qe-
perrbT e IIOB)l.HrHaT I1 neKO I13BHT Ha CeBep . .il:HCHaTa
pbKa e Ha rbp)l.HTe, ll51BaTa - Ha KOpeMa.
OpueHmat{Ufl: 3arra)l.-H3TOK.
PmMepu: )l.bll)I(I1Ha -1,69 M, rnHpHHa Ha paMeHe-
Te - 0,45 M, IllHpHHa Ha Ta3a- 0,36 M.
rPOJ> N!! 40 - 34/1991
lfHeeHmap: H51Ma.
MecmonoJWJICeHue: IIO.D. rpo6 .l'(Q 39.
llofloJICeHue Ha CKeJlema: H3IIbHaT no rpb6. Pb-
rPOJ> N!! 44-38/1991
u;eTe ca Bbpxy KopeMa, KaTo .D.HCHaTa e rro-Harope.
OpueHmat{Ufl: 3arra)l.-H3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHHe 5° Mecmono!loJICeHue: IO)I(HO OT rrpHTBopa, BKorraH
Ha cesep. B OCHOBHTe Ha ,rrpa6bnrapCKOTO )I(HJIHll.l,e", ne)I(H
Pa3Mepu: )l.bll)I(HHa- 1,60 M, umpHHa Ha paMe- Bbpxy CKanaTa.
HeTe- 0,44 M, IIIHpHHa Ha Ta3a- 0,37 M. llo!loJICeHue Ha CKeJlema: H3IIbHaT no rpb6 . .ll:Hc-
lfHeeHmap: H51Ma. HaTa pbKa e Bbpxy rbp)l.HTe, MBaTa - Ha KOpeMa.
Bbpxy qeperra HMa zyxna.
OpueHmat{Ufl: 3arra)l.-H3TOK, c OTKJIOHeHHe 15°
rPOJ> N!! 41-35/1991
Ha IOro3arra)l..
Mecmono!loJICeHue: IO)I(HO OT rpo6 .l'(Q 40, Ha Pa3Mepu: )l.bll)I(HHa- 1,60 M, rnHpHHa Ha paMe-
0,40 M IIO-BHCOKO OT Hero. HeTe- 0,38 M, IllHpHHa Ha Ta3a- 0,28 M.
llo!loJICeHue Ha CKeJlema: pa3pyrneH e rrpH pa3- lfHeeHmap: H51Ma.
KorrasaHeTO. qeperrbT ne)I(H Bbpxy KepeMH)l.a.
OpueHmat{Ufl: 3arra)l.-H3TOK.

JiEJIEJKKH
rPOJ> N!! 42- 36/1991
1
BCHlfKH )l.bJI60lJHHH ca B3HMaHH OT HHBOTO Ha Te-
Mecmono!loJICeHue: IO)I(HO OT rrpHTBopa.
peHa, 3asapeHo rrpH rrpoylfBaHH.KTa rrpe3 1989-1991 r.
llo!loJICeHue Ha CKeJlema: H3IIbHaT no rpb6. 2
llO)l. napaKJIHC B HaCTO.KIUaTa rry6JIHKa~H51 Ce HMa
rrpe)l.BH)l. IO:>KHaTa npHCTpOHKa, )l.OJieneHa )1.0 IQ)I(HH.K KO-
pa6 Ha KbCHaTa ~bpKBa, KO.KTO B pa3JIHlfHHTe rry6JIHKa-
~HH e HapHlfaHa OT aBTOpHTe ,KpHIITa", ,napaKJIHC",
,IIpHCTpOHKa" H T.H.

Tpo6M 42 (M 36/ 1991)

88
ABOUT A PECULIAR GRAVE
FROM THE NECROPOLIS
AT THE CHURCH IN MARKELL!

Bonny PETRUNNOVA

At the time of archaeological research on the wall. The skeleton is laid immediately beneath the
territory of the Markelli stronghold in the period wall with the mortar padding passing right over the
1989-1991 was uncovered a total number of forty- grave pit so that it seals and protects the grave. In
four graves. All of them are distinctively Christian this unusual position was buried a boy of about 7
with the skeletons found in a stretched position laid or 8 years of age. Burial gifts are not found but it's
on their backs and the arms placed over the body. In obvious that the funeral was performed a short time
a few exceptional cases one of the arms is stretched before or during the construction of the church. The
beside the body. possible versions are two: either the construction
workers found this child's grave on the spot of
More attention in the article is paid to grave .N"!! 28 their diggings and built it into the foundations of
from the applied catalogue or the twenty-second the wall or during the construction died a child
grave found in 1991. What discriminates the grave whose body was used for the accomplishment of
and distinguishes it as more special than the others the ,immurement" ritual providing the strength and
is its peculiar situation. It was unearthed 0,90 m solidity of the building.
east from the western end of the late church south

89
 KPETIOCTTA MAPKEJIH TIPH KAPHOEAT
H BnTIPOCnT 3A TI'LPBATA linJirAPCKA CTOJIH~A
llaee.Jl TEOPTHEB

TeMaTa 3a 3HaqemteTo Ha KapHo6aTcKaTa qHHa Ha,D, p. MoqypHu;a cpe,D, 3a6JiaTeHa MeCTHOCT

KperrocT B 6nJirapcKaTa 11CTOpiDI He e HOBa 3a ap- (o6p. 1). TH KOHTp01IHpa llO)J,XO,D,a OT H KbM HaH-
xeoJionJqecKaTa 11 11CTOp11qecKaTa KHI1)1(Hima. 6JIH3KIDI rrpoxo,D, - P111I1KIDI, KaKTo H cnce,D,HHTe
l1,D,eHT11cp11I.\11paHa C HapaCTBalll,l1 OCHOBaHIDI CbC HeMY Bnp6HII1KH- OT 3arra,D,, H AHTOCKH - OT H3TOK,
CllOMeHaBaHaTa BbB Bl13aHTI1HCKI1 113BOp11 Kpe- BbB Ba)I(Ha ToqKa: TeceH rrpoBJiaK rrpe3 3a6JiaTeHa
llOCT MapKeJII1, TH e 113TOqHI1K 3a peKOHCTPYKTI1B- MeCTHOCT (HpeiJeK 1974, 808 u C!l.; MoMIJUfloe 6. z.,
HI1 pa3Cb)I(,D,eHIDI OKOJIO 6nJirapO-BI13aHTI1HCKJ1Te 36 u ell., ma6Jl. IL IV, XXIV). Mepo,D,aBHa 11 ,D,Hec e
BOeHHO-rrOJIJ1TI1qecKH 11 KYJITYPHH B3ai1MOOTHOII1e- 6eJie)I(KaTa Ha K. I1peqeK, qe Kperrocrra c rrpH.D.py-
HIDI (HpeiJeK 1974, 808 u CJl.; IllKopnwt 1905, )l(aBalli,HTe H 3eMJieHH ,KaCTpa" e 6HJia ,H3)J,HrHaTa
Aepa.Moe 1929, 98 u CJl.; Soustal 1991, 348-349; OT HHKOrO, KOHTO HCKaJI ,D,a ce lla3H OT CeBepeH
Wendel 2005, S. 91 sqq.). HeliHaTa pomr B Te311 Ha- HerrpiDITeJI" (HpeiJeK 1974, 81 0) (o6p. 1 H 2).
COKI1 e OI.J;eHeHa OT Hallll1 11 qy)I(,D,H Me,D,I1eBHCTH CnBpeMeHHHTe apxeoJiorHqecKI1 ,D,aHHH coqaT,
(o6o6UfeHue y MoMIJU!loe 1986, 57-65). 3arroqHa- qe KperrOCTTa e llOCTpOeHa KbM KpaH Ha V HJIH
JIOTO rrpe,D,H ,D,Ba,D,eCeTHHa rO,D,HHH TepeHHO rrpO- rrnpBaTa rroJIOBHHa Ha VI B. (Allaoxoe 1993, 120;
yqBaHe Ha KperrOCTTa ,D,a,D,e HOB HMllYJIC H llbpBHTe I.l{epeea, AllaO:JIC06 2000, 294 u Cll. ). Te rrOTBnp)I(-
rry6JIHKau;HH Ha apxeoJiorHqecKHTe ,D,aHHH rro3BO- ,D,aBaT KOHCTaTai.J;IDITa Ha K. I1peqeK, qe CTaBa Bb-
mBaT rro-3a,D,nJI6oqeHH rrpeu;eHKH (Anao:JtCoe 1993, rrpOC 3a ,KpellOCT, qHHTO rrpaBHJIHH OKOllH ,D,06pe
118-124; A!laO:JtCoe, MoMIJUJIOe 1991, 138- 144; rrpHmraT 3a erroxaTa, KoraTo Bl13aHTHHU:HTe ome
I.l{epeea, AllaO:JtCoe 2000, 294-298). llpHJie)I(HO lla3HJIH pHMCKI1Te rrpaBI1Jia 3a yKperrH-
HalllaTa 3a,D,aqa TYK e ,D,a ce crrpeM Ha Bnrrpoca BaHe Ha Jiarep". Ta3H ,D,aTHpOBKa 3a 3eMJieHHTe
3a xapaKTepa Ha Kperrocrra MapKeJIH rrpe3 BTopaTa ,JiarepH" He Ce CllO,D,eJIH HallbJIHO OT ,D,HelliHHTe HM
rroJIOBHHa Ha VIII H HaqaJioTo Ha IX B. H ,D,a OTKpOHM H3CJie,D,oBaTeJIH (AllaO:JICOB, MoMIJWLOB 1991, 138-
HeHHHTe HaH-Ba)I(HH Bpb3KI1 C BO,D,elli,IDI u;eHThp Ha 144; Anao:JtCoe 1993, 121-122) (o6p. 3). Crrope,D,
6nJirapcKaTa ,D,bp)l(aBa OTB'h.D. rpaHHI.J;aTa Me)I(,D,y THX 3eMJJeHaTa cpOpTHcpHKai.J;HH OKOJJO KpellOCTTa
nnJirapiDI 11 BH3aHTIDI, MHHaBama ToraBa rrpH6JIH- e pe3yJITaT OT 6nJJrapCKO BOeHHO rrp11CbCTBI1e B
3HTeJIHO no rJiaBHOTO 6HJIO Ha CTapa rrJiaHHHa KpaH Ha VIII HJJH HaqaJioTo Ha IX B. KoHKpeTHI1Te
(l{aHKoea-IlemKoea 1960, 132- 133 u Cll.). )J,OBO)J,H 3a TOBa Ce OTHaCHT 3a BbTpelllHIDI IO)I(eH
Kperrocrra HMa Ba)I(HO CTPaTerHqecKo rroJio- (ropeH) BaJI, Kb,D,eTO Ca OTKpHTH cpparMeHTH OT
)l(eHHe B TpaKIDI. HaMHpa ce Ha xapaKTepHa BHCO- paHHOCpe,D,HOBeKOBHa KepaMHKa, KOHTO CaMHTe
aBTOpH ,D,aTHpaT B HaqaJioTo Ha IX B. Bcnlli,HOCT
,D,aTHpalli,HHT KepaMHqeH MaTep11aJI e HaMepeH B
ceBepHaTa rrepHcpepiDI Ha BaJia, KOHTO e 611JJa ,cpH-
3aHa" OT TpaHllleH, 3allbJIHeHa C KaMeHeH Tp01I1-
JIHK. l13me)I(,D,a, qe 6HTOBaTa KepaMI1Ka oT IX- X B.
rrpOH3X0)1()J,a OT HeH, H B TaKbB CJiyqaH He e orrpe-
,D,eJIHill,a 3a ,D,aTaTa Ha HacHrrBaHe Ha rrnpBoHaqaJI-
HIDI BaJJ (AllaO:JIC06, MOMIJUJI06 1991, 139- 140,
o6p. 3).
06p. 1. Jl!laH Ha Kaprta6amcKume yKpef!!leHU51 (Xucap) l13me)I()J,a, qe JJarep?T e HMaJI OTHaqaJio 3a 10)1(-
om Kape.rt WKopnU!I. Ha JJHHIDI BbTPelllHIDI (ropeH) BaJI, )J,OKaTO IO)I(HHHT

90
 06p. 2. l lll aH Ha paHH06U3aHmuucKama Kpenocm npu KapHo6am
(no )/(_ AJlaO:JIC06, /f. MoM~JUJ/0 6 u KOJ/eKmu6), u3pa6omUJI UH:JIC. KaMeHapo6

e H3rpa,D;eH B'bB Bp'b3Ka C HerOBO pa3ll!HpeHHe OT 6nnrapcKo speMe H3rJie)I(,D;a 3acera ,D;a e caMo Ban'bT
IOr. PoB'bT Ha HOBaTa IO)I{Ha nHHmr e TpacHpaH B OT lf3TOK If CeBepOH3TOK Ha KpenOCTTa, K'b,D;eTO He
HHC'bK TepeH, KOeTO e TI03BOJUIBanO H3Be)I{,D;aHe BH)I{.D;aMe TaKHBa MOrHnoo6pa3HH CTPYKTYP"· Te3H
Ha BO.D;HTe OT ecTeCTBeHHH OBpar OT H3TOK K'bM H3BO.D;H ecTeCTBeHO TIO,D;lle)l{aT Ha npOBepKa npH
peKaTa. 3a TIO-K'bCHa ,D;aTa Ha HaCHTIBaHe Ha sana npo.D;'bll)l{aBalli,HTe TepeHHH npoyqsamrn.
TYK CBH.D;eTencTBaT HaMepeHHTe B HeroB:IDI HacHn TaKa qe oKono Kpenocrra e 6Hn H3rpa,D;eH .D;OTI'bll-
napqeTa OT T)'XllH H B'brJieHH, KOHTO He Ca OT6e- HHTenHo, Ha TPH eTana, 3eMneH narep, KoiiTo c
llil3aHH 3a CTPYKTYPaTa Ha ropH:IDI san. OCHOBaHHe Ce npHeMa, qe e ,Cny)l{ell e,D;HaKBO .D;06pe
3a TOBa, qe 3eMneHOTO yKpenneHHe e 6Hno pa3- 3a 3alli,HTa H 3a KOHU:eHTpHpaHe Ha BOHCKHTe ... "
wHpHBaHo OT IOr, rOBOpHT H3rpa,D;eHHTe B HerOB:IDI (AnaO::>IC06, Mow-tu!lo6 1991, 141). CTaBa .D;yMa 3a
IOrOH3TOqeH CeKTOp MOrHllHlf HaCHTIH OT THTia y6e)I{Hlll,e, H3rpa.D;eHo cnope.D; H3HCKBaHmna Ha
toure de guiet (Napoli 1997, 342). TaKHBa BH)I{.D;aMe pHMO-BH3aHTlfHCKaTa cpopTHcpHKaU::IDI, KOeTO MO)I{e
H npH BXO.D;OBeTe H B .D;pyrH Ba)I{HH TOqKH Ha TI'bp-
BOHaqanH:IDI narep. Ilo.D;o6HH ce 3a6eJUI3BaT H B nr-
nHTe Ha TI'bpBOHaqanHOTO 3eMneHO yKpenneHHe
Ha IlnHcKa, HO TaM Te ca e,D;Ba 3a6ene)I{HMH H ce
cnHBaT cnc caM:IDI san (Feopzue6 2000, 26). Mom-
noo6pa3HHTe CTPYKTYPH B narepa MapKenH ca
MHoro BHYWHTenHH H ca pa3nono)l{eHH OTBnTpe
Ha BanOBHTe llHHHH. lOlleMHHaTa HM TIO.D;CKa3Ba,
qe Ca HMallH pOllil B THXHaTa OT6paHa, MO)I{e 6H 3a
TIOCTaBHHe Ha 60HHH Mall!HHlf lfllH .D;pyrH cpe,D;CTBa.
B T03H CMHC'bll HH ce CTpyBa, qe Te ca npo.D;yKT Ha
pHMO-BH3aHTHHCKaTa 3eMneHa cpopTHcpHKaU::IDI
(Feopzue61998- 1999, 167- 182). MecTaTa HM npH
BXO.D;OBeTe H B 'brJIHTe rOBOpHT 3a npH.D;'bp)l{aHe K'bM
CHCTeMa, xapaKTepHa npe,D;H BCHqKo 3a aHTHqHOTO
oT6paHHTenHo CTpOHTencTBO. Te3H Ha6nro,D;eHHH
ca B no.D;Kpena Ha 3aKnroqeHHHTa Ha K. HpeqeK, qe
nnpBOHaqanH:IDIT 3eMneH narep, a cnope.D; Hac MO)I{e 06p. 3. J!JlaH Ha Kpenocmma u 3e.MJ/ eHomo yKpenll eHue
6H H HeroBaTa .D;06aBKa OT IOr, ca BH3aHTHHCKH (no)/(. AllaO:JIC06, /(. MoM'lUJ/06) ,

3alli,HTHH cnopn)l{eH:IDI. Pe3ynTaT OT pa3wHpeHHe B U3pa6omUJI uit:JIC. KaMeHapo6

91
.n.a 6o.n.e OQeHeHo KaTo castrum stativum. MaKcM- Manach., 136). Ee3crropHo HaH-HCHO 3a xapaKTepa
MaJIHaTa M)' IIJIOIIJ. B'b3JIM3a Ha IIOBeqe OT 43 xa 11 Ha yKperreHIDI QeHnp ce M3Ka3Ba AHa KoMHMHa
C'brJiaCHO BM3aHTMiicKaTa BOeHHa TeOpiDI II03BOJUIBa (Annae Camn., 69). OrrMcBaHKM CJIM3aHeTO Ha rre-
KOHQeHTpHpaHe Ha apMIDI, KOHTO 611 MOrJia )J.a )].0- qeHe3MTe Ha ror OT Ea.nKaHa rrpe3 1088 (1089) r.,
CTMrHe HHKOJIKO XMAA)J.M BOHHMQM (KyllaKa6CKUU TH CO'IM, qe Te ,IIOCTPOMJIM" Jiarep Me)I()J.y fo-
1903, 63-90; KyllMa 1999, 149-157 u 408-409). JIOe 11 ,Z:.(HMrron, ,Kpai1 T. Hap. MapKena" (o6p. 3).
YKperreHaTa IIJIOIIJ. e .n.ocTaTh'IHa 3a pa3rronaraHe liHTepecHOTO TYK e C'h'IeTaHMeTo MapKEAAav TOV
Ha MaprneBM ,MMIIepaTOpCKM (QapCKH) Jiarep", xapaKa. To MMa a.n.eKBaTHa CTPYKTYPa Ha orrpe-
KOHTO 06MKHOBeHO MMa CbiiJ.O KBa)J.paTHa <t>opMa .n.eneHMeTO 3a 6oJirapCKaTa CTOJIMQa, KOHTO B l.JaTa-
CbC CTpaHa OKOJIO 500 M (KyllaKa6CKUU 1903, 80 JiapCKIDI Ha)J.IIMC Ha XaH 0MypTar e HapeqeHa
u CJI. ). AKo ce C'b)J.M OT <PopMaTa, pa3MepHTe 11 ITA.oxa<; TOV Kavnov, KOeTo e .n.ocnoBeH rrpeBO)J.
MecTaTa Ha Bxo.n.oBeTe, narepoT MapKeJIM e 611n Ha 3aCBM)J.eTencTBaHOTO CbiiJ.O OT AHa KoMHMHa
ycTpoeH .n.a rroeMe rrp11 rroxo.n. (T. Hap. castrum aes- (rrpe)J.M He51 11 OT Jl'bB ,[(HKOH) (rrpa)6oJirapCKO MMe
tivum) rrpe)J.M BCM'IKO BOHCKMTe, IIO)J.'IMHeHM IIpHKO fiA.icrKo~a (Plisk oba). TaKa qe II'bJIHOTO Ha3BaHMe
Ha MMIIepaTopa, )J.OKaTO OCTaHaJIMTe Ca MO)I(eJIM )J.a Ha ,MHCTOTO" e: ,TaKa Hape'IeHIDIT BOeHeH Jiarep
fio)J.aT pa3KBapTHpyBaHM B C'bCe)J.CTBO, BepOHTHO MapKenM". H MaKap qe aBTOpKaTa roBopH 3a Hero-
3a.n. BpeMeHHM 3aiiJ.MTHM coopo)l(eHMH. Bopxy MecT- BOTO ,IIOCTpOHBaHe" OT IIe'IeHe3MTe, He MO)I(e 11 )J.a
Hocrra TYK Te 611xa MOrJIM .n.a ce pa3IIOJIO)I(aT maB- MMa C'bMHeHMe, qe e MMaJia rrpe)J.BM)J. CaMO THXHOTO
HO OT ror 11 M3TOK Ha BaJIOBeTe. AKo rrpHeMeM na- 6MTOBO ycTpoi1BaHe 3a)J. HeroBMTe YKperrneHMH.
repa 3a ,rrocTOHHeH", cne.n.Ba .n.a .n.orrycKaMe, qe ToBa ce rroTBop)I()J.aBa OT cne.n.BaiiJ.IDI rraca)l( y
roneMMHaTa MY e 611na .n.ocTaTh'IHa 3a pa3rronaraHe AHa KoMHMHa. flperoBapHHKM c HacTaHeHMTe B
Ha qaCTM C rOJieMMHa )].0 pHMCKM nerMOH (H6aHa6 MapKeJIM rre'IeHe3M 3a CKJIIO'IBaHe Ha rrMCMeH .n.o-
1999, 207 u Cll.; Tap6amae 2000, 5). YcTpoi1BaHeTo roBop 3a C'bl03 rrpoTMB O'IaKBaHMTe (oT ceBep!)
Ha narepa MapKeJIM cpe.n. 6naTa oTroBapH Ha rrpe.n.- KYMaHM, MMrrepaTopoT MM rrpe.n.no)I(MJI ,,)].a ocTaHaT
rrMcaHMeTo Ha TpaKTaTa OT KpaH Ha X B. De cas- Ha MHCTOTO, KOeTO Ca 3aeJIM, 11 rrpH Te3M ycJIOBIDI )J.a
trametatiorre (KyllMa 1999, 150). QqeBM)J.HO M36o- MM rrpe.n.ocTaBM 6oraTO rrpo.n.oBOJICTBMe". H3pa3oT
poT Ha MHCTOTO Ha Kperrocrra 11 narepa e 611no £v c\) npoKaTEAa~ov T6ncp C'b)J.bp)l(a BHyrneHMeTo,
C'b06pa3eHO C M3MCKBaHIDITa Ha BM3aHTMHCKaTa qe CTaBa BbiipOC 3a II03HaTO OTIIpe)J.M ,MHCTO" (TaKa
BOeHHa TeOpHH. ro xapaKTepH3Hpa rrpe3 IX B. 11 MOHaxoT )I(MTMe-
To3M M3BO)J. HaMHpa rro.n.Kperra oT M3TO'IHMQM- rrMceQ flenp). CKJIIO'IBaHKM .n.oroBopa, AneK-
Te, KOMTO OIIMCBaT MapKeJIM rrpe3 paHHOTO cpe)J.HO- CMH I KoMHMH rrpe.n.ocTaBMJI Ha rreqeHe3MTe nare-
BeKOBMe KaTO 6a30B narep (castrum aestivum), pa MapKeJIM 3a y6e)I(MIIJ.e 11 TOBa rrpe)J.M3BMKa.no
B KOHTO ce KOHQeHTpHpaT BOHCKM Ha'IeJIO CbC ca- 3aBMCTTa Ha KYMaHMTe. l.Jpe3 rrpaTeHMQM Te IIOMC-
MMH MMIIepaTOp (TbnKa6a-JauMa6a 1956, 40-59; KaJIM rro3BoneHMe .n.a rrpeMMHaT Ha CBOH pe.n. ,KJIM-
MaM'lUJla6 1986, 58-59). KaTo rrnaQ.n.apM 3a BM- cypHTe" 11 .n.a Harra.n.HaT rre'IeHe3MTe (Annae Camn.,
3aHTMHCKO HacnrrneHMe cpeiiJ.y EonrapiDI pHcy- 70). QqeBM)J.HO THXHOTO )l(eJiaHMe 6MJIO )J.a CTaHaT
Ba Kperrocrra flarp11apx HMKM<l:>op. Toi1 H HapH'Ia <Pe.n.epaTM Ha HMrrepHHTa, KOeTo e 03Ha'IaBa.no 11
,<ppoupwv, KOHTO ce HaMHpa Hai1-6nM30 .n.o 6onra- OBJia)J.HBaHe Ha HeHHIDI BOHCKOBM Jiarep.
pHTe" (Niceph. Arch. Canst., c. 301). YrrOTpe6aTa Kora o6aqe e 6MJI rrocTpoeH narepoT rrp11 Kpe-
Ha TOBa IIOHHTMe HaCO'IBa K'bM HerOBaTa M)J.eHTM<l>M- rrocrra MapKenM? BepoHTHocrra .n.a e 611n C'b3)J.a.n.eH
KaQIDI caMo c KaMeHHO-zyXJieHo YKPerrneHMe, a OIIJ.e C H3rpa)I()J.aHeTO Ha CaMIDI <l:>pypHH rrpe3 V MJIM
He C QHJiaTa OT6paHMTeJIHa CMCTeMa Ha KpeiiOCTTa VI B. e MaJIKO BepoHTHa. Crrope.n. )K. Ana)J.)I(OB Ha
(Tap6amae, 2000, 28-30). Teo<t>aH HapH'Ia MapKe- TepeHa Ha narepa ,He ca OTKpMTM HMKaKBM cne)J.M
JIM Kacrrpov (Theaph. Canf., 277) 11 TOBa KaTO qe OT )1(11BOT .n.o KpM Ha VIII BeK, KoraTo OT ror, M3TOK
JIM Ce OTHaCH 11 3a 3eMJieHOTO yKperrJieHMe, ThH Ka- 11 CeBepOH3TOK Ha CTapaTa KaMeHHa KpeiiOCT Ce
TO IIOHHTMeTO MO)I(e )J.a Ce B'b3IIpHeMa KaTO CMHO- HaCHIIBaT MOIIJ.HH 3eMJieHH BaJIOBe, ofiopHaTH C
HMM Ha castellum, CMpeq yKperrJieHMe, KOeTO C'b- <l:>pOHT Ha ror" (IIO-TO'IHO HaB'bH- fl.f.) (Il.{epeea,
rJiaCHO K'bCHOaHTM'IHaTa rrpaKTMKa ce M3IIOJI3Ba AJlaO:J/Ca6 2002, 295). HacoqeHOCTTa Ha IIOCJie)J.HMTe
3a IIOCTOHHeH narep Ha BOHCKM C'bC 3Ha'IMTeJIHa KDM 6JIM3KHH rrpoxo.n. H caMOTO Hpa3rrOJIO)I(eHMe Ha
'IMCJieHOCT (Tap6amae 2000, 11-13). B )I(MTMeTo rrpoBJiaKa cpe.n. 6namTa rroKa3Ba, qe THe rrperpa)I()J.a.na
Ha HoaHMKMH c aBTop MOHaxa flenp MapKeJIM Il'bTH Ha IIpOTMBHHK, H)J.BaiiJ. OT CeBep 11 Harrpe)J.BaiiJ.
(MapKEAAat<;) e HapeqeHa ,MHCTO" ('wnc'i)) (Gear. BOB BDrpeiiiHocrra Ha lf3TO'IHa TpaKIDI.

92
 Ba)I(Hocrra Ha MapKenw e HapacHana coc C'h3- MeTO Ha KoHCTaHTHH V .n:a e HHTepnonau;Hj{ H .n:a
.n:aBaHeTo Ha 6onrapcKaTa.n:op)l(aBa BKpaj{ Ha VII B. H ce OTHaCH 3a 6wTKa OT no-K'hcHo BpeMe. E.n:Ha OT
OC06eHO cne.n: 3aqeCTjiBaHe Ha HeHHHTe KOHtPnHKTH B'h3MO)I(HOCTHTe e IlaTPHapx HHKH<l>op .n:a e HMan
c Bw3aHTHji npe3 BTopaTa nonoBHHa Ha VIII B. Ap- npe.n:Bw.n: noxo.n:a, KOHTO OTHaCH KDM TPeTH HH.n:HKT,
xeonorwqecKHTe .n:aHHH coqaT, qe Kpenocrra npe.n:w T.e. 765 r., HO 6e3 .n:a roBopw 3a cpa)l(eHHe npw Map-
TOBa e 6wna B pyHHHO C'hCTOjiHHe. Kenw (Niceph. Arch. Canst., 304-305). Orn;e no-Be-
HaH:-paHHHTe YKaJaHHj{ 3a 3acTpOj{BaHe Ha BH- poj{THO e XpOHHCT'bT .n:a e llOBnllj{H OT C'b6HTHj{Ta
3aHTHHCKH KpenOCTH B C'bCe.lJ:CTBO C 6onrapCKaTa npe3 792 r., KoraTO cnope.n: Teo<l>aH npw MapKenw ce
rpaHm.(a xpoHHCTHTe oT6eM3BaT K'hM 756 r. To- C'bCTOjina 6MTKa Me)l(.lJ:y pOMeH H 6onrap11, HO Tji, KaK-
raBa 6onrapwTe nowcKanH OT KoHcTaHTHH V .n:a- TO e I13BeCTHO, 6Hna cneqeneHa OT BOHCKHTe Ha 6on-
H'DK 3a nocTpoeHHTe B TpaKHj{ yKpenneHHj{ (Eew.eB- rapCKHH rocno.n:ap Kap.n:aM (Theoph. Conf., 277).
JlUeB 1984, 82, 6en. 5). BnpoqeM Teo<l>aH roBopw 3a no6e.n:a Ha BH3aHTHHU:HTe npw MapKenw
3a ,llOCTpOeHH KpenOCTH" (KU<Hpa), .lJ:OKaTO IlaT- fOBOpHT K'bCHH aBTOpH, HO Te CBbp3BaT TeXHHj{ yc-
pwapx HwKH<l>op coqw, qe ,KoHcTaHTHH 3anoq- nex c KoHcTaHTMH VI, a He c KoHcTaHTHH V. feop-
Han .n:a yKpemBa rpa.n:oBeTe B TpaKHj{" ( •a bel. rw MoHaX HanpHMep nMille OTHOCHO HefOBHji KOH-
0p¢.Kll<; noA.icrf!aLa). II .n:BaMaTa aBTopw o6Bop3- <l>nMKT c Kap.n:aM cne.n:HoTo: ,II KaTo co6pan Boi1cKa
BaT TOBa C KOnOHM3ai.J;Hj~Ta Ha npeceneHH OT Teo- H H3M3'hn, HMnepaTopoT ro nporoHwn .n:o HeroBaTa
.n:ocwynon I1 MenHTeHa MOHOtPH3HTI1, KOHTO nony- 3eMH" (Georg. Monachus, 53- 54). 06Bop3BaHeTO
qwnH OT HMllepaTopa ,rn;e.n:po TOBa, OT KOeTO ce Ha HMeTo Ha MapKenw c no6e.n:a Ha KoHcTaHTHH VI
~aenw". MapKenw He e cnoMeHaT H3pwqHo, Ha.n: 6onrapwTe e 3acBw.n:eTencTBaHo oT KpaTKa aHo-
KaKTo BnpoqeM KOHTO 11 .n:a e rpa.n:cKH wnw cenw- HMMHa xpoHMKa, nwcaHa Me)l(.n:y 848 H 886 r. B HeH
rn;eH u;eHnp B TpaKHj{. BepOjiTHOcrra .n:a e 6wna ce Ka3Ba, qe HMnepaTopoT ,cne.n: KaTo 3anoqHan
cpe.n: B'h3CTaHoBeHHTe yKpenneHHj{ o6aqe e noBeqe Boi1Ha cpern;y 6onrapwTe, o6opHan m B 6HrCTBO
OT peanHa. 3a TOBa CBH.lJ:eTenCTBa HeHHOTO CllOMe- H H36Hn TBop.n:e roMM 6poi1 6onrapw. A caM KaTO
HaBaHe B ,MKOHo6opqecKaTa" HOTMI..J;Hji N~ 3 (Dar- BM3'hn B cpa)l(eHHe c THX npw MapKenw, o6opHan
rouzes 1981, 28, 242, N 3, 366) 1• Ha Ta3H ocHoBa rw B 6HrCTBO 11 MH03HHa OT THX H36Hn" (Anon. Chro-
MapKenw ce npweMa 3a e.n:wH oT ycTaHoBeHMTe nogr. Syntomos, 120). Jl'bB ,[(HKOH OT CBOH CTpaHa
OT KoHcTaHTHH V HKOHo6opqecKH enwcKoncKH C'bl.l.(O H3ThKBa KoHcTaHTHH VI KaTo no6e.n:wTen
u;eHTpOBe B TpaKHj{ (Kountoura 1997, 279 sqq.). Ha.n: 6onrapwTe 3ae.n:Ho c KoHcTaHTMH V H H:oaH .Qw-
Corn;ecTBeH e Bonpoc'bT .n:anw MapKenw e H3- MHCXM (Leo Diaconus, 252). KaKBH ca 6wnw npH-
pacHan KaTO llbpBOCTeneHeH BOeHeH QeHThp OI.l.(e qwHHTe BM3aHTMHCKHTe xpoHMCTM OT X B. .n:a CBop3-
no BpeMeTo Ha KoHcTaHTHH V. ApxeonorwqecKHTe BaT CBH.n:eTencTBOTO Ha IlaTPHapx HwKH<l>op 3a
.n:aHHM 3acera He npe.n:naraT HH<l>opMau;Hj{ 3a BH3aHTMHCKa no6e.n:a Ha.n: 6onrapHTe npw MapKenw
B'b3CTaHOBHBaHe Ha Kpenocrra HnH Ha I.J;bpKBaTa c MMeTo Ha KoHcTaHTHH VI, a He c KoHcTaHTHH V,
Ha.n: KpHnTaTa MapTHPHYM B Heji npe.n:H cpe.n:aTa ocTaBa HeHCHO. CaMaTa no.n:MHHa Ha wcTopwqecKaTa
Ha VIII B.(A!laO:JICOB 2002, 207 u C!l.; EoRO:JICUeB HCTMHa B'bB BH3aHTHHCKaTa xpOHOrpa<l>Hj{ e MHOf0-
2002, 214 u C!l.). He ca .n:ocTanqHo cwrypHH H HC- 3HaqHTenHa I1 npaBH CBH.lJ:eTenCTBOTO Ha IJaTpHapx
TopwqecKHTe CBe.n:eHHj{. HMKH<l>op Ha CBOH pe.n: C'hMHHTenHo. ITo BCHKa Be-
HawcTHHa IlaTPHapx HwKH<l>op roBopw, qe ,HeM- poHTHOCT CTaBa Bonpoc 3a ,naTPHOTHqHa TpaKTOB-
Horo cne.n:" KOHtPnHKTa OT 756 r. KOHCTaHTMH V Ka" Ha BH3aHTHHCKHTe XpOHMCTH Bopxy C'h6HTHj{Ta,
opraHH3Hpan noxo.n: no cyrna H Mope npoTHB 6on- CB'bp3aHH C MHCTOTO Ha MapKenH B 6onrapo-
rapHTe. <l>nOT'bT OT 500 KOpa6a .lJ:OCTMfHan .ll:O IIc- BH3aHTMHCKHTe OTHOilleHHj{.
Thp 11 onneHwn ,6onrapcKaTa 3eMH", a caMHj{T HM- Ho .n:opw H .n:a npweMeM cBe.n:eHHeTo 3a KaTa-
nepaTop 3aBop3an cpa)l(eHHe c 6onrapwTe ,npw TaKa CTPo<l>anHo nopa)l(eHwe Ha 6onrapwTe npw MapKenw
HapeqeHaTa MapKena" (Niceph. Arch. Canst., 301). OKOnO 760 f., TOBa He 03HaqaBa HenpeMeHHO, qe
Y Teo<l>aH o6aqe HHMa H HaMeK 3a TaK'bB noxo.n:. OKOnOB'b3CTaHOBeHaTapaHHOBM3aHTHHCKaKpenocT
HaH:-paHHoTo HeroBo H3BeCTHe 3a BH3aHTHHCK0- e 6wn H3rpa,neH BOeHeH narep. KpMTHqHHj{T nor-
6onrapcKH KOH<l>nHKT ce .n:aTwpa e.n:sa K'hM 760 r., ne.n: Bopxy H3ToqHMQHTe noKaJBa, qe MapKenw, Ma-
HO TOraBa BH3aHTHHCKHTe BOHCKH npenpnenH llO- Kap H BepOHTHO .n:a e 6Hn Cpe.n: B'b3CTaHOBeHHTe OT
pa)l(eHHe B npoxo.n:a BepwraBa. B TaK'bB cnyqai1 e KoHCTaHTHH V ,rpa,nqeTa" B TpaKHj{, Bee orn;e He
B'b3M0)1(H0 CBH.lJ:eTenCTBOTO 3a 6HTKa Me)l(.lJ:y 6'hn- e MMan llbpBOCTeneHHOT!) CH CTpaTerwqeCKO 3Ha-
rapM 11 BH3aHTHHQM npw MapKenw orn;e no Bpe- qeHMe H BepOHTHO e OCTaBan CaMO ,<l>pypHH" B OT-

93
6paHMTenHaTa CMCTeMa Ha BM3aHTMH npe.n. 6onrap- KporOBe M HHMa MHQM)J,eHTeH xapaKTep. B IIMCMOTO
CKaTa rpaHMQa. eM .n.o Kap.n.aM OT 796 r. KoHCTaHTMH VI roBopM
IIpoTMB M3)J.MraHeTo Ha MapKen« 3a 6a30B na- npe.n.«3BMKaTenHo 3a nnaHMpaHo cocpe.n.oToqaBaHe
rep Ha liMrrepmna cperu;y Eonrap«H rrpe.n.« 792 r. Ha CBOMTe CMllM OTHOBO npM MapKenM (Theoph.
MoraT .n.a ce M3non3BaT 11 CBM)J.eTencTBaTa Ha Teo- Conf, 277). IleTHa.n.eceTMHa ro.n.MHM no-KoCHO
<PaH 3a CTpOMTenHaTa MHMQMaTMBa Ha MMnepaTpM- MMnepaTop HMK«<l>op I M3nomBa ryKalllHMR narep
Qa lipMHa rrpe3 784 r. TH, KaKTo e .n.o6pe M3BeCTHO, 3a rrnau..n.apM 3a HacnnneHMe npoTMB cTonMQaTa
3aCTpoMna caMo rpa.n.oBeTe Eepoe 11 AHxMano Ha xaH KpYM (Theoph. Conf, 281-282). BnpoqeM
Theoph. Conf., 276). 3a MapKenM He ce crroMeHaBa MMa no.n.aTKM, qe narepoT e 6Mn M3rromBaH 11 rrp«
HMru;o, BonpeKM qe Kpenocrra 3aeMa cpe.n.Mru;Ho noxo.n.a npe3 809 r. (Theoph. Conf, 279; Teopzuee
MHCTO B TepMTOpMRTa Me)I()J,y THX. Hanara ce )J,a 2002, 222 u ell. )2. 3a oT6enR3BaHe e, qe npe3 792, a
npMeMeM, qe KaMeHHO-ryxneHMHT <l:>pypMM e 6Mn coru;o 11 npe3 811 r. B narepa ce e HaM«pana MMnepa-
OCTaBeH B CoCTOHHMeTO CM OT BpeMeTO Ha KoH- TopcKaTa nanaTKa c QRnaTa rrp«cnyra 11 rap.n.epo6,
CTaHTMH V. Ba)I(HO e .n.a no.n.qepTaeM, qe npMqM- KOeTo M3pMqHo noKa3Ba, qe cTaBa Borrpoc 3a o6opy.n.-
HMTe 3a 3acTpOHBaHeTo Ha Eepoe M AHxMano ca BaH MMnepaTopcKM narep.
pa3nMqHJ1. 3aCTPOHBaHeTO Ha IIopBHH OT THX e MMa- CoOTHOllleHMeTo Me)l(.n.y oT6paHMTenHMTe coo-
llO .n.eMOHCTpau.«OHHo-rrponaraH.n.eH xapaKTep. B po)l(eHMH B KapHo6aTcKaTa KpenocT no.n.cKa3Ba,
IIO)J.Kpena Ha TOBa rOBOpM M3llOll3BaHeTO Ha MY3M- qe rrpe3 791-792 r. e 6Mn IIOCTpOeH npe)J.M BCMqKO
Ka, a Coii.J;O M npeMMeHyBaHeTO Ha rpa.n.a Ha MMeTO IIopBOHaqanHMRT 3eMneH narep. 3a COllM)J.HO CTpOM-
Ha MMnepaTp«u.aTa. B T03M .n.yx TpH6Ba .n.a ce nnKy- TenCTBO B CaMMR <l:>pypMM e)J,Ba llM e MManO BpeMe.
Ba M HeMHOTO rroceru;eHMe B .n.pyrMH rOllHM rpa.n. - IJpM TOBa llOllO)I(eHMe MO)I(eM )J,a 3aKniOqMM, qe
<l>MnMnonon. KoHcTaHTMH VI e BepoHTHO nopBMRT MMnepaTop,
CoBCeM pa3nMqeH e cnyqaSJ:T c AHxMano. 3a He- KOMTO cTpoM 11 M3nomBa MapKenM 3a 6a30B narep
ro Teo<t>aH oT6enR3Ba, HHKaK Me)l(.n.y .n.pyroTo, qe Ha BM3aHTMH cperu;y 6onrapMTe. IlpMqMHaTa 3a
MMnepaTpMQaTa ,3acTpoMna" 11 Hero. fpa.n.oT, KaK- TOBa e <t>opMynMpaHa HCHO OT CoBpeMeHHMKa Ha
TO ru;e M3ThKHeM no-.n.ony, e 611n cTpaTerMqecKM co6MTMRTa IlaTp«apx HMKM<l:>op: 3aBapeHaTa TYK
Ba)l(eH u.eHnp Ha liMrrepHHTa B OTHOllleHMRTa ll: c paHHOBM3aHTMMCKa KpeiiOCT ce HaMMpana ,HaM-
6onrapMTe, 3alla3Mll IIpMOpMTeTHOTO CM 3HaqeHMe 6nM30 )1,0 6onrapMTe" MllM IIO-TOqHo )1,0 THXHaTa TO-
rrpe3 noqTM u.enMR VIII B. ,3acTpORBaHeTo" MY raBalllHa CTOllMQa. IlopBOTO pa3II1MpeHMe Ha 3eM-
rrpe3 784 r. ce e M3pa3Mno M3rne)l(.n.a B peMOHT Ha neHOTO YKPenneHMe e M3BopllleHo MO)I(e 611 oru;e
HerOBMTe KpeiiOCTHM CTeHM MllM )J,OIIollHMTenHO KoM 796 r., HO e OII.J;e IIO-BepOHTHO TOBa )J,a e CTa-
CTpOMTellCTBO B rpa.n.a. 3a HaC TO ll0Ka3Ba 3alla3Ba- HanO npM H«K«<l>op I. Cne.n.«Te OT TYXneHM Koco-
He Ha MHTepeca Ha BM3aHTMMCKMTe BnaCTM KoM Be BoB BTOpMR IO)I(eH Ban M3flle)I()J,a ca OT CTpOM-
KpaMMOpCKMR rpa.n.. TellCTBO ITO CKllOHa Me)I()J.y Hero M KpeiiOCTTa Ha
,li3rpa)l(.n.aHeTo" Ha MapKenM Teo<t>aH .n.aTMpa Bo3BMllleHMeTO.
e.n.Ba npe3 792 r. To e 611no M3BopllleHo npe3 M. Tpa:HHOTO oBna.n.HBaHe Ha MapKenM 11 BKmoq-
IOllM BoB Bpo3Ka C rrnaHMpaHa rrpe)J.BapMTenHO BaHeTo MY B npe.n.en«Te Ha EonrapMH e cTaHano e.n.Ba
BOeHHa aKQMH Ha KoHcTaHTMH VI cperu;y 6onrapM- c .n.oroBopa OT 816 r. OrroraBa HaceTHe TH ce npe-
Te (Theoph. Conf, 277). IIocne.n.HaTa 611na npe)J.M3- Bporu;a B 6a3MCeH narep Ha 6onrapCKMTe BOMCKM.
BMKaHa OT BllOllleHMTe MY OTHOllleHMR C6onrapCKMR B Ta3M Bpo3Ka Ha noTH MapKen«-A.n.p«aHorron
Bna.n.eTen Kap.n.aM, oco6eHo cne.n. HecoCTOHnoTo ce B rpaHMqHMR Ban EpKeCMH e ocTaBeH oxpaHHBaH
pelllMTenHo cpa)l(eHMe OT anp11n 791 r. (3llamapcKu npoxo.n. (Teopzuee 1999, 131 u ell.) (o6p. 4). Oru;e
1970, 316-317; Eo;)ICUJlOB, D03e1lee 1999, 122). npe.n.« TOBa, 3HaqMMocrra Ha Kperrocrra 3a 6on-
IJopa)J.M TOBa MO)I(eM )J,a npMeMeM, qe BoiipOCHOTO rapMTe e OT6enH3aHa B Ha)J,IIMC OT BpeMeTO Ha XaH
3acTpOHBaHe Ha MapKenM e 611no M3BopllleHo e.n.Ba KpYM (Eew.eeJluee 1979, M 3a, 115). B Hero, KaK-
B HaBeqepMeTo MnM no BpeMe Ha rroxo.n.a rrpe3 M. TO M3rne)l(.n.a, 6onrapcKMHT Bna.n.eTen c rop.n.ocT oT-
IOnM 792 r. (Kollei:Japoe 1979, 29). CTpOMTencTBO 6enR3Ba OBlla)J,HBaHeTO Ha BM3aHTMMCKM5I BOMCKOBM
B TaKMBa 6op3M cpoKoBe npe.n.nonara M3rpa)I()J.aHe narep, KOMTO B npO)J.oll)l(eHMe Ha OKOllO qeTBopT
rrpe)J.M BCMqKO Ha 3eMneHM yKpenneHMH, HaM-Be- BeK e 611n M3TOqHMK Ha 3annaxa 3a 6onrap«Te.
pOHTHO Ha nopBOHaqanHMR narep. HeroBOTO 113- Ilp« H3rpa)I()J,aHeTo Ha narepa MapKenM yrrpaB-
rpa)I()J.aHe o6aqe e 611no pe3ynTaT OT .n.o6pe o6MMC- nHBali(HTe BoB BH3aHTIDI ca cne.n.BanH YTBop.n.eHa
neHa MHMQMaTMBa Ha BM3aHTMMCKMTe BOeHHM npaKTHKa B llOCTpOHBaHeTO Ha BOeHHM 6a3M cperu;y

94
csmne cnce;:J:I1. Crrope;:J: HeH B rrp11rpaHI1qHaTa rro- OTB'hJl: rrJiaHI1HaTa roJI5IM rrepcHHCKH rpa;:J: H11311611c.
noca 11 B HarrpaBJieHI1e Ha pa:moJIO)KeHI1Te Ha rrpo- CTpeMe)KbT 3a OBJiaMBaHe Ha rrocJie;:J:HH5I 11MeHHO
THBHI1KOBa Tep11TOpml 3Haqi1MH rpa;:J:OBe Ce 113- e HaKapaJI rro-KnCHO ~CTI1HHHH I ;:J:a 3arroBH;:J:a
rpa)K;:J:aT KperrOCTI1, KOI1TO C.rry)KaT 3a OTIIpaBHa Ha BeJII13ap11H ;:J:a nocTpoH 11 ,cppyp11w B MHCTOTO
TOqKa IIp11 BOeHHI1 ;:J:eHCTBI15l 11 3a ;:J:pyrl1 ~eJII1, MI1H;:J:oyc, KOeTo ce HaM11pa Ha caMaTa rrepc11wcKa
KOI1TO CTa611JII1311paT BJiaCTia B paHOHa. T11rr11qeH rpaHH~a, HaJIHBO OT II'hTH 3a H11311611c" (Procop.
np11Mep 3a TOBa e 113rpa;:J:eHI15IT OT AHacTaC11H I Caes., 106). 3a 113rpa)K)l;aHe Ha rrp11rpaH11qH11 Kpe-
Ha BH3aHTI1HCKO-nepC11HCKaTa rpaHI1~a rpa;:J: Kpe- rroCTI1 Bbpxy C06CTBeHa Tep11TOp115I, HO HacoqeHI1
TIOCT .lJ:apa. Crrope;:J: IIceB;:J:o-3axap11H P11T0p BH3aH- cpelll,y rrepc11Te Hl1 ocBe;:J:OMHBa 11 HoaH EcpecKH
THHCKHTe CTPaTe311 y6e;:J:I1JII1 11MrrepaTopa ;:J:a rro- (lluzy!leecKa5l 1941, 146). CaMo HHKOJIKO rO;:J:I1-
CTp011 rpa;:J: ,OTKbM CTpaHaTa Ha IIJiaHI1HaTa, KaTO HH CJie)l; CKJIIOqBaHeTO Ha 30-rO)l;l1lliHI15l M11p Me)K-
y6e)KI1Ill,e 3a BOHCKaTa, 3a HerOB OT)l;I1X, 3a IIO)l;rO- Jl:Y BH3aHTI15l 11 onJirap115I JlnB V, crrope;:J: Hoc11cp
TOBKa Ha opn)KI1e 11 3a 3alli,I1Ta Ha o6Jiacrra Apa6awa feHe311H , IIO)l;HOBI1JI OIII1TI1Te Ha CBOI1Te rrpe;:J:WeCT-
OT pa360HHH~H" (lluzy!le6CKQfl 1941, 155- 157). BeHI1~11 ;:J:a Bb3CTaHOB5IT rpa;:J:OBeTe ,qaK )1;0 rpaHI1-
Pa3Ka3'hT Cn;:J:bp)Ka pe;:J:I1~a ;:J:eTaHJII13a xo;:J:a Ha T0311 ~11Te Ha CKI1TCKaTa 3eMH" (Joseph. Genes., 324).
CTPOe)K, HO TOBa, Ha KOeTO CJie)l;Ba ));a Ce 06npHe KaKBO o6aqe e HaJIO)KI1JIO 113rpa)K;:J:aHeTo HaBI13aH-
BH11MaHI1e, e, qe HeroBaTa OCHOBHa pOJI5l e Ha 6a3a TI1HCKI15l Jiarep rrp11 MapKeJII1 B KpaH Ha VIII B.?
3a HaCTbiiJieHI1e 11 OBJia)l;HBaHe Ha pa3IIOJIO)KeHI15l qacT11qeH oTroBop Ha T0311 Bnrrpoc ;:J:aBa Olll,e B .

0 VI

III

!IErEH/(A
[!] I. TnaBHU zpaOoee Kpenocmu: AOpuauono.'l, $wwnonO.'l, OOecoc
• 2. Kpenocmu 6 l13mO'lHa TpaKuR: 1- TlfOPYIIYM (lloplry)
® 3. Boeww 1102epu: 11 - npu AuxuaJIO, V- npu MapKenu
@ 4. EMzapCKU Cm OJIUl/ U." VI - BapHG, V/1 - nnucK o6a, VII - BenuKU llpeClla6

- - 5. TflaB/t U nbnJUUjO

- - 6. Bmopocmeneuuu n bmUUjO
- ·- ·- 7. TpaHUIJOAte:JH:Oy Bu3aum u11 u 5MzapW4 Oo 816 z.
~ 8. EpKecUR: 3eM/leH BQJI u zpauu'leH nbm (limes)
· · - - · 9. TpauuOJI/a JIU HWi no Ooz060pa om 816 z.

06p. 4. Kapma Ha nbmUUjama om AopuaHonon KbM AHXUGJIO u MapKenu u 6bnzapcKum e cmo!IUIJU BapHa u llnucK o6a
(aemop: ll. T eopzuee noll. CycmG!l). .

95
3naTapCKH (JllamapCKU 1970, 271-272, 6eJl. 19). ome B. BeiiieBnHeB (Teopzue6 2005, 180, 6eJl. 49 u
IlbT.SIT oT An;pHaHorron rrpe3 MapKenH H PHIIIKH.SI 50). 3a Hac TYKe Ba)I(HO .n;a oT6ene)I(HM, qe HMeTo
rrpOXO.JJ; BO.JJ;H .D;HpeKTHO KbM CTOnHI.(aTa IlnHCKa. Ha rrpoxo.n;a Bep11raBa ce cpema caMo B rrep11o.n;a,
Pa3CTO.SIHHeTo Me)l(,n;y T.SIX no rrpaBa nHHH.SI e caMo KoraTO AHxHano e rrnau:.n;apM cpemy BbnrapH.SI. OT
OKano 200 KM 11 MapKenH ocTaBa rrpH6nH3HTenHo Kpa.SI Ha VIII B. HaceTHe, KoraTo rrpHMOpCKH.SIT rpaJJ;
B cpe,n;aTa MY (o6p. 4). Cne,n;oBaTenHo narepbT TaM e 611n 3aMeHeH c MapKenH, HMeTo Bep11raBa H3nH3a
e 611n 3aMHcneH 3a 6a3a 3a HaCTbrrneHHe rrpoTHB OT o6pameHHe H TOBa e HaM-CepH03HH.SIT .JJ;OBO.JJ;
6bnrapcKaTa CTonm.J,a. Pa3cTO.SIHHeTo .n;o He.SI rrpe3 cpemy HerOBOTO H.JJ;eHTH<lJHU:HpaHe C .JJ;HeiiiHHTe
PHIIIKH.SI rrpoxo.n; e rro-ManKo oT 100 KM 11 e 611no PHIIIKH 11n11 Bbp6HIIIKH rrpoxo.n;. YI.MeTO BepHraBa
rrpeo.n;onHMO .n;o ,n;Be ,n;eHOHOIUH.SI. ,ll;Hec o6aqe Bb- H3fne)I(.JJ;a Tp.S16Ba ,n;a CBbp3BaMe C ,lJ;IOnHHCKH.SI,
rrpocbT e: KO.SI e rrpH'IHHaTa, HanO)I(Hna 3aM.SIHaTa a MO)I(e 611 H C pa3rrOnO)I(eHH.SI Ha H3TOK OT Hero
Ha BH3aHTHMCKaTa 6a3a rrpH AHXHanO C HOBa rrpH EMHHCKH rrpoxo.n;. Ilpe3 T.SIX, KaKTo rrpe3 aHTH'I-
MapKenH? Hocrra, TaKa H rrpe3 paHHOTO cpe.D;HOBeKOBHe, Ca
Ilpe,n;H .n;a oTrOBOpHM, cne,n;Ba .n;a rro,n;qepTaeM rrpeMHHaBanH rnaBHHTe Cb06IUHTenHH Bpb3KH OT
ome Be.JJ;Hb)l(, qe o<PopM.s~HeTo Ha MapKenH KaTO KoHcTaHTHHorron KbM ,ll;onHH.SI ,ll;yHaB 11 o6paTHO.
HMrrepcKH BOMCKOBH narep rrpOTHB CTOnH.Qa A6o- B ITOTBbp)I(.JJ;eHHe Ha TOBa Ce .SIB.SIBa OITHCaHHeTO
6a-IlnHcKa ,n;aTHpa He rro-paHo OT 792 r. ,ll;eceTH- Ha IlaTpHapx HHKH<lJop 3a rroxo.n;a Ha KoHcTaH-
neTH.SI rrpe,n;H TOBa pon.s~Ta Ha MapKenH e 611na THH V rrpe3 765 r. ToraBa HMrrepaTOpbT ,,.ll,OIIIbn
H3ITbnH.SIBaHa OT AHxHano, pa3rrono)l(eH caMo Ha c rrpH,n;py)l(aBamaTa ro BOMCKa CbBCeM 6nH30 .n;o
OKano 60 KM OT T03H rrp11 MapKenH. XpoHHCTHTe 3eM.SITa Ha 6bnrapHTe 11 ce pa3rrono)I(Hn Ha cTaH
Ca KaTeropH'IHH, qe rpa.D;bT, 3ae.JJ;HO CbC CBOHTe (sic -II. r.) rrpH TaKa HapeqeHH.SI rrpoxo.n; BepHraBa"
OKOnHOCTH OT CeBep, e rrpe.D;ITO'IHTaH rrnau:,n;apM 3a (Niceph. Arch. Const., 305). 3ae,n;Ho c TOBa TOM
BH3aHTHMCKHTe BOeHHH aK.QHH cpemy bbnrapH.SI BbOpb)I(Hn 11 <jJnoT, KOMTO H3rrpaTHn .n;a aKOCTHpa
HnH apeHa Ha cpa)l(eHH.SI Me)I(.JJ;y ,n;BeTe cTpaHH. ,oKono rpa,n;oBeTe MeceMBpH.SI H AHxHano 11 .n;a
Teo<PaH 11 IlaTpHapx HHKH<lJop crroMeHaBaT AH- ce rrpH6nH)I(aT .n;o 6bnrapHTe". CyxorrbTHaTa 11
XHano C HerOBaTa OKOnHOCT 06IUO ce,n;eM ITbTH, Ka- <PnoTcKaTa qacT oT BOMCKaTa oqeBH.JJ;HO ca 611n11
TO BCH'IKH Te Ca B XpOHOnOrH'IeCKHTe paMKH OT B o603pHMa 6nH30CT, TbM KaTo 6bnrapHTe crrope.n;
708 .n;o 784 r. OcBeH T.SIX, B H.SIKOnKo oT cnyqaHTe, XpOHHCTa ,BH.JJ;enH MHO)I(eCTBO KOHHH.QH H KOpa-
KOraTO XpOHHCTHTe He CITOMeHaBaT H3pH'IHO HMeTO 611", a I1pHCbCTBaiUH.SIT Ha KaTaCTpo<lJaTa Ha KOpa6H-
Ha rpa.n;a, ce rro.n;pa3611pa, qe cTaBa Bbrrpoc 3a .JJ;BH- Te HMrrepaTop rrpeycTaHOBHn rroxo.n;a.
)I(eHHe Ha <lJnoT HnH BOMCKH ITOKpaM Hero HnH KpaM BcH'IKH Te3H <PaKTH ca .n;ocTaTb'IHO KpacHope-
6nH3KaTa MY MeceMBpH.SI (o6p. 4). 'IHBH. Te xapaKTepH3HpaT AHxHano KaTo rrp.SIK
B Ta3H Bpb3Ka oT 3Ha'IeHHe e rrpaBHnHaTa no- rrpe,n;IIIeCTBeHHK Ha MapKenH. l13rpa,n;eHaTa Ha ce-
KanH3a.QH.SI Ha rrpoxo.n;a, KOMTO xpoHHCTHTe HapH'IaT Bep oT rpa.n;a BOMCKOBa 6a3a e cny)l(ena 3a HaCTbrr-
BepHraBa (BEpEya~wv, Bcptya~av, Bcptya~wv) neHHe rrpe3 rrpoxoJJ;a BepHraBa cpemy BbnrapH.SI
(Theoph. Conf, 264, 270, 305). l13cne,n;oBaTenHTe B rrpO.JJ;bn)l(eHHe Ha .QenH.SI llbpBH BeK OT HeMHOTO
OT BpeMeTO Ha K. Yl.pe'IeK ro OTb)I(.JJ;eCTB.SIBaT 06HK- CbiUeCTByBaHe Ha ,lJ;oneH ,lJ;yHaB. 3a pa3nHKa OT
HOBeHO C PHIIIKH.SI rrpOXO.JJ; H OTTaM e y6e)I(.JJ;eHHeTO narepa MapKenH, T03H rrp11 AHxHano ,n;aTHpa OT-
3a HeroBaTa Bpb3Ka c Kperrocrra MapKenH (HpetteK rrpe,n;H Cb3.JJ;aBaHeTo Ha 6bnrapcKaTa ,n;bp)l(aBa 11
1974, 812; EeUte6JlUe6 1974, 61, 6eJl. 26; EeUte6- HeroBaTa pOn.SI B TOBa OTHOIIIeHHe MO)I(e ,n;a 6b.JJ;e
JlUe6 1987, 43-44; Kolleoapo6 1979, 23, 6eJl. 3?. rrpocne,n;eHa B HH<jJOpMa.QHHTe Ha pe.JJ;H.Qa aBTOpH H
Crrope.n; YI.B. ,ll;yM'IeB HMeTO BepHraBa ce OTHac.s~ .n;o oco6eHo y Teo<PHnaKT CHMOKaTa 11 Teo<PaH. Apxeo-
H.SIKOnKO OT H3TO'IHOCTaporrnaHHHCKHTe I1pOXO.JJ;H, norH'IecKo H3Cne,n;BaHe Ha T03H BOeHeH .QeHTbp BCe
BKniO'IHTenHo 11 ,n;H. Bbp6HIIIKH rrpoxo.n; (J{yutte6 ome He e rrpe.n;rrpHeMaHo, HO HeroBaTa 3Ha'IHMOCT
1949, 159-165; !fyutte6 1968, 29-30). B HacKo- ITOCTaB.SI HaCTOM'IHBO Bbrrpoca 3a H3.SICH.SIBaHe Ha
po H3n.SI3na Haiiia cTaTH.SI ce orrHTaxMe .n;a H3Tbn- o6nHKa My. ToBa o6aqe H3nH3a H3BbH paMKHTe Ha
KyBaMe HMeTO KaTO I103HaTO H B 3aKaBKa3HeTO H HaiiiaTa 3a.n;aqa ryK.
H3rromBaHo OT (rrpa)6bnrapHTe 3a 03Ha'IeHHe Ha Pa3rne,n;aHHTe ,n;aHHH rro3Bon.s~BaT pa3rpaHH'Ia-
ceBepHHTe cKaToBe Ha l13TO'IHa CTapa rrnaHHHa BaHe Ha .JJ;BeTe BH3aHTHMCKH BOeHHH 6a3H cpemy
(Teopzue6 2003, 155-170). B CbiUOTO BpeMe TO BbnrapH.SI. Pa3rrono)l(eHH.SIT ceBepHo oT AHxHano
(oco6eHo BbB <PopMaTa Virigava) 611 Morna .n;a HMa ,KaMrryc" e 611n ~3rromBaH .JJ;OKbM Kpa.s~ Ha VIII B.
H ITO-paHeH, TpaKHMCKH I1pOH3XO.JJ;, KaKTO C'IHTaiiie ToraBa HMeHHO TOM e 611n 3aMeHeH OT ,MapKena

96
TOH xapaKa", KOHTO CTaBa H3XO,IJ;eH nyHKT Ha BH3aH- pHqecKa BapHa no ceBepHoTo Kpaif6pe)I(He Ha
THHCKHTe BOHCKH npe3 nocne.IJ;HOTO ,IJ;eceTHneTHe BapHeHCKOTO H ,[(eBHeHCKOTo e3epo H no-ToqHo
Ha VIII H nnpBOTO .IJ;eceTHneTHe Ha IX B. 3awmaTa B paifoHa Ha Kpenocrra npH c. CTparnHMHpOBO
Ha e,IJ;HHIDI C.D;pyrH5I Tp5I6Ba ,IJ;a Ce ThpCH B fO.IJ;HHHTe (Teop2Ue6 2006, noo ne'-tam). Pa3CT05IHHeTO Me)I(.IJ;y
Me)I(.IJ;y 784 H 792 r. ToraBa HMeHHO BH3aHTIDI e BoeHHIDI narep npH AHxHano H CTOnH~a BapHa e
H3MeCTHna CB05I Tpa.D;H~HOHeH nna~apM 3a Ha- noqTH e,IJ;HaKBO c TOBa Me)I(.IJ;y MapKenH H IlnHcK
CThnneHHe oT Kpai1.6pe)I(HeTo Ha AHxHano KnM BnT- o6a, a OTCT05IHHeTO Me)I(.IJ;y ,IJ;BaTa BH3aHTHHCKH
penmocrra c MapKenH. narepa 0TfOBap5I npH6nH3HTenHO Ha TOBa Me)I(.IJ;y
IIpHqHHaTa 3a TOBa oqeBH.IJ;HO e 6Hna Ba)I(Ha, ThH .IJ;BeTe 6nnrapcKH cTonH~H. IIocne.IJ;HHTe ca npe.D;-
KaTO e .IJ;OBena H .IJ;O npoMeHH B opraHH3a~IDITa Ha cTaBAABanH nnpBOCTeneHHH BOeHHH narepH 3a
caMHTe BOeHHH eKcne.IJ;H~HH. IIpH KoHcTaHTHH IV, 6nnrapHTe, TaKa qe Te3H 3aBHCHMOCTH Ca HannnHO
IOcTHHIDIH II H KoHcTaHTHH V Te ca 6HnH npoBe)I(- o65ICHHMH. Te oqepTaBaT npe.D; Hac ni06onHTHa Kap-
.IJ;aHH KaKTo no cyrna, TaKa H no Mope. IlpH KoH- THHa: Cni.QeCTByBaHeTO B'bB BpeMeTO H npOCTpaH-
cTaHTHH VI, HHKH<Pop I, JlnB V, a H cne.IJ; T5IX, BH- CTBOTO Ha ,IJ;Be .IJ;BOHKH npOTHBOCT05ILQH CH e,IJ;HH Ha
3aHTHH~HTe HacThnBaT cper.u;y EnnrapiDI caMo no .D;pyr BOeHHH ~eHTpOBe Ha C'bCe,IJ;HHTe .D;bp)l(aBH.
cyrna. U:enTa Ha BcHqKH o6aqe e 6Hna BHHarH e,IJ;Ha: Ilo5IBaTa Ha BapHa KaTO nnpBocTeneHeH Boe-
nonHTHqecKIDIT ~eHThp Ha 6nnrapcKaTa .D;np)l(aBa, HeH ~eHThp Ha EnnrapiDI cTaBa or.u;e c HeHHOTO
He3aBHCHMO .IJ;anH Toif e T. Hap. 0Hrnn, IlnHCK o6a, Cn3.IJ;aBaHe npe3 680-681 r. KaTo TaKnB o6aqe T5I
BenHKH IIpecnaB HnH BenHKO TnpHoBo. Hacne.IJ;5IBa nocne.IJ;OBaTenHo cnr.u;ecTByBanHTe pH-
Da3HpaHHTe B MapKenH npe3 811 r. BH3aHTHH- MO-BH3aHTHHCKH BOeHHH narepH Kpaif Map~Ha­
CKH BOHCKH ca HMallH 3a 3a,IJ;aqa ,IJ;a aTaKyBaT H Honon H B oKonHoCTHTe Ha O.IJ;ecoc. BoeHHIDIT
npeB3eMaT ,KpYMOBIDI ayn" B A6o6cKoTo none. ~eHThp Kpaif AHxHano e HMan H3rne)I(.IJ;a oT6paHH-
3aKOHOMepHO e TOfaBa ,IJ;a MHCnHM, qe KOH~eHTpH­ TenHH lPYHK~HH, npHKpHBaHKH npeKIDI nO,IJ;CThn
paHHTe B AHxHanCKOTO none BOHCKH ca 6HnH Ha- KnM BnTpernHocrra Ha TpaKIDI, KaKTo BnpoqeM
coqeHH C'bl.QO K'bM nnpBOCTeneHeH 6nnrapCKH ~eH­ H Kpenocrra MapKenH. CnoMeHaBaHaTa B H3Toq-
Thp. Toif oqeBH.IJ;HO ce e HaMHpan OTBn.IJ; BepHraBa HH~HTe OT HaqanoTo Ha IX B. HaceTHe c HMeTo
()J;IOnHHCKH5I npOXO.D;) H MO)I(e ,IJ;a 6n.IJ;e OTh)I(,IJ;eCTBeH Plisk oba HnH Plskas ton kanpon 6nnrapcKa cTo-
c ,TaKa HapeqeHaTa BapHa, 6nH30 .IJ;o O.IJ;ecoc". nH~a cTaBa npH~en 3a BH3aHTHH~HTe e,IJ;Ba no
H3BeCTHo e, qe TaM npe3 680 r. ce HacTaH5IBaT BpeMeTo Ha KoHcTaHTHH VI H HHKH<Pop I, KoraTo
AcnapyxoBHTe 6nnrapH (Niceph. Arch. Canst., 263, npH Kpenocrra MapKenH ce H3rpa)I(.IJ;a HOBa 6a3a
296). CHcTeMaTHqHoTo H ThpnenHBO H3IIHTBaHe Ha 3a TeXHHTe BOHCKH. B HaqanoTo cH IlnHcK o6a HMa
HCTOpHqecKH, apxeonOfHqeCKH H nHHfBHCTHqHH 5ICHO H3pa3eH xapaKTep Ha HOBOH3rpa.D;eH BOeHeH
,IJ;aHHH npe3 nocne,IJ;HHTe fO.IJ;HHH 00Ka3Ba, qe TaM narep - HnH KaMnyc, KaKTo e nocoqeH H3pHqHo B
B npo.D;nn)l(eHHe Ha ManKo noBeqe OT cToneTHe ce qaTanapCKIDI Ha,IJ;nHC Ha XaH 0MypTar (Teop2Ue6
e HaMHpana cTonH~aTa Ha ,Zl;yHaBcKa EnnrapiDI 2004, 27 u Cll.; Teop2Ue6 2006a, noo ne'-tam).
(Teop2ue6 2002, 208-227; Teop2ue6 2002a, 63- Ha Ta3H OCHOBa MO)I(e ,IJ;a ce lPOPMYnHpa H OC-
77). IIepHO.IJ;nT Ha cnr.u;ecTBysaHe Ha T03H npnB HOBHIDIT H3BO.IJ; OT TOBa H3Cne,IJ;BaHe. IJpeMeCTBa-
6nnrapCKH BOeHeH H nOnHTHqeCKH ~eHThp C'bBOa- HeTO Ha BOeHHIDI narep, a Cne,IJ; TOBa H Ha nonHTH-
,IJ;a C BpeMeTO, KOfaTO nna~apM H BOHCKOBa 6a3a qeCKIDI ~eHThp Ha 6nnrapcKaTa .D;np)l(aBa oT
Ha BH3aHTHH~HTe e AHxHano. Teo<PaH, KaKTo e HCTOpHqecKa BapHa B pa3nono)l(eHaTa B A6o6cKOTO
H3BeCTHO, .D;HpeKTHO cnoMeHaBa HMeTo BapHa none IInHcK o6a e 6Hno H3BnprneHo Me)I(.IJ;y 784 H
(Bapvas;) B'bB Bpn3Ka C nOXO,IJ;a Ha KOHCTaHTHH V 792 r., Haif-Bepo5ITHO no HHH~HaTHBa Ha Kap.D;aM.
OT 774 r. H3o6r.u;o ,BapHa" e e.IJ;HHCTBeHOTO cenHLQ- ToBa HMeHHO e npe.D;H3BHKano H OTBeTHaTa peaK-
HO HMe B EnnrapiDI, KOeTo xpOHHCTHTe ce qyBcT- ~IDI Ha KoHcTaHTHH VI H OKOHqaTenHOTO o<Pop-
BaT 3a,IJ;'bll)l(eHH ,IJ;a CnOMeHaT B TeqeHHe Ha nnpBIDI M5IHe Ha MapKenH KaTo OCHOBeH nna~apM 3a Ha-
BeK oT HaqanoTo Ha 6nnrapcKaTa .D;np)l(aBa. HanHq- CThnneHHe npOTHB 6nnrapHTe H rnaBHO 3BeHO Ha
HHTe ,IJ;aHHH n03BOll5IBaT nOKallH3HpaHeTO Ha HCTO- BH3aHTHHCKaTa oT6paHa Ha TpaKIDI.

97
 IJ,HTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA reoprueB 2006a: II. feopmeB. IlbpBOHa'IaJIHIDIT )J,BO-
peQ B IlnHcKa, Heny6JI11KYBaHa CT)')J.IDI B apxHBa Ha AHM .
AspaMOB 1929: B . ABpaMOB. l0611neeH c6opH11K .[(yii'leB 1949: liB . .[(yii'leB. ITo Bbrrpoca Ja 11MeTo
Ilni1CKa- IlpecnaB, III. Co<PID!, 1929. BepHraBa. - B: IlpoyqBaHID! Bbpxy 6bnrapcKOTO cpe)J.-
A.rJa,n)KOB 1993: )K. Ana,li,)KOB. KpenoCTia MapKeJII1 - HOBeKOBI1e (C6. Ha EAH, KH. XLI, KJI. HcT.-<l>11nono-
IDIKOI1 CTpaTIITJla<l>cKH 11 xpOHOJIOIWieCKH 6eJie:>KKH. - rl1'leH,21).Co<PH.!I, 1949,151- 168.
B: CeBep0113TO'IHa TpaKIDI 11 Bl13aHTID! npe3 IV- XIV B. .[(yii'leB 1968: liB . .[(yH'leB. Ilpo6neMH H3 cpe)JJ!oBe-
Co<PID!-CJI11BeH, 1993, 118- 124. KOBHaTa HCTOpiD! Ha Ilpecnas.- IlpecnaB, 1, 1968, 29- 38.
AJia}J.)KOB 2002: )l(. Ana}J.)l(OB. MapT11P11YMbT BMap- 3JiaTapcKH 1970: B . 3naTapcKH. HcTOpiD! Ha 6bnrap-
KeJII1. - B: HcTopiD! 11 Kynrypa Ha KapHo6aTCKID! Kpaii, CKaTa )J.bp)l(aBa npe3 cpe)J.HI1Te BeKOBe, I , 1. Co<P11.!1, 1970.
4. BapHa, 2002,207- 213 . Hsauos 1999: P. HBaHOB . .[(onHO)J.yHaBCKaTa OT6pa-
AJia}J.)KOB, MoM'IHJIOB 1991: )l(. Ana}J.)l(OB, .[(.MoM- HI1TeJIHa CHCTeMa Me)l()J.y .[(opT11KYM 11 .[(ypOCTOp)'M OT
'IHJIOB. 3eMJieHoTo yKpenneHHe oKono Kpenocrra Map- ABrycT )J.O MaBpHKHH. Co<PIDI, 1999.
KeJII1 - B : Ilpo6neMH Ha npa6bnrapcKaTa 11CTOpiD! 11 eyn- Hpe'leK 1974: K . Hpe'leK. IlbT)'BaHID! no EbnrapiD!.
TYPa,2, 1991,138- 144. Co<PIDI, 1974.
IierneBJIHeB 1979: B. EeweBJIHeB. IlbpB06bnrapCKI1 KOJie,zJ;apoB 1979: II. KoJie)J.apoB. I10JIIfiWiecKareorpa<l>11.!1
Ha}J.IIHCH. Co<PID!, 1979. Ha cpe.DJIOBeKOBHaTa 6hrrrapcKa )J.bp)l(a83, 1. Co<P11.!1, 1979.
IierneBJIHeB 1984: B . EerneBJII1eB. IlbpB06bnrapHTe. KyJiaKOBCKHH 1903: 10. KynaKOBCKHH. BH3aHTHH-
HcTOpmL Co<Pm1, 1984. CKHH nareph KOHQa X seKa.- BH3aHTHHCKHH BpeMeHHI1K,
IierneBJiues 1987: B. EerneBJIHes. feorpa<Prurra Ha EbJI- X, 1903, 63- 90.
rapiD! y BH3llHTII:HcKHTe IDBOpH.- HHMB, 23, 1987, 37- 70. Ky'IMa 1999: B. Ky'lMa. Elll,e pa3 o Bl13aHTHHCKOM
JiO)KHJIOB, rroJeJieB 1999: liB. EO)l(HJIOB, B. fi03e- BOeHHOM narepe KOHQa X BeKa. HeKoTopbie TeXHH'IecKHe
JieB. HcTopiD! Ha EbnrapiD!, 1. Co<Pm1, 1999. xapaKTep11CTHIGI. 11 BapHaHTbl 60eBOrO HCnOJih30BaHH.!I. -
IioHWKHeB 2002: CT. EoH,[VKHeB. PaHHoxpHCTIDIHCKIDIT AHTI1'1Ha.!l )J.peBHOCTh H cpe)J.HI1e BeKa, Bbiii. 30. EKaTe-
MaPTlfPHOH B MapKeJII1 11 HaCJioeHHTe Bbpxy HerosHre pHH6ypr, 1999, 149-157, 408-409.
OCTaHKH cpe)JJ!oBeKOBHH UbPKBH. - B: HcropiD! 11 eynrypa MoM'IHJIOB 1986: .[(. MoM'IHJIOB. KapHo6aTcKaTa
Ha KapHo6aTCKIDI KpaH, 4. BapHa, 2002, 214-231. KpenocT MapKeJII1. - HIIp, 1986, 4, 57- 65 .
Beue}J.HKOB 2002: liB. BeHe}J.HKOB. KapHo6aTcKo MoM'IHJIOB 6.r.: .[(. MoM'lHJIOB. IlbTHa 11 ceJIHlll,Ha
npe)J.H Cb3)J.aBaHeTO Ha KapHo6aT.- B: HcTOpiD! H Kynry- CI1CTeMa Me)l()J.y H3TO'IHa CTapa nnaHI1Ha H ,EpKeCID!Ta"
pa Ha KapHo6aTCKID! Kpaii, 4. BapHa, 2002, 79- 143 . IV- XIV B. BapHa, 6.r.
reoprneB 1998-1999: II. feoprHeB. EeJie)l(Klf 3aAc- IluryJieBCKaH 1941: H. B . IlHryneBCKa.!l. CHp11H-
napyxOBIU! san npH 0)J.ecoc- BapHa. - HHMB, 49- 50, CKHe 11CTO'IHHKH no 11cTop1111 Hapo)J.OB CCCP. MocKsa-
1998- 1999, 167-182. fleHHHrpa)J., 1941.
reoprueB 1999: II. feopmeB. EbnrapO-BH3aHTHH- Top6aToB 2000: C. Top6aTOB. <l>yHKQI10HaJIHO H
CKaTa rpaHHQa npH 0MYPTar 11 EpKeCID!Ta.-B: Apxeono- THnOJIOrH'IeCKO Cb)J.bp)l(aHH:e Ha KbCHOaHTH'IHaTa <l>op-
rHqecKH 11 11CTOpH'IeCKH H3CJie)J,BaHH.!I B Hos03aropcKo. TH<l>11KaQ110HHa TepM11HOJIOriD!. - ApxeonorH'IeCKI1 see-
Co<PID!, 1999, 131- 140. m, 2000,1: Ilp11JIO)l(eHHe .N2 3, 3-40.
reoprueB 2000: II. feopmeB. 3eMJieHH:Te yKpeiiJieHIU! TbnKosa-3auMosa 1956: B. TbiiKOBa-3aHMosa.Kpenoc-
Ha A6o6a- I11I11cKa. - I11I11cKa-IlpeCJias, 8, 2000, 19- 30. TH H yKpeneHH 6hrrrapcKH rpa)J.OBe npe3 IlbpBOTO 6bJirapcKO
reoprueB 2002: II. feoprHeB. 3a CTOJIHQaTa Ha Acna- QapcTBO.- BoeHHOHCTOplfqeCKH c6opHHK, 1956, 3, 4~59.
pyxosa EbnrapiD!.- HcT. npeme)J., 2002, 5-6, 208- 227. IJ,aHKOBa-IIeTKOBa 1960: f. IJ,aHKOBa-IleTKOBa. 0
reoprueB, 2002a: II. feopmeB. Pa)l()J,aHeTO Ha CTO- TepHTOp11H EonrapcKoro rocy)J.apcTBO B VII- IX B. - Bl1-
JIHQa A6o6a- IlnHcKa. - IIOAYXPONIA. C6opH11K B 3aHTHHCKHH speMeHHI1K, XVII, 1960, 124-143.
qecT Ha npo<P. HsaH Eo)l(HJIOB. Co<l>ID!, 2002, 63- 77. lliKopnuJI1905: K. IIIKopnHn. 0 3eMJl.!IHHhiX yKpen-
reopmeB 2003: II. feoprneB. BepH:raBa Hlfin<a. E3HKOBI1 neHID!X 11 OKonax. - HPAHK, X, 1905, 558- 569.
H J<Y1ITYPH0-11CTOpH:qeCKH napane1I11. - Tp)')J.OBe Ha KaTe)J.pHTe ll.J,epesa A.rla}J.)KOB 2000: H . .mepeBa, )l(. Ana,li,)KOB.
no HCTOp11.!1 H 6oroCJIOBHe, 5. IIIYMeH, 2003, 155-170. Pa3KOIIKHTe BCnHBeH HKapHo6aT H npo6neMbT 3a npexo)J.a
reopmeB 2005: II. feoprneB. 3a IIJiaHHHCKOTO Hacene- OT aHTH'lHOCTia KbM cpe)J.HOBeKOBHeTO. - [O)J,IflllHlfl( Ha
HHe B HTio~a CTapa IIJiaHHHa. - B : 3eMHre Ha Eb1Irap11.!1 - )J,enapTaMeHT Apxeonor11.!1 - HEY- AHM, IV- V, 29~298.
.IIIOJIKa Ha TPaKHHCKaTa J<YITIYPa. II. Co<P11.!1; 2005, 176-182. Annae Comn.: Annae Comnenae. Alexias, - fpb1JKI1
reoprueB 2005a: II. feopmeB. ApxeOJIOfi1'IeCKHTe H3BOp11 3a 6bJlrapcKaTa 11CTOpH.!i, 8. Co<PID!, 1972.
peanHI1 B TbpHOBCKIDI Ha)J.nHc Ha xaH OMYPTar. - Apxeo- Anon. chronogr. Syntomos: Anonymi chronographia
noriD!, 2005, 3-4, 27- 36; ApxeonoriD!, 2006, no)J. neqaT. Syntomos, - fpbQKH 113BOpH 3a 6bnrapcKaTa HCTOpiDI,
reoprues 2006: II. feopmeB. Varna historica et pro- 4. Co<l>HH, 1961.
tobulgarica. On11T 3a xapaKTep11CTHKa. - B: Ilpo6neMI1 Darrouzes 1981: J. Darrouzes. Notitiae episcopatu-
Ha npa6bnrapcKaTa HCTOpH.!i 11 Kynrypa, IV. Co<PID!, um ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae. Paris, 1981.
2006, no)J, neqaT. Georg. Monachus: ·aeorgius Monachus. Chronicon,-

98
fpoUKH H3BOpi1 3a 6o.nrapcKaTa I1CTOpiD1, 4. Co<PIDI, 1961. fpoUKH I13BOpi13a fioJirapcKaTa 11.CTOpiD1, 3. Co<l>IDI, 1960.
Georg. Monach. : Georgius Monachus. Continuatus, - Wendel 2005: Karassura, III: Die Verkehrssanbind-
fpoUKH I13BOpi13a 6o.nrapcKaTa I1CTOpiD1, 6. Co<PIDI, 1965. ung in Frilhbyzantinische Zeit (4.- 8.Jh.N.Chr.), von M.
Ioseph. Genes.: Iosephus Genesius. Reges, - fpoUKH Wendel. Langenweissbach, 2005 .
11.3BOpi1 3a 6onrapcKaTa I1CTOp11~, 4. Co<PIDI, 1961.
Kountoura 1997: E. Kountoura. New Fortress- liEJIE)KKH
es and Bishoprics in 8th Century Thrace. - Revue des
1
Etudes byzantines, 55, 1997, 279- 289. Cnope.a; asTopa cnoMeHaBaHeTo e 3a KpenocT, a He
Leo Diaconus: Historia libri X, - fpoUKI1 11.3BOp11. 3a HenpeMeHHO 3a enHCKOlll1~ .
6onrapcKaTa I1CTOpi1j{, 5. Co<PIDI, 1964. 2
Y4aCTHHUI1Te B 6YHTa, Koiho ID6yxHan B narepa
Napoli 1997: J. Napoli. Recherches sur le fortifica- Ha HHI<H<Pop I rorasa, 3aeJIH ~ouv6v nva Ka-r&~ov, T.e.
tions lineaires romaines (=Collection de !'Ecole fran- Hj{KaK'bB ,YKPeneH X'bJIM". He e JIH 611JI TOBa narepoT np11.
yaise de Rome - 229). Roma, 1997. MapKenH, KOHTO HMTiepaTopoT 11.3TIOJI3BaJI .a;se ro)J;HHH no-
Niceph. Arch. Const. : Nicephorus Archiepiscopus K'hCHO Bnoxo.a;a c11 cpeuzy , KpYMOBIDI ayn"? B no.a;Kpena Ha
Constantinopolitanus. Opuscula historica, - fpoUKI1 B'h3MO)!(HOCTTa B'hnpoCHWIT narep .a;a e 611JI np11 MapKeJIH
I13BOpi1 3a 6onrapcKaTa I1CTOpi1j{, 3. Co<PH~, 1960. rosopH <PaKTDT, 4e OT Hero HMTiepaTopoT B'h3HaMepj!BaJI .a;a
Procop.Caes.: Procopii Caesariensis. Libri de bellis, - ce npl1)J;BIDKH no nocoKa Ha pa3pymeHaTa Cep.a;HKa.
fpou;KH I13BOpi13a 6onrapcKaTa l1CTOpiD1, 2. Co<PIDI, 1958. 3
Cnope.a; Kone.a;apos npoxo.a;'hT Bep11rasa ,He e OTh)J(-
Soustal 1991: P. Soustal. Tabula Imperii Byzantin, .a;ecTBeH C'hC c11rypHOCT". B)!(. B Ta3H Bpo3Ka I1HTepec-
6: Thrakien ... , von P. Soustal. Wien, 1991. HI1Te, MaKap 11 HaCHJieHI1 pa3C'h)J()J;eHI1j{ y BeHe.a;HKOB
Theoph. Conf: Theophanes Confessor. Chronographia,- (2002, 121- 122).

THE STRONGHOLD OF MARKELL! AND

THE QUESTION ABOUT THE FIRST BULGARIAN CAPITAL

Pavel GUEORGIEV

The author dwells upon the principal stages and military and state camp. It's location was opposite
characteristics of the fortified center at Karnobat, the outlet of the road leading from Anchiallo to the
identified with a steadily growing certainty with Passes of Veregava/ Verigava corresponding to all
the stronghold of Markelli referred to in various probability to the present-day Djulinski Pass and
documents from 81h- 9th c.. In his opinion the large the Emminski Pass to the east.
and relatively regular-shaped earthwork fortification
represents a Byzantine army camp, originated round Referring to conclusively stated records about the
the restored probably still in the middle of 8 th c. furion settling of the Asparuch Bulgarians still at the end
from the end of 51h or the first half of 6th c. The genuine of 71h c. ,by the so-called Varna, near Odessos" and
,building-up" of Markelli Teophanos ascertains as the circumstance that Varna is the only settlement
not earlier than 792. At this time the fortified centre name registered by the Byzantine authors as existent
is converted into a camp of major importance for the on the territory of the Bulgarian State in 81h c., the
Empire utilized by the troops of Constantine VI and author points out that it was the real target of the
Nichiphoros I for the purpose of advancing against Byzantine campaigns in 81h c.
the capital of Kardam and Krum Plisk oba, situated By the adduced reasons the author replenishes the
about 100 km opposite the stronghold, beyond the argumentation of its thesis about Varna as the first
Rishki Pass in the Balkan Mountains. military and political centre of Danubian Bulgaria
Juxtaposing this role ofMarkelli with the described from the end of 7th c. till about the end of 8th c. It's
in the respective sources earlier troops base of specified that the transfer of this centre to Plisk oba was
the Empire at Anchiallo, the author makes the accomplished between 784 and 792, most likely by the
conclusion that the latter had an analogous function initiative of the ruling at that time Kardarn. It was the
and was used in the course of more than a century as a true reason, which forced the Byzantine authorities to
manoeuvering grounds against an earlier Bulgarian build a new base for their troops: ,the so-called camp
ofMarkelli" at the stronghold near Karnobat.

99
 rEO)I;E3WIECKO H KAPTOrPA<I>CKO )I;OKYMEHTHPAHE
HA <I>OPTH<I>HKA:QHOHHH CbOPbJKEHIDI
B MAPKEJIH H )I;EliEJIT
AmaHac KAMEHAPOB

IIpe3 2000-2005 r. Ha TepHTOpiDITa Ha apxeo- .n:onHHaTa Ha MoqypwQa e H3o6pa3eHa c ycnoseH

norHqecKIDI o6eKT MapKeJIH H rrpe3 2004-2005 r. 3HaK 3a 6JiaTHCTa MeCTHOCT.
B HaQHOHaJieH apxeonorHqecKH pe3epsaT ,,[J;eyn- Ha:H-rro.n:po6Ha KapTOrpa<l>cKa HH<i>opMaQIDI
ryM- ,[J;e6enT" ce rrpoBe)K)J;aT reo.n;e3HqecKH H Kap- 3a XapaKTepHHTe TepeHHH OC06eHOCTH Ha <t>opTH-
Torpa<l>cKH rrpoyqsaHIDI Ha 3eMHH <l>opTH<i>HKa- <i>HKaQHOHHHTe cnopn)l(eHIDI Ha MapKenw ce rro-
QHOHHH CnOpn)l(eHIDI. OcHOBHHTe rrpoyqsaHIDI nyqasa OT E.n:poMarn;a6HaTa Torrorpa<l>cKa KapTa
B MapKeJIH ca Bnpxy roneMHH JO)I(eH san, a B Ha- (ETK) Ha EnnrapiDI B M 1:5000, KapTeH JIHCT
QHOHaJieH apxeonorwqecKH pe3epBaT ,,[J;eynT)'M- N2 K-5-24/32/. Cnrn;aTa KapTa rrpe3 2004 r. e rrpepa-
,[J;e6enT" - Bnpxy TPH yqacnKa OT Haii-.n:nnroTo 6oTeHa, 3a .n;a CJIY)I(H KaTO OCHOBa 3a CbCTaBHHe Ha
<t>opTH<i>HKaQHOHHO CnOpn)l(eHHe B 6nJirapCKHTe apxeonorwqecKa KapTa Ha TepwTopiDITa Ha o6eKTa
3eMH - sana EpKeciDI. H 6JIH3KaTa OKOJIHOCT ( o6p.2). Cn.n;np)l(aHHeTO H
06rn;HHT rro.n:xo.n: KnM cb3.n;asaHe Ha reo.n;e3wqec- Marn;a6nT Ha ETK 1:5000 rro3BOJIHBaT pernaBaHeTo
Ka H KapTorpa<l>cKa .LJ:OKYMeHTaQHH Ha .LJ:BaTa o6eKTa Ha pa3JIHqHH KapTOMeTpHqHH 3a.n;aqH, HailpHMep
BKJiroqsa: CnCTaBHHeTO Ha TepeHHH rrpo<i>HJIH (o6p.3), rpa-
- rrpoyqsaHe Ha KapTOrpa<l>CKH H3TOqHJ1QH, Cb- <PwqHH H306pa)l(eHIDI Ha pene<Pa rrpe.n:w H cne.n: H3-
.LJ:bp)l(aili;H paiioHa Ha o6eKTa rpa)l(.n;aHeTo Ha BHyrnwTeJIHHTe no pa3MepH 3eMHH
- reo.n;e311qecKH H3MepBaHHH H .LJ:OKYMeHTHpaHe
Ha cnCTOHHHeTO Ha o6eKTa rrpe.n:w apxeonorwqecKH-
Te pa3KOilKH
- reo.n;e3HqeCKH H3MepBaHHH H .LJ:OKYMeHTHpaHe
Ha pe3yJITaTHTe OT apxeonorwqecKHTe rrpoyqsa-
HHH
- KOMilJieKTOBaHe Ha .LJ:OKYMeHTaQHHTa H aHaJIH3
Ha pe3yJITaTHTe OT H3MepBaHIDITa.

)J;oKyMeHTHpaue Ha «t>opTH«JmKaU,HOHHH
CbOpbjKeHHH B MapKeJIH

KapTOrpa<PcKHTe H3ToqmiQH 3a rrpoyqsaHe Te-

pwTopiDITa Ha MapKeJIH He ca MHoro. 3a rro.n:po6Ho
H3o6pa3HBaHe Ha 6nnrapcKHTe 3eMH MO)I(e .n:a ce
rosopw e.n:sa cne.n: PycKO-TYPCKaTa ocso6o.n;wTenHa
BOHHa rrpe3 1877- 1878 r. , KOraTO pyCKHTe BOeHHH
TOilOrpa<l>H H3pa60TBaT KapTaTa B M 1:42 000 HOT
HeH - KaPTH B rrpOH3BO.LJ:HH Marn;a6H - 1:84 000,
1:126 000 H .n:p. (Ka.Me1wpoel984, 255- 263). Kap-
THIDIT JIHCT N2 VI-8, M 1:126 000 (o6p.1) rroKa3Ba
MapKeJIH KaTo pa3BaJIHHH }IepKe3Khoii" . BH)I(.LJ:aT 06p. 1. PycKa mono2pa¢cKa Kapma (M 1:126 000)
ce Ha.n;rpo6HH MOrHJIH cesepHo OT o6eKTa, a Ha pauoHa ita MapKe!lU

100
 HRKOH npe~BapHTellHO H36paHH H qacTHqHO npo-
yqeHH yqaCTb~H OT C'bOp'b)l(eHHeTO Ca H3MepeHH
H HanpeqHH npo<lJHnH Ha TepeHa. CncTaBeHHTe
npo<lJHllH, C'bOTBeTHO Ha Balla H pOBa, Ca B C'bOT-
HOIIIeHHe Ha XOpH30HTallHHR K'bM BepTHKallHHR
Ma:r.Qa6 1: 10, no~o6Ho Ha npo<lJHnHTe, H3nomBa-
HH npH npOeKTHpaHeTO Ha n'bTH:r.Qa. IlpH TaKOBa
C'bOTHOIIIeHHe ce nonyqaBa no-~o6pa BH3YallHa
npe~cTaBa 3a npoMeHHTe Ha pene<Pa npH C'bOp'b)l(e-
HHRTa OT llHHeeH THn.
Pa3KOnKHTe Ha roneMHR IO)I(eH Ball npe3 2004
H 2005 r. ca OCHrypeHH C reo~e3HqecKa OCHOBa,
npeHeCeHa KaTO llOKallHa TpHaHryna~HR, pa3BHTa
Me~y OnOpHHTe TOqKH OT nnaH-KBa~paTHaTa Mpe-

06p.2. TonozpacpcKa Kapma Ha MapKenu )l(a Ha Kpenocrra 1 H CHCTeMa penepH (NQNQ R-1-
R-6), pa3nono)l(eHH Ha no~XOM:l.QH MecTa B Te-
<lJopTH<lJHKa~HOHHH C'bOp'b)l(eHHR ( o6p.4) H np. Ilpe3 pHTOpHRTa Ha MapKenH (o6p.6).lf3MepBaHHRTa ca
80-Te ro~HHH Ha XX B. mnorpa<lJcKHTe KapTHH H3B'bpiiieHH C KOHBeH~HOHallHa reo~e3HqecKa ana-
nHcToBe B M 1:5000, BKlliOqBa:r.QH KapHo6aTCKHR paTYPa, KaTO pe3ynTaTHTe ca H3qHclleHH B e~HH­

KpaH, Ca 06HOBeHH no <lJoTOrpaMeTpHqeH MeTO~. HHTe 3a CTpaHaTa KOOp~HHaTHa CHCTeMa 1970 r.

lhpa60TeHHRT no B'b3~YIIIHH <lJoTOCHHMKH nnaH H nallTHHCKa BHcoqHHHa CHCTeMa. CncTaBeHH ca
(,OPTO<lJOTOllnaH") B C'b:l.QHR Ma:r.Qa6 MO)I(e ~a Ce H3- reo~e3HqecKH nnaHOBe Ha foneMHH IO)I(eH Ball B
nOll3Ba 3a HRKOH npe~BapHTellHH npoyqBaHHR Ha OCHOBHH Ma:r.Qa6H 1:100 H 1:50, BKlliOqBa:r.QH CH-
o6eKTa. rya~HR H pa3pe3H Ha Balla H poBa, ~OKYMeHTHpa:r.QH
feo~e3HqeCKHTe H3MepBaHHR Ha roneMHR IO)I(eH npoyqBaHHRTa C'bOTBeTHO npe3 2004 H 2005 L
Ball Ha MapKenH H C'bOTBeTHHR poB 3anoqBaT c (o6p.7). OT nnaHoBeTe MO)I(e ~a 6'b~e H3BnHqaHa
HaM'b)I(HH TepeHHH npo<lJHllH no 6HllOTO Ha Balla pa3H006pa3Ha TeXHHqecKa HH<lJOpMa~HR KaKTO 3a
H ~'bHOTO Ha pOBa no Tpace OT H3TOqHHR Ball Ha pa3nOllO)I(eHHeTO Ha pa3nHqHHTe no C'bCTaB nnac-
o6eKTa ~o p. MoqypH~a, BKlliOqHTenHo H cne- TOBe, H3rpa)l(~a:r.QH C'bOp'b)l(eHHeTO, TaKa H 3a xa-
~HTe OT CTapOTO KOpHTO Ha peKaTa ( o6p. 5). B paKTepHH pa3MepH KaTO HanpHMep: BHCOqHHa Ha

A·7
20M J _. ••
IO~M
0

20M J •• ••
IO~M
0 100 M 0

20M J .. ·•
IO~M
0

TepeHHH npo<lJHnH

06p. 3. llpocpunu Ha penecpa Ha MapKenu npe:J 100M

101
 a) 100M
'----------'

06p.4. Pene¢ Ha MapKenu: a) npeou U3Zpa:JICOaHe Ha cjJopmucjJuKalfUOHHume CbOpb:JICeHUR - zpacjJu~Ha 8b3cmaHOBKa

6) CJl eO u3zpa:JICOaHe Ha CbOpb:JICeHuRma

Bana - 5,40 M, .n;nn6oqi-ma Ha poBa ceBep - 6,00 M,

.n;nn6oqima Ha poBa IOr - 5,30 M, rrnoi.I.J, Ha rrpo-
<PI1na - 93M 2 , o6eM Ha 113Korra- 232M3 11 rrp .
reo,n:e311qeCKOTO .l(OK)'MeHT11paHe Ha lO)I(HIDI
Ban Ha MapKenl1 e 113BopiUeHo c KOHBeHI.(I10HanHa
reo.n;e311qecKa arraparypa - Teo.n;oni1T, HI1Ben11p 11
,n:pyr11, KQjiTQ e IIO.l(XO.l(j!I.I.J,a 3a 113MepBaHIDI B Orpa-
HI1qeHaTa rrnoi.I.J, Ha apxeonor11qecK11Te rrpoyqBa-
HI1j{ (Bb;zee, KaM.eHapoe 1981, 111-112). Mo.n;ep-
HI1 CHI1MaqHI1 MeTO.l(l1 11 arraparypa OT TI1IIa Ha
<PoTorpaMeTp11qHI1Te ype,n:11 MoraT .n:a ce rrpeno-
poqaT 3a .l(OK)'MeHT11paHe Ha yqaCThl.(I1Te, Kb.l(eTO
<lJopT11<lJI1Kal.(I10HHI1Te CbOpb)l(eHIDI Ca Op11Bbp3a-
HI1 KbM eCTeCTBeHI1 CKaJIHI1 OTKOCI1 . .1J:OK)'MeHTI1-
paHeTO Ha npo<P11na Ha Bana 11 poBa cne.n: apxeono-
rl1qecKoTo npoyqBaHe MO)I(e .n:a nocn~11 KaTo
rpa<lJI1qHa ocHoBa Ha 6o,n:ei.I.J,a 11H)I(eHepHo-reono)I(-
Ka eKcnepT113a 3a 113jiCHj{BaHe Haqi1HI1Te Ha 113rpa)l(-
,n:aHe Ha TaKbB Bl1.l( CbOpb)l(eHIDI.
,.L
0 100~

,IJ;oKyMeuTupaue ua yqacTbu;u OT
EpKecustTa B HAP ,,IJ;eyJiyYM-,IJ;e6eJIT"

npocp""""""""""- ---rf1l""L KonoHIDITa ,z::J:eynT)'M e BKmoqeHa B co,n:bp)l(a-

I
i
11III1T[IIIIIIU
g n ; g; ; 2
~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~i
0
100 ·
HI1eTo Ha pe.l(l1l.(a aHTI1qHI1 11 cpe,n:HOBeKOBHI1 Kapni
Ha OaJIKaHCKIDI nonyOCTpOB, HO KapTOrpa<lJcKa 11H-
<lJopMal.(IDI 3a 3eMHOHaCI1IIHOTO <lJopT11<lJI1Kal.(I10H-
'·"""'""""'- "',.,..,....-
HO coopb)l(eHI1e EpKeciDI MO)I(e .n:a ce HaMep11 B
Tonorpa<lJCKI1Te KapT11, Cb3,n:a,n:eHI1 OT PycKIDI TO-
06p. 5. H aO!lb:JICHU npocjJURu Ha JO:JICHUR ean u JO:JICHUR poe
norpa<lJcKM Kopnyc npe3 0cBo6o)l(.l(eHI1eTo ( o6p.8).
IIpe3 1892 r. Xp11CTO r . .ll:aHOB 113,l(aBa ,KapTa Ha

102
 Ha cbopb:>KemreTo B IO:>KHa nbJJrapiDI. Kapnr Ha
EanKaHCKIDI nonyocTpoB H nbnrapiDI, cbcTaBeHH
oT eBponeikKHTe KapTorpaqm B HaqanoTo Ha XX B.,
a H llO-KbCHO, Cbrn;O Cb)J;bp:>KaT H306pa:>KeHIDI Ha
BHYlllHTeJJHOTO ci>opTHWHKaQHOHHO CbOpb:>KeHHe
( o6p.1 0). CbBpeMeHHaTa Tonorpacl>cKa KapTa Ha
cTpaHaTa BM 1:5000 (ETK) ( o6p.11) He,n;ocTaThqHo
npeQH3HO HHTepnpeTHpa penecl>a H Hey6e,n;HTeJJHO
cHryHpa CbOpb:>KeHHeTo. Tonorpacl>cKaTa KapTa B
Marn;a6 1:25 000 ( o6p.12), B KO}ITO BaJJbT EpKeCIDI e
M306pa3eH C yCJJOBeH 3HaK, e llO)J;XO)J;}lrn; M3TOqHHK
3a nonyqaBaHe Ha ,n;aHHH 3a KOHcl>HrypaQIDITa Ha
CbOpb:>KeHHeTO, OpHeHTaQIDITa H pa3MepHTe Ha OT-
,n;eJJHHTe yqaCThQH M ,n;p.
BanbT EpKeCH}l B paiioHa Ha c. JJ:e6em HMa
CJJe,n;HaTa OpHeHTaQH}l B llOCOKa 3alla)J;-H3TOK.
OT TpHaHrynaqHa TOqKa 96,0 ( OKOJJO 1,2 KM OT
3ana,n;HIDI Kpaii Ha cenoTo- Ton.KapTa M 1:25 000)
BaJJbT BJ1H3a B CeJJOTO C brbJl Cllp}IMO CeBepHaTa
06p.6. TpuaH2YllG'IHa Mpe:J!Ca 3a KoopouHupaHe llOCOKa 118° 23 ', npeMHHaBa npe3 CeJJOTO KaTO qacT
Ha HOBU penepu
oT ynHqHaTa Mpe:>Ka, a B H3TOqHIDI Kpaii ce ocl>opM}IT
nbnrapiDI c npHJJe:>Karn;HTeHeii.n;bp:>KaBH" BM 1:420 ,n;Be pa3KJJOHeHIDI Ha cbopb:>KeHHeTo. IhpBoTo pa3-
000, CbCTaBeHa OT A. KpHBOlllHeB 2 • IlpH CbCTa- KJJOHeHHe (H306pa3eHO B KapTaTa, H3,n;a,n;eHa OT
B}IHeTo Ha KapTaTa Ca H3llOJ13BaHH HaH-HOBHTe 3a Xp. r. JJ:aHOB) e CbC 3ana3eHa qacT OKOJJO 250M
OHOBa BpeMe TOllOrpacl>CKH KapTH Ha reHepaJJHHTe H CKmoqBa bThJJ c nocoKaTa ceBep 76°28'. BTo-
rn:a6oBe Ha apMHHTe Ha PyciDI H ABCTPIDI. KapTaTa poTo pa3KJ10HeHHe (H306pa3eHO B HeMCKaTa
.n;aBa HHcl>opMaQIDI 3a EpKeCH}ITa KaKTo 3a paiioHa KapTa) C )J;bJl:>KHHa OKOJJO 1 KM CJJe,n;Ba 6HJJOTO
Ha JJ:e6enT ( o6p.9), TaKa H no Q}JJJOTO npo,n;bJJ:>KeHHe Ha Bb3BHllleHHeTO CeBepHO OT apxeOJJOrHqecKIDI

ii '""

,o:! 1&1,7:1

0 , 211
'-------J

JIEfEH.li,A 3A OPO<I>HJIA HA BAJIA

- - MaTCpitK - - )l('b}JT8 rJlHHCCT3 C X}'M3 H Kpe.zta - - ttepH8 C K34JII8a (33 OCHOB3 'iCpH3, Ha.rt HCll r11HH3)

- - 'ICpHa Tp3M6oBat!8 C npHMCCH OT: - - r11HH3 C '1CpH8 (llOCHOBa ffiHH3 H:t,n Hell <tepH8) [:=:J - CBeTn())k'hJIT8 C X}'M8
- - T)'XJJCHH cj)parMCKTH - JICl:oJTI'O-CH&a C '18KWJ H XOpoC8HOBH UKH ~ - ICOHU,CHTp3U,K.I 118 KllMloHH , '18Kl>JI H XOpocaHOBH SIAKII

- KepaMHKll
- - ~UfJIH3Ka.lofhHM,'I!IKb!IHxopx:aH08HNUrn- - KacflJIBO-)I("bJJ'T'a

- - KepaMI1Ka - - xyMa (Kpe.zta)

- xyMa (wanKa)

06p. 7. reoO e3U'IeCKa OOK)IMeHmGIJWI HQ apxeOJ102U'IeCKUme pa3KOnKU HQ TolleMWI IO:JIC_eH 6QJI

103
 06p.8. PycKa mono2pa¢cKa Kapma (M 1:126 000)
Ha pauoHa Ha J(e6e.nm

.......
_ \

'
/
.0
I
l,_
. 0 ~ '
0 \
0

06p. 9. , Kapma Ha EM2apW! c npWle:JICaUJume Heu 06p.l2. Tono2pa¢cKa Kapma M 1:25 000
O'bp:J/Caeu ", U30. Xp. r /(aH06, 1892 2.
Torrorpacporeo,D:e3nqecKH pa6oTH.
Ilpe3 OKTOMBpH 2004 r. ca H3BoprneHH reo,D:e-
3HqecKH pa6oTH Ha rp11 yqacTDKa oT apxeono-
rnqecKHH o6eKT EpKeci15I. YqacTDU:HTe ca:
- o6eKT 05-1 - Ha 6HnOTO CeBepHO OT aHTJ1qHJ15I
o6eKT ,[.(eynTyM
- o6eKTH 05-2 11 05-3 - B perynau;H5ITa Ha c.
,[.(e6enT - CbOTBeTHO B paHOHa Ha rrpecnqaHe Ha
IIOCOKHTe Ha ,[(BeTe pa3KnOHeHH5I (05-2) 11 OKOllO
380 M ceBepo3arra,D:HO (05-3).
Ha orrpe,D:eneHHTe OT crreu:nanHCTHTe apxeono3H
TepeHH 3a rrpoyqBaHe ca TpacnpaHH pa6oTHH
reo,D:e3nqecKH Mpe)J(H, CoCTOHIIJ;H ce oT 6 perrepa:
H3ToqeH (11), 3arra,D:eH (3), ceBepoH3ToqeH (en), ce-
Bepo3arra,D:eH (c3), IOrOH3ToqeH (IOn) 11 IOr03arra,D:eH
06p. 10. Kapma Ha EbJI2apuR,
(I03). PerrepHTe ca opneHTHpaHH c KOMrrac rro
C. Flemming und C. Wiskott, Berlin, OKOJIO 1940 2.
IIOCOKaTa Ha MarHHTHI15I MepH,D:HaH B CB060,[(Ha
o6eKT ,[.(eynTyM, KaTo B CBOH Kpaw cKmoqBa oron KOOp,D:HHaTHa CHCTeMa. BHCOqJ1HHaTa CHCTeMa
c rrocoKaTa ceBep 99°19 '. ITo wrnoTo rrpoTe)J(eHHe CbiiJ;O e CB060,D:Ha, KaTO 113XO,[(HHTe Ha,D:MOpCKH
Ha rrpoyqBaHaTa qacT Ha Bana EpKeCI15I TepeHoT e BHCOqJ1HH 3a o6eKTH 05-2 11 05-3 Ca OTqeTeHH OT
OTKpHT, c rrnaBeH HaKnOH 11 cna6o HapyrneH penecp, E,D:poMarn;a6HaTa TorrorpacpcKa KapTa (ETK) M
KOeTO Cb3,[(aBa ,[(06pH ycnOBH5I 3a 113BopiDBaHe Ha 1:5000, a 3a orrpe,D:emme Ha,D:MopcKaTa BncoqnHa

104
 CmyaUHJI
. 4~20

. 4~97

''
' '
---- -- -·----;- i --------- -- -·8!!P- - - - - - -
,46,80 '

' '
... 2 ' '
.7. 1~ 'r- ~ r-,,13 .46,76

'
'
-~
I _1, ~~L ------­
- - xyuyc c::J- nn acr BapoaHK H Kaon u u
.45,50
- - TUTSCT nOM CHH K8MbHH H rn HH8 E::::]- ll.n8CT C HllTpolliCHH TYXJIH
45
' - - flJTSCT 4epcH CMonHHK - - Hl.eeTplln nJIC'b'fHHK
'1 " 4~28' c:::J · 'faK1>.11.ecro-rnuueu nnacr [2] - !flpar"MettTH KepaM HKa

06p. 14. TeOOe:JU'IeCKQ OOKyMellmG"t/UJIIIQ apXeOJI02U'IeCKUme

.44,50
p a3KOnKU IIQ o6eKm 05-1
·"·~· .4-4, 11

~~----- --- 'I l-------------------

/ .44,70 ------103Ji"::.QIOM
\ A 44,69 ._.,73
...,.--!:'------
' '·
------------ M~r - ---

06p. 13. TeOOe:JU'IeCKU nflQ/1 /IQ o6eKm 05- J npeOU

apxeo!l02U'IecKume p a3KOnKu

Ha o6eKT 05-1 e H3IIOJI3BaHa TpHaHrynaqHaTa TOqKa

46,6 (TOrr. KapTa M 1:25 000). Cne)J, TpacHpaHeTo
Ha pa60THHTe Mpe:>I<H H HHBeJiai..(IDI Ha perrepHTe e
H3B'bpiiieHO TaXHMeTpHqHO 3aCHeMaHe Ha OKOJIO
1,5 )J,Ka OT IIpHJie)l(alli,IDI K'bM C'bOTBeTHHTe o6eKTH
TepeH. ITo )J,aHHHTe OT TpacHpaHeTo Ha Mpe)I(HTe 06p.15. Tonozparj:JcKa Kapma 11a pauo11a 11a o6eKm 05-1
H TaXHMeTpHqHaTa CHHMKa Ca H3pa6oTeHH e,ll,p0-
'
' II
Mall..(a6HH IIJiaHOBe (M 1:200), H306pa351BaUJ,H C'b- I

CT051HHeTO Ha BCeKH e)J,HH OT o6eKTHTe npe,ll,H 3anoq- \

'-: ....
BaHe Ha apxeonomqecKoTo npoyqBaHe (o6p.13).
r
e
IIoBTOpHH reo)J,e3HqecKH H3MepBaHH51 Ha o6eKTH ' ll

05-1 H 05-2 ca npoBe)J,eHH cne)J, npHKmoqBaHe Ha

apxeonorHqecKHTe npoyqBaHH51 B HaqanoTo Ha
. .,.
M. HOeMBpH 2004 r. I1pe3 eceHTa Ha 2005 r. npH-
KmoqBaT apxeonorHqecKHTe npoyqBaHH51 Ha
o6eKT 05-1. feo)J,e3HqecKaTa )J,OKYMeHTai..(IDI Ha
pa3KOIIKHTe BKJIIOqBa CHzyai..(H51 H rrpo<l:>HJIH, C'bCTa-
BeHH Ha 6a3aTa Ha XOpH30HTaJIHHTe H BepTHKaJIHH
H3MepBaHH51 (o6p.14). ToM: KaTO Ha o6eKT 05-3
He e H3BoprnBaHo apxeonorHqecKo npoyqBaHe, e
CbCTaBeH CaMO npo<l:>HJI Ha TepeHa, OpHeHTHpaH B
IIOCOKa CeBep-IOr.
I10)J,06HO Ha )J,OKYMeHTHpaHeTO Ha IO)I(HIDI.
Ban Ha MapKeJIH H B yqacT'bi..(HTe Ha EpKeCH51Ta e
H3IIOJI3BaHa KOHBeHI..(HOHaJIHa reO)J,e3HqecKa ana-
pazypa nopa)J,H MaJIKaTa nnoUJ, Ha npoyqBaHIDITa.
3a rrpei..(H3HO KapTOrpa<l:>HpaHe Ha roneMH yqacT'b- 06p.16. Kapma 11a EpKecUJima u pauo11a
I..(H OT BaJia o6aqe, KaKTO H 3a TpaCHpaHe Ha Ha- 11a HAP , p eyRmyM-.:.p e6e.Jlm "

105
rrpaBneHIUI Ha rrpe,n;rronaraeMH yqacTh~H H orrpe- ~H~HqHH oco6eHOCTH. IIpe,n;H3BHKaTencTBaTa Ha
.n;emme MeCTaTa Ha rrpe,n;BapHTenHH COH,D;a)I(HH BanOBeTe Ha MapKenH rrpoH3nH3aT rrpe.n;w Bcwq-
rrpoyqBaHIDI e Heo6xo,n;HMO .n;a ce H3rromBa CnBpe- KO OT roneMHTe HM pa3MepH, a B IDIKOH yqac-
MeHHa eneKTpOHHa arraparypa, BKJIJOqHTenHO H Tb~H H OT 3HaqHTenHaTa ,n;eHHBena~IDI, KOeTO
GPS CHCTeMH 3a Koop,n;HHHpaHe. Hanara Cn3,n;aBaHeTo Ha rro.n;xo,n;HIIJ,a e,n;HHHa reo-
KapTorpa~cKaTa .n;oKYMeHTa~IDI 3a BCeKH OT- ,n;e3wqecKa OCHOBa 3a TOqHH XOpH30HTanHH H
.n;eneH o6eKT BKmoqBa Torrorpa~cKa KapTa Ha BeprwKanHH H3MepBaHIDI. EpKecmna B paii:oHa
paHOHa Ha o6eKTa H6nH3KaTa OKOnHOCT, C'bCTaBeHa Ha HAP ,IJ,eymyM-,Il,e6enT H3HCKBa rrpe.n;w BCHqKo
(C H3BeCTHa reHepanH3a~HH Ha C'b.D;bp)l(aHHeTO) Ha rrpoyqBaHe Ha TpaceTaTa B paii:oHa, H3BnpniBaHe
OCHOBaTa Ha ETK 1:5000 (o6p.15). 3a yqacThKa OT Ha C'bOTBeTHHTe llHHeHHH H nrnOBH H3MepBaHHH
EpKeCIDITa, BKmoqBaiiJ, TPHTe o6eKTa, e cncTaBeHa H aHanH3 Ha pe3ynTaTHTe OT UIX. 3aKJIJOqeHHeTO
H O~OpMeHa KapTa, B KOHTO 3a H3XO,D;eH MaTepHan e, qe rrpH reo.n;e3wqecKoTo H KapTorpa~cKoTo .n;o-
e H3IIOn3BaHa TOIIOrpa~CKaTa KapTa B M 1:25 000 KYMeHTHpaHe Ha ~opTH~HKa~HOHHHTe cnopn-
(o6p.16). )l(eHHH BMapKenw H,IJ,e6enT cne,n;Ba .n;a ce rro.n;xo)l(.n;a
3eMHHTe BanoBe B MapKenH H ,IJ,e6enT KaTo IIOOT,n;enHO, C IIpHnaraHe Ha pa3JJHqHH MeTO.D;H H
~OpTH~HKa~HOHHH CbOpb)l(eHIDI Ca OT e,n;HH TeXHH- KOHKpeTHH TeXHHqeCKH perneHHH.
qecKH THII, HO H ,D;BaTa o6eKTa HMaT CBOHTe CITe-

QHTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA liEJIKIKKH

KaMenapoB 1984: A. KaMeHapoB. Tonorpa<!JcKaTa 1

~pe*aTa e npoeKT11paHa 11 Tpac11paua npe3 M.
KapTa ua Eonrapmr, C'b3.n;a.n;eHa npe3 PycKo-rypcKaTa anp11n 1989 r. oT KoneKTI1B c poKOBO.L\11Ten reo.n;e311CT
OCB060.L\11Tenua BOHHa 1877-1878 r. 11 HeHHOTO 113llOn3- CB. Eox.n;*11es, Hl1TIK, KnOH B. TopHOBO
BaHe. - fO.L\11IIIHI1K ua Hau,I10HaJJHI1X non11Texn11qecK11 2
Tio.n;po6Ha 11H<lJOpMaiJ,J1j! 3a C'b.L\'bp:ll<aH11eTO Ha Kap-
My3ew, T.14, Cneu,. 113.L\. BapHa, 1984,255-263. TaTa, c u,en Ha611paHe Ha cpe.n;cTsa 3a 113.n;asaHe, e noMec-
BnJICB, KaMenapoB 1981: n. BoneB, A. KaMeHapoB, TeHa BDB B-K ,CBo6o.n;a", 6p. 639, 4.10.1891 r.: ,Haw-
TionxpH11XT MeTO.L\ np11 apx11TeKT)'pHo-apxeonorl1qecKo- uosaTa reorpa4J11qecKa KapTa Ha E1>nrap11x"
TO 3aCHeMaHe B e.n;p11 MaiiJ,a611. -l1HTep.n;11Cll,l1lllli1HapH11
113cne.n;BaHJ1j!, VII-VII, Co<!JJ1j!, 1981, 111-112.

GEODESIC AND CARTOGRAPHICAL

DOCUMENTATION OF THE FORTIFICATION FACILITIES
IN MARKELL! AND DEBELT

Atanas KAMENAROV

The geodesic and cartographical documentation received from the Large-Scale Topographic Map
of the fortification facilities - earthen banks (LTM) of Bulgaria rendered in scale 1:5000 whose
and ramparts comprises examination of the contents allows the solving of various cartological
cartographic sources, geodesic measurements and problems. The geodesic measurements in Markelli
documentation of the result from archaeological began with terrain profiles of the southern rampart
research, compiling the documents and analysis of and were completed with the documentation of the
the outcome. archaeological excavations conducted in 2004 and
2005. The plans give the opportunity for extracting
The most detailed cartographical information and obtaining variegated technical information not
about the fortification facilities of Markelli can be only about the diverse in its composition layers

106
making up the whole facility but about some research were photographed along with the making
characteristic measures as well. up of geodesic plans. Cartographical documentation
about the separate sites was worked out side by side
The rampart Erkesya in the region of the national with a general map on the basis of the topographic
archaeological reserve Deultum-Debelt is reflected map in 1:25 000 scale.
in the maps of the Russian Army Ordnance Corps
and certain maps of Bulgaria published by native The specific peculiarities of the two sites necessitate
and European authors. Research was carried out a differentiated approach to the geodesic and
in three different sections of the facility. After cartographic documentation of the fortification
tracing the constructive networks and levelling facilities distinguished by the application of
of the geodesic points was accomplished the different methods and devices and particular
photographing of the adjoining to the respective technical decisions.
sites terrain. The results of the archaeological

107
 CPE,ll;HOBEKOBHH TIAWTH
OT KAPHOliATCKO
Pocu11a XPHCTOBA

KonaH'hT c HeroBaTa 'IMCTO npaKTM'IecKa 11: ce- ylllnpeHne. liMa KYKMqKa 3a 3axBaJ.J..J;aHe c BTopa
MaHTM'IHo-anoTponeiiHa cpyHKI.VUI npHC'hCTBa B TaKaBa. YKpacaTa H ce C'hCTOM OT 3Be3.n:oo6pa3eH
6'bnrapcKIDI KOCTIOM OT Cpe.n:HoBeKOBMeTo .n:o Ho- OpHaMeHT. IJOCJie.D:HIDlT e BapHaHT Ha p03eTHMH,
BO BpeMe. K'h.ll:eTO p03eTaTa ce pa3na.n:a Ha C'hCTaBHMTe CM
,ZJ:oKaTO npOH3XO.ll:'hT, pa3npOCTpaHeHMeTO M Ce- qacTM qpe3 reoMeTpH3HpaHe (Ama11acoe 1987,
MaHTMKaTa Ha M'h)I(KMTe KOJiaHM npe3 Cpe.n:HoBe- 32). 0TcrpaHM MMa 6op.n:10p c Ha6o)l(.n:aHIDl. IIacpTa-
KOBMeTo ca npe.n:MeT Ha oT.n:aBHalllHM npoyqBamrn, Ta e C.ll:MaMeTbp 3,6 CM M.ll:'hJl)I(MHa Ha yumpeHMeTO
TO )l(eHCKIDIT KOJiaH M .D:HeC OCTaBa B nepncpepiDITa 3 CM.
Ha Hay'IHMTe M3CJie.D:BaHIDl. AHanor HaMnpaMe c no.n:o6Ha oT c. IJqena, .51M-
IlpH npoyqBaHeTO Ha cpe.D:HOBeKOBHM HeKpOnO- 6oncKo, .n:aTnpaHa B X-XI B. (TaHtJe6a-BacUJleea
JIM 11: cenm~a (HanpHMep npn c. IJqena, .51M6oncKo 1993, rjJu2. 5), M C ABe OT KOJieK~IDlTa Ha CMJIMCT-
(Tawte6a-BacuJle6a 1993, 37-49), M. KeMepKane peHCKIDl My3eH, KOMTO ca .n:aTMpaHM OT r. ATaHaCOB
Kpaii Bpa~a (Teop2ue6a, EytJw-tcKu 1959, 345- BXII-XIVB. (AmaHacoe1987, ma6Jlo!-7, 8). EJIM3-
351), U:apeBe~ (Teop2ue6a 1961, 9; llono6 1985, KM no opHaMeHT ca 11: nacpTHTe OT BapHeHCKMH My-
71), Ma.n:apa (llono61935, 61), c. PaBHO (CmoflH06 3eii, 3aBe.n:eHM no.n: MHB. N~N~ IV 614 11: IV 1088 1,
1992, o6p. 6), HoBM Ila3ap (Cma111Je6 1958, KaKTo 11: Ta3M OT l(apeBe~ (Teop2ueea 1974, o6p.
ma6Jl. XXIII), c. EaTKyH, Ila3ap.n:)I(MlllKO, Hece6np 3-1).
(CmaH!Je61958, 100) M .n:pyrH) Ce OTKpHBaT MaJIKM BTopaTa nacpTa no.n: MHB. N~ 519 ( o6p. 2) e C'hJ.J..J;O
no pa3Mep nacpTH, KOMTO ce onpe.n:emn KaTo ene- Kp'hrJia, KOpy6eCTa, C'hC CTMJIM3HpaHa OCeMJIMCTHa
MeHT Ha )l(eHCKMH cpe.D:HOBeKOBeH KOCTIOM. po3eTa 11: nepncpepeH 6op.n:10p c Ha6o)l(.n:aHID£. MaK-
BnB cpoH.n:a Ha HcTopnqecKM MY3eii-KapHo6aT CMMaJIHMHT H .n:naMeTbp e 4,4 CM c npnnoeHa
ce cnxpammaT TPM TaKMBa, KOMTO ca 3aBe.n:eHM no.n: nnaCTMHKa 3a BMBaHe B KOJiaHa Bnpxy onaKOBaTa
MHBeHTapHH HOMepa 518, 519 M 636. CTpaHa.
3a C'h)l(aJieHMe, KaKTo BnoBeqeTo cnyqan 11: BT0 3M, Cnope.n: CBOMTe cpopMOBM npH3Ha~M MMa na-
Te3M HaXO.ll:KM He MOraT .n:a CJiy)l(aT KaTO .D:aTHpaJ.J..J; panen c nacpTHTe, OTKPMTM B 3eMJIMJ.J..J;eTo Hac. fnn-
MaTepHaJI, a nO-CKOpO 3a cpaBHMTeJieH, 3aJ.J..J;OTO coBo, o6J.J..J;MHa Pa.n:HeBo, .n:aTnpaHM B XII-XIV B.
HHMaT ToqHa apxeonornqecKa cpe.n:a. H TPMTe nacp- (KapaUllue6 2004-2005, 115-116), BapHa - XII-
TM Ca OTKpHTM CJie.D: MMaHHpCKa MHTepBeH~IDl B XIV B. (Hew.eea 1976, ma6Jl. Ill), nacpTH OT KOJieK-
paiioHa Me)l(.n:y cenaTa CoKOJIOBO 11: KnnKaq, Bno-
cne.n:cTBMe oTeyneHM OT HcTopnqecKMH My3eii.
BepoHTHO npoH3XO)I(.ll:aT oT ceJIMJ.J..J;eTo, KOeTo ce
HaMnpa Ha 1,25 KM 3ana.n:Ho OT c. CoKonoBo, K'h-
.n:eTo e 3aCBM.D:eTeJICTBaH )I(MBOT OT BpeMeTO Ha pHM-
CKaTa enoxa .n:o BTopoTo 6'bnrapcKo ~apcTBO.
TexHMKaTa Ha H3pa6oTKa Ha nacpTHTe 11: B cny-
qaH He ce pa3JIMqaBa OT n03HaTaTa HM 3a T03M BM.ll:
naMeTHM~M. Te ca 6poH30BM, JieTM B KaJI'hn, Ha Mec-
Ta C'hC CJie.D:M OT .ll:OM3qyKBaHe M OcpOpMHHe Ha KOpy-
6ecTaTa qacT (Teop2ueea 1961, 5).
IlacpTaTa no.n: MHB. N~ 518 (o6p. 1) e Kp'hma c
---- 06p.l

108
 cnO)J,eAAT MHeHHeTO, qe na<PTHTe y HaC Ce nOHBH-
BaT OIJJ.e npe3 enoxara Ha ITnpBoro 6nJirapcKo
u;apCTBO. 3acera Ta3H )J,OJIHa rpaHHI..I,a, Ce nO)J,KpeM
e)J,HHCTBeHO OT Ma)J,apCKIDI o6pa3el..l, (IX- X B.) .
IIopa)J,H <PaKTa, qe yKpaceHHTe KOJiaHH ca xapaK-
repHH 3a HOMa)J,CKHTe HapO)J,H, B qacTHOCT 3a
npa6nJirapHTe, H e3HqecKIDIT o6pa3 Bnpxy na<Prara
or Ma)J.apa HaMHpa CBOHTe naparreJIH Bnpxy APY-
rH npa6nJirapCKH naMeTHHI..I,H, Hj{KOH aBTOpH IIpe)J,-
nOJiaraT, qe na<PTHTe Ca B1>3HHKHaJIH Bnpxy OCHO-
BaTa Ha npa6nJirapcKJij{ KOJiaH oKono IX-X BeK
06p.2 (Ilono61935, 61).
OcBeH TOBa He MO)I(e )],a ce orpeqe, qe po3eTaTa
I..I,IDITa Ha My3eH B rp. Cmmcrpa (AmaHacoB 1987,
e npe)J,noqHTaH opHaMeHTaJieH MOTHB npe3 eno-
26-32), Hece61>p - XI B., EaTKYH -XI B. (CmaH'-leB
xara Ha ITnpBOTO 6nJirapcKo I..l,apCTBO, Koero ce
1958, 100), TnpHOBO - XII B. (IlonoB 1985, ma6Jl.
nOTBbp)I()J,aBa H OT CTI1JIH3HpaHHTe p03eTH, paM-
1-7), Bpa1..1,a- XII-XIV B. (Feop2ue6a, Ey'-luHcKu
KHpaHH C Kpl>ThJI nOHC, Bnpxy KepaMHKaTa (Jlon06
1959, o6p. 3), HoBH na3ap (CmaHI.leB 1958, ma6Jl.
1985, 78-79), KaKTO H Bnpxy MHO)I(eCTBOTO npe)J,-
XXII) , PereBoeiJJ.H, )],H. PYM1>HIDI - XII-XIV B.
MeTH OT )J,pe6HaTa MeTarrOnJiaCTHKa - HanpHMep KO-
(Dimitriu 2001, 69).
JiaHHHTe anJIHKai..I,HH (CmaHUJl06 1993, 138- 163;
ITo CBOHTa YKPaca, Cl>CTOHIJJ.a ce OT oceMJIHCTHa
CmaHI.leBa 1981, o6p. 3).
p03era, na<Prara HaMHpa naparre.JIH c re3H OT Hece-
Tpy)J.HO MO)I(e )],ace onpe)J,eJIH COI..I,HarrHara npH-
6hp (CmaHI.le6 1958, 100), PaBHO (CmoflHOB 1992,
Ha)J,Jie)I(HOCT Ha )l(eHHTe, HOCHJIH T03H HaKHT. JlHn-
o6p. 6), Bpa1..1,a (FeopmeBa, Ey'-luHcKu 1959, o6p. 3).
CaTa Ha KOJiaH B 06JieKJIOTO Ha ,CeJICKHTe )l(eHH"
IIocoqeHHTe no-rope npHMepH )J,aBaT ocHoBa-
no )J,aHHH or HeKponoJia npH HeroBaHI..I,H )J,O n)J,HH
HHe )],a 0606IJJ.HM, qe na<PTH CJIHCTOBH)J,Ha <PopMa 11
(Mumo6a-j{JICOH06a 1958, 39-59) H CBe)J,eHHHTa,
po3eTHa yKpaca ca npe)J,noqHTaH HaKHT 3a BpeMero
qe npe3 XVI B. na<PrHTe ca Beqe JiyKco3eH Ha-
XII-XIV B., )J,OKaTo )J,aTHpaHero HM B VIII- IX B. e
KHT (PaoojKoBu'-l 1969, 254), Kapa noBeqero H3-
HenpHeMJIHBO, KaTo ce HMa npe)J,BH)J,, qe na<Prara
cJie)J,oBaTeJIH )],a CMHTaT, qe Te ca npHHa)J,Jie)I(HOCT
OT HOBH na3ap e HaMepeHa H3B1>H rpo6HHTe KOM-
Ha no-6oraTH npe)J,CTaBHTeJIKH Ha 06IJJ.eCTBOTO
IIneKCH 11 He e pe)J,HO )],a Ce npHqJ1CJIH Kl>M rpo6HIDI
(HeweBa 1976, 25), BnnpeKH qe roH: He MO)I(e )],a
HHBeHrap Ha HeKponoJia H )],a npHeMe HeroBaTa
ce BH)J,H B H306pa)l(eHJij{Ta OT HKOHOnHCH (MaH06Q
)J,aTHpOBKa (CmaHI.leB 1958, ma6Jl. XXIII-8).
1962, 5-71), MHHHaTIOpH H MOHeTH (Heute6a
IIa<Prara no)], HHB. NQ 636 (o6p. 3) e Cl>IJJ.O Kpnr-
1978, 111) ompe)J,H XIX B. IIa<PrH Bnpxy CI..I,eHH or
na, Kopy6ecra, c1>c CTHJIH3HpaHa oceMJIHCTHa po3e-
creHonHCH ce cpeiJJ.aT e)J,Ba npe3 XIX B. ( CI..I,eHHTe
ra 11 6opAIOP c Ha6o:>K)J,aHIDI. MaKCHMaJIHIDIT ll:
,CTpaUIHJij{T Cl>)J," H,0 THBaHe npH BpaqKa") 2 .
)J,HaMenp e 5,6 cM. HaH:-6JIH3KH naparreJIH HMa c
BepoHTHO He 6e3 3HaqeHHe e Cl>IJJ.eCTByBaiJJ.a-
na<Prara, HaMepeHara B paH:oHa Ha c. PaBHO, Pa3-
rpa)J,CKO, H )J,aTHpaHa B XVII B. (CmoflHOB 1992,
o6p. 6).
BnnpeKH qe no onHcaHHe Hano)J,o6HBa na<Prara
IIO)J, HHB. NQ 519, TH Ce OTJIHqaBa IIO H3pa60TKa 11
pa3MepH, KOeTO e IIpHqHHa 3a OTHaCHHeTO H Kl>M
e)J,Ha no-Kl>CHa enoxa - XVII B.
,[(o MOMeHTa B pa3BHTHeTO H H3MeHeHHeTO
Ha <PopMaTa H yKpacara Ha na<PTHTe MO)I(e )],a ce
KOHCTaTHpa yrOJieMHBaHe Ha pa3MepHTe, IlOBH-
IIIaBaHe KaqeCTBOTO Ha H3pa60TKa H H3n1>JIHeHHe
Ha OpHaMeHTa, KaKTO H IIOHBa Ha TpH1>ThJIHH YlliH-
peHIDI (AmaHaC06 1987, 32).
r. ATaHaCOB (AmaHaC06 1987, 35) H H. TaHqe-
Ba-BaCHJieBa (TaHI.le6a-BacuJle6a 1993, pu2. 5) 06p. 3

109
Ta CeKBeHIJ,IDI Me)I(,LJ,y QlOpMaTHBHHTe H OpHaMeH- C'h06pa)l(eHHH - Ha Hero Ca OKaqBaHH Meq, HO)I(,
TaiTHH XapaKTepHCTHKH Ha naQlTHTe H MOTHBHTe por, KeCIDI M ,Ll,p. (Mumoea-jfJICOH06a 1958, 45- 53),
no TbKaHHTe Ha BJia,LJ,eTeJICKOTO H KTHTOpCKHTe Ce- TO npH )l(eHHTe KOJiaH'bT HMa noBeqe anOTponeHHa
MeiicTBa. HanpHMep B nopTpeT Ha IJ,ap CHMeoH QlYHKIJ,IDI, K'h,LJ,eTo TOH M3n'hnwma pomiTa Ha aMy-
(893- 927 r.) B HnonHTOBHH c6opHHK OT X B. neT, onacBaiiJ, ,LJ,eTepo,LJ,HaTa qacT Ha )l(eHaTa (Ama-
(TbnK06a-3aUM06a U Op., 170) H B H306pa)l(eHHHTa Hacoe1987, 36). IIo-K'hCHO KonaH'hT ce npeBpoiiJ,a B
Ha IJ,ap KoHcTaHTHH, HpHHa H KTHTOpHTe OT Ka- CHMBOJI Ha o6Bop3aHOCT. Tow e pH,Ll,'hK norpe6arreH
JIOTHHa, XIV B. (Hac!leOHUKoea 1974, o6p. 11 u ,LJ,ap, 3alll,OTO cnope,Ll, XpHCTHHHCKaTa penHrHH HHIIJ,O
19) BH)I(,LJ,aMe, qe Kp'hiDT, po3eTaTa H KpoCTbT Ce He TpH6Ba ,LJ,a 3a,LJ,bp)l(a M'hpTBeiJ,a Ha T03M CBHT.
CBop3BaT M CHMBOJIH3HpaT apHCTOKpaTHqHOCT. 3a C'h)l(aiTeHMe JIMITCaTa Ha o6Hapo,LJ,BaHH naMeT-
Pa36Hpa ce, KaTo ce npaBM ,LJ,eTai1neH aHarrH3 Ha HHIJ,H OT T03M TMn, KaKTO H JIHnCaTa Ha CHrypHa
T03H BH,Ll, HaKHT, TpH6Ba ,LJ,a Ce 06opHe BHHMaHHe apxeonorMqecKa cpe,LJ,a B'h3nperrHTCTBaT HaMHpa-
Ha OIIJ,e HHKOJIKO npo6neMa. Ha nopBO MHCTO, qe HeTo Ha OTrOBOp Ha BCHqKH Te3H B'hnpOCH.
,LJ,YMaTa na<PTa e c TYPCKH npoH3XO,LJ, H HHe He 3HaeM IIpH 6o,LJ,eiiJ,HTe npoyqBaHIDI, CB'hp3aHH c Ta-
KaK HHKOra Ca Ce HapHqarrH T03H BH,Ll, 3aKonqarrKH. 3H npo6JieMaTHKa, TpH6Ba ,LJ,a C'b06pa3HM, qe KaK-
BTopo, e,LJ,MH KonaH BHHarH MO)I(e ,LJ,a 6o,LJ,e ,LJ,OHeceH TO BCHqKH HaKMTH, TaKa M T03H Ce e pa3BHBaJI C'h-
OT,LJ,arreqe KaTO CK'hn ,LJ,ap, KOeTO ,LJ,a n03BOJIH Ha o6pa3HO 06IIJ,MTe 3aKOHOMepHOCTH B pa3BHTHeTO
MeCTHHTe 3aHaHTqHM ,LJ,a ro B'h3npOH3Be,LJ,aT H3IJ,HJIO Ha KOCTIOMa, OTpa3HBa MO,Ll,HMTe CTMJIOBe Ha enoxa-
HJIH qaCTMqHo, C'hlll,O MO)I(e ,LJ,a 6o,LJ,e nJIHqKa HJIH Ta, 6HTa H e H3pa3 Ha XY,Ll,O)I(eCTBeHIDI H eCTe-
npocTo no,LJ,apoK OT npiDITeJI. H rpeTo, ,LJ,OKaTo THqeCKM BKyc Ha 6onrapcKIDI Hapo,LJ, npe3 Cpe,LJ,HO-
npH M'b)l(eTe KOJiaH'hT Ce HOCH no yTHJIMTapHH BeKOBHeTo.

JIHTEPATYPA OT BapHeHCKHH My3eH..- MHMB, 21, 1985, 114- 122.

Ilonos 1985: AT. IlonoB. Xyt~o)!(eCTBeHH 3aHaHTH B
ATauacos 1987: r. ATauacoB. Tpat~HIJ,HOHeH 6on- TopHOB. - B: KynrypaTa Ha cpet~HOBeKOBHHH TopHOB,
rapcKH HaKHT (no TIOBOtl KOJieKIJ,m!Ta OT naQ:>TH B CH- CoQ:>HH, 1985, 66-82.
JIHCTpeHCKHH My3eH.). - EonrapcKa eTHorpaQ:>mi, 1987, Ilonos 1935: P. IlonoB. MaTepHanH oT pa3KOIIKHTe
4, 25-37. npe3 1934-1935 r.- B: M~apa, CoQ:>HH, 1935, 2, o6p. 87.
reopruesa 1961: C. feoprneBa. EonrapCKHTe cpet~­ Pa,lJ,ojKOBU'I 1969: E. Pat~ojKOBHq. HaKHT KOt~
HOBeKOBHH uaKHTH. - Apxeonorm1, 1961, 1, 4- 10. CPEA, Eeorpat~, 1969.
reopruesa 1974: C . reoprneBa. HaKHTH H qacTH OT CTauuJIOB 1993: C. CTaHHJIOB. IlpecnaBCKOTO CoKpo-
TDKaHH OT t~BopeiJ,a Ha U:apeBeiJ,. - B: QapeBrpat~ Top- BHIIJ,e H npOH3XOt\oT Ha CTapo6onrapcKaTa MeTaJIOIIJiaC-
HOB, 2, CoQ:>HH, 1974, 393- 399. THKa.- B: IlpecnaB, 5, 1993, 138- 163.
reoprnesa, EyquHCKH 1959: C . feoprnesa, .n:. Ey- CTauqes 1958: CT. CTauqeB. HeKpononoT t~o HoBH
~CKH. IJpe,LJ,BapJITeJIHH ripOyqsaHIDI Ha Cpet~UOBeKOBHOTO Ila3ap, CoQ:>HH, 1958.
I1AM, xxn, 1959, 345- 347.
Ce.JIHille t\0 rp~ BpaiJ,a. - CTOHHOB 1992: C. CTOHHOB. ApxeonornqecKH cou-
KapauJiues 2004-2005: II. KapaHJIHeB. EpoH30BH t~a)!(H B cTapoTo 6onrapcKo rpo6HIIJ,e KpaH. ceno Pasuo,
HaKHTH OT 3eMJIHIIJ,eTo ua c. fHncoBo, o6IIJ,HHa Pat~He­ Pa3rpat~cKo.- fMCE, 28, 1992, 75-83.
BO. - MMIOE, XXI, 2004-2005, 114- 120. Tauqesa-BacuJiesa 1993: H. TaHqesa-BacHnesa.
Mauosa 1962: E. MauoBa. BHt~oBe cpet~HOBeKOBHH TpaKHHCKa Hat~rp06Ha MOrHJia H CBeTHJIHIIJ,e rrpH C. IJqe-
o6neKna cpet~ cTeHOTIHCHTe OT XIII- XIV B. B 10ro- na, 5IM6oncKo.- MMIOHE, 26, 1993, 37-49.
3anat~ua EDJirapHH. - MEMM, 5, 1962, 5-71. XpoHonornqua eHIJ,HKJiorret~HH Ha cseTa,
6, B . Top-
MHTosa-)J,,..ouosa 1958: ,n:. MHTOBa-.ll:)!(OHOBa. Ap- HOBO.1996.
xeonorHqecKH t~aHHH 3a cencKaTa HOCHH B ceBep03anat~­ Dumitriu 2001: L. Dumitriu. Der Mittelalterliche
Ha EonrapHH npe3 XIV B.- MEMM, 3, 1958, 39- 59. Schmuck der Unteren Donaugebietes im 11- 15. Jahr-
HacJie,lJ,HUKOBa 1974: B. Hacnet~HHKOBa. McTopHH hundert, Bucuresti, 2001.
Ha EonrapcKHH KOCTJOM, C., 1974.
Hewesa 1976: B. HerneBa. IlpHHOCH KoM npoyqBa- EEJIEJKKH
HeTo ua o6neKJioTo npe3 BTopaTa 6onrapcKa t~op)!(aBa. -
M3Ka3BaM crreiJ,Hanua 6narot~apHOCT ua B . IlaBJiosa 3a
1
ApxeonornH, 1976, 2, 23- 39.
Hewesa 1978: B. HerneBa. HaKHTDT B cpet~HOBeKoB­ BD3MO)!(HOCTra t~a pa6on! BhB Q:>oHt~a Ha BapHeHCKHH MY3ei1.
HHH 6onrapcKH KOCTJOM npe3 XIII- XIV B. - EonrapcKa 2
Enarot~apH Ha E. ToMosa 3a rroMOIIJ,Ta 11 CoBeTHTe,
eTHorpaQ:>HH, 1978,3-4, 111- 124. KOHTO MH t~at~e ITO BpeMe Ha MOHTe ThpCeHHH H npoyqsa-
Hewesa 1985: B . HerneBa. Cpet~HOBeKOBHH uaKHTH HHH Bopxy npet~cTaBeHaTa rrpo6neMaTHKa.

110
MEDIAEVAL BUCKLES
FROM THE KARNOBAT AREA

Rositsa HRISTOVA

The belt with its purely practical as well as comparative material ralSlng numberless issues
semantically apothropeic function is present in the related to their evolution and application in the life
Bulgarian national costume from the Middle Ages ofthe Middle Ages. There exists no unanimous point
till the days of present. of view neither about the time of their appearance,
the social distinction and layer of people who
The origin, occurrence and semantics of the male used to wear this kind of adornment, nor about
belts from the Middle Ages have long been the their semantic significance. The lack of published
subject of scientific research opposite to the female monuments belonging to this type, as well as the
belt steadily remaining in the outskirts of scholarly absence of secure archaeological environment
investigation. impede the finding of positive answers to all these
In the research of mediaeval necropolises and questions.
settlements are usually found small-sized buckles, In the future investigations referring to these
defined as an element of the female costume. problems we'll have to take into consideration that
In the fund of the Historical Museum at the town similar to all adornments the belt buckles developed
ofKamobat are kept three such buckles uncovered in conformity with the general laws peculiar for the
after treasure-hunting intervention in the region evolution of the costume, representing a reflection
between the villages of Sokollovo and Klickach. of the vogue and fashionable trends in the lifestyle
Unfortunately these finds cannot be used as dating and expression of the artistic and aesthetic
but rather as affiliations of the Bulgarian people in the period of
the Middle Ages.

111
 3A HAH-rOJlliMOTO MOHETHO C'bKPOBli~E
OT V BEK HA lOr OT NAJIKAHA
J(oiJKa BJIAJ(HMHPOBA -AJIAJ()J{OBA

E,n;Ho OT cenmu:aTa s paiioHa Ha KapHo6aT, KOeTo Ha 11MnepaTop c soeHHO o6neKno s Tp11 qeTBopT11
e 113BeCTHO C MHOro6pOHHI1Te Cl1 apxeOJIOrl1qeCKI1 <l_lac Ha asepca 11 Ha,n;n11c OKOJIOBpocT: DN LEO
o6eKTI1 OT aHTI1qHocTTa ,n;o BTopoTo 6onrapcKo PERPET AUG. qeT11p11Te eK3eMnMpa OT AIIM H
u:apcTso, e ceno Be3eHKOBO (MoM<JWl06 1995, 47), neTH.liT OT Eyprac ca c e;::t;HO 11 Colll;O 113o6pa)KeHI1e
113BeCTHO B 6oJirapCKaTa 11CTOp11qecKa KHI1)KHI1Ha Ha pesepca: BI1KTOpH.ll npasa, HaMBO, ;::t;op)KaiiJ;a
11 CoC CTapoTo c11 11Me Ka,n;op <l_laKJII1H (KolleOapoe, ;::t;oJior KpoCT, Ha,n;n11c VICTORIA AUGGG H HO-
Mu<Jee1973, 50). HerosoTo CTpaTerl1qecKo pa3no- Mepa Ha OQlHU:I1HaTa. B oTpe3a 11H11Q11aJII1Te Ha MO-
JIO)KeHI1e B IO)KHOTO no,n;HO)KI1e Ha Bop611IIIKH.ll npo- HeTapH11QaTa B KoHcTaHTI1Honon - CONOB. OT
xo,n; 11 nopeq11eTo Ha p. Jiy,n;a KaMq11.ll ca np11q11Ha MOHeTHI1Te aTeJII1eTa Ce pa3q11TaT 3HaQ11Te Ha: f
TOBa M.liCTO ,n;a e npe,n;noqi1TaHo 3a 3acensaHe npe3 (1 6p.),H(16p.)11I(3 6p.). CoJII1;::t;I1TeHai1MnepaTOp
seKoseTe. Y,n;o6HOTO MecToHaxo)KJJ:eHI1e sepo.liTHO e Jios I OT Tl1na VICTORIAAUGGG 11 OQl11U:HHa ca
cTaHano np11q11Ha TYK, np11 H.liKaKsa 3annaxa 3a )1(11- OT paHHH.ll 11 cpe;::t;HH.ll nep110;::t; OT yrrpaBJieHI1eTO
BOTa Ha HerOBI1Te 0611TaTeJII1 npe3 V BeK, ;::t;a 6o;::t;e Ha T03H sna,n;eTeJI. Te ca ceqeHI1 s orpoMHI1 KOJII1-
yKp11TO 11 Haii-roMMOTO MOHeTHO CoKposmu:e OT qecTsa 11 11MaT TBop,n;e MHoro no,n;pa)KaHH.ll (Car-
OHOBa BpeMe Ha IOr OT naJIKaHa. son, Kent and Burnett 1994, 111). MoHeTI1Te OT
To e OTKPI1TO npe3 nponeTTa Ha 1910 ro,n;11Ha T0311 Tl1n ca ceqeHI1 oT KoHcTaHTHHononcKaTa MO-
11 no JJ:YMI1Te Ha CBH;::t;eTeJII1 e Co;::t;op)KaJIO OKOJIO HeTapHHQa B nep11o,n;a 457-468 r. (Carson, Kent
Tp11 OKI1 3JiaTHI1 MOHeTI1. Cnope,n; asTopa Ha 11HQlOp- and Burnett 1994, 111), KOeTO 03Haqasa, qe B Kpa.ll
MaQH.liTa Eor,n;aH <I>11nos, MOHeTI1Te np11Ha,n;ne)KaT Ha 70-Te ro;::t;HHH Ha neTI1 BeK e Bo3MO)KH0 HaH-
Ha 11MnepaTOp11Te Teo,n;oc11i1: II (408-450), Map- paHO MOHeTI1Te OT TOBa CoKpOBHIIJ;e ;::t;a Ca H3Ba;::t;e-
Q11aH (450-457), Jios I (457-474) 11 ca TOJIKosa HI1 OT o6paiiJ;eHI1e 11 Tpe3op11paHI1. BepO.liTHO spa-
;::t;06pe 3ana3eHI1, qe 113rJie)KJJ:aT CoBCeM KaTO HOBI1 )KeCKI1 Ha6e311 11JII1 ,n;pyr11 eKCTpeMHI1 Co611TI1.ll Ca
(ct>uJI06 1914, 2-3). OT T.liX caMo neT eK3eMnMpa HaJIO)KI1JII1 yKp11BaHeTo Ha Tosa 3Haqi1TeJIHO KOJII1-
Ha Teo,n;oc11ii II 11 Jios I ca OTKyneHI1 3a c611pKaTa qecTBO MOHeTI1. Te3H co6HTH.ll MoraT ,n;a 6o;::t;aT
Ha Hapo;::t;HI1.ll My3ei1: B Co<l_JH.ll 1• OT Ta311 Haxo,n;Ka OTHeCeHI1 Haii-paHO KoM ynpaBJieHI1eTO Ha 11M-
npe3 1996 rO;::t;I1Ha CTaBa 113BeCTHa 11 e ny6JII1KyBaHa nepaTOp Jios I 11JII1 HeroBI1Te Hacne;::t;H11Q11. ITo
oiiJ;e e,n;Ha MOHeTa, coxpaH.llsaHa ,n;Hec s qacTHa speMeTO Ha CnOMeHaTI1.ll 11MnepaTOp H3BOp11Te
KOJieKQ11.ll Wpa:JICeea 1996, 69). coqaT, qe 6anKaHCKHTe 3eMI1 ca cTaHaJII1 o6eKT Ha
E;::t;11HCTBeHaTa MOHeTa Ha Teo,n;ocHii II e coc Hana,n;eHI1.ll. IIpe3 463 r. HaqaJIHI1KoT Ha soiicKHTe
CTaH;::t;apTHOTO 3a neTH BeK H306pa)KeHI1e Ha J111Qe- B TpaKH.ll ba311JII1CK e Tp.li6BaJIO ,n;a OT6JioCHe H.liKaK-
TO - 11MnepaTopoT BoB soeHHO o6neKJio, TPI1 BH ,CKI1TI1", HaXJIYJII1 Ha TepHTOpH.liTa Ha ;::t;HeiiiHa
qeTBopTH <l_lac 11 Ha;::t;n11c: DN THEODOSIUS PF CesepHa Eonrap11.ll. AKo CBop)KeM yKp11BaHeTo Ha
AUG, H 3a onaKI1TO- KoHcTaHTOnOJII1C, ce,n;Hana CoKpOBHIIJ;eTO C Te3H CBe;::t;eHI1.ll, Tp.li6Ba ;::t;a npe;::t;-
Ha TpOH, ;::t;op)K11 KoJI60 C KpoCT B ;::t;.liCHa poKa 11 nOJI0)1(11M, qe 3annaxaTa OT npeMI1HasaHeTo HJII1
CKI1nTDp B MBa, OKOJIOBpocT Ha;::t;nHc VOT XXX HaxnysaHeTo npe3 ;::t;HeiiiHH.ll Bop611IIIKI1 npoxo,n;
MULT :XXX:X, B oTpe3a - 11H11U:HaJIHTe Ha MOHe- Ha qaCT OT T.liX Ca np11qHHa C06CTBeHI1KoT Ha TO-
TapH11QaTa B KoHcTaHTI1Honon CONOB. T11noT 3a sa 6oraTCTBO ,n;a ro 3apos11 B 3eM.liTa. ,[(pyra Bo3-
pesepca npH T0311 11MnepaTop ce ceqe B nep11o,n;a MO)KHOCT 3a 11HTepnpeTaQH.ll ;::t;aBaT Co611TI1.l1Ta OT
430-440 r. (Carson, Kent and Burnett 1994, 78). 466-467 rO;::t;I1Ha, KOra"~O qacT OT XYHHTe HaqeJIO
MoHeTI1Te HaJios I ca coc CoiiJ;OTO 113o6pa)KeHHe c XopM11;::t;aK npeM11HaJII1 OTHOBO 3aJie,n;eHaTa pe-

112
Ka .lJ:yHaS H OITyCTOIIHfnH 3eMHTe Ha lOr OT peKaTa, (AepaM08 1929, 198;
3aH S pe.n;HQa H3CJie,li;SaHHH
KaTo .n;ocTHrHarrH .n;o Cep.n;HKa. MarrKo ITO-K'hCHO lfzHamuee1926-1927, 291-295; /{e!lupaoee1953,
Ta3H xyHcKa rpyiTa 6mm ymu.u;oJKeHa OT AciTap - 10-15; BeHeOUK08 2002, 112; Mow-tUJl08 1995,
HaqarrHHK Ha soiicKHTe s .n;HoQe3a TpaKllil (Vel- 47-67).
kov 1977, 99). AKO CSbpJKeM TOSa CbKpOSHIJJ;e C .lJ:aHHHTe 3a Hero coqaT, KaKTo seqe ITo.n;qeprax,
Te3H Cb6HTIDI, TpH6sa .n;a ITpHeMeM H3ITOJI3SaHeTO qe TO e HaH-fOJIHMOTO 3acera OT H3SeCTHHTe HH
Ha Bop6Hll1Kllil ITpoxo.n; ITPH ITpeMHHasaHeTo Ha 3JiaTHH Haxo.n;KH OT V seK, OTKpHTH s EoJirapiDI
ITJieMeHaTa Ha 10r OT EarrKaHa. Tosa e HaiToJIHO Ha lOr OT na.JIKaHa. ITo Temo (a OTTaM H KaTO 6poii
Sb3MOJKHO H ,li;OKa3aTeJICTSa S Ta3H HaCOKa Ca ITaK MOHeTH) TO e ITpH6JIH3HTeJIHO paSHO Ha TOSa OT
OTKpHTHTe MOHeTHH HaXO,li;KH, JIOKaJIH3HpaHH S A6pHryc. OT coo6IIJ,eHHeTO, qe MOHeTHTe ca 6HJIH
IOJKHHTe qaCTH Ha ,li;HelllHIDI lliYMeHCKH OKpbr, OKOJIO TpH OKH, MOJKe .n;a Ce ITpe.n;ITOJIOJKH, qe CTasa
S HeiTOCpe,li;CTSeHa 6JIH30CT )J;O CesepHHTe qaCTH ,~J;YMa 3a Temo OKOJIO 3,800 Kr, KaTo ce ITpHeMe, qe
Ha QHTHpaHIDI CTapOITJiaHHHCKH ITpOXO,ll; (B!laOU- e.n;Ha OKa e pasHa Ha 1,2825 Kr (Komapoe 1926, 15).
MUp08a-A!laO:>IC08a 2003, 90). .lJ:pyra ITpHqHHa CooTseTHO KaTo ce pa3.n;eJIH Tosa Temo Ha 4,55 r,
3a THXHOTO yKpHsaHe MoraT .n;a 6o.n;aT co6HTIDITa KOJIKOTO e CTaH.n;apThT Ha e,li;HH COJIH)J;, H3JIH3a, qe
rrpe3 He,ll;oJirOTO yiTpasJieHHe Ha HacJie,li;HHKa Ha TOSa CbKpOSHIIJ,e e Ha6pOHSaJIO ITpH6JIH3HTeJIHO 835
Jlos I - HMITepaTop 3eHoH. CJie.n; KaTo .n;Olll'hJI Ha MOHeTH - TOqHO KOJIKOTO e H 6pOHT Ha HaXO,li;KaTa
rrpecToJia, Toii ITpeKpaTHJI nJiaiJJ;aHHHTa Ha roTHTe OT A6pHryc ( CmoRH08 1982, 3). KoJIKoTo H ycJiosHa
H Te HaCThiTHJIH KbM CTOJIHQaTa, KaTO KbM THX .n;a e Ta3H QHcppa, TH e MHOfO SaJKHa, 3alli,OTO CTasa
Ce npHCbe,li;HHHJI rrpOTHSHHKbT Ha HMITepaTOpa ,~J;YMa 3a fOJIHMO KOJIHqeCTSO MOHeTH OT T03H
na3HJIHCK. 3eHoH 6HJI ITpHHy.n;eH .n;a H36Hra, a 3a ITepHo.n;. 3a cse.n;emre, HHcpopMaQIDITa coqH, qe OT
HMrrepaTop 6HJI nposo3maceH caMHHT na3HJIHCK H3SeCTHHTe HH 174 6pOH CbKpOSHIIJ,a C MOHeTH Ha
(ynpaSJIHSaJI CaMO 20 MeCeQa), CJie,ll; KOeTO 3eHOH HMITepaTopHTe OT lf3TO~aTa H 3aiTa.n;Ha PHMCKa
OTHOSO CH SbpHaJI HMITepaTOpCKIDI TpOH. Toii HMITepiDI OT V (Carson, Kent and Burnett
seK
rrpHSJIHKbJI Ha CSOH CTpaHa rOTCKllil npe,li;SO,li;HTeJI 1994, LXXXJX-CIXXV) caMO 2-3 OT T5IX Cb,ll;bpJKaT
Teo.n;opHx ( CHH Ha THy.n;HMep ), KOHTO oT MaKe.n;oHHH, IToseqe oT 1000 MOHeTH. B pe.n;yQHpaHHTe .n;aHHH OT
Kb,ll;eTO 6HJI OTCe,li;HaJI, Ce rrpH,li;SHJKHJI KbM .lJ:OJIHa H3,ll;aHHeTO Ha .lJ:oM6apTOH 0YKC CbKpOSHIJJ;aTa ca 48
MH3IDI, 6e3 HHKOH .n;a ro ciTpe ITO IT'hTH. Teo.n;opHx H caMo .n;se ca c IToseqe OT 1000 eK3eMIIJIHpa (Grier-
ITOJiyqHJI ITOqeTHH THTJIH H 3eMH 3a 3aCeJISaHe OKOJIO son, Mays 1992, 278-295). IJ;HTHpaHHTe cse.n;eHIDI
MapQHaHOITOJI (JfcmopuR 1979, 41 0). Co6HTIDITa Ca MHOfO SaJKHH MaKap H OTHOCHTeJIHO ITbJIHH, Ka-
S H3TOqHaTa qacT Ha PHMCKaTa HMITepiDI OT KpaH TO HMaMe ITpe,li;SH,ll; CHryaQIDITa 3a 6oJirapCKHTe 3e-
Ha V seK ca csop3aHH c roTHTe. Te ITpe3 481 ro- MH. OT H3secTHHTe HH 19 CoKposHIJJ;a oT V seK s
,li;HHa ITpeO,li;OJieJIH CbiTpOTHSaTa Ha SOHCKHTe Ha EoJirapiDI (B!laOUMupoea-AllaO:>IC08a 2005a, 45) s
HMITepaTOp 3eHoH H Toii 6HJI ITpHHy.n;eH .n;a HM .n;a.n;e TOM X Ha asTopHTeTHOTO H3.n;aHHe The Roman Im-
3eMH 3a 3aceJisaHe s Kpaii6peJKHa .lJ:aKH5l H .D:oJIHa perial Coinage (Carson, Kent and Burnett 1994)
MH3HH c QeHThp Hose (Marcell. Comes, 312). ca OTpa3eHH CaMO qeTHpH. llpHqHHHTe 3a TOSa ca
fOTHTe He OCTaHa.JIH Cbi03HHQH Ha HMITepaTopa H S H3SeCTHH, HHcpOpMaQIDITa )J;OCera 3a eMIIHpHqHIDI
486-487 ro.n;HHa ITpe.n;ITpHeJIH IToxo.n; s TpaKIDI, KaTo MaTepHarr, OTKPHT y Hac, 6e Tpy.n;Ho .n;ocThiTHa 3a
CTHrHa.JIH .n;o KoHcTaHTHHOITOJI (Anon. Vales., 324). H3CJie.n;osaTeJIHTe s EspoiTa, HO SKJIIOqsaHeTO MY
Te3H co6HTIDI CoM KOMeHTHparra seqe s ITpe.n;HlllHH seqe s HayqeH o6opoT ITOpaJK.n;a pe.n;HQa BbiTpocH,
MOH pa6oTH H TO ITaK ITO IToso.n; yKpHsaHeTo Ha Ha KOHTO TpH6sa .n;a Ce .n;a.n;e OTrOSOp HJIH ITOHe .n;a
MOHeTHH CbKpOSHIIJ,a OT V SeK (BllaOUMUp08a- Ce OITHTa.
AflaO:>IC08a 2003, 90-91). Ho TYK e saJKHO .n;a OT- BoiTpOCHTe, KOHTO Sb3HHKBaT SHHarH, KOra-
6eJieJKa, qe HHcpOpMaQIDITa 3a ITpeMHHasaHeTO Ha TO CTasa ,~J;YMa 3a CbKpOSHIIJ,a, H OC06eHO KOraTO
spaJKeCKHTe ITJieMeHa OT ITpOSHHQHHTe Ha cesep OT Te ca OT 3JiaTHH MOHeTH, ca: THXHOTO KOJIHqeCT-
EarrKaHa s IOJKHHTe H o6paTHO .n;asa ocHosaHHe .n;a SO H )J;aJIH TOSa e 6eJier 3a 6oraTCTSO S CbOTSeT-
sKJIIOqsaMe Bop6HlllKIDI ITpoxo.n; KaTo sapHaHT ITPH HaTa eiTOXa; ITpe,li;Ha3HaqeHHeTO HM; HaqHHbT
Tosa ITpH,li;SHJKsaHe. CosceM He e H3KJIIOqeHo Te3H Ha HaTpyiTsaHe; ITpHqHHaTa 3a T5IXHOTO YKPHSa-
npOQeCH .n;a Ca CTaHa.JIH ITpHqHHa 3a HeCHrypHOCT He H ITp. B ITpe.n;HlllHa MOH pa6oTa pa3me.n;ax so-
S 3eMHTe OKOJIO ITJiaHHHCKH5l ITpOXO)J; H TOrasa .n;a ITpoca 3a 3JiaTHHTe CbKpOSHIJJ;a KaTO apfYMeHT S
e yKpHTO CoKposHIIJ,eTo oT c. Be3eHKoso. BaJK- ITOJIHTHKaTa Ha ,ll;bpJKaSaTa CITp5IMO HeHHHTe CbCe,li;H
Hocrra Ha IT'hT5l, MHHasaiiJ, ITpe3 ITpoxo.n;a, e oT6eJI5l- H ITOTeHQHa.JIHH sparose (BllaOUMupoea-Allao:>ICoea

113
20056, 13 6-143), B cne;:I;Balll:J-:!Te pe;:I;oBe me ce pe;:I; )l(eJiaHHeTo Ha IIaBeJI, 82 coJIH)J;a ce 3aBemaBaT
omnaM ;:I;a npe;:I;cTaBH MHpKaTa 3a 6oraTCTBO npe3 Ha ~aKapHii B noma Ha HeroBaTa cnnpyra. Ta3H
neTOTO CTOJieTHe Bb3 OCHOBa Ha HHQJOpMaiJ;H51Ta Ha cyMa ce C'bCTOH OT 78 6p051 20-KapaTOBH COJIH)J;a
nHCMeHHTe H3BOpH, C'hnOCTaBeHa C )J;OCTHrHaJIHTe nmoc e;:I;Ha ;:I;OnnJIHHTeJIHa CYMa oT 3 6po51 4-Ka-
)J;O HaC C'bKpOBHma OT 3JiaTHH MOHeTH. paTOBH COJIH)J;a nopa;:I;H T51XHOTO nO-HHCKO TerJIO
KaKTO e H3BeCTHO, OCHOBHaTa e;:I;HHHIJ;a B K'bC- (Banaji 1996, 43). M3qHcJieHH51Ta coqaT, qe cpe;:I;-
HaTa pHMCKa HMnepH51 e 3JiaTHH51T COJIH)J; (Kent HaTa 3ary6a Ha TerJIOTO Ha npHTe)l(aBaHHTe OT Hero
19 56, 190-204; Cameron 1993, 115; Depeyrot COJIH)J;H e 3, 7962%, MaJIKO nO-MaJIKO OT e;:I;HH KapaT.
1987, 45), HOe TPY;:I;HO ;:I;a ce Ka)l(e Kora ToqHo ce e AKo ce npHeMe, qe BnnpocHHTe MOHeTH ca ceqeHH
n051BHJI 3a nnpBH noT Ha MOHeTHH51 na3ap, BnnpeKH no cTaH;:I;apT, TO TOBa npe;:I;nonaraeMo cpe;:I;HO
MHoroTo npe;:I;noJio)l(eHH51. B JIHTeparypaTa npeo6- TerJIO B rpaMOBe e 4,3752, KOeTO C'hOTBeTCTBa Ha
na;:I;aBa MHeHHeTo, qe ceqeHeTo Ha COJIH;:I;H 3anoqBa Cpe;:I;HOTO TerJIO Ha Haif-paHHHTe eK3eMnJI51pH OT C'b-
npe3 309 HJIH 310 ro;:I;HHa B TpHp (Bastien 1988, KpOBHmeTO B HHKepTH (Banaji 1996, 44). B cny-
39; Depeyrot 1987, 37) H orroraBa HaceTHe ce qa5J: e no-Ba)I(Ha HHQJOpMaiJ;H51Ta, qe cencKH nnp-
pa3npocTpaH51Ba B U:HJiaTa PHMCKa HMnepH51 3ae;:I;HO BeHeu; e 6HJI B cnCTOHHHe ;:I;a HaTpyna CYMaTa OT
c HanaraHeTo Ha BJiacrra Ha KoHcTaHTHH nnpBo B 360 COJIH)J;a, KOeTO e HH)J;HKaiJ;H51, OT e;:I;Ha CTpaHa,
3ana;:I;HHTe (312-313 r. ), a CJie)J; TOBa H B H3TOqHHTe 3a napHqHOTO 06pameHHe B CeJICKHTe 06JiaCTH H
qacTH Ha MMnepH51Ta (324 r.). OT ;:I;pyra, 3a 6narOC'bCT051HHeTO Ha no-ropHHTe
KaTo IJ;51JIO HKOHOMHKaTa B nepHo;:I;a IV-V BeK B cnoeBe OT cencKOTO HaceneHHe. Pa36Hpa ce , He
H3TOqHaTa H 3ana;:I;Ha qacT Ha PHMCKaTa HMnepH51 Tp516Ba, a H He e KopeKTHO ;:I;aHHHTe OT ErHneT H
ce xapaKTepH3Hpa c pa3rnHp51Bam ce ceKTop Ha CHpH51 aBTOMaTHqHo ;:I;a ce npeHacHT H 3a ;:I;HeiiiHH-
napHqHHTe Bpn3KH. KmoqnT K'hM T03H npou;ec Te 6nnrapCKH 3eMH, ThH KaTO BCeKH paifOH CH HMa
e perneHHeTo ;:I;a ce npeMHHe K'hM ynoTpe6aTa Ha CBOHTe cneiJ;HQJHKH, KOHTO B pe;:I;HIJ;a cnyqaH Ce
3JiaTOTO KaTO H3KJIIOqHTeJieH napHqeH CTaH;:I;apT. OKa3BaT pernaBamH 3a Cn;:I;6aTa MY - Ba)I(Ha e o6-
~OHeToceqeHH51Ta OT ;:I;pyrHTe MeTaJIH Ca 6HJIH maTa TeH)J;eHIJ;H51, K051TO rH CB'bp3Ba.
npOCTO CHMBOJIH Ha 3JiaTOTO, a He He3aBHCHMH KoraTo roBOpHM 3a 6enera Ha 6narocnCT051HHe
HJIH CnmecTByBamH no CnmOTO BpeMe MepKH 3a npe3 K'bCHaTa aHTHqHOCT, 3a)J;'bJI)I(HTeJIHO Tp516-
CTOHHOCT. IIpeMHHaBaHeTo K'hM IIIHpoKaTa yno- Ba ;:I;a Ce 06npHeM H K'bM OTKpHTHTe 3JiaTHH MO-
rpe6a Ha 3JiaTOTO, KOeTO Ce CBnp3Ba C HaqaJIHHTe HeTHH CnKpOBHma, KOHTO HarJie)J;HO npe;:I;CTaB51T
ro;:I;HHH oT ynpaBJieHHeTo Ha KoHcTaHTHH, e C'h- HHQJOpMaiJ;H51Ta 3a C'bCT051HHeTO Ha HemaTa npe3
6HTHe C rOJI51MO HKOHOMHqecKO 3HaqeHHe, ThH Ka- e;:I;HH nepHO)J;, )J;OCTaThqHo OT)J;aJieqeH B'bB BpeMeTO.
TO OCHryp51Ba He06XO)J;HMaTa 6a3a 3a o6moTO B'b3- 06pnmaifKH Ce K'bM QlH3HqeCKHTe )J;aHHH, KOHTO
pa)I()J;aHe npe3 K'bCHaTa aHTHqHOCT (Banaji 1996, MoraT ;:I;a ce H3BJieKaT OT MOHeToceqeHeTo, me
41).To3H npou;ec e 6HJI o6ycnoBeH oT npHpacTa Ha ce cnpa KOHKpeTHO Ha ;:I;Ba acneKTa: Bn3pacTOBH
HaCeJieHHeTO, KOHTO 3a H3TOqHHTe npOBHHIJ;HH HMa CTPYKTYPH B Haxo;:I;KHTe H perHoHaJIHH pa3JIHqH5J:
COJIH)J;HH apryMeHTH (Tate 1989, 74- 75), KaKTO HOT B pa3Mepa Ha CnKpOBHmaTa. MMa H TpeTH, KOiiTo
npocnepHTeTa Ha ceJICKH51 ceKTop. TaKa, aKo e;:I;HO e MHOrO Ba)l(eH - TerJIOTO Ha MOHeTHTe/ 3ary6a
yBeJIHqaBamo ce HaceneHHe oTpa351Ba ;:I;o6poTo Ha MeTaJI HJIH pe;:I;yiJ;HpaH CTaH;:I;apT, Ha Hero me
C'bCT051HHe Ha CeJICKOTO CTOnaHCTBO, ;:I;aHHHTe nOKa3- OT;:I;eJI51 cneu;HaJIHO BHHMaHHe ;:I;pyra)J;e, TYK caMo
BaT, qe HMa H 3HaqHTeJIHO yBeJIHqeHHe Ha ceqeHeTO me MapKHpaM OCHOBHHTe nOJIO)I(eHH51 H TeH;:I;eH-
Ha MOHeTH B cencKHTe paiioHH B nepHo;:I;a IV- IJ;HH. MH<jlopMaU:H51Ta 3a TemoTo Ha MOHeTHTe,
VI B.(Banaji 1996, 41). CBe;:I;eHH51Ta coqaT, qe no ;:I;OCTHrHaJIH ;:I;O Hac B CnKpOBHmeTo OT Be3eH-
TOBa BpeMe ceJICKHTe u;npKBH B CHpH51 HaTpynBaT KOBO, Ce )J;BH)I(H B rpaHHIJ;HTe Me)I(;:I;y 4,32 H
rOJieMH KOJIHqecTBa IJ;eHHH MeTaJIH OT ;:I;apeHH51, 4,46 rpaMa. BH;:I;HO e, qe HMa pa3MHHaBaHe Me)I(-
HanpaBeHH ,OT XOpa, npHHa)J;Jle)l(amH Ha BCHqKH ;:I;y 0651BeHOTO OQJHIJ;HaJIHO TerJIO H peaJIHOTO Ha
cou;HaJIHH cnoeBe" (Mundell Mango 1988, 165). MOHeTHTe . ToBa e o6monpHeTa npaKTHKa, K051-
B Ta3H Bpn3Ka, 3a ;:I;a ce noKa)l(e npocnepHTeThT TO Ce OTqHTa npH BCHqKH CnKpOBHma OT 3JiaTHH
Ha HaCeJieHHeTO, 06HKHOBeHO Ce IJ;HTHpa npHMepnT, MOHeTH, npOH3XO)I(;:J;amH OT 3eMHTe Ha )J;HeiiiHa
)J;OCTHrHaJI )J;O HaC OT nHCMeHHTe H3BOpH, qe e;:I;HH EnnrapH51 (BllaOuMupoea-A!laO:JICoea 1993, 74-
cencKH nnpBeHeu; - IIaBeJI, ocTaB51 B Hacne;:I;CTBO 79; BllaOuMupoea-Allao:JICoea 2003, 83- 94; Blla-
CYMaTa oT 360 COJIH;:I;a Ha TpHMa 6eHe<jlHu;HeHTH. OUMupoea-A!laO:JICoea 200~a, 45-52). 0651CHeHHe-
JWyra MHoro Ba)I(Ha HHQJOpMau;H5I B Hero e, qe cno- TO 3a pa3JIHKaTa Me)I()J;y TeOpeTHqHOTO H peaJIHOTO

114
TerJIO Ha 3JiaTHHTe MOHeTH OCTaBa Colli,OTO, KOeTO MHeHHe no sonpoca KOJIKO )l.oJiro ce e 3a)l.op:>Kana
11. npe.li.H CoM oT6emi3BaJia. Tosa e noJIHTHKaTa Ha e)l.Ha 3JiaTHa MOHeTa s o6paw:eHHe. Cnope.ll. KeHT:
)l.op:>KaBaTa )l.a nycKa 3JiaTHH MOHeTH C nO-MaJIKO ,lllaHCoT OT)l.eJIHaTa MOHeTa )l.a OCTaHe B o6pa-
OT 3aKOHOBO Onpe)l.eJieHOTO, KaTO CoC cnecTeHIDI Ill,eHHe )l.oJiro speMe e MaJioK. B cJiyqan, qe He e
MeTaJI nOKpHBa pa3XO)l.HTe no MOHeTOCeqeHeTO H 6wJia npeToneHa, TH TpH6sa 6op3o )l.a e BJIH3aJia s
(Ulrich-Bansa I948, 357-
)l.op:>KaBHHH )l.eqmu,HT CoCTasa Ha 3aposeHO B 3eMHTa CoKpOBHill,e" (Kent
360; BllaOuMupoea-AlzaoJJCoea I985, I, 22-3I). I956, 227-239). ~eneH.poT e Ha MHeHHe, qe no-ro-
Te3H )l.eiicTBIDI ca cwcTeMHH KaTo opraHH3aiJ,HH 11. ca MMaTa qacT OT ll,HpKyJIHpalli,HTe 3JiaTHH MOHeTH He-
ce npHJiaranw s npo)l.oJI:>KHTeJieH nepHO.ll. oT speMe. npeKoCHaTO e H3TerMHa 11 npeTOIIHBaHa, 3a)l.a 6o)l.aT
3a THX Co)l.HM He CaMO no TerJiaTa Ha COJIH)l.HTe Jil OTceqeHJil HOBH. ~OKa3aTeJICTBO 3a TOBa Ca CaMHTe
TeXHHTe no)l.pa3)l.eJieHIDI B nepHO)l.a V-VII B., HO Jil KoCHOpHMCKH CoKpOBHill,a, B KOHTO HMa MaJIKO Ha
OT KOHTpOJIHHTe MepKH, npe)l.Ha3HaqeHJil 3a THXHaTa 6pOH eK3eMIIAApH Ha Bo3pacT nO-fOJIHMa OT 30
nposepKa. Macoso HBJieHHe e Te cow:o )l.a He oTro- ro)l.HHH (Depeyrot I988, 2I6). Te3H H)l.eH HaMHpaT
sapHT Ha OT6eJIH3aHHTe Bopxy THX CTaH)l.apTH, He3a- CBOHTe aprYMeHTH H B H3CJie)l.BaHeTO HaMeTKaJIQJ 3a
BHCHMO )l.aJIJil CTaBa .li.YMa 3a MYJITHnJIHKaiJ,HJil Ha Bo3pacTOBHTe CTPYKTYPH Ha 3JiaTHHTe coKposww:a
COJIH)l.a HJIJil HerOBJil nO)l.pa3)l.eJieHHH (BllaOUMUpoea- OTV-VI seK s nposHHIJ,HHTe HJIHpHH 11. ~aJIMaiJ,HH
AllaOJJCOea I985, I, 22-3I; Vladimirova-Aladjova (Metcalf I988, 65-I07). 3a )l.a nO)l.KpenHM Te3aTa
I997, 22-23 u noc. Jlum.). 3a 6op30TO OTTefJIHHe OT ll,HpKyJiaiJ,HOHHaTa cpe)l.a,
C Te3H onepau,HH .ll.op:>KasHaTa BJiacT Ha npaK- e )l.OCTaT'bqeH CaMO aHaJIJi13oT Ha HHKOJIKO CoKpO-
THKa e pemaMeHTHpaJia OqJHIJ,JilaJIHO pe)l.yll,HpaHO- BHill,a, OC06eHO OT nO-fOJieMHTe, KOHTO )l.a nOKa:>KaT
TO TerJIO Ha 3JiaTHHTe MOHeTH. fpaMa)KbT He e no- ,y)l.oJI:>Kem~:" Bo3pacTOBH crpyKTypH. Ilpw CoKpo-
CTOHHHa BeJIJilqJiiHa H npOMeHJIJiiBIDIT xapaKTep Ha BHill,eTo oT KoMH30 (Cwu,HJIIDI), KOeTo ce CoCTOH
rpaHJilll,HTe, B KOHTO ce )l.BH:>KH TerJIOTO Ha COJIH)l.a, OT 423 COJIH)l.a 11 e yKpHTO OKOJIO 456 r., noseqe
HeCoMHeHO Ce .li.HKTYBa OT MHOronocoqHo )l.eHCTBa- OT 75% OT MOHeTHTe Ca 6HJIH B o6palll,eHHe no-
W:H HKOHOMHqecKH 11 noJIHTHqecKH <)JaKTopH. OT seqe OT 30 rO)l.HHH (Panvini Rosati I985, 8; Bana-
CBOH CTpaHa Te QJOpMHpaT Jil npOMeHJIHBIDI Kypc Ha ji I996, 45). ilO)l.06eH e H CJiyqa.HT C HeanOJICKOTO
3JiaTOTO, KOHTO B KpaHHa CMeTKa e QJYHKIJ,IDI Ha KOH- CoKpOBHill,e (255 COJIH)l.a, 476-480 r.), Ko)l.eTO 68%
KpeTHaTa COIJ,JilaJIHO-JiiKOHOMJilqecKa 06CTaHOBKa. OT eK3eMnAApHTe Ca Ha Bo3paCT Ha)l. 20 rD)l.JiiHH
C KaKBO e JiiHTepecHa Ta3Jil HaXO)l.Ka? (Panvini Rosati I985, 9; Banaji I996, 45). B Co-
B'h3pacTOBH cTpy•nypu. Cse)l.eHIDITa, )l.OCTHr- Kposww:eTo OT KaniDipu, KOeTo nopsoHaqaJIHO
HaJIH .li.O Hac, co qaT, qe .li.O KpaH Ha VI seK s lhToqHaTa e Ha6pOHBaJIO noseqe OT XHJIH)l.a MOHeTH, Ji!Ma
HMnepHH B o6palll,eHHe e rDAAMO KOJIJilqeCTBO 3Jia- eK3eMnJIHpH oT BaneHTHHHaH I .li.O 3eHOH (Panvi-
TO. Cnope.ll. :H:oaH OT E<)Jec caMo s e)l.HH panoH, ni Rosati I985, 9; Banaji I996, 45). Ilo)l.o6eH e 11.
OKOJIO ~apa, HaTpynaHoTo 3JiaTo ce ou,eH.Hsa Ha CJiyqaRT CoC CoKpOBHill,eTO OT ~HKJia B HBHIJ,aTa
MHJIHOH COJIH)l.a (Banaji I996, 44 U 6e.n.I9). ~yr fa3a, KOeTO e 3apoBeHO B nOCJie)l.HHTe fO)l.HHH Ha
asTop, IlpoKonHH KecapHHCKH, KoraTo u,HTHpa I .li.O
neTH seK 11. Co)l.op:>Ka coJIH.li.H Ha BaneHTHHHaH
npeu,eHKaTa 3a napHqHOTO 6JiaroCoCTOHHJile Ha AHacTacwH., HO 38% OT MOHeTHTe npwHa)l.Jie:>KaT
E)l.eca, oT6eJIH3sa, qe TH ce pasH.Hsa Ha 500 u,eH- Ha nos I (Carson, Kent and Burnett I994, XCV;
TeHapiDI, T.e. 3,6 MHJIHOHa COJIJil)l.a (Banaji I996, Banaji I996, 45). Ilo)l.o6Ha e cwzyau,IDITa 11. coc
6e.n. 20). Ta3H sneqaTJIHsaw:a u,w<)Jpa 3a cpe)l.HO CoKpOBJillll,aTa OT boJirapiDI - pa3rJie)l.aHOTO no-
pa3BHT s nproscKo OTHOIIIeHHe rpa.ll. s H3Toq- rope coKposww:e OT Be3eHKoso Co)l.op:>Ka MOHeTH
HOTO Cpe)l.H3eMHOMopwe )l.asa ocHosaHHe )l.a ce OT HMnepaTOpHTe Teo)l.OCHH II H nos I, qHHTO xa-
npe)l.nOJiara, qe apHCTOKpaU,HHTa H ThpfOBCKHTe paKTepHCTHKH onpe)l.eJIHT Bo3MO:>KHOCT OT 20-
cJioese Colli,O yseJiwqasaT csoeTo 6oraTcTso (no)]. 30 fO)l.HHH 3a ll,HpKyJiaiJ,IDI. ilO)l.06eH e H CJiyqa.HT
QJOpMaTa Ha IJ,eHHH MeTaJIH), KaTO HaTpynsaT 3a- CoC CoKposww:eTo OT KIOcTeH)l.HJI (BllaOUMupoea-
naCH OT COJIH)l.H. Ilpe3 IV-VI seK ce Ha6JIIO)l.asa AlzaoJJCoea 2005a).
KYMYJiaTHBHO yseJiwqasaHe Ha 3anacwTe OT 3JiaTo Haii.-KpacHopeqws e cnyqa.HT o6aqe c HaXO)l.KaTa
s o6paw:eHHe KaKTo nopa)l.H <)JaKTa, qe pa3JIHqHHTe oT A6pwzyc, Ko.ll.eTO Haii.-paHHHTe MOHeTH ca
ynpaBJIHBalli,H CeKaT fOJieMH KOJIHqeCTBa 3JiaTHH OT HMnepaTOp Teo)l.OCHH II, HaH-KoCHHTe - OT
MOHeTH, TaKa H 3alli,OTO nO-fOJIHMa qacT OT TOBa neoHTHH ( 484-488) ( CmOJlHO(J I982, 3) Jil Ko)l.eTO
3JiaTO OCTaBa B o6palll,eHHe H B poU,eTe Ha qaCTHH 35% OT BCHqKH MOHeTH npHHa)l.Jie:>KaT Ha nos I, a
JIHu,a. B HYMH3MaTHqHaTa KHH:>KHHHa HHMa e)l.HHHO 52% - Ha 3eHOH. Ta3H ·cTaTHCTHKa He TpH6sa )l.a

115
 Ce a6COJIIOT11311pa, 3aiiJ;OTO e B'b3M0)KH0 C'hCTaB'hT QlOpMaTa Ha KOJII1qeCTBO nap11.
Ha nap11qHI1Te cpe,n:cTBa ,n:a Bap11pa B pa3JII1qmne Te311 pe3ynTaTI1 no.n:KpeMT Teop11.S1Ta Ha J1oM-
paiioHI1 11 o6o6rn;eHmiTa ,n:a He oTpa3JIBaT peanHaTa 6ap,n:, qe nporpeci1BHO 113qepnBarn;11Te ce 3JiaTHI1
KapT11Ha no e,n:I1H 11JII1 ,n:pyr Haqi1H, HO Te3aTa 3a pecypc11 Ha 3ana.n: ce HaTpynBaT (noHe 3a M3BeCTHO
6op3oTo orrermme Ha MOHeTI1Te He MO)Ke ,n:a 6o,n:e BpeMe) Ha l13TOK (Lombard 1971, 133-222).
CB'hp3aHa c onpe,n:eneH BeK - V, VI, 11n11 VII - cTo- Cnope.n: aHaJII1311Te Ha EaHaii B cpe,n:aTa Ha V BeK
nenrn, KOI1TO ,n:eMOHCTp11paT nep110.LJ:I1 Ha BI1COKa e nOCTI1rHaT ni1KOBM51T MOMeHT Ha IJ.I1PKYJiaQ1151Ta
Cpe,n:Ha U.11pKyJiaQH.SI, KOHTO e noqTI1 qeT11p11 n'hTI1 Ha 3JiaTo Ha 3ana,n:, a 3a .I13TOKa T0311 Bp'hx e npe3
no-BI1COKa npe3 V BeK B cpaBHeHI1e c IV B. (Bana- VI BeK (Banaji 1996,46 u ma6ll.4). ABTOP'hT 11Ma
ji 1996, 45 u ma6!l.2) 2 • npe,n:BI1.LJ: CbKpOBI1IIJ;a C MI1H11MaJIHa CTOHHOCT OT 69
Pa3Mep ua C'hKpOBH~aTa. Ou.eHKaTa 3a TOBa, COJII1.LJ:a (T.e. no,n: 1 nayH,n: 3JiaTO, T'hH KaTO 1 nayH,n:
.LJ:aJII1 e,n:HO C'bKpOBI1IIJ;e e rOJIHMO 11JII1 MaJIKO, e 3JiaTo = 72 con11,n:a). 3a Tep11TOpH.S1Ta Ha n'hnrapH.SI
OTHOCI1TeJIHa BeJII1qi1Ha. Bee naK MOraT ,n:a ce Ha- Ta311 KOHCTaTaQH.SI e ycJIOBHa, T'hH KaTO OT V BeK
npaBHT 113BeCTHI1 npe,n:nOJIO)KeHH.SI- B'hnpeKI1 QlaK- Ce ,n:aT11paT HaH-roJieMMTe CbKpOBMIIJ;a OT 3JiaTHM
Ta, qe e,n:Ho C'hKpOBI1rn;e npe,n:cTaBJIHBa c6op Ha u.eH- MOHeTI1 OT K'hCHaTa aHTI1qHOCT, TOBa OT A6p11ryc 11
HOCTI1, OTCTpaHeHI1 OT o6porn;eHI1e, TO pa3MepbT Be3eHKOBO. OT TOBa BpeMe ca orn;e 17 C'hKpOBI1rn;a,
Ha CbKpOBI1IIJ;eTO OTpa3HBa KOJII1qeCTBOTO nap11 KOI1TO BKJIIOqBaT B C'bCTaBa Cl1 OT HRKOJIKO .LJ:O
KaKTO noTeHQ11aJIHO, TaKa 11 ,n:eHCTBI1TeJIHO Ha Ha- (TepaCUM06 1934,
CTOTI1IJ.I1 COJII1.LJ:I1: KJ0cTeH,n:I1JI
JII1qHI1 3a IJ.I1PKYJiaQH.SI (Banaji 1996, 46). ToBa 471; BllaOUMupoBa-A!lao:>~CoBa 2005a, 45-52),
npe,n:noJIO)KeHI1e MO)Ke ,n:a ce np11JIO)KI1 no ,n:Ba Ha- KJOcTe,n:MJICKO (MyutMo6 1925, 254), fou.e ,[(enqeB
qi1Ha - reorpa<PcKH 11 xpoHonon:~qecKI1. Ilp11 nop- (TepacUMoB 1937, 322), PyeH, AiiTOCKO (Tepacu-
BH.SI pa31II1KHTe B pa3Mepa Ha CbKpOBI1IIJ;aTa MO)Ke MOB 1946, 240), Ilacapen (TepacUMoB 1955, 604),
,n:a ce T'hJIKyBaT KaTO OTpa3HBaiiJ;I1 ,n:eHCTBI1TeJIHI1 CanapeBa 6aHR (TepacuMoB1962, 232) 11 ,n:p.
pa3JIJ1qJ1.SI B pa3Mepa Ha napwqHOTO HaTpynBaHe B BHYII111TeJIHI1.SIT 6poii eK3eMnAApw Ha HRKOI1 OT
OT,n:eJIHI1Te qacTI1 Ha I1Mnep11RTa 11 B caMaTa MM- CnOMeHaTI1Te HaXO.LJ:KI1 MOraT ,n:a 6o,n:aT T'hJIKyBaHI1
nepH.SI KaTo QRJIO. B xpoHonorl1qecKo OTHOilleHI1e KaTO nap11qHM cpe,n:CTBa, Cb6paHI1 OT ,n:aH'bqHI1 qi1-
MO)Ke ,n:a Ce OT,n:eJIHT no-roJieMMTe CbKpOBI1IIJ;a M HOBH11QM, KaTO CYM11, onpe,n:eneHI1 3a H51KOI1 OT ce-
,n:a ce npocne,n:11 ,n:an11 cnrn;ecTByBa TeH,n:eHQI1.SITa pM03HI1Te nnarn;aHI1.SI Ha ,n:'hp)KaBaTa: 3a 3annaTw Ha
no-roneM11 ,n:eno3MTM ,n:a ce ,n:aT11paT B no~K'hCeH BOHHI1IJ.MTe, oxpaHRBarn;l1 ,n:a,n:eHa KpenocT, rpa,n:,
nep110.LJ: 11 OTTaM - TeH,n:eHQI1.SITa 3a nOBI1IllaBaiiJ; ce npoxo,n:; 3a OTKyn npM HRKOe OT MHOro6pOHHI1Te Ha-
cpe,n:eH pa3Mep Ha HaTpynBaHI1.SITa. na,n:eHI151 OT BapBapCKI1Te nJieMeHa 11 ,n:p. TRXHOTO
AHanl1311paiiKM C'hKpOBI1IIJ;aTa OT nep11o,n:a IV- MecToHaM11paHe - roAAM aHTI1qeH rpa.n: - A6p11ryc,
VII B. EaHaii CTI1ra ,n:o cne,n:HI1Te npeu.eHKI1 OTHOCHO 11 nJiaHI1HCKM npOXO.LJ:, CBbp3BaiiJ; 3eM11Te Ha CeBep
OCpe,n:HeHH.SI pa3Mep Ha CbKpOBI1IIJ;aTa B pa3JII1qHI1Te OT EanKaHa c IO)KHMTe - corn;o ,n:aBa 113BeCTHI1 oc-
qacTM Ha I1MnepMRTa - 3a CKaH,n:I1HaBI1.SI TOH e 18, HOBaHI1.SI 3a npe,n:nono)KeHH.SI B Ta311 HacoKa. 0cTa-
44 - 3a McnaHH.SI 11 Ilopryrani1.SI, (89- 3a fepMaHI1.SI, HaJII1Te HaXO.LJ:KI1, KOI1TO C'b.LJ:bp)KaT OT 5-6 COJII1.LJ:a
136- 3a I13TOqHa EBpona, 124- 3a I.(eHTpanHoTo .n:o HRKOJIKO ,n:eceTKH e Tpy,n:Ho ,n:a ce o6ocHoBaT c
Cpe,n:w3eMHOMOp11e, 125 - 3a I13TOqHoTo Cpe,n:l1- Onpe,n:eneHI1 Marn;a6HI1 ,n:eHCTBI1.SI Ha MMnep1151Ta,
3eMHOMOp11e (Banaji 1996, 46 u ma6ll.3)3 • npM KOMTO TH 611 MOrna ,n:a r11 113nOJI3Ba 3a OTKyn
'
CoKpOBI1rn;aTa OT Cpe,n:l13eMHOMopcKI1.SI paiioH 11JII1 ,n:apeHI1e Ha HRKOe OT nJieMeHaTa, 3aCTpallla-
o6pa3yBaT XOMOreHHa rpyna, BKJIIOqeHa B 06IIJ;I151 BaiiJ;I1 Tep11TOpH.S1Ta Ha lf3TOqHaTa p11MCKa MMne-
MO.LJ:eJI, qe HaXO.LJ:KHTe HapaCTBaT OT CeBep K'bM pH.SI. Pa3611pa ce, TOBa He 113KJIIOqBa 11 TaKaBa B'h3-
lOr 11 OT 3ana,n: K'bM 113TOK - 11JIM QeHTpaJIHMTe M MO)KHOCT, HO nO-BepORTHO e Te ,n:a Ca CBbp3aHI1 C'hC
M3TOqHI1Te npeQleKTypl1 ca KOHrp01I11paJI11 HaH- CTOnaHCK0-11KOHOMJ1qecKMTe B3a11MOOTHOilleHH.SI B
roneMI1.SI ,n:RJI OT 3JiaTHI1 3anac11. IloBeqe OT 60% .LJ:bp)KaBaTa - TbprOBI151, 3a.LJ:'bJI)KeHI1.SI K'bM Ql11CKa 11
OT 3Haqi1TeJIHI1Te ,n:en0311TI1 (Ha.LJ: 100 COJII1.LJ:a) Ca ,n:pyr11, orn;e noBeqe qe B TeqeHI1e Ha IV w V BeK npw
CbCpe,n:OTOqeHI1 B 113TOqHI1.SI 11 QeHTpaJIHOCpe,n:l1- C'b611paHeTO Ha ,n:aH'biJ.I1 Ce npeMMHaBa OT Harypa B
3eMHOMOpCKH.SI paHOH, KaKTO 11 32% OT HaH- nap11 (Hendy 1985, 224). Ilpeme,n:'hT Ha MOHeTHMTe
!
MaJIKHTe (nO-MaJIKO OT 50 COJII1.LJ:a) (Banaji 1996, HaXO.LJ:KI1 OT 3JiaTO, OTKp11TM Ha Tep11TOpH.S1Ta Ha D'hJI-
:· 46 u ma6!l.3). CTpyBa Ml1 ce, qe CTaTI1CTI1KaTa e rap11.S1, nOKa3BaT, qe Ha lOr OT DaJIKaHa TRXHOTO C'b-
; KpaCHOpeqi1Ba B npe,n:cTaBRHeTO Ha Cl1ryaQMRTa, .LJ:bp)KaHMe (6p051T Ha per11crpwpaHI1Te MOHeTH) e
K'h,n:e ce e 6opaBeno c noBeqe 3JiaTHI1 pecypc11 no.n: no- rOAAMO B cpaBHeHI1e C Te3M OT CeBepHaTa qaCT.

'
116
'

'
flpHMep 3a TOBa Ca CbKpOBHil~aTa OT KIOCTeH)l.HJI mfqHH, HO rrpH BCHqKif cnyqaH ITO-rOlliiMOTO KOJIH-
(repacUMoe 1934, 471; BllaOUMupoea-AllaO:J/C06a qecTBO Tpe30pHpaHH rrapHqHH 3HaQH, KOHTO Ca
2005a, 45-52), foQe ,D;enqeB (repacUMoe 1937, <j}yHKQIDI Ha Te3H B 060pOT, rOBOpHT 3a H3BeCTeH
322; BllaOuMupoea- AllaO:J/Coea 2006, 58) H Be3eH- rrpocrrepHTeT H 6narOC'bCTOHHHe Ha HaceneHHeTO
KOBO. OT paHOHa rrpe3 rrepHO)J.a Ha rreTOTO CTOJieTHe.
flpHqHHHTe 3a TOBa MOraT )J,a 6n)J.aT HaH-pa3-

I(HTHPAHA .JIHTEPATYPA .lJ:enupat~.eB 1953: II . .D:eJIHpa)J.eB. TipHHoc KbM H.CTo-

pHYeCKaTa reorpa<PIUI Ha TpaKIUI. I, Co<t>H.», 1953, 10-15 .
AspaMoB 1929: B. AspaMoB. 106HneeH c6opHHK .lJ:paiKeBa 1995: U:. .D:pa)l(eBa. AHTH.YHH. H. cpe)J.HO-
IInH.cKa-IIpecnas. Co<PIUI, 1929. seKOBHH. MOHeTH. OTKpHTH. B paHOHa Ha c.Be3eHKOBO. -
Benet~.HKOB 2002: Ms. BeHe)J.HKOB. KapHo6aTCKO B: Ceno Be3eHKOBO. l1.cmpH», 6H.T H. Kynzypa. Co<PH»,
rrpe)J.H. Cb3)J.aBaHeTo Ha KapHo6aT. l1.cTopm1 H. Kynrypa 1995, 68-72.
Ha KapHo6aTCKH» Kpai1. T. 4, BapHa, 2002, IV, 79-143. HrHarneu 1926-1927: AT. l1.maTH.eB. CTapH. IIb-
BJiaJJ,nMnpoua 1985: ,n:. Bna)J.H.MH.posa. EK3arH.H oT TH.IUa BKapHo6aTCKO. -l1.3BeCTIUI Ha 6bnrapCKIUI apxeo-
.IJ:onHa MH3H.». - HYMH3MaTH.Ka, 1985, 1, 22-31. nomYecKH. H.HCTHTYT, IV, 1926--1927,291-295.
BJiat~.nMnpoua-AJiaJJ.iKOBa 1993: ,n:. Bna)J.H.MHposa- <l>uJIOB 1914: E. <!>H.JIOB. PHMCKOTO CbKpOBH.IUe oT
Ana)J.)I(OBa. 3JiaTHO MOHeTHO CbKpOBHIUe OT V BeK. -Hy- HHKonaeso. l1.3BeCTIUI Ha 6bnrapcKOTO apxeonorHYeCKO
MI13MaTH.Ka H. c<t>parH.CTH.Ka, 1993, 1-4, 74-79. .ll.PYiKeCTBo, Co<PIUI, IV, 1914,2-3.
BJiaJJ.HMnpoua-AJiaJJ.iKOBa 2003: ,n:. Bna)J.HMHposa- l1.CTOpH.» 1979: l1.CTOpH.» Ha Eb1IrapH.». I, Co<t>H.», 1979.
Ana)J,)I(OBa. IIpoBHHUH.HTe Kpai16pe)I(Ha .D:aKIUI 11 MH- KoJiet~.apou, Mn'leB 1973: II. Kone)J.apos, H. MH-
3H.» II B CBeTJIH.HaTa Ha MOHeTHHTe HaXO)J,KH. OT V B. - YeB. IIpoMeHHTe B HMeHaTa H. cTaryra Ha cenHmaTa B
HYMH3MaTHKa 11 errHrpa<!>H.Ka, 2003, 1, 83-94. Ebnrap!UI 1878-1972 r. Co<PIUI, 1973.
BJiat~.nMnpoua-AJiaJJ,iKOBa 2005a: ,n:. Bna)J.H.MH- KoTapou 1926: M. KoTapos. MepKH H. MOHeTH. y pa3-
posa-Ana)J,)I(OBa. 3naTHO MOHeTHO CbKpOBHIUe (V BeK) HH.Te )J.bp)l(aBHH.. BapHa, 1926.
OT KrocTeH)J.H.JI. HYMH3MaTH.Ka, errH.rpa<!>H.Ka H. c<Ppamc- MoM'IHJIOB 1995: ,n:. MoMYH.JIOB. ApxeonomYeCKH.
THKa,Co<t>IUI,2005,2,45-52. o6eKTH B3eMJIHIUeTo Ha cenoTo. - B: Ceno Be3eHKOBO.
BJiaJJ.HM upoua-AJiaJJ.iKOBa 20056: ,n:. Bna)J.HMHposa- l1.cTopH», 6H.T H. Kynrypa. Co<PH», 1995,47-67.
Ana)J,)I(OBa. 3naTOTO KaTO aprYMeH"r B OTHOIIIeHJ151Ta MywMOB 1925: H. MyiiiMOB. KoneKTHBHH. HaXO)J.KH.
Me)I()J.y P11M H. sapsapH.Te rrpe3 V seK H. HYMH3MaTHYHH.Te Ha MOHeTH. rrpe3 1924 r. - l1.3BeCTH.» Ha EbnrapcKIUI
)J.aHHH. oT EbnrapH.».- B: MoHeTH.Te H. 6aHKHOTHTe Bb3- apxeonomYecKH. H.HCTHTYT, III, 1925, 254-255.
MO)I(HH. IIpOYH.TH..I06HJieeH C60pHH.K BYeCT Ha CT.H.C.)J.-p CTOHHOB 1982: CT. CTO»HOB. 3naTHO MOHeTHO Cb-
XpHCTO XapH.TOHOB. BenH.Ko TbpHoso, 2005, 136--143. KposH.me OT A6pH.zyc VB. Ha H.e. Co<t>H.», 1982.
BJiaJJ,nMnpoua-AJiaJJ.iKOBa 2006: ,n:. Bna)J.H.MH.posa- Anon. Vales.: Anonyrnus Valesianus,- flaTHHCKH. H3-
Ana)J.)I(OBa. KoneKTH.BHH. MOHeTHH. HaXO)J.KH. (IV-VI seK) sopH 3a 6bnrapcKaTa HCTOpiUI, 1. Co<t>IUI, 1958.
oT pai1oHa Ha Cpe)J.Ha MecTa. Spartacus II, BenHKO Banaji 1996: J. Banaji. The circulation of gold as an
TbpHOB0,2006,57-60. index of prosperity in the central and eastern Mediterra-
repaCH.MOB 1934: T. repaCH.MOB. KoneKTH.BHH. HaXO)J,- nean in late antiquity. In: Coin Finds and coin use in the
Kii Ha MOHeTH. OTKpH.TH. rrpe3 1933 H. 1934 r. -l1.3BeCTIUI Roman World. Berlin, 1996,41-53.
Ha EbnrapcKIUI apxeonorH.YecKH. HHCTHTYT, VIII, 1934, Bastien 1988: P. Bastien.Monnaie et donativa au
468-473. Bas Empire.Wetteren, 1988.
repaCHMOB 1937: T. repaCH.MOB. KoneKTH.BHH. HaXO)J,- Cameron 1993: A. Camero.The Late Roman Em-
KH. Ha MOHeTH. OTKpH.TH. rrpe3 1936 ~ - l1.3BeCTIUI Ha pire. London, 1993.
EbnrapcKH» apxeonomYeCKH. H.HCTH.ryT, XI, 1937, 322. Carson, Kent and Burnett 1994: R. A. G. Carson,
repaCH.MOB 1946: T. fepaCH.MOB. KoneKTH.BHH. Ha- J. P. C. Kent and A. M. Burnett. The Roman Imperial
O)J,KH. Ha MOHeTH. OTKpH.TH. rrpe3 IIOCJie)J,HH.Te rO)J.I1HI1. - Coinage. X, London, 1994.
l1.3secTIUI Ha EbnrapcKIUI apxeonorHYeCKH HHCTH.ryT, Depeyrot 1987: G. Depeyrot. Le Bas Empire. Econ-
XI, 1946,235-244. omie et numismatique. Paris, 1987.
repaCHMOB 1955: T. repaCH.MOB. KoneKTH.BHH. HaXO)J,- Depeyrot 1988: G. Depeyrot. La duree d'utilisation
Kii Ha MOHeTH. - l1.3secTml Ha EbnrapcKH.» apxeonorH- des solidi romains.In:P. Kos, Z. Demo. Studia Numis-
YecKH. H.HCTH.ryT, XX, 1955, 604. matica Labacensia Alexandro Jelocnik Oblata. Ljublja-
repaCH.MOB 1962: T. repaCH.MOB. MoHeTHH. CbKpO- na, 1988,213-217.
BHIUa HaMepeHH B Ebnrap!UI rrpe3 1958 H. 1959 r. - Grierson, Mays 1992: Ph. Grierson, M. Mays. Cat-
lhsecTIUI Ha ApxeonorH.YecKIUI H.HCTH.ryT, XXV, 1962, aloque of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks and
225-233. in the Whittmore collection. Washington, 1992.

117
 Hendy 1985: M. Handy. Studies in the Byzantine d'oro romane.Bolletino di Numismatica, 1985, 7- 14.
Monetary Economy, c. 300- 1450. Cambridge, 1985. Tate 1989: G. Tate. Les campagnes de Ia Syrie du
Kent 1956: J. P. C. Kent. Gold Coinage in the Late a l'epoque proto-byzantine. In: C. Abadie-Reyna! et.al.,
Roman Empire. In: Essays in Roman Coinage presented Hommes et richesses dans l' byzantine.Tome I, IV- VII
to Harold Mattingly. Oxford, 1956, 190-239. siecle, Paris, 1989, 63- 77.
Lombard 1971: M. Lombard. Etudes d'economie Ulrich-Bansa 1948: 0 . Ulrich-Bansa. Moneta Me-
medievale. I. Monnaie et histoire d' Alexandre a Ma- diolanensis (351-498). Milano, 1948.
homet. , Paris, 1971 . Velkov 1979: V. Velkov. Cities in Thrace and Dacia in
Marcell. Comes: Marcellinus Comes. Chronicon, - Jia- Late antiquity. Studies and Materials Amsterdam, 1977.
THHCKH H3BOpi1 3a 6o.rrrapcKaTa HCTOpiD!, 1. Co<PIDI, 1958. Vladimirova-Aiadjova 1997: D. Vladimirova-Al-
Metcalf 1988: D. M. Metcalf. The Miting of Gold adjova. Control Measaures from the Late Antiquiti. -
Coinage at Thessalonica in the Fifth and Sixth Centiries Arhaeologia Bulgarica, I, 1997, 19- 24.
and the Gold Currency of Illiricum and Dalmatia. Stud-
ies in Early Byzantine Gold Coinage. - Numismatic
Studies, 17, 1988, 65- 110. liEJIEJKKH
Milewski 2002: Ir. Milewski. A Few Remarks on the
Terminology of Coin Units in Greek Patristic Literature 1
MoHeTllTe ca HHBeHTHpaHll BoB <t>oH.r~a Ha AMM-
of the Fourth Century. Muenstersche Beitraege zur anti- EAH no.r~ NQNQ 692- 696.
ken Handelsssgeschichte. XXI, 2002, 2, 24-43. 2 Ta6nHu,aTa e HenonHa 11 nO'fTll He .r~asa HH<!>opMau,IDI

Mundell Mango 1988: M. Mundell Mango. Jke or- 3a ):IHeUJHllTe 6onrapCKH 3eMH, HO 0Tpa3~Ba KaTO ~nO
igins of the Syrian ecclesiastical silver treasures of the npou,eca 11 TeH,I:~eHU,llHTe .
sixth-seventh centuries. In: N. Duval,F. Baratte (eds.). 3
Ta6n11u,aTa e HenonHa 11 nO'fTH He .r~asa llH<!>opMau,IDI
Argentere romaine et Byzantine. Paris, 1988, 163- 184. 3a ):IHeUJHHTe 6onrapCKH 3eMH, HO 0Tpa3~Ba KaTO ~no
Panvini Rosati 1985: F. Panvini Rosati. Osservazio- npou,eca 11 TeH,I:~eHu,HllTe.
ni sulla circolazione in Italia nel V secolo d.C. di monete

ABOUT THE BIGGEST COIN TREASURE FROM 5™ C.

UNCOVERED TO THE SOUTH OF THE BALKAN MOUNTAINS

Dochka VLADIMIROVA-ALADJOVA

One of the settlements in the region of Kamobat, the information, namely Professor Bogdan Fillov,
well-known for its numerous archaeological the coins belonged to the Emperors Theodosius II
sites dating back from Antiquity to the period of (408-450), Marcianus (450-457), Leo I (457-
the Second Bulgarian Kingdom is the village 474) and were so well preserved that that at the
of Vezenkovo, also familiar from the Bulgarian moment of discovery they looked like brand newly
historical literature with its former name Kadur struck coins. Only five of these coins belonging to
Faklii. Its strategic disposition at the foot of the Theodosius II and Leo I were purchased for the
Vurbishki Pass and the river valley of the Louda collection of the National Museum of Sofia. Yet
Kamtchia was the obvious reason for attracting another coin from this collection gained popularity
settlers leading vibrantly intensive life throughout and was published in 1996 and is still kept in the
the ages. The favourable conditions of the area collection of a private owner.
provided another convincing reason for the
concealing of the biggest monetary treasure to the The only coin of Theodosius II has the standard for
south of the Balkan after the unexpected appearance 51h c. face depiction, presentation of the emperor
of danger for the life of its settlers in the 5th c. in a military apparel, three-fourths to full face
and the inscription: DN THEODOSIUS PF AUG.
It was found in the spring of 1910 and as stated On the reverse side is presented Constantinopolis
by witnesses contained about three oki - an old sitting in a throne, holding an orb with a cross
Bulgarian measure of weight equal to 1225 gr- in the right hand and a sceptre in the left, with a
of golden coins. According to the author who gave circumscription: VOT XXX MULT XXXX and the

118
initials of the minting house: CONOB in between was crushed down by As par - a commander of the
the beginning and end of the inscription. This type troops in the Thracian Diocese. In case we associate
of imperial reverse was peculiar for this emperor this treasure with the above-mentioned events, we'll
and was minted in the period 430-440. have to accept that that Vurbishki Pass was used on
a regular basis for the passing of different tribes to
The coins ofLeo I bear the same image of an emperor the south of the Balkan Mountains. It is completely
in a military costume, % to full face on the obverse possible and evidenced by other monetary finds,
and the circumscription: DN LEO PERPET AUG. localized in the southern parts of the present
Four out of the AIIM (Archaeological Institute and Shoumen District in immediate proximity with the
Museum) specimens and a fifth one from Bourgas northern parts of the cited mountain pass.
have one and the same depiction on the reverse:
Victoria standing to the left, holding a long cross Another reason for their concealing could be the
and a circumscription VICTORIAAUGGG next to events from the short-lasted reign of emperor
the number of the officine. In between the initials Xenon - the successor of Leo I. After succeeding
of the minting house in Constantinople- CONOB. to the throne he ceased the payments to the Goths
The signs of r (one coin), H (one coin) and I and they started a campaign to the capital joined
(three coins) are recognized as belonging to certain by the emperor's adversary Basilliskos. Xenon
monetary workshops. The solids of Emperor Leo I was compelled to run away and Basilliskos was
of the type VICTORIA AUGGG and the officine pronounced an emperor. He managed only twenty
are from the early and middle period of this ruler. months as a ruler after which Xenon retrieved his
They were minted in enormous amounts and can be throne. He won for his cause the Gothian leader
mistaken for their numerous imitations. The dating Toedorich, son of Tyudimer. Teodorich, who had
of these coins indicates that they were struck in settled in Macedonia, led a campaign advancing
the mint of Constantinople during the period 457- toward the territory of Moesia Inferior without
468, pointing to the fact that the end of the 70-ies being stopped by any opponents on his march.
of this century was the earliest possible period Teodorich received numerous titles of honour
when the coins were taken out of circulation and along with large areas for settling around the town
stored into a safety vault. It's quite probable that of Marcianopolis.
the incursions of enemy forces and other extreme
events necessitated the hiding of this substantial All major events in the Eastern part of the Roman
amount of coins. Empire from the end of end of 5th c. bear some
kind of relation with the invasion of the Goths. In
These events could be attributed to a period not 481 they succeeded in suppressing the resistance
earlier than the rule of Leo I and his successors. At of emperor Xenon's troops and forced him to give
the time of the emperor in question's rule the historic them access to lands around the coast of Dacia
sources reveal that the Bulgarian lands had become and Moesia Inferior with its centre of Nove. The
the target of raids and enemy attacks. In 463 the Goths broke their alliance with the emperor and
commander of the troops in Thrace Basiliscus had started a campaign into the interior of Thrace,
to fight back ,some Scythians", trying to invade reaching Constantinople in 486-487. I have already
the territory of present-day Northern Bulgaria. If commented on these events in my previous reports,
we relate the concealing of the treasure to this piece again on the occasion of concealing monetary
of evidence, we'll have to assume that the threat of treasures from 5th c. However, it's important to
passing or invading through the present Vurbishki point here that the information about the crossing
Pass of part of these unfamiliar newcomers became of hostile tribes from the provinces to the north
the reason for the owner of the treasure to hide and of the Balkan into the south and vice versa gives
bury it into the ground. a good reason to include the Pass of Vurbitsa
(Vurbishki Pass) as possibility in this migratory
Another possible interpretation is presented by the movements. It's not excluded and we are rather
events from 466-467 when part of the Huns led by likely to presume that these processes caused
Hormidak used the frozen Danube to cross over and insecurity in the inhabitants of the lands around the
ravaged the lands south of the river, reaching the mountain pass and the eventual hiding of the horde
town of Serdicka. A little later this Hunnish foray at he village ofVezenkovo. ·

119
 KPYMOBIDIT CAPAKT B TPAKIDI

PauwPAWEB

B e.nHH OT .nsaTa Ha.nrmca OT c. ManoMwposo EepoH ... ,[(ympoHHH e npns TyK wqwpry 6ownnT 3a
(6. XaM6apnHM), EnxoscKo, 03HaqeH KaTO BTOpH LJ.HCHaTa cTpaHa, a cTpaTe3HTe Bap.naH H .51HH HeMy
Ha.nrmc HnH cTpaHa B, ce ormcsa pa3nono)l(eHHeTo nOL(qHHeHH. 3a nHBaTa CTpaHa Ha MOHTa BOMCKa:
Ha 6nnrapcKHTe CHnH s L(Henma CesepoH3ToqHa 3a AHxwano, ,ZJ;e6enT, C03onon, PaHynw e rnasaTap
TpaKIDI OT speMeTo Ha Kp)'M ( o6p. 16). HaqanoTo HpaTaHC 6owna KanxaH'bT, a Kop.nwn H rpwropa
Ha Ha.nnwca e cwnHo nospe.neHo. IInpBmiT npeso.n, HeMY noL(qHHeHH CTpaTe3H" (Eeute6JlUe61992, Ng
npe.nno)l(eH OT II. HwKos, cn.nop)l(a IDIKOH HeHCHOTH, 47, 188). To3H npeso.n ce omwqasa OT npeso.nwTe
KOHTO Ce L('bn)l(aT Ha HeToqHo npoqeTeHH L()'MH B no-paHHHTe H3L(aHHH Ha KOpnyca Ha T03H aBTOp
(WKopnWl, HuKoe1931, 359-360). Bnocne.ncTswe CaMO C .npe6HH CHHTaKTHqHH L(eTaMnH, KOHTO He
T03H npeso.n e no.nno)l(eH Ha nonpaBKH H yToq- npoMeHHT o6II.J,HH CMHC'bn (£eute6JlU€6 1934, 13 7;
HHBaHe. 3ana3eHaTa qacT s nocne.nH»H npeso.n Besevliev 1963, NQ 47, 221; EezueeJluee 1979, 177).
Ha B. Eernesnwes rnacw: , ... Hanpaswx MOH 6paT, Pa3nwqwe, KOeTO TpH6sa .na ce oT6ene)I(H, e THTnaTa
a cTpaTernT Jhs .na 6n.ne HeMY no.nqwHeH. OT 6oWla Kayxmwc, npe.na.neHa KaTo 6ouJla KanxaHoc
no nOL(06He Ha H3TOqHOTIOpKCKaTa THTna KanxaH,
KOHTO y npa6nnrapwTe ce e npe.nasana He c ,n",
a c ,s", TaKa qe npasHnHHHT H: H3rosop e 6ouJla
KaexaH(oc).
Ho He Tosa e noso.nnT 3a HaCTOHII.J,HTe 6ene)I(KH.
J1HTepecysa HH npOH3XOL('bT H 3HaqeHHeTO Ha
nOIDITHeTO capaKm, KOeTO HaMHpaMe B peL( 22 3a
np'bB noT H eL(HHCTBeHO CaMO B T03H HaL(nHC KaTO
Heii.J,O, KOeTO HMa L(HCHa H MBa CTpaHa, BCHKa OT
KOHTO e MapKHpaHa C KpenOCTH. KOHTeKCT'bT Ha
HaL(nHCa nOL(CKa3Ba, qe sepOHTHO TOBa nOIDITHe
e 6wno cnoMeHaTo H s nospe.neHOTO Haqano Ha
Ha.nnwca. YnoTpe6eHo s po.nwTeneH na.ne)l( -roD
OUpUKTOU !lOU (,Ha MOH capaKT"), TO ce B'b3-
CTaHOBHBa KaTO OapUKTO~ HnH OUpUKTOV H ce
npese)l(.na no pa3nwqeH HaqwH. ToM KaTo e ~eH­
TpaJIHO nOIDITHe B HaL(nHCa, He06XOL(HMO e L(a Ce
H36epe TOqHHH npOH3XOL( H 3HaqeHHe. ,[(ace H36epe,
3aii.J,OTO C'bii.J,eCTByBaT L(Be pa3nHqHH npeL(nO)I(eHHH.
ETo KpaTKaTa HCTopHH Ha Bnnpoca.
B aHaJIH3a Ha Ha.nnwca OT II. HHKOB no noso.n
3HaqeHHeTO Ha LI.)'MaTa Ce H3nara nOL( nHHHH MHe-
HHeTO Ha BHLf.HHH Ham e3HKose.n CTe<PaH Mna.neHos.
Cnope.n Hero oap<iKT( ov) npoH3XO)I(L(a OT sarak -
''-
' ....c'- ''----'--L-----'----''"" LI.)'Ma OT TIOpKCKHH e3HK Ha npa6nnrapHTe, H 03-
06p. 1. XGM6apRuucKume Hadnucu A u B Haqasa ,o6nacT, no.nsnacTHa oKonHOCT, npocTpaH-
(no lllKopnW!, HuKo6 1931) CTBO, CTpaHa, npe.nen". IIpHMepHTe, KOHTO TOM

120
IIOCOqBa OT pa3nJilqHJil TIOpKCKH ,ll;HaneKTH OT cne,n;- HnH ,Ban Jil poB", HO Cblli,O KaTO 03HaqeHHe Ha
MOHrOnCKO BpeMe, Cb,ll;bp)l<aT KOpeHa sar-, KOiho IIOneBH narep, orpa,n;eH C OKOIIOBH Jil HaCHIIHH
03HaqaBa ,o6XBalll,aM, o6rpblll,aM, o6HKan51M", 3eMneHH CbOpb)l(eHH51. 3a CTpOHTenCTBOTO Ha Ta-
HO CbOTBeTHHTe rrpOH3BO)J;HH QlOpMH IIOH51KOra KOBa yKpenneHHe TOM IIpHBe)l(,ll;a CBe,n;eHHeTO Ha
.n;ocTa ce pa3nHqaBaT no CMHCbn OT ,o6nacT" H .n;p. IIpo,n;bn)I(HTeAA Ha TeocpaH (y Hero rrorpernHo
HarrpHMep H3pa3bT ,basa sarak sarmak" 03HaqaBa KoHcTaHTHH EarpeHopo,n;HH), crrope.n; KoroTo rrpH
,yBHBaM, o6xBalll,aM (sarak) rnaBaTa cH c qanMa". o6ca,n;aTa Ha A.n;pHaHonon OT KpYM rrpe3 813 r.
B Kpa51 Ha 6ene)I(KaTa CH CT. Mna,n;eHOB .n;o6aB51 6bnrapHTe HanpaBHnH OKono rpa.n;a xapaKa ( Gre-
,n;pyr Bb3MO)I(eH CMHCbn, Ha KOMTO He e 06bpHaTO goire 1934, 771; Scrip. incerti, 118). KbM TOBa
HY)I(HOTO BHHMaHHe. ToM ce rro3oBaBa Ha peqHHKa MoraT .n;a ce .n;o6aB51T olll,e TPH rrpHMepa. Crrope.n;
Ha B. Pa,n;noB, B KOMTO sarak 03HaqaBa ,cTbn6" c Scriptor Incertus rrpe3 Meceu: IOnH 813 r. KpYM o6-
Bb3M0)1(H0 IIbpBHqHO 3HaqeHHe ,orpa,n;eH CTbn6, ca.n;Hn KoHcTaHTHHorron H HanpaBHn oKono Hero
cTbn6 Ha orpa.n;a" HnH ,nperpa.n;a, Ili,O o6rpblll,a q6c6K6 (Script. incerti, 20). Cblli,OTO CBe,n;eHHe H
,,n;bp)l(aBaTa". ITo T03H noBo.n; TOM yToqH51Ba Cblli,OTO 03HaqeHHe Ha CbOpb)l(eHHeTO KaTO ,Ban"
3HaqeHHeTo Ha sarak KaTo ,npe.n;en (rpaHJilqeH e rroBTopeHo OT IIceB.n;o-CHMeOH (Pseudo-Syme-
npocTOp, norpaHI1':1Ha o6nacT)" (IlJKopnWl, HuKoe on: 170). IIo.n;o6Ho CbOpb)l(eHHe H3Korran CH-
1931, 372-373, 6en. 80). MeoH oKono cTeHHTe Ha KoHcTaHTHHorron oT Bna-
IIpe3 1934 r., cne.n; KaTo ce e 3aHHMan cneu:HanHo xepHHTe .n;o 3naTHHTe BpaTa rrpe3 913 r. H oKono
c ,n;BaTa Ha,n;nHca OT XaM6apnHM (Eewee!luee1933), A.n;pHaHonon npe3 922 r. (Theoph. Cantin., 126,
B. EerneBnHeB H3,n;aBa c6HpKa Ha npa6bnrapcKHTe 132). B 3aBHCHMOCT oT yrroTpe6eHH51 rnaron ,Ha-
Ha)J;IIHCH, Kb,ll;eTO IIpHeMa TbnKyBaHeTO Ha )J;YMaTa npaBHn, Jil3,ll;HrHan" HnH ,H3KOIIan" XUpUKU ce rrpe-
oT CT. Mna.n;eHOB KaTo ,.n;bp)l(aBa", HO ocHoBaTenHo ,n;aBa B rrocoqeHHTe 6bnrapcKH rrpeBo,n;H CbOTBeTHO
OT6en513Ba, qe ,IIpH T03H OIIHT 3a 0651CHeHHe OCTaBa KaTO ,Ban" Jil ,OKOII".
He0651CHeH eneMeHTbT t B 3aBbpilleKa -KTO~ HnH B HeMcKoTo H3,n;aHHe Ha CB051 Kopnyc OT 1963 r.
-KTOV (Eeutee!luee1934, 135). ManKo no-KbCHO H. H B rrocne.n;BanHTe ,n;Be 6bnrapcKH H3,n;aHH51 B.
BeHe,n;HKOB Cblli,O npHeMa 3HaqeHHeTo ,JJ;bp)l(aBa", EerneBnHeB nocoqBa MHeHHeTo Ha fperyap, HO
HO OT rne,n;HaTa TOqKa Ha IIpocpeCHOHaneH BOeHeH 3aKnJOqaBa, qe ,ToBa rrpe.n;rrono)l(eHHe e ManKo
CXBalll,a 0603HaqaBaHeTO Ha U:eHTbp, AABO Jil MCHO BepoHTHo" (Besevliev 1963, 225; Eewee!luee 1979,
KpHnO IIO-CKOpO KaTO IIO,n;pe,n;6a Ha BOMCKa, 3aena 177; Eewee!luee 1981, 56; Besevliev 1981, 317;
cppOHT 3a ,n;eMCTBHe (BeHeOUK08 1938, 734-736). Eewee!luee 1992, 190). Me)l(.n;yBpeMeHHO TOM e
HeKa o6bpHeM Olll,e TYK BHHMaHHe, qe Ta3H BOMcKa IIpOMeHHn IIbpBOHaqanHOTO CH Orrpe,n;eAAHe Ha ca-
e pa3TerHaTa Ha He06HKHOBeHO )J;bnbr cppOHT OT paKT KaTo ,,n;bp)l(aBa" H ro 3aMeH51 c ,BOMCKa". To-
6nH30 200 KM. Ba 3HaqeHHe Ha .n;YMaTa e rrpe.n;nO)I(Hn rrpe3 1951 r.
B KpM Ha 30-Te ro,n;HHH AHpH fperyap pa3- TIOpKonorbT K. MeHrec, a cne.n; Hero H 0. IIpHU:aK,
rne)l(,n;a cneu:HanHo BTOpH51 XaM6apnHMCKH Ha.n;- Bb3 OCHOBa Ha peKOHCTpyHpaHe Ha qyBaillKa
rrHc H ce cnHpa Ha 3HaqeHHeTo Ha capaKm. KaTo rrpacpopMa *saraq H Ha Bepo51THO o6pa3yBaHaTa
OT6eAA3Ba, qe e TBbp,n;e Tpy,n;HO Jil HaiibnHO XHIIO- oT He51 cne.n;MoHroncKa TIOpKCKa cpopMa jarak
TeTJilqHo onpe.n;eAAHeTo Ha .n;YMaTa KaTo npa6bn- ,BOMCKa" (Menges 1951, 117-118; Pritzak 1956,
rapcKa, TOM npe.n;nara T51 .n;a ce cwna 3a rpbU:Ka. 71). B HamaTa HCTOpHqecKa flHTeparypa OT BTO-
ToM npHeMa, qe o6Ili,H51T CMHCbn Ha .n;YMaTa e paTa nonoBHHa Ha XX B. capaKm ce npe.n;aBa cno-
,cppOHT", ,BOMCKa", HO CM51Ta, qe B Ta3H ,ll;YMa pe.n; rrpe.n;rroqHTaHH51Ta Ha pa3nHqHHTe aBTOpH TY
MO)I(eM ,n;a BH,ll;HM rpbU:KOTO XUpUKTOU - OC06eHa KaTO ,,n;bp)l(aBa" (Venedikov 1962, 270-271), TY
MeTannaCTJilqHa cpopMa Ha po,n;HTeneH na,n;e)l( oT KaTO ,BOMCKa" HnH ce rrocoqBaT Jil )J;BeTe 3HaqeHH51
xapa~, B K051TO HaqanHaTa X e 3aMeHeHa B cnyqa5J e,n;HOBpeMeHHO (BeHeOUK08 1971, 28 u op.). Ba-
c KpaMHOTO C, a KpaMHaTa T e nonyqeHa OT po.n;H- pHaHT Ha rrpeBo.n;a ,.n;bp)l(aBa" e rrpe.n;no)l(eHoTo
TenHH51 na.n;e)l( TOU xapaKTOU. Harrocne,n;bK MHeHHe capaKT .n;a ce cxBalll,a KaTo Tpa-
3a .n;a o6ocHoBe npe.n;nono)l(eHHeTo cH 3a 3aMe- KHMCKa KOHcpe,n;epaTHBHa TepHTOpH51 B CbCTaBa Ha
HHTe, TOM ce no3oBaBa Ha IIbpBH51 XaM6apnHMCKH EbnrapH51 (Heoen'leB 2003, 46 u 6en. 25; Heoen'lee
Ha,n;nHc, pe.n; 28, Kb,n;eTo B £Kci'\j>cv K norpernHo e 2004, 143-145).
Jii3IIHCaHa BMeCTO C (Gregoire 1934, 771, n. 1). OT ,n;HernHa rne,n;Ha TOqKa Te3aTa 3a TIOpKCKH51
ToM IIpHIIOMH51 3HaqeHHeTO Ha xapa~ KaTO ,Ban", npa6bnrapcKH rrpoH3xo.n; H 3HaqeHHe Ha .n;YMaTa e
KOMTO IIOH51KOra MO)I(e ,n;a 6b,n;e CHa6,n;eH CqacTOKOn cna60 3alli,HTHMa. ,[(OpH TaKbB II03HaBaq Ha TIOpK-

121
CKHTe e3MKOBM OCTaThi..J;M B rpoi..J;KMTe M3BOpM, Ka- BMeCTO U03Up2y 6oUJla, KaKTO T51 <i>MrypMpa B .n,py-
KoBTO e f. MopaBqMK, He B3eMa KaTeropMqHO OTHO- rM Ha.n,rrMCM OT rropBaTa rronoBMHa Ha IX B., TH e
rueHMe KoM Bonpoca, 3a.n,oBOJlJIBaMKM ce .n,a npMBe.n,e M3I1MCaHa U03ypzy 6yJIUfl. <l>OpMaTa Ha BTOpaTa
KaKTo nopKCKaTa Te3a Ha CT. Mna.n,eHoB, MeHrec M CoCTaBKa e TMnMqHa 3a rpoi..J;KM51 M3Ka3 Me n03HaTa M
IlpMI..J;aK, TaKa M rpou;KaTa Ha A. rperyap (Moravc- OT .n,pyrM BM3aHTMMCKM M3TOqHMI..J;M. ,ll,a HaiTOMHMM M
sik 1958, II, 268). A Te3aTa e cna6a no cne.n,HaTa .n,ocTa He6pe~H51 HaqMH Ha BpH3BaHe Ha Ha.n,nMca,
npMqMHa. B peqHMKa Ha .n,peBHOTIOpKCKMTe (.n,o- KOeTO M3.D,aBa HeOITMTeH ITMcaq M HelllKOJIYBaH B
MOHroncKM) e3MKOBM naMeTHMI..J;M He qmrypMpa no- JIMTepaTYPHH51 rpoi..J;KM e3MK CoCTaBMTeJI Ha TeKCTa.
HHTMe capaKT ( C!loeapb 1969). B opxoHCKMTe py- Mo~e Ha OCHOBaHMe Ha TOBa KoM .D,BeTe HerOBM
HMqecKM Ha.D,nMCM HaMMeHOBaHMeTO Ha .D,op~aBa rpelllKM .n,a ce .n,o6aBM MM3nMCBaHeTO Ha OUpUKT09
e en, aHa BoiicKa- c10 (Auoapoe 1971, 91-93). OUpUK'tOV BMeCTO xapa~ M.n,a Ce npMeMe, qe e rrpe-
B T. Hap. npa6onrapcKM Ha.n,nMcM TaKOBa noH5ITMe .n,a.n,eHae.n,Ha.D,MaJieKTHaCeBepHOTpaKMMCKarpou;Ka
3a 03HaqaBaHe Ha .n,op~aBa MJIM BOMCKa nMncBa. M3rOBOpHa <l>opMa.
B qaTanapciGi51 Ha.n,nMc M 3a .n,BeTe noHHTH51 ca BoB BM3aHTMMCKMTe M3TOqHMI..J;M OT nepMo.n,a Ha
ynoTpe6eHM He npa6onrapcKH, arpou;KM 03HaqeHH51, paHHOTO cpe.D,HOBeKOBMe xapa~ M npOM3BO.D,HOTO
CoOTBeTHo yfj M Mva1. w; (Eew.ee!luee 1992, 216). XUpUKU MMa, KaKTO Ce nocoqM, .D,Be OCHOBHM 3Ha-
TIOpKCIGi5IT npoM3xo.n, e He.n,oKa3yeM KaKTo no qeHM51 - orpa.n,a OT 3eMneHa Maca, T. e. Ban, no-
OTHOllleHMe Ha 3HaqeHMeTO ,.D,op~aBa", TaKa M Ha HHKora c .n,orroJIHMTenHa .n,opBeHa KOHCTPYKQMH
,BOMCKa". B TOBa OTHorneHMe MoraT .n,a ce npM6aBHT BoB BM.D. Ha orpa.n,a, M noneBM narep, oqepTaH c Ta-
M H5IKOM KOCBeHM coo6pa~eHMH. IO~HaTa rpaHMu;a KaBa yKpenMTenHa JIMHH51. Ilpe3 X B. TepMMHoT ce
Ha .n,op~aBaTa npM KpYM e.n,Ba JIM ce e qepTaena M3nOJI3Ba ycnope.D,HO MJIM ce 3aMeH51 C <pOOU'TOV
caMo no THCHaTa MBMu;a Me~y AHxMano M Eepoe, ,pOB", 3aiTa3BaMKM 3HaqeHMeTO Ha OKOnHO-HaCMITHO
KaTo ce 3Hae, qe OT 809 r. TH e CTMrana Ha 3ana.n, .n,o CoOpo~eHMe (3a eu3aHmuucKUJl noJleeu llazep
Cep.n,MKa. HMTO noK HeroBaTa BOMCKa e Mo~ena .n,a KyllaKoecKuu 1903, 66; Dennis 1985, passim: In-
6o.n,e pa3nOJIO~eHa 3a 60MHM .n,eMCTBH51 npoCHaTa dices; KyllaK06CKuu 2002, 276; Ky'IMa 2002, 139).
Ha TPM qacTM, pa3nono~eHM TOJIKOBa .n,aneq e.n,Ha TyK HM MHTepecyBa nopBOTO 3HaqeHMe, ThM KaTo
OT .n,pyra. OcBeH TOBa cBe.n,eHH51Ta 3a JlJIBO M .n,HCHO 6nM30 200-KMJIOMeTpOBH5IT <i>poHT Me~y Eepoe
KpMno Ha BOMCKaTa y .n,peBHOTIOpKCKM Hapo.n,M He M AHxMano He Mo~e .n,a 6o.n,e narep MJIM e.n,Ha OT
Mo~e .n,a ce a6coniOTM3Mpa M.n,a ce npMeMa caMo 3a JIMHMMTe Ha narep c qeTMpMoronHa <PopMa, a JIM-
npa6onrapcKM o6Mqaif 3a opMeHTMpaHe M no.n,pe~­ HeMHO OKOI1HO-HaCMI1HO CoOpo~eHMe.
.n,aHe (Eew.eelluee 1992, 192). Ilo.n,pe~aHeTo Ha bii)J,CMKH He 06HKHOBeHa xcipaKa- BaJJ H pOB
BOMCKa B JIMHH51, CoCTaBeHa OT u;eHThp M.D,Be KpMJia, OKOJJO o6ca~aHa KpeUOCT, a MHOrOKHJJOMeTpOBO
e M3BeCTHO M BoB BM3aHTH51. BM3aHTMMCIGi5IT C'bOp'MKCHHe, B T03H CJJyqaif DOHHTHCTO capaKm e
rroneBM narep Como e MMan JlJIBa M .n,HcHa CTPaHa MOrJJO .n,a DpH)J.06He B C'hlli.OTO BpeMe H 3Ha'ICHHC
(KyllaKoecKuu 1903, 66; KyllaKoecKUu 2002, 273). ua soiicKa, pa3nOJJOiKeua B JJ.BaTa MY KpaH, KaKTo
IlpM TOBa CoCT051HMe Ha .D,OKa3aTeJICTBaTa Te3a- H Ha norpaHH'IHa TepHTOpHH, O'ICpTaHa OT T03H
Ta 3a rpoi..J;KH51 npOM3xo.n, Ha ITOH5ITMeTo 3acn~aBa saJJ u pos u oxpauHsaua OT soiicKa.
rroBeqe BHMMaHMe, OTKOJIKOTO He oT.n,enMn B. Ee- Ha ecTeCTBeHH51 Bonpoc MMa JIM TaKoBa CoOpo-
weBnMeB, CMHTaMKM, qe MHeHMeTO Ha A. rpe- ~eHMe B TpaiGi51 He e Tpy.n,Ho .n,a ce OTrOBOpM -
ryap ,e ManKo BepOHTHo". HeKa .n,a HanoMHMM B TOBa e 130-KMJIOMeTpOBMHT BaJI ,EpKeCH51" Me~.n,y
Ta3M Bpo3Ka, qe KaKTO OT.D,aBHa e ycTaHOBMJI Co- MapMu;a M qepHo Mope (o6p. 2). CoBna.n,eHMeTo
Ili,H5IT M3CJie.D,OBaTeJI, aBTOpM Ha rpoi..J;KHTe Ha.D,- Me~.n,y .n,BeTe MY CTpaHM M KperrocTMTe no .n,BeTe

nMCM, M OC06eHO Ha HaH-paHHMTe, cpe.n, KOMTO e cTpaHH Ha capaKT OT XaM6apnMHCIGi51 Ha.n,nMc e

M XaM6apnMHCIGi5IT Ha.n,rrMc, ca ropu;M oT BM3aH- pa3JIMqHO. JumaTa CTpaHa MMa IToJIHO CoOTBeT-
TMMCKaTa TpaKMMCKa npoBMHI..J;MH, TeXHMHT e3MK e CTBMe no OTHOllleHMe Ha pa3I10JIO)KeHMeTO Ha Ba-
pa3rOBopHH5IT e3MK Ha Ta3M npoBMHI..J;H51. OT TaKMBa Jia M cnoMeHaTMTe TaM KpenocnL Toii e MMHa-
aBTOpM MOraT .n,a Ce oqaKBaT rpelllKM B rrpe.n,aBaHeTO Ban rroKpaH: ,ll,e6enT M e 3aBopwBan Ha 6pera Ha
Ha oT.n,enHM .D.YMM MJIM 6yKBM. Beqe ce rrocoqM qepHo Mope Me)K.n,y AHxMano M C03orron, B 10)1(-
3a6e.JlJl3aHaTa OT A. rperyap norperuHa 3aM51Ha Ha HMTe noKpaiiHMHM Ha Eyprac. Te3M TPM KpenocTM
C c K B £Kci'tjJ£v OT nopBH51 xaM6apnMMCKH Ha.n,rrMc. ryK He Co3.n,aBaT HMKaKBM TPY.D.HOCTM. qeTBopTaTa
,ll,a .n,o6aBMM KoM TOBa M norpelllHOTO M3I1MCBaHe e rrpo6neMaTMqHa. 11MeTo PaHynM He e rro3Ha-
Ha TMTJiaTa Ha TyK, HeOT6e.JlJl3aHO OT rperyap. TO OT M3BOpMTe 3a CeJIMIIJ,aTa B Ta3H qacT Ha qep-

122
 Ma.JIOMHpOBO
(BepceHHIUUI?)

e IlposaTOH

0 30

06p. 2. flozpaHU'IHUJlm 6GJ/ , EpKecUJI "

u Kpenocmume no 06eme Kpww u ZfeHmbpa Ha KpyM06Ufl capaKm.

HOMopcKaTa o6nacT. Kperrocrra ce 11,ll;eHnHjm:I.U:fpa no Tp11 3a BC51KO. Ho Tp516Ba p;a ce 11Ma npep;s11p; 11
c BonqaHoso Kane rrp11 ycTI1eTo Ha PorroTaMo Tosa, qe cnep; 11MeTo Ha Eepoe cnep;Ba Cbl03bT ,11",
(cpe. npe2!leoa y Eew.ee;IUee 1992, 190) caMo rro- CJiep; KOHTO TeKCThT e llOBpep;eH, a TaM 11Ma Mj~CTO
pap;l1 6JII13ocrra H p;o ocTaHaJII1Te Tp11 c11rypH11 3a ep;HO 11Me, CJiep; KOeTO 11,li;Ba 11MeTO ,[(yJITp011HI1,
KperrocTI1. TorrOHI1MbT PaKOJII1 ce crroMeHasa B T. e. MCHOTO Kp11no e 611no o6o3HaqeHo rroHe c Tp11
paH:oHa Ha BapHa, a PaKyn11 - s rrpOBI1HU,mr XeM11- KpenoCTI1. Ilp11 TOBa noJIO)KeHI1e PaHyn11 MO)Ke p;a
MOHT OT BpeMeTO Ha I0CTI1HI1aH l (Sousta/ 1991, e Hai1CTI1Ha KpenocT B paH:oHa Ha ,[(yByJIT, Co3onon
423; razoea 1995, 230-231), HO 11 B p;saTa cny- 11 AHx11ano. HeH:HaTa JIOKaJII13aU.1151 TenopBa npep;-
qaj{ noKaJII13alJ,HjJ:Ta He e c11rypHa. HMeTo Rani- CTOI1.
lum, KOeTO CTOI1 MHOfO Il0-6JII130 ,li;O PaHyJII1, OT- Ilp11 ,li;51CHaTa CrpaHa, 3a pa3JII1Ka OT JI51BaTa, Ba-
KOJIKOTO PaKyn11 y IlpoKorr11H:, e 11Me Ha KperrocT, JI'bT 11 KpenoCTI1Te ca p;ocTa oTp;aneqeHI1. BMecTo
K051TO o6aqe Ce e HaM11paJia He np11 MBOTO, a B c 11MeTo Ha KoHcTaHu,HjJ:, KaKTo Tp516Ba p;a ce oqaK-
paHOHa Ha ,li;5!CHOTO Kp11JIO Ha capaKTa np11 ,li;Heill- Ba, TDH KaTo Ta311 KpenocT ce HaM11pa ToqHo rrp11
HOTO C. 0p1130BO, q11pnaHCKO (Sousta/1991, 423; 3anap;HJ1j1 KpaH: Ha EpKeCI151Ta, Ta311 cTpaHa e 03Ha-
Wendel 2004, 120, Abb. 84). T51 OTCTOI1 Ha 35 KM qeHa qpe3 Eepoe- KperrocT Ha OKOJIO 50 KM ceBepo-
IOf03anap;Ho oT Eepoe, KaKBOTO snpoqeM e 11 pa3- 3arrap;Ho OT Kpa51 Ha Bana.
CT051HI1eTo Me)Kp;y AHx11ano 11 Co3orron. H3rJie)K- BmpaTa KpenocT ,[(ynTp011HI1 ocTasa OI.u,e Heno-
p;a noqTI1 c11rypHo naTI1HCKOTO 11Me Ranilum p;a KaJII1311paHa (lllxopnUJZ, HuKoe 1931, 359; Eew.ee-
e ocHosa Ha rpbU.KOTO PaHyn11. AKo e TaKa, MO)Ke JZuee 1934, 137; Besevliev 1963, 223; Eew.eeJZuee
p;a CTaBa ,~J;YMa 3a rpernKa, np11 K051TO KpenOCT OT 1979, 174; Soustal 1991, 255; Eew.eeJZuee 1992,
,li;51CHOTO Kp11JIO, nponycHaTa B HaqaJIOTO Ha Ha,ll;- 188; Tooopoe 2003), HO 113rJie)Kp;a He ce e HaMI1-
lli1Ca, Kb,ll;eTO Ce fOBOp11 3a ,li;51CHOTO Kp11JIO, e 611na pana p;aneq OT Eepoe. AKo PaH11JIYM-PaHyJII1 ce
113Il11CaHa np11 KpenOCTI1Te OT MBOTO Kp11JIO (npb6 e HaM11pana TyK, a He Ha MBOTO Kp11JIO, T51 Cblli,O
3a Rani/urn u C6bp3emtemo MY c Xa.M6apJZui.icKU5l e OT,ll;aJieqeHa Ha OKOJIO 50 KM OT Kpa51 Ha BaJia 11
Haonuc Venedikov 1962, 272- 273). Pa3611pa ce, Ha noqTI1 TOJIKOBa pa3CT051HI1e OT Eepoe. Ta311 OT-
TOBa npep;nOJIO)KeHI1e e He,li;OKa3yeMO. p;aneqeHOCT MO)Ke p;a 03HaqaBa, qe e 611no Heo6xo-
Bee naK HeKa p;o6aB11M, qe aKo TO e rrponycHaTo ,li;I1MO p;a Ce nocoqaT He OT,l];aBHa 1130CTaBeHI1 Kpe-
np11 Olli1CaHI1eTO Ha ,li;51CHOTO Kp11JIO, ,li;BeTe KpHJia llOCTI1 KaTo KoHcTaHu,HjJ:, a p;ei1cTBalll,l1 KpenocTI1,
Ca 611JII1 JIOKaJII1311paHI1 C ep;HaK'bB 6pOH KpenOCTI1 - KaKBI1TO ca 611JII1 11 Te3H OT MBOTO Kp11JIO. Ilop-

123
Ba no 3Ha'IeHHe cpe.n; THX e 6HJia Eepoe . .Yhme)l(- .LJ;OTO'IH HMeHHO TaM 6nJirapCKaTa KOHHHU:a B'bB
.n;a Hapo,n;HaTa IIaMeT e 3aiia3HJia CIIOMeH OT KOHCTH- BOMHaTa cpemy Typu:IDI npe3 1912 r. (BeHeouKoB
TYHPaHeTO Ha paMOHa Ha Eepoe KaTo KpHJIO OT 1938, 739-740). TyK C'biiJ,O, KaKTO npH MCHOTO
CHCTeMa, HO CBnp3aHa He c KpJ'M, a c KHH3 EopHc. KpHJIO, He e HMaJIO TO'IHO IIOKpHTHe Me)l(.LJ;y TpaceTO
ToBa e e.n;Ha JiereH.n;a OT CTapo3aropcKo 3a 6nJI- Ha BaJia H MHCTOTO Ha U:eHTbpa. ToM e H3HeCeH Ha
rapcKHH KHH3 e3H'IHHK I(omo, KOMTO 6HJI ,e.n;Ho ne- IIO'ITH 30 KM IIpe.n; JIHHHHTa Ha BaJia.
po OT ,lVICHOTO KpHJIO Ha u:ap oOpHC" (J!HK06 1995, IIJ;o ce OTHaCH .n;o .n;aTaTa Ha Ha.n;nHca, pecneK-
207-208). Beqe e KOMeHTHpaHO, qe HMeTO MO)l(e THBHO .LJ;O ,n;aTaTa Ha H3.D;HraHeTO Ha CapaKTa Ha
,n;a e CIIOMeH OT I(OK - HaCJie,LJ;HHKa Ha Kp)'M, CIIO- Kp)'M, cnope.n; nnpBIDI H3.D;aTeJI II. HHKOB Ha.n;nHC'bT
MeHaT B IJ.apHrpa.n;cKHH CHHaKcap (Miraculam S. e CB'bp3aH C ype)l(,LJ;aHeTO Ha rpaHHU:aTa IIO CHJiaTa
Georgii, 55, 6e.n. 4), KOMTO B Ha,LJ;IIHCa OT CHHH BHp Ha .n;oroBopa OT 815 r. npH ynpaBJieHHeTO Ha 0Myp-
(EeweBJlueB 1992, Nil 43, 178-179) cpHrypHpa c Tar (HuKoB 1931, 373). A. fperyap CMHTa, qe e
cpopMaTa I(yK, a B XaM6apJIHHCKIDI Ha.n;nHc - KaTo CB'bp3aH c npHrOTOBJieHIDITa Ha KpYM 3a npeB3eMa-
H'IHpry 6oHJia TyK. HeTo Ha KoHcTaHTHHonoJI H ro .n;aTHpa B 814 r. ( Gre-
IIJ;o Ce OTHaCH .LJ;O U:eHThpa, B'biipOC'bT C JIOKaJIH- goire 1934, 768-769). B. EerneBJIHeB ce KOJie6ae
3aU:IDITa MY e no-rpy.n;eH, ThM KaTo TeKCThT B Ha- Me)l(.LJ;y 813 H 814 r. (EeweBJlUeB 1992, 192). B
'IaJIOTO e noBpe.n;eH, a ThKMO TaM TOM e 6HJI yno- ,n;eMCTBHTeJIHOCT Ha,LJ;IIHC'bT He C'b.D;'bp)l(a ,n;aHHH 3a
MeHaT 3ae.n;Ho c HMeTo Ha Kp)'MOBIDI 6paT, Ha C'b6HTHH, KOHTO MOraT ,n;a Ce BMeCTHT B paMKHTe
KOrOTO Ca 6HJIH IIO.D;'IHHeHH .LJ;BeTe KpHJia H TeXHHTe Ha IIOBe'Ie OT e,n;Ha rO.D;HHa. ToM C'b06IIJ,aBa HOBOTO
Ha'IaJIHHIJ:H. Ilopa,n;H TOBa U:eHThp'bT Ce IIOCTaBH Ha CTaryKBO Ha TepHTOpHH, ycTaHOBeHO 3a KpaTKO
pa3JIH'IHH MeCTa. Ilpe3 IIOCJie.LJ;HHTe rO.D;HHH Ce Ha- BpeMe. Ba)l(HH, HO npoTHBope'IHBH cno6pa)l(eHHH
CTOHBa 3a MapKeJIH .n;o KapHo6aT (AllaibiCOB 1999; B TOBa OTHorneHHe H3Jiara H. BeHe.D;HKOB. B KpaH
AllaOJICOB 2001, 89). H. BeHe,n;HKOB, KOMTO npnB Ha CTaTIDITa CH TOM IIpHeMa, qe Ha,LJ;TIHC'bT OIIHCBa
IIOCTaBH T03H B'biipOC (BeHeOUK061938, 739-740), C'b6HTIDI OT M. CeTITeMBpH812 r . .D;O npoJieTTa Ha
e IIOCO'IHJI, qe HaM-eCTeCTBeHO e U:eHTbp'bT ,n;a ce 814 r. (BeHeOUK061938, 741), 3a6paBHMKH, qe npe-
e HaMHpaJI TaM, K'b,LJ;eTO e HaMepeH Ha,LJ;IIHC'bT- .LJ;H TOBa e npe,n;JIO)l(HJI .n;pyra .n;aTa - Me)l(.LJ;y Mece-
npH c. MaJioMHpoBo. AHTH'IHaTa apa c .n;BaTa Ha.n;- U:HTe IOJIH H HOeMBpH 812 r. OcHOBaHHHTa MY ca
IIHca II'bpBOHa'IaJIHO Ce e HaMHpaJia B'bpxy IIO- Ba)l(HH. Cpe.n; KpenocTHTe Ha JIHBOTO KpHJIO He ce
MaJIKaTa OT ,LJ;BeTe MOrHJIH, H3.LJ;HraiiJ,H Ce H3TO'IHO cnoMeHaBa MeceMBpHH- HaM-CHJIHaTa H HaM-Ba)l(-
OT CeJIOTO (£eULe6JlUe6 1992, 116), HJIH B T. Hap. HaTa KpenocT, npeB3eTa oT Kp)'M, KaKTo ce 3Hae,
IIarnaKbOMCKO KaJie (,cTapHHHO ceJIHme") npH npe3 cpe.n;aTa HaM. HOeMBpH 812 r. CJie,n;oBaTeJIHO
XaM6apJIHM (lllKopnU!l, HuKoB1931, 339), K'b.D;eTO Ha.LJ;IIHC'bT rpH6Ba ,n;a e 6HJI H3.LJ;'bJI6aH Me)l(.LJ;y IIpe-
no pnTa JO)l(HO oT XaM6apJIHMCKa peKa e MHHaBaJia B3eMaHeTO Ha ,ZJ:eBeJIT npe3 IOHH-IOJIH 812 r. H npe-
cnope.n; K. 111KopnHJI .n;eMCTBHTeJIHaTa rpaHHU:a .LJ;H npeB3eMaHeTo Ha MeceMBpiDI npe3 cpe.n;aTa Ha
Me)l(.n;y o'bJirapHH H BH3aHTIDI. B OKOJIHOCTHTe Ha HOeMBpH 812 r. (BeHeOUK06 1938, 737-738). ,ZJ:o
C'blll,OTO CeJIO Ce HaMHpaT OCTaHKH OT ,LJ;Be KpeiiOCTH npeB3eMaHeTo Ha MeceMBpiDI cTpOHTeJICTBOTO Ha
(Sousta/1991, 346), e,n;HaTa OT KOHTO HHKOH aBTOpH BaJia-capaKT TpH6Ba ,n;a e 6HJIO IIpHKJIIO'IHJIO, HJIH,
OTh)l(.LJ;eCTBHBaT c BepcHHHKIDI (EeweBJlUeB 1992, rpacHpaHO IIO U:HJIOTO CH npoTe)l(eHHe, ,n;a ce e Ha-
191; npe2!leO y TazoBa 1995, 151). ,ZJ:a ce nocTaBH MHpaJIO B MHOrO Hanpe.D;HaJia cpa3a, a Ha,LJ;TIHC'bT
u:eHThp'bT npH MaJIOMHpOBo H3rJie)l(.n;a HaM-npHeM- Be'Ie ,n;a e 6HJI H3Ce'IeH. llMII03aHTHO C'bOp'b)l(eHHe
JIHBO. Bo.n;o.n;eJIHIDIT pnT, KOMTO ce npocTHpa B no- KaTo EpKeCIDITa HaTI'bJIHO e no.n;xO)l(.LJ;aJIO .n;a 6n.n;e
coKa H3TOK-3ana.n; JO)l(HO OT ceJioTo, e 6HJI no.n;xo- Hape'IeHo c no.n;qepTaHa rop.n;ocT OT KpJ'M ,MOHT
MmO MHCTO ,n;a ce H3.D;HrHe TaM apaTa C ,LJ;BaTa capaKT".
Ha,n;nHca H .n;a 6n.n;e ce.n;aJIHIIJ,e Ha u:eHTpaJIHaTa CBnp3BaHeTo Ha EpKeCHHTa c Kp)'M e Te3a, Heno-
BOMCKOBa rpyna IIO TpaCeTO Ha capaKTa. hlHCTOTO nyJIHpHa B HamaTa JIHTeparypa. OT,n;aBHa H .n;o .n;eH
HMa rOJIHMO BOeHHOCTpaTerH'IeCKO npe.D;HMCTBO, ,LJ;HellleH Ce IIpHeMa, 'Ie TH e H3.D;HrHaTa B'b3 OCHOBa
06HCHeHO OT npocpeCHOHaJIHa BOeHHa me,n;Ha TO'IKa Ha 6nJirapO-BH3aHTHMCKIDI .D;OrOBOp OT 815 r. H e
OT :H:. BeHe.D;HKOB. TyK BepHraTa CTpaH.n;)l(a-CaKap .n;eJio Ha 0MypTar. OcHoBaHHeTo e C'bBna.n;eHHeTo
e HaM-HHCKa H IIOpa,n;H TOBa npe3 HeR MHHaBa HaM- Ha TpaceTO Ha BaJia C TOIIOHHMHTe OT Ha.LJ;TIHCa OT
y.n;o6HIDIT H IIpHK Il'bT K'bM A.LJ;pHaHOIIOJI. c. Ce'IHIIJ,e, npe.n;aBam qacT oT KJiay3HTe Ha .n;oro-
ToBa BOeHHO 3Ha'IeHHe e 6HJIO IIOTBnp.n;eHo OT Bopa. ,ZJ:aHHHTe OT apxeOJIOrH'IeCKOTO npoyqBa-
H36opa Ha paMOHa Ha MaJIOMHpOBO .n;a ce cncpe- He ( 0B•wpo6 1970) npe.n;JiaraT cpparMeHTH OT Ke-

124

I
paMHqHJ-f Cb,!J;OBe (He06HapO,ll;BaHH), KOHTO Ca dikov 1962, 273-275), Kp)'M o6o3HaqHn 6onrapo-
HenpHrO,!J;HH 3a onpe,ll;emme Ha TaKasa n1cHa ,!J;aTH- BH3aHTHHCKaTa rpaHHQa c TPaHHO coopo)KeHHe,
posKa KaTo cTpOHTencTBO npH Kp)'M HnH npH KOeTO 6HnO rpaH11Qa )1;0 KpM Ha IlopBOTO 6onrap-
0MypTar. Ilpe,ll;H 30 rO)J;HHH aBTOpbT Ha Te3H 6e- CKO QapCTBO. 0Tp;aBHa e nocoqeHO, qe CbOpb)KeHHe
ne)KKH H3Ka3a IDIKOH Cb06pa)KeHIDI B non3a Ha no- KaTo EpKeCIDJ:Ta He MO)l(e p;a ce cxsa~a KaTo nH-
paHHaTa ,!J;aTHpOBKa (Pawee 1976, 53-54; 1982, HHH, KOHTO e 6Hna OT6paiD1BaHa no QHnOTO CH npo-
64-65), KOHTO HaMepHXa cna6 OT3BYK H npHeM Te)l(eHHe. IlpH TorasarnHaTa qHcneHocT Ha soii:-
(MoM'JU!loe 1999, 96). HaMHpaM, qe Te ca 3ana- cKaTa TOBa e 6HJIO HeBb3M0)KH0. IlO-CKOpO BanbT e
3HnH H3BeCTHa aicryanHOCT H nopa,ll;H TOBa CH CHMBOnHqHa Mapi<HpOBKa Me)Kp;y ,D;Be TepHTOpHH,
no3BommaM ,!J;a rH npHnOMIDI HaKpaTKO. Te ca cne,!J;- HapyrnaBaHeTO Ha KOHTO B KOHTO H p;a e llYHKT
HHTe: 1. IlorpaHHqHH BOeHHH CbOpb)l(eHHH He Ce 03Haqasa noceraTencTBO Bopxy cysepeHI1TeTa
113rpa)l(,!J;aT cne,!J; cKmoqsaHe Ha ,!J;orosop, onpe- Ha EonrapHH - asTopa Ha CTPOe)Ka. lf3o6~o B H3-
p;eAA~ TpaceTo Ha rpaHHQaTa. BcHKO soeHHO CTPOH- rpa)l(p;aHeTo Ha 3eMHOHaCI1nHH H BKOnaHH CbOpb-
TencTBO 03Haqasa HapyrnasaHe Ha p;orosopa. Cera )l(eHHH y 6onrapHTe OCHOBaTenHO MO)Ke p;a Ce Thp-
~e p;o6aBHM, qe HMeHHO no nop;o6HH npHqHHH - CH H3pa3 Ha MarHKO-CHMBOnHqHH npe,D;CTaBH H
llOnpaBHHe Ha BH3aHTHJfcKH norpaHHqHH Kpe- p;eHCTBHH KaKTO npH 3a06HKanHHeTO Ha e,D;HH 06-
llOCTI1 11 3aCenBaHe Ha HOBO HaceneHHe OT cap;eH rpa,ll;, TaKa H npH npoKapsaHe Ha ,!J;onrH nH-
KoHcTaHTHH V KonpoHHM - 3anoqHana 6onrapo- HeHHH CbOpb)KeHIDI (Squatriti 2005, 86-90).
BI13aHTHikKaTa soii:Ha OT 755-775 r. XaH BHHex 3a~O CBe,D;eHHHTa 3a TOBa rOAAMO CbOpb)KeHHe
ll011CKan ysenHqeHHe Ha ,!J;aHbKa 3apap;H HOBHTe He ce Cb,ll;bp)KaT BoB BH3aHTHHCKHTe H3BopH? MoraT
KpenOCTH, nonyqHn OTKa3 H 611n npHHy,D;eH Ha p;a ce H3Ka)KaT caMo npep;nono)KeHIDI. BepoHTHO
HaCThnH npoB. )l,eMHnHTapH3aQIDITa Ha rpaHHQaTa 3a~oTo e pe3ynTaT OT p;pb3KO H yHH3HTenHo 3a
oqesi1,D;HO e 6Hna ep;Ha OT oco6eHOCTHTe Ha 6on- BH3aHTHH OTKbCBaHe H o6o3HaqasaHe c Tpaii:Ho
rapo-BH3aHTI1HCKHTe ,D;OrOBOp11; 2. Ilop;o6HH Ma- CbOpb)KeHHe Ha TepHTOpiDI, KOHTO TH C OCHOBa-
~a6HH rpap;e)l(H MoraT p;a 6op;aT peanH3HpaHI1 npH HHe cqHTa 3a csoH. OT rnep;Ha ToqKa Ha TPap;H-
Hanl1qHe Ha ,!J;OCTaThqHO C06CTBeHa BOHCKa, BOeH- Q110HHaTa OHK)'MeHHCTHqHa H,D;eH TH He e Morna
HOnneHHHQH H rpa)K,!J;aHCKO HaceneHHe BbB BpeMe, p;a npHeMe no)J;o6eH aKT H p;a ro OTPa3H B ocp11-
KOraTO CTPOHTeAAT Ha sana HMa CTa611nHO BOeH- QHanHaTa CH xpoHHKa. ITo nop;o6HH npwrnHH se-
HO np11CbCTBHe B 30HaTa. Tosa ycnosHe e 6Hno poHTHO ynoMeHasaHeTo Ha sana nHncsa 11 B Cro-
Han11u;e no speMe Ha Kp)'MOBOTO npHCbCTBHe B neii:MaHKhOHCKHH Ha,D;nHC, Kb,D;eTO e MapKHpaHa
TpaKIDI npe3 812 r., KoraTo TOM o~e HHMan nna- 6onrapO-BH3aHTHHCKaTa rpaHHQa CbrnaCHO ,D;By-
HOBe p;a npOHHKBa JO)KHO OT CTapaTa 6onrapO-BH- CTpaHHHH ,D;OrOBOp OT 815 r. <l>aKTHqeCKH TH CbB-
3aHTHHCKa rpaHHQa OT 716 r. H e 11CKan CaMO llO- nap;a c TPaceTo Ha sana, HO e onHcaHa He qpe3 ca-
TBbp)K,D;aBaHeTO ll: OT BH3aHTIDI; 3. C H3,!J;HraHeTo MHH Hero, a qpe3 TOnOHHMH H cenH~HH HMeHa )1;0
Ha sana Kp)'M e H3npesapHn BH3aHTHHCKOTO perne- H Kpaii: Hero. BnpoqeM He MO)Ke )J;a ce H3KnJOqsa
HI1e p;a npH3Hae HnH ,!J;a He npH3Hae rpaHHQaTa sanoT p;a e 6Hn cnoMeHaT B HaqanHaTa, cera yHH-
cnopep; p;orosopa oT 716 r., KaKTo TOM npep;no)l(Hn ~o)KeHa qacT Ha T03H Hap;nHc. Pa36HpaeMa rop-
qpe3 csoH npaTeHI1K )l,apraMep. BepoHTHO KaTo p;ocT He e n03BOAABana Ha BH3aHTHHQHTe )J;a npH3-
pe3ynTaT oT nocne,!J;BanHH OTKa3, 11n11 o~e npep;11 HaHT e,D;HOCTpaHHO MapKHpaHe Ha rpaHHQaTa qpe3
TOBa KaTO cpOpMa Ha HaTHCK, TOM 3allOBH,D;an p;a llO,D;06HO CbOpb)KeHHe, KOeTO nperpap;HnO HaH-
113,D;HrHaT no HeHHOTO Tpace, MapKHpaHO )J;OTOrasa Ba)KHHH CeKTOp OT Ta3H rpaHHQa.
caMo c TOnOHHMa MHneoHa, coopo)KeHHe, KOeTo B Ilpep;nO)KeHOTO ThnKyBaHe Ha nOIDITHeTO CQ-
6yKBanHHH CMHC'bn Ha ,D;)'MaTa H3,!J;bn6ano Tpaii:Ha, paKm H OTh)l(,D;ecTBHBaHeTo MY c norpaHHqHHH
He3anHqHMa MapKHpOBKa Ha Ta3H rpaHHQa. 3a san EpKeCHH, cxsa~aH ep;HospeMeHHO KaTo cppoHT
nonOBHH rO,D;HHa, HMaHKH Ha pa3nOllO)KeHHe rOAAMO Ha BOHCKa H rpaHHQa Ha norpaHHqHa TepHTOpiDI,
KOnHqecTBO nneHHHQH H p;ocTaThqHo soii:cKa 3a cop;op)Ka, pa36Hpa ce, eneMeHT Ha ,!J;onycKaHe,
TeXHHH KOHTPOn, ynecHeH OT 3ana3BaHeTO Ha noc- KOHTO npH CbCTOHHHeTO Ha H3TOqHHQ11Te e He-
TOBeTe Ha MeCTHHTe BH3aHTHHCKH CTpaTe3H ( Vene- H36e)KeH.

125
 QHTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA ParneB 1982: P. Parnes. CTapo6onrapcKH YKperme-
HHH ua .ll:oJIHHH .r:J:yuas (VII- XIs.). Bapua, 1982.
Ail~apOB 1971: r. Aii~apos. 513biK opxOHCKHX na- CJioBaph 1969: .ll:pesueTIOpKCKHH cnosapb. fleHH:H-
MHTHHKOB ~pesHeTIOpKCKOH nHCbMeHHOCTH VIII seKa. rpa.IJ., 1969.
AnMa-ATa, 1971. To~opoB 2003: OnH:T 3a JIOKaJIH3aiiHH ua TonoHH:Ma
AJia~JKOB 1999: )1{. Ana~)l(OB. Ko~e ce e HaMHpan .r:J:ympoH:HH: (f1ouA. TpOT]Vouc;) OT XaM6apJIHHCKHH ua)J,-
lleHThp'hT Ha npa6onrapcKaTa soiicKa BTpaKHH H XeMH- nH:c.- B: Tpa.IJ.HIIHH 11: npeH:MCTBeHocT s EonrapHH 11: ua
MOHT.- ApxeonorHqecKH secTH, 1999, 2, 27-30. EoJIKaHHTe npe3 cpe,ll,HH:Te seKose. B. Topuoso, 2003,
AJia~JKOB 2001: )1{, Ana~)l(OB. TpaKHH H XeMHMOHT 405-413.
(3arope) B'hB B'hHrnHaTa noJIHTHKa Ha EonrapHH npe3 liiKopnuJI, HuKoB 1931: K. illKopnHJI, II. HMKOB.
VII-X seK.- B: EonrapHH, 6onrapHTe HTexHHTe C'hce~H Ha,!J.nwcH OT IIopBOTO 6onrapcKo 11apcTBO B H3ToquaTa
npe3 seKOBeTe. BeJIHKO TopHoso, 2001, 87-90. qacT ua EanKaHcKHH nonyocTpos. l.J:. III. - Byzantino-
EerneBJIHeB 1933: B. EerneBJIHeB. IIopso6onrapcKH- slavica, III, 1931,332-381.
Te H~nHCH OT XaM6apJIHH. -HH,n:, XIII, 1933,36-47. 5IuKoB 1995: ,n:. 51HKOB. Ko.IJ.e e 6wn noKpocTeH KHH3
EerneBJIHeB 1934: B. EerneBJIHeB. IIopso6onrapcKH Eop11c I (no noBO.IJ. e)J,HO nHCMO ua MI1TponOJIH:T MeTo-
Ha.IJ.nHCH. Yso.IJ., TeKCT H KOMeHTap. - fCY, H<l><l>, KH. .IJ.H:H Kyces). - B: IIpecnas 1100 ro,!J.H:HH. 1. lllYMeH,
XXXI, 1, 1934, 5-164 +I-XXV. 1995,206-210.
EerneBJIHeB 1979: B. EernesnHes. IIopso6onrapcKH Besevliev 1963: V. Besevliev. Die protobulgarische
Ha~nHCH. Co¢HH, 1979. Inschriften. Berlin, 1963.
EerneBJIHeB 1981: B. EerneBJIHes. IIopso6onrapHTe. Besevliev 1981: V. Besevliev. Die protobulgarische
EHT H eymypa. Co¢HH, 1981. Periode der bulgarischen Geschichte. Amsterdam,
EerneBJiueB 1992: B. EerneBJIHeB. IIopso6onrapcKH 1981.
Ha~nHCH. BTopo npep. H .IJ.Oll. H3.IJ.. Co¢HH, 1992. Dennis 1985: G. T. Dennis. Three byzantine military
Beue~HKOB 1971: Hs. BeHe.IJ.HKOB. BoeHHOTO 11 Treatises (= Corpus fontium historiae byzantinar, vol.
a~MHHHCTpan!BHOTO ycTpoiicTBO Ha EonrapHH npe3 IX XXV). Washington, D. C., 1985.
11 X seK. Co¢HH, 1971. Gregoire 1934: A. Gregoire. Les sources epigrafiques
BeHe~HKOB 1938: H. BeHe.IJ.HKOB. XaM6ap;miicKHTe de l'histoire bulgare.- Byzantion, XI, l, 1934, 745-785.
Ha)J.DHCH OT speMeTO Ha KaH KpYM, pa3me~aHH OT BOeH- Menges 1951: K. H. Menges. Altaic Eelements in
HO CTaHOB»me. - EonrapcKa soeHHa MHC'hJI, IV, 193 7, the Proto-Bulgarian Inscriptions.- Byzantion, 21, 1951,
KH.33-34, 733-747. 85-118.
raroBa 1995: Kp. farosa. TpaKHH npe3 6onrapCKOTO Miraculam S. Georgii, - fp'hiiKH H:3BOpH: 3a 6onrap-
cpe,ll,HOBeKOBHe. Co¢H», 1995. CKaTa HCTOpHH, 5. Co¢11:», 1964.
KyJiaKOBCKHH 1903: IOn. KynaKOBCKHH. BH3aH- Moravcsik 1958: G. Moravcsik. Byzantinotucica. I,
THHCKHH narepb KOHli a X seKa.- BH3aHTHHCKHH speMeH- II. Berlin, 1958.
HHK, X, Bblll. 1-2, 1903, 63-90. Pritsak 1955: 0. Pritsak. Die bulgarische Fiirstenliste
KyJiaKOBCKHH 2002: IOn. KynaKOBCKHH. CTpaTemKa und die Sprache der Protobulgaren. Wiesbaden, 1955.
HMnepaTOpa HHKH¢opa. - B: Opo)l(He H cHapH)l(eHHe Pseudo-Symeon: Chronograhia, - fpoiiKH H:3BOp11 3a
npe3 K'hCHaTa aHTJ:IqHOCT H cpe.IJ.HOBeKOBHeTO. BapHa, 6onrapcKaTa H:CTOpHH, 5. Co¢HH, 1964.
2002, 231-295. Scrip. Incerti: Scriptoris incerti, - fpoiiKH H:3BOp11 3a
Ky'IMa 2002: B. B. KyqMa . .r:J:sa BH3aHTHHCKHX soeu- 6onrapcKaTa HCTOpHH, 4. Co¢HH, 1961.
HhiX TpaKTaTa KOHIIa X seKa. CaHKT-1IeTep6ypr, 2002. Soustal 1991: P. Soustal. Tabula imperii Byzanti-
He~eJI'IeB 2003: H. He,ll,enqes. PHMCKOTO noJIHTH- ni. B. 6. Thtakien (Thrake, Rodope und Hemimontos).
qecKo uacne)J,CTBO ua EonrapHH npH Tepsen, KpYM H Wien, 1991.
OMYpTar.- EnoxH, 2003, 1-2, 41-50. Squatriti 2005: P. Squatriti. Moving Earth and Ma-
He~eJI'IeB 2004: H. He)J.eJiqes. AHTJ.:tquoTo uacJie.IJ.- kimg Difference: Dikes and Frontiers in Early Medi-
CTBO ua EonrapHH. illYMeH, 2004. eval Bulgaria. -In: Borders, Barriers, and Ethnogenesis.
MoM'IHJIOB 1999: ,n:. MoMqJ.:tJIOB. II'hTHa 11 cenH:mua Frontiers in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Ed. by
CHCTeMa Me)l(.ll.Y 113TOqHa CTapa nnaHH:Ha H,EpKeCH:HTa" Florin Curta. Tumchout, 2005, 59-90.
IV-XIV B. (Bop6H:rnKH:, PHrnKH 11 AiiTocKH npoxo.IJ.). Theoph. Con tin.: Theophanes Continuatus. Chrono-
Bapua, 1999. graphia, - fp'h11Kl1 113BOpH 3a 6'bJirapcKaTa H:CTOp11H, 5.
0B'IapoB 1970: ,n:. Osqapos. Ha6JIIO.IJ.eHH:H 11: apxe- Co¢H», 1964.
onorJ.:t:qecKH pa3KODKH ua norpauJ.:t:qHJ:IH san EpKecHH Venedikov 1962: I. Venedikov. La population byz-
B IO)l(Ha EonrapH:H. - fCY, <l>H<l>, T. 63, KH. III, 1970, antine en Bulgarie au debut du IXe siecle. - Byzantino-
443-462. bulgarica, I, 1962,261-277.
ParneB 1976: P. Parnes. KoM Bonpoca 3a IOrOH:3- Wende12005: M. Wendel. Karasura. III. Die Verkeh-
TOqHaTa 6onrapcKa rpaHHIIa npe3 VII-IX B. - BeKose, rsanbindung in friihby~antinischer Zeit (4. - 8. Jh. N.
1976, 4, 48-54. Chr.). Langenweisbach, 2005.

126
THESARAKTOFKRUMINTHRACE
Rasho RASHEV

The author dwells on the issue about the origin The Greek etymology of the notion allows the
and contents of the term sarakt used in inscription identification of Krum's sarakt with 130-kilometer
A from the village of Mallomirovo (former borderline earthwork rampart from the river of
Hambarlii), Elchovo municipality, (fig. 1E) for Maritsa at the town of Simeonovgrad to the Black
the first and only time in Bulgarian inscriptions Sea at Bourgas (fig. 2). The absence of the name of
written in Greek from the first half of 9th c. in the the most important stronghold at the left (eastern)
shape of -rou aap<iK-rou !lOU. This sarakt from the end of the sarakt indicates that the rampart was
time of khan Krum is described as a kind of field- built between the months of June and July 812,
work having two sides - left side in the region of when Krum advanced into Northern Thrace and
Anchiallo, Sozopol, Develt and Ranouli and a right the middle ofNovember 812 captured Messembria
side in the region of Beroe, Doultroinni and yet after a month-long besiege. The conventional
another stronghold whose name is damaged and not point of view that this rampart belongs to the
clearly visible on the inscription. In the Bulgarian time of Omurtag and was built in accordance with
scientific literature sarakt is defined as a word the Bulgarian-Byzantine pact from 815 appears
from the Turkish language of the proto-Bulgarians unconvincing mainly because the conventions
(sarak), translated as ,a state" or ,an army". Here for arranging the common frontier excluded the
is reminded the unpopular opinion of A. Greguar possibility for military construction and the ensuing
about the Greek origin of the word - a metaplastic militarization of the borderline. Krum was able
form of xapal;, Genitive Case TOU xapaKTOU to erect the rampart for about six months in 812
meaning ,a rampart", ,rampart and dike". It is owing to the military situation and the presence
equivalent to the concept xapaKa - a siege dike of multi-numbered native population living under
and rampart, dug out by khan Krum during the his captivity. The rampart was the Bulgarian
besiege of Constantinople and Adrianopolis in response to the rejected offer for restoration and
and by czar Simeon of the same two towns in acknowledgement of the old boundary according
913 and 922. The same concept is assigned to the to the convention from 716. The drawing of
Byzantine field camp from that time. Being not just the borderline in 815 designated by names of
an ordinary siege line but a multi-kilometer linear strongholds and locations along the track of the
facility, the concept of sarakt from the inscription rampart and in its proximity was in conformity
could at the same time acquire the significance of an with the already existent frontier rampart.
army deployed at both its ends, as well as a border-
line territory outlined by this dike and rampart and
guarded by troops.

127
 KPbCTOBEEHKOAITHOHH
C H30EPA)KEHIDI HA CB. rEOPrH-
CAM HAH C ,I(PYrH CBET:QH
JbooMulla J(OHLJEBA -llETKOBA

E,D.Ba JIH HMa ,D.pyr cBeTe~, Ha Kororo rrpe3 cpe,D.- CHJIHO CXeMaTH3HpaHH qepTH - HOCoT 3arroqsa
HOBeKOBHeTo ,D.a Ca IIOCBeTeHH TOJIKOBa MHOrO rra- OT KOCHTe, QqHTe ca rrpe,D.CTaBeHH KaTO ,D.Be ,D.o-
MeTHH~H Ha H3KYCTBOTO, KaKTO Ha CB. reoprH. rH, ycTHHTe - c rrpasa qepra. Or ,D.BeTe crpaHH Ha
HeroBoTo HMe e rrocraB~HO 11 Bopxy Harpo,D.HH rnasara, rro,D.o6Ho Ha ~KOH Kpocrose coc cs. Boro-
peJIHKBHapHH KpoCTOBe. 06HKHOBeHO CB. reoprH po,D.H~a, ca IIOCTaBeHH BHCYJIKH - rrperreH,D.YJIHH.
e H3o6pa3~BaH Ha JIH~esara crpaHa, a Bopxy o6par- XHTOHoT e 6oraro opHaMeHTHpaH c HaKJioHeHH 11
Hara Ca rpaBHpaHH OpHaMeHTll.i1HH MOTHBH HJIH ,D.pyr rrpecHqarn:H ce JIHHHH 11 e rrperracaH c rro~c. Cro-
csere~. Or pa3JIJ1qHJ1 paiioHH Ha Halllara crpaHa ca rranara Ca 06opHaTH B rrpOTHBOIIOJI0)1(HJ1 IIOCOKH.
H3BeCTHH OCeM KpoCTa CoC 3arra3eHH e,D.Ha HJIH ,D.Be ,[1;0 B,D.HrHaTHTe 3a MOJIHTBa po~e Ca rpaBHpaHH
CTpaHH, Bopxy KOHTO CJie,D. OTJIHBaHeTO qpe3 rpa-
BHpaHe e H306pa3eH CB. reoprH, CaM HJIH 3ae,D.HO
c ,D.pyrH cseT~H - ,lJ;HMHThp, IlapacKesa, Teo,D.op,
BnacHH.

CB. rEOPrii- CAM

Ha qer11p11 KpoCTa - e,D.HH c HeH3BecreH rrpOH3-
xo,D., rrpHTe)l(aHHe Ha ApxeonorJ1qec~ HHCTHTyT
c My3eii rrp11 BAH, Co<t>~. HHB. N2 799 (ra6n. I, 1
a, 6, ra6n. IV, 1 a, 6), ,D.pyr corn:o c HeH3BecreH rrpo-
H3XO.D., coxpaiDrnaH B HM-Ka3aHJioK, HHB. N2 340
(ra6n. I, 2), rperH, B PIIM-lllYMeH, HHB. N2 6412,
OTKpHT rrpH o6xo)l(,l].aHe B M. XopoMer,D.aH rrp11
c. )l{eno,D., lliYMeHCKO, (ra6n. I, 3, ra6n. IV, 2) 11
qersoprH, HaMepeH HacKopo B M. MaJIKoro Kane rrp11
c. 3HMeH, KapHo6arcKo, cera B HM-KapHo6ar, HHB.
N2 523 (ra6n. II, 1 a, 6, ra6n. V, 1 a, 6) 1 - e rrpe,D.-
CTaBeH rrpaB csere~ c B,D.HrHaTH 3a MOJIHTBa po~e. ITo
T03H xapaKTepeH )l(eCT, IIO rpaBHpOBKaTa Ha ~eTO H
,D.peXHTe qeTHpHTe KpoCTa Ce CJIHBaT CeHKOJIIIHOHHTe
c T. Hap. HeH3BeCTHH cser~. CaMo 6naro,D.apeHHe Ha
HMeTO, B,D.OJI6aHO B ropHaTa qaCT Ha OTBeCHOTO paMO,
ce ycraHoB~a KOH e IIOqJ1TaHHfl csere~. KpoCTosere
ca C pa3JIHqHJ1 pa3MepH H HKOHOrpa<t>~ H MOraT ,D.a
ce o6oco6~T B rpH sapHaHTa.
Haii-rOAAM no pa3MepH (3arra3eHa ,D.oJI)I(HHa
10,8 CM, ,D.oJI)I(HHa Ha OTBeCHOTO paMO 9 CM, Ha Ta6n. I. 1 a, 6. Kpbcm CbC C6. reopzu u OpHG.MeHm(1JIHU
BO,D.OpaBHOTO 6 CM, ,D.e6eJIHHa 1 CM) H CoC 3aiia- Momueu, HeU3eecmeH npou3xoo; 2. 06pam1-1a noJloeuHa Ha
3eHH ,D.Be crpaHH e KpoCThT or ARM-BAH Co<P~­ KpbCm CbC C6. Teopzu, HeU3eecmeH npOU3XOo; 3. 06pamHa
nOJI06UHa Ha KpbCm CbC C!l. Teop2U, C. )/(eJibO, illyMeHCKO
Csere~oT or JIH~esara crpaHa e MJia,D., c rpy611,

128
~Be na.rrMM. Ha~ maBaTa e B~nn6aH Ha~nMc: 0
fEOPfHOC (fcffipyto<;). 06paTHaTa noJIOBMHa
e 6MJia yKpaceHa c MeTaJIHa MJIM CThKJieHa
HHKpyCTaU,JUI, KOHTO e M3na~HaJia H OKOJIO rHe3~aTa
~ '·
Ca B~bJI6aHH KOHU,eHTPHqHH OKpb)KHOCTH C pa-
~Ha.JIHH JibqH M KpbrqeTa , nTHqe OKO", KaKBMTO
HMa H OT JIMU,eBaTa CTpaHa.
ITo pa3Mepw ~BaTa KpncTa cnc 3anaJeHH caMo
o6paTHH nonoBMHM- OT HM- KaJaHJibK (3anaJeHa
BHCOqHHa 8,2 CM, OTBeCHO paMO 6, 7 CM, BO~OpaBHO
paMO 4,7 CM) M OT C. }l(eJib~ (3ana3eHa BMCOqHHa
8,3 CM, OTBeCHO paMO 7 CM, BO~OpaBHO 4,5 CM,
~e6. 0,3-0,4 cM) - ca noqTM e~HaKBM. H npH nrx
CBeTeu,nT e c MJia~e)KKM qepTH, rono6pa~, c o6MK- 0

HOBeH HMM6, C no~qepTaHO C ~br0BH~HH JIHHHM

qeno, Bnpxy KOeTo ce cnycKa Koca, c roneMH 6a-
~eMOBH~HM oqM, ~bJibr HOC H Ma.JIKM ycTHM. ,lWe-
XHTe, C oqepTaHH KOHrypH, Ca nOKpMTH C TOqKM,
HaKJIOHeHH M npecwqalll,M Ce JIMHMH, a B ~OJIHaTa

qacT ca pa3~BoeHH. HeM3BeCTHO 3aiiJ,o oT ~BeTe

CTpaHH Ha cBeTeu,a OT HM- KaJaHJioK ~o B~Hr­
HaTHTe 3a MOJIHTBa pnu,e Ca rpaBMpaHM ~Be a.JI-
<l>H. Mo)Ke 6w 6yKBHTe ca nocTaBeHH, 3a ~a ce
3anbJIHM MHCTOTO, KaTO OpHaMeHT, HO MO)Ke 6H Ca 2
IIbpBaTa qaCT Ha H3BeCTHaTa <PopMyJia ,A3 CbM 0 5 CM

An<Pa M 0Mera" (OTKpoBeHMeTo Ha lloaH 1: 8), ~

Ta6Jl. IV. 1 a, 6. Kpb cm GbC C6. r eopzu u opHaMeHmQJIHU
03HaqaBaiiJ,a 6o)KeCTBeHaTa MOIIJ, Ha XpwcToc, HO
.Momu6u, HeU36ecmeH npoU3xoiJ; 2. 06pamHa noR06UHa Ha
HHMaiiJ,a HMIIJ,O 06IIJ,O C rpaBHpaHaTa pHCYHKa M Kpb cm Cb C C6. T eopzu, c. )/(eJibO, lllyMeHCKO
HeifHHH Ha~nMc. Te3M ~Be 6yKBH ca B~nn6aHM no
Cbll.I,IDI HaqHH, KaKTO B ~Bype~OBIDI Ha~nHC Ha~ rpa<l>CKIDI TMn Ha MJia~IDI CBeTeU,. lliMa CbMHeHHe,
maBaTa Ha cBeTeu,a: 0 ArHOC/ f €/ 0/PfHOC (I: qe Ha~nHCbT e rpaBMpaH no )KeJiaHMe Ha KynyBaqa,
Eyto<; fcffipyto<;). ITo no~o6eH HaqwH e npe~cTaBeH qHifTO naTpOH e 6HJI CB. feOprH.
Ha~nHCbT npM KpbCTa OT C. )Keno~ (OAfHOCr/ EoraTa M pa3Hoo6pa3Ha e JIHTeparypaTa, nocBe-
€0PfHOC) - c H3~bJI)KeHH noqTM yHu,MaJIHM 6yK- TeHa Ha )KHBOTa, KYJITa H HKOHOrpa<l>IDITa Ha CB.
BH, c nanH~apHO A, brJIOBaTo r H 3ao6JieHM € M feoprM. ITpe~nonara ce, qe e po~eH B Kana~oKIDI,
C. KaK ca M3rJie)K~aJIM o6paTHHTe CTpaHa M ~a.JIH qe e )KMBHJI no BpeMe Ha MMnepaTop ,[(MoKJieu,MaH,
Ha UIX e MMaJIO OpHaMeHTaJIHH MOTHBM MJIH ~pyr qe e 6MJI BOeHeH TpH6YH, 3arHHaJI B 3aiiJ,HTa Ha
CBeTeU,, He e H3BeCTHO. XpMCTHHHCTBOTO (Jlmape6 1953, 194; JlaCKa.Jle6a
11HTepeceH e 3HaqMTeJIHO nO-MaJIKJUIT ( 3ana3eHa 1967, 193 ell. u t{Um. !lum. e 6eJl.1- 3). MHoro
BHCOqMHa 6,5 CM, OTBeCHO paMO 5,3 CM, BO~OpaBHO CTpaHH OT )KHBOTa, MbqeHHqeCTBOTO H CMbpTTa MY
paMO 3,9 CM, ~e6eJIHHa 0,7- 0,9 CM), ~OCTMrHaJI ca H3nbJIHeHH c nereH~apeH xapaKTep H ca HaMe-
~0 HaC C ~BeTe nOJIOBHHM, HO 6e3 XaJIKaTa KpbCT pMJIH OTpa)KeHHe B XpMCTHHHCKaTa MKOHOrpa<PIDI.
OT c. 3wMeH. OT ~BeTe cTpaHH OT e~MH rpaBhOp e YcTaHoBeHo e, qe o6pa3bT Ha cBeTeu,a npe3 pa3-
H306pa3eH e~HH M Cblll, CBeTeU, C 6a~eMOBM~HH OqH, JmqHHTe nepHO~H e MMaJI pa3JIMqHO 3HaqeHHe,
rrpeKaJieHO ~bJibr HOC M CTeCHeHO B ~OJIHaTa qacT o6yCJIOBeHO OT COUHaJIHO-HKOHOMHqecKOTO H no-
JlHU,e. 06pa3HTe Ce CBbp3BaT C T. Hap. HeH3BeCTHH JIHTHqeCKOTO pa3BHTHe Ha BH3aHTIDI. B nepwo~a
cBeTu,H. Ha~ maBaTa OT JIHU,eBaTa CTpaHa ce qeTe ~OKbM KpaH Ha X - Haqa.rroTo Ha XI B. e M3o6pa-
AfHOC, 6e3 ~a e M3nHCaHO HMeTO Ha CBeTeu,a. 3HBaH KaTO MbqeHHK M noqMTTa KbM Hero e 3aCBM-
To e nocTaBeHo HJIH rrpo~bJI)KaBa OT o6paTHaTa ~eTeJICTByBaHa B Marra A3IDI, CwpiDI, ITa.rrecTHHa
CTpaHa, Kb~eTO e M3nHCaHO f€0PfH0C. ,[(BeTe H B caMIDI BM3aHTHHCKH HMnepaTopcKM ~Bop. ITpw
<PwrypM C He3HaqHTeJIHH ~eTaHJIM B yKpacaTa Ha naMeTHMU,MTe OT TOBa BpeMe nbK H nO-KbCHO (XI
~pexwTe ca e~HaKBH. Te HHMaT HMIIJ,O o6IIJ,o c HKOHO- H ~opM XII B.) CB. feoprw H3nnJIHHBa poMTa Ha

129
3aCTbnHHK H nocpep;HHK Me)l()zy 6ora H MOJieiiJ;IDI 6JIH3Ka .n;o HallliDI KpocT oT c. )l{eJioA - oT c. CMe-
ce (Jla3apee 1953, 195). B o6pa3a Ha MoqeHHK Jia, Hj{KoralllHa KHeBcKa ry6epHIDI, e OTKpHTa npe3
CB. feoprH e 06JieqeH B XHTOH H MaHTIDI HJIH B 80-Te ro,n;HHH Ha XIX B. OT A. A. Eo6pHHCKHH.
pa3KOII1HH naTPH:U:HaHCKH o.n;e)l(p;H. B p;11cHaTa cH ,ll;aTHpaHa e B X-XII B. (Kop3yxuHa, IlecKoea
poKa o6HKHOBeHo .n;op)I(H MoqeHHqecKH KpocT. ITo 2003, 55, M 17, ma6!l. 10, 1.2/17). ,ll;o Te3H Kpoc-
T03H HaqHH e H306pa311BaH Ha H3,IJ;eJIIDI OT CJIOHOBa TOBe Ce npH6JIH)I(aBa H o6paTHaTa nOJIOBHHa OT
KOCT OT X B. (Goldschmidt, Weizman 1934, Taf X KOJieK:QIDITa li,oJI03HAH (J:i,)..a[Jov-Mavpocz6~ 2002,
XXXVI, XXXVII, XLIX/35 136' LXI/82 184' LXII/87 189), fig. 9), KaKTo H KpoCT OT Eeii:pyT c anocTOJI HoaH
BH3aHTHHCKH eMaHJIH o.f XI B. (D~lton 1911, ·524, OT JIH:QeBaTa CTpaHa H CbC CB. feoprH OT o6paT-
fig. 310, 530, fig. 314), p11,IJ;KO Ha CTeaTHTOBH HaTa, HeToqHo OTHeceH KoM BpeMeTo npe.n;H VII B.
HKOHH OT XI-XII B. (Schlumberger 1905, Tab/. I; (Howell 1970, 131-132, fig. 1). KpoCTOBeTe OT c.
Cache de Ia Ferte 1958, 60; EaHK 1966, M 152; )l{eJinA, KOJieK:QIDITa l(oJI03HAH, OT CMeJia H OT
Kalavrezou-Maxeiner 1985, Pl. 33), cTeHonHcH Eeii:pyT no H3noJIHeHHe Ha rpaBHpaHHTe o6pa3H
OT Kana.n;oKIDI (Jerphanion 1925, 396, 434, Tab/. ( OBaJIHa rJiaBa, nop;qepTaHO qeJIO, 6e,n;eMOBH)J;HH
992' 1182 ), neqaTH OT IX-X B. (Laurent 1965, M oqH, nOJIO)I(eHHeTO Ha B,IJ;HrHaTHTe 3a MOJIHTBa po-
1246, 1593). KaTo 3acTbnHHK, MaKap H no-p11,n;Ko, :Qe, o6JieKJioTo c opHaMeHT oT npecHqaiiJ;H ce B
CB. feoprH e npep;CTaB11H H C B,IJ;HrHaTH 3a MOJIHTBa pOM60BH,IJ;Ha Mpe)l(a JIHHHH) Ce CBbp3BaT C KpoCT
po:u:e. ITaMeTHH:U:HTe c no.n;o6HH H3o6pa)l(eHIDI OT EHHCaJia-PYMnHIDI, npH KOHTO Hap; maBaTa
nOKa3BaT, qe CBeTe:QbT e 6HJI naTpOH Ha Te3H, Ha cBeTe:u:a e H3nHcaHo .n;pyro HMe - HOANHC
KOHTO ca rH npHTe)l(aBaJIH. TaKa Ha OJIOBeH neqaT, (Dragomir 1972-1973, 42, fig. 182(1 1917). TaKa
p;aTHpaH Me)I(,Liy 550 H 650 r., CB. feopm e C XHTOH nerre eHKOJinHOHa, ,IJ;HeC pa3npoCHaTH B neT pa3-
H XHMaTHH, npaB HacpeiiJ;a C B,IJ;HrHaTH po:Qe (Za- JIHqHH .n;op)l(aBH - JlHBaH, YKpaii:Ha, noJirapH11,
kos, Veglery 1972, M 1299). CoiiJ;aTa cxeMa ce fnp:U:H11, PYMoHH11, HanoMH11T, qe ca H3pa6oTeHH B
nOBTap11 H Bopxy Harpo,IJ;HHTe peJIHKBHapHH ep;HO aTeJIHe H H3,IJ;aBaT noqepKa HaH-Bep011THO Ha
KpoCTOBe oT AliM-EAH Co<lJIDI, liM-Ka3aHJioK, e,IJ;HH rpaBbOp.
KpenOCTHTe npH C. )l{eJib)J; H C. 3HMeH H Bopxy ITpoH3Bep;eHHe Ha .n;pyr rpaBbOp ca .n;pyrH p;Ba
pep;H:Qa ,n;pyrH eHKOJinHOHH, CoXpaHj{BaHH B qy)I()J;H KpocTa- JIH:QeBa noJIOBHHa, no.n;apeHa Ha apxeoJio-
My3eH H KOJieK:QHH. BMecTo B poKa B Hj{KOH cJiyqaH rHqecKaTa C6HpKa npH pOTOH,IJ;aTa ,CB. feoprH"
MbqeHHqecKHj{T KpoCT e nOCTaBeH Ha ropp;HTe B CoJIYH H p;aTHpaHa B VIII-IX B. ( 8caaa2oviK11
HJIH OT ,IJ;BeTe CTpaHH Ha CBeTe:Qa (KOCtfiOUtKO- Imopia 1988, M 6), H o6paTHaTa cTpaHa Ha KpocTa
Be.n.IOJ/CUHU'I 1905, 45, o6p. 4, 57, o6p. 15; Kapzep OT Ap;)l(yp; (Coman 1971, 80,fig. 64 ; Spinei 1975,
1949, 66, o6p. 9; Kop3yxuHa 1958, 132, ma6fl. 231, Tab/. 2 1), KO,IJ;eTO Cblli;O B ,IJ;Ba pep;a e B)J;oJI6aHO
111 2; Kop3yxuHa, IlecKoea 2003, 58, M 28, ma6!l. OAfHOC f€0PfHOC. OT fnp:U:IDI ce cnoMeHaBa
J.J/28). B p;pym CJiyqaH OTCbCTBa HJIH, KaKTO npH OIIJ;e e,IJ;HH KpoCT CbC CB. feoprH, OTKpHT npH
KpocTa oT AliM-Co<lJH11, e 3aMeHeH c naJIMa - pa3KOnKH B TaHHHKa Ha :u:opKBaTa B ITopTo Jlaroc,
Cblli;O aTPH6yT Ha MbqeHHqecTBO (Sachs, Radstiib- KOHTO He e no-paHeH OT XI B. (Chronique 1953,
ner, Neumann 1980, 147). 227; Z\Ko<; 1984, 72-73). ITo-pa3JIHqHH KpoCTOBe
Cpe.n; KpocTOBeTe c rpaBHpaHH o6pa3H, npe.n;- ca ny6JIHKyBaHH OT ITocTeHa .n;o rp. HoBH na3ap,
cTaB11IIJ;H pa3JIHqHH CBeT:QH, Te3H CbC CB. feoprH KJia,n;oBo H ll1Tpo6a:u:a .n;o KHj{)l(eB:u:a B Cop6IDI. Ha
ca HaH-MHoro. Te ca pa3npocHaTH H3 pa3JIHqHH T11X OT o6paTHaTa CTPaHa e npe.n;cTaBeH pa3JIHqHo
CTpaHH, My3eH H KOJieK:QHH H noBeqeTO OT T11X ca rpaBHpaH o6pa3 Ha MJiap; CBeTe:Q, a H3nHCaHOTO
C HeH3BeCTeH npOH3XO)J;. JtiKOH no <lJopMa H HKO- HMe Hap; maBaTa HanOMHj{, qe TOBa e CB. feoprH.
HOrpa<lJH11 Ce CBop3BaT HJIH noqTH nOBTap11T eH- 0THeceHH ca KoM XI-XII B. (MapjaHoeun-Byjoeun
KOJinHOHHTe oT noJirapiDI, KOeTo HanoMHj{, qe ca 1986, 5-9, o6p. 1-3; 1987, M 45, 46). KpocT c
.n;eJio Ha ep;HH H CoiiJ;H rpaBbOpH H aTeJIHeTa. Haii:- HMeTO Ha CB. feoprH e OTKpHT OIIJ;e B HaqaJIOTO Ha
6JIH3oK napaJieJI Ha eHKOJinHoHa OT AliM-Co<lJIDI, MHHaJIIDI BeK BoB BH3aHTHHCKIDI XepcoH Ha KpHM,
p;eJIO Ha Cblli;OTO aTeJIHe, e HanoJIHO 3ana3eHIDIT B CJIOH c MaTepHaJIH OT XI-XII B.(3QJleccKaR1988,
eK3eMnJI11p oT KpaJICKH11 My3eii: Ha H3KYCTBaTa H 93, o6p. 1; KyHUtfbKuu 1990, 109, o6p. 2J ITo TOBa
HCTOpiDITa B EpiOKCeJI. HeroBOTO Mj~CTO Ha HaMH- BpeMe Ca ny6JIHKyBaHH H ,IJ;Be JIH:QeBH CTpaHH OT
paHe CoiiJ;O He e H3BeCTHO. ITpoH3XO)I(p;a oT qacTHa CMHpHa, 6e3 .n;a ca .n;aTHpaHH (Wulff 1909, Taf
KOJieK:QIDI H e ,n;aTHpaH B IX-XI B. (Splendeur de XLV ,
930 93
). 0TqaCTJ:f 3ana3eHa o6paTHa noJIOBHHa
Byzance 1982, 113, M 12). 06paTHa CTpaHa, MHoro OT XoMe3bOBarxeJIH- YHrapiDI, e OTHeceHa KoM X-

130
XI B. (Szatmari 1995,234-236,fig. 61 a)· KpbCTOBe pa3H006pa3HMTe JiereH.[(M, CBbp3aHM C HefOBOTO
cbc cB. feoprH ca M3BeCTHM M OT XpHCTIDIHCKIDI TpoH:Ho YMHpaHe M Cb)KMB51BaHe. B rrponeTHIDI
My3eif BbB BaTMKaHa (Mifioz 1906, 162, fig. 126; ITpa3HMK Ha CBeTeQa Bep051THO Ca rrpeHeCeHM H51KOM
Barany-Oberschal/1953, 218,fig. 67 c, d). qepTH OT e3JiqecKMTe 6o)KeCTBa (Murpbl 1980,
OcBeH Bbpxy rreqaTM M Harpb~HM KpbCTOBe 274). C paHHOTO rrpoJieTHO Cb6y)K.[(aHe MO)Ke 6M
CB. feoprH B opaHTHa IT03a e M306pa3eH M Bbpxy Tp516Ba .n;a Ce CBbp)KaT KpbrqeTaTa ,ITTMqe OKO"
pHCYHKa Ha KaMbK OT U:bpKBaTa B KB. BecenqaHM M KpbfOBeTe C pa.[(MaJIHM JlbqM Bbpxy KpbCTa OT
B Kbp~)KaJIM, ~aTHpaHa B rrbpBaTa rroJIOBMHa Ha AMM-EAH, Co<PIDI.
XI B. (0B<tapo61982, 45, o6p. 1). Pa3me.n;aHMTe qeTHpH KpbcTa c M3o6pa)KeHne
HeKa ce o6bpHeM KbM rraneorpa<PcKMTe oco6e- Ha CB. feoprH HaH-Bep051THO Tp516Ba ~ace OTHeCaT
HOCTM Ha Ha~ITMCMTe. J1 rrpH qeTHpHTe KpbCTa KbM Kpa51 Ha X-XI B. OcHoBaHIDITa 3a TOBa ca
TpaHCKpHrrQM51Ta c opmrpa<Pilll 6 Eytot; feffipytot; rrpe.[(CTaB51HeTO Ha CBeTeQa KaTO 3aCTbfiHMK, ITaJieO-
e HapyrneHa - 0. B feffipytocr e 3aMeHeHa C 0, rpa<PcKMTe OC06eHOCTM Ha Ha,[(ITMCMTe, aHaJIOfMMTe
I - c H. ToBa HapyrnaBaHe Ha KJiacJiqecKaTa op- C rreqaTM M C H51KOM rraMeTHMU:M Ha M3KYCTBOTO,
Torpa<Pn51 e xapaKTepHO 3a rrpOBMHQMaJIHMTe Ha~­ 6JIM3KMTe TeXHOJIOfJiqecKM M CTMJIOBM 6ene3M C
fiMCM M e CBOHCTBeHO 3a rrepHO~a OKOJIO M CJie~ eHKOJIITMOHM c M3o6pa)KeHM51 Ha ~pyrH cBeTQM. B
X B. EyKBMTe no HaqMH Ha n3qepTaBaHe ce rrpn- M. ManKOTO Kane rrpH c. 3MMeH ca OTKPMTM BM3aH-
6JIM)KaBaT ~o YHU:MaJIHOTO rrMCMO. Tp516Ba ~a ce TMHCKM aHOHMMHM <PonMCM M KepaMMKa oT XI B.
06bpHe BHMMaHMe Ha TOBa, qe p rrpH KpbCTa OT (cBeOeHue Ha !{. MoJWlUJZOB ).
AHM M OT c. )l(enb~ e c ocTpa TpHbfbJIHa rreTJIMU:a,
KaKBaTo ce cpema rrpH U:bpKBMTe OT Karra~OKM51
KP'DCT CbC CB. rEOPrH
(KoKap M IliOpeHJib) OT X B. (Thierry 1963, fig.
II CB. ,lJ;HMHT'hP
51), KaKTO M rrpH pe~MQa 6bJirapCKM rraMeTHMU:M OT
TOBa BpeMe- ,lJ;o6py~)KaHCKIDI Ha~ITMC OT 943 f., KbM T03M TMrr rrpHHa.[(Jle)KM e.n;MH cpaBHMTeJIHO
Ha~rrMca OT TeKe K03Jiy~)Ka, Bbpxy <PparMeHT OT .no6pe 3arra3eH penMKBHapeH KpbCT, HaMepeH cny-
fJIMHeH Cb~ OT flJIMCKa, rrpOTMB060fOMMJICKIDI qaifHo B M. Kanem rrpH rp. BM~MH (Ta6n. II, 2 a, 6,
Ha~rrnc OT Eceyc (KoHcmaHmwwBa 1982, 53 u Ta6n. V, 2 a, 6). IIMrrcBa caMo xanKaTa 3a OKaqBaHe
lJUm. JZum. ). EyKBaTa A rrpH KpbcToBeTe OT My3eMTe (3arra3eHa BMCOqJIHa 7,5 CM, BMCOqMHa Ha OTBeCHOTO
B Ka3aHJibK M lliYMeH e narrM~apHa, c brJIOBaTa paMo 6 CM, Ha Bo.n;opaBHOTo paMo 4 cM). KpbCTbT
ITeTJIMQa, a rrpH T03M OT 3MMeH e C rrpaB M3~bJI)KeH e rrpHTe)KaHMe Ha PMM-B~MH, MHB. N!! I 449. ITo
CTbJI6eu: M ocTPa TpHbfbJIHa rreTJIMu;a. IlpH cbmiDI <PopMa M oTqacTM no MKOHorpa<PM51 ce ~o6JIM)KaBa .no
KpbCT OT o6paTHaTa CTpaHa r M H ca CBbp3aHM B KpbcTa OT 3nMeH. CTapaTenHo, MaKap M cxeMaTMqHo,
p51~Ko cpemaHa JIMrazypa. OT JIMQeBaTa CTPaHa e rrpe~cTaBeH CB. feoprH, a OT
HaMHpaHeTo Ha KpbcToBe eHKOJIITMOHM c o6pa3a o6paTHaTa - CB. ,lJ;MMHTbp, KOeTO Ce ycTaHOB51Ba ITO
Ha CB. reoprH He HM M3HeHa~Ba. KyJITbT KbM T03M B~bJI6aHMTe Ha~ rJiaBMTe Ha~ITMCM.
CBeTeQ rrpOHMKBa TBbp~e paHO B Cpe~HOBeKOBHa Cpe.n;HoBeKOBHM51T rpaBbOp ce e orrMTaJI .na
obnrapilll - ome c rrpneMaHe Ha xpHCTIDIHCTBOTO. OTJIJiqJi ,[(BaMaTa CBeTQM, MaKap M C HeTMfiJiqHM
3a TOBa CBM~eTeJICTBaT H51KOM OpHfMHaJIHM fiMC- MKOHOrpa<PCKM qepTH, qpe3 pa3JIJiqHo rrpe.[(CTaB51He
MeHM ITaMeTHMQM, Cb3~a~eHM ITO TOBa BpeMe B Ha maBMTe M ~pexMTe. CBeTM reoprH e rrpe~CTaBeH
6bnrapcKHTe 3eMM (/Jyu<teB 1943, 70-75). Ome B CTap, C M3,[(bJI)KeHa, HeecTeCTBeHO rrpHmMrrHaTa
Kpa51 Ha IX-X B. e CbTBopeH M3BeCTHIDIT pa3Ka3 .n;ony rnaBa M ~bnra 6pa.na, rrpe.na~eHa c KbCM
,~y~OTO Ha CB. feoprH CbC CITaC51BaHeTO Ha 6bJI- ycrrope,[(HM, ITO,[( pa3JIMqeH HaKJIOH JIMHMM. qeJIOTO
rapHHa OT YfbPCKM rrneH", KOHTO rrOKa3Ba, qe eyn- e 3ao6MKOJieHo c rrepneH HMM6. C TaKa rrpe.n;a.n;eHM51
TbT KbM CBeTeQa e HaBJI513bJl ~bJI60KO cpe~ Hapo~a, o6pa3 e HapyrneHa HaiTbJIHO MKOHorpa<PcKaTa cxe-
TbH KaTo repo51T Ha pa3Ka3a e o6MKHOBeH BOHHMK. Ma 3a CBeTeu;a. flpeKaJieHO MHOfO BHMMaHMe, ,[(OC-
Ha T03M rroqMTaH cBeTeu: ca rrocBeTeHM xpaMoBe, TMramo ~o yBneqeHMe, e BJIO)KeHo B yKpacaTa Ha
.[(bp)KaBHM CJIY)KMTeJIM, a fiO-KbCHO M u;ape HOC51T o6neKJioTo. Bbpxy XMTOHa cacbqeTaHM no pa3JIMqeH
HefOBOTO MMe. HaqJIH TOqKM, rrpaBM, HaKJIOHeHM, ,[(bfOBM~HM JlM-
KyJIThT KbM CB. feoprH Ce 3aiTa3Ba M ,[(0 HOBO HMM, rrneTeHMQM. B cBo6o.n;HoTo rrpocTpaHCTBO
BpeMe, KaTO Ce cqJITa 3a fiOKpOBMTeJI Ha 3eMe.n;e- Ha,[( B,[(MfHaTMTe 3a MOJIMTBa pbQe Ca B,[(Jlb6HaTM
JIMeTO M CKOTOBb~CTBOTO. CBeTeQbT OJIMQeTBOp51Ba KpbCTOBe, HaiTOMH51mM 3a MbqeHJiqecKaTa CMbpT
)KMBOTBOp51maTa rrpOJieT, BbB Bpb3Ka C KOeTO Ca M Ha CBeTeu;a, a rro.n T51X- He51CHM <PHrypH. B ropHaTa

131
 BM3aHTMHCKaTa apMM~ B KpM Ha X B., TO IIOCTaB~
B pe,D;OBeTe Ha CBeT~MTe BOHHM. CM51Ta ce, qe eyn-
TbT K'bM CB. )J;MMMTbp e IIpOHMKHaJI TB'bp,D;e paHO
B TpaK~ M MaKe,D;OH~, a rro-KoCHO 6onrapw M
rop~M CM OCIIOpBaT ,IIOKpOBMTeJICTBOTO Ha He-
6eCHM~ cTpaTer cs. ,lJ;MMMTbp OT ConyH" (}f(umUfl
Ha ceemuume 1991, 539; Sachs, Radstubner, Nau-
mann 1980, 95). )J;ocTaTbqHo e ,D;a ce rrpwrroMHM
pa3Ka3'hT Ha HMKMTa XoH~T 3a o6~B~BaHe B'hC-
TaHMeTo Ha AceH M IleThp B TopHOBO (HcmopuR
Ha EM2apuR, 3, 1982, 119).
B rraMeTHM~MTe Ha M3KYCTBOTO OT Kpa~ Ha X -
HaqanoTo Ha XI B. M p~,D;KO rro-KoCHO CB. ,lJ;MMMTbp,
IIO,D;06HO Ha CB. feoprM, e M306pa3~BaH KaTO M'b-
qeHMK - rrpaB MJIM ,D;O rro~c, Hacpenra, o6neqeH B
XMTOH, HaMeTHaT C MaHT~ M ,D;bp)l(anr B ,ll;~CHaTa

eM poKa M'hqeHwqecKM KpocT. P~,D;KO cBeTe~'bT e

caM, B rroBeqeTo cnyqaw e 3ae,D;HO c ,D;pyrw CBeT-
~M M'bqeHM~M, IIpeB'bpHaJIM Ce IIO-K'bCHO B IIOKpO-
BMTeJIM Ha BM3aHTMHCKaTa apM~. Ilo T03M HaqMH
3ae,D;HO C'bC CB . feoprM e IIpe,D;CTaBeH Ha KaMeM OT
xan~e,D;oH, ,D;aTwpaHM B X B. M coxpaHRBaHM B Ep-
MMTa)l(a B CaHKT IleTep6ypr M EpwTaHCK~ My3eii
(£aHK 1959, 214-215, ma6Jl. 112' 6e.n..
B JlOH,ll;OH
50; 1978, 133 u ZfUm. llUm., o6p. 117). Cpenra ce
2a Bopxy IIpOM3Be,D;eH~ Ha BM3aHTMHC~ eMaHJI,
KaTO Me,IJ;aJibOH OT MMTpOIIOJIMTeH MJ03eYM M CTaB-
Ta6n. II. 1 a, 6. Kpbcm CbC C6. Teopzu, M. ManKomo Kane, pOTeKa-TpMIITMX OT IlweprroH MopraH naii6popM B
c. 3UMeH, KapHo6amcKo, J1M- KapHo6am; 2 a, 6. Kpbcm CbC
H10 HopK OT XI B. (Wesse/1967, 122, M 40, 155),
c6. Teopzu u c6. /{UIItumbp, .111. Kanemo, zp. BuouH
Bopxy TpMIITMXM OT CJIOHOBa KOCT, KaTO T03M OT
qaCT Ha OTBeCHOTO paMO Ce qeTe TpMpe,D;OB Ha,D;IIMC: Ilana~o BeHe~~ B PwM oT BTopaTa qeTBopT Ha
OAriOC/ fEOPr!IOC (C Eywo~ fsffipyw~) . X B. (Talbot Rice, Hirmer 1959, 80, fig. 97), MKOHM
fJiaBaTa Ha CB. )J;MMMTbp e rrpeKaJieHO ,ll;'bJira, OT CTeaTMT OT XI B . (EaHK 1978, 94; Kalavrezou-
TpMornnHa. Ha,D; qenoTo ce BM)I(,D;a ,D;oroBM,IJ;eH rrep- Maxeiner 1985, M 3, 4), MonrexpaHMTeJIHM~M
neH HMM6. Ho qepTMTe Ha JIM~eTo ca e,D;HaKBM c (Tpa6ap 1982, 133, o6p. 33, 35, 38), rreqaTM (Lau-
<iJwrypaTa OT JIM~eBaTa CTpaHa - CKJIIOqeHM Be)l(- rent 1963, M 287, 453, 454, 449). IlpM6JIM3MTeJIHO
,ll;M, ,ll;'bJI'br HOC, Kp'brJIM oqM, IIpO,D;MKTYBaHM Be- ITO C'biiiOTO TOBa BpeMe CB. )J;MMMTbp e rrpe,D;CTaB~H
po~THO oT HaBMKa Ha rpaBbopa. H TYK XMTOH'hT e M B poAATa Ha 3aCTbiiHMK - rrpaB Hacpenra,
6oraTO yKpaCeH C KporqeTa, C B'bJIHMCTM, rrpaBM, 06JieqeH B XMTOH M MaHT~, HO C B,D;MrHaTM 3a
3Mr3arOBM,ll;HM, a HaMeTaJIOTO- C HaKJIOHeHM JIMHMM. MOJIMTBa po~e. MaKap qe Ta3M rro3a e xapaKTepHa
KpoCTOBeTe Me)I(,D;y B,D;MrHaTMTe 3a MOJIMTBa po~e 3a peJIMKBMapHMTe Kp'bCTOBe, ,D;pyrM eHKOJIIIMOHM,
ca 3aMeHeHM c He~CHM 3Ha~M MJIM 6yKBM - .e M A. KaTO T03M OT BM,D;MH C MMeTO Ha CBeTe~a, He ca
Tpwpe,D;oB~T Ha,D;rrMc coo6nrasa, qe M3o6pa3eHM~T HM M3BeCTHM. 3aTOBa II'bK ,ll;O HaC Ca ,ll;OCTMTHaJIM
CBeTe~ e ,lJ;MMMTbp: OAriOC/ L1HMI/ TPIOC (I: pe,D;M~a rraMeTHM~M Ha BM3aHTMHCKOTO M3KYCTBO,
Eyw~ l1l)J..1.irrpto~). Ha KOMTO CBeTe~'bT e B II03a orans. Haii-paHHa e
Ilpw 6onrapw, pycw M cop6w e rrmpoKo pa3- M03aiiKaTa OT 6a3MJIMKaTa ,CB. ,lJ;MMMThp" B ConyH
rrpocTpaHeH KyJITbT K'bM CBeTe~a, IIOKpOBMTeJI Ha (Kpa~ Ha V-HaqanoTo Ha VI B.) (Grabar 1946,
ConyH - CB. ,lJ;MMMTbp, )I(MB~JI B KpaR Ha III-Ha- tab!. XXXI1; Jlmapee 1986, 41, o6p. 38). Bopxy
qanoTo Ha IV B. M y6MT 3apa,D;M rrpMBop3aHocrra ~KOJIKO 3JiaTHM M cpe6opHM MOnrexpaHMTeJIHM~M
CM K'bM XpMCT~HCKaTa peJIMr~. Arworpa<lJMTe OT CBeTOrOpCK~ MaHaCTMp BaTOIIe,D; M OT C'bKpO-
Ca Ha MHeHMe, qe CBeTe~'bT He e 3aeMaJI BOeHeH BMIIIHM~aTa Ha Ka'Fe,D;panam B Xan6epnra,D;, ,D;aTM-
IIOCT, HO H~,D;aTa OT CBeT~M, IIOKpOBMTeJIM Ha paHM Me)l(,ll;y X M XII B., CB. ,lJ;MMMTbp e rrpaB c B,D;Mr-

132
HaTH 3a MOJIHTBa pnne - TI03a, CHMBOJIH3Hpama KPbCT CbC CB. rEOPrH
CTIOpe,D, A. rpa6ap )KHBOTa H npOTHBOTIOCTaB5IJna H CB. IIAPACKEBA
Ce Ha H306pa)KeHID!Ta Ha MbpTBIDI CBeTeQ Bbpxy
C'hJnHTe peJIHKBHapH (Tpa6ap 1982, 140, ]42). OT cpe.n.HoseKOBHIDI BeTpeH, HaMHpam ce Ha
HaH:-cno.rrytmHB e o6pa3bT Ha cseTeu;a 3aCThTIHHK, OKOJIO 20 KM 3ana,D,HO OT ,[(p'hCThp, e ny6JIHKyBaH
H3B'hprusam qy.n.eca, 3aJnHTasaH:KH Co.rryH, BDpxy 3a- MaJI'hK KpbCT (3alla3eHa BHCOqHHa 6, 7 CM, BHCOqHHa
6eJie)KHTeJIHaTa 3JiaTHa, YKPaceHa c eMaHJIH HKOHa Ha OTBeCHOTO paMO 5,5 CM, Ha BO,D,OpaBHOTO 3,4 CM,
OT IIJ;aTJIHxec MY3eYM s EepJIHH (XI s.) (Wessel .n.e6. 0,5 CM) C'hC CB. reopm OT o6paTHaTa CTpaHa
1967, M 36). niDIC'hK'hT Ha eMaHJIHTe e s YHHCOH c (Ta6JI. III, 1 a, 6). Ha JIHQeBaTa e rpasHpaHa .n.pyra,
ll03aTa, C H3npaseHaTa rJiaBa, C BHCOKO B,D,HrHaTHTe p}I,D,KO cpemaHa <j:>Hrypa- cs. llapacKesa. KpbCThT
pnu;e. ce cnxpaH}IBa s PHM-CHJIHCTpa (HHB. N2 III
OT 60-Te-70-Te ro.n.HHH HaXI s., KaKTo TosaJIH- 1852). XaJIKaTa 3a oKaqsaHe H ropHoTo yxo Ha rnap-
qH OT llaMeTHHQHTe Ha c<j:JparHCTHKaTa, o6pa3bT HHpa OT JIHQeBaTa CTpaHa JIHTICBaT H 3aTOBa B rop-
Ha cseTeu;a BOHH cTasa npeo6Jia.n.asam. HaTa qaCT Ha OTBeCHOTO paMO e npo6HT OTBOp 3a
EnHrpa<j:JcKHTe oco6eHOCTH Ha Ha,D,nHCHTe npH oKaqsaHe, KOHTo oTqacTH e nospe,D,HJI TpHpe.n.oBIDIT
KpbCTa OT BH,D,HH He BHaC}IT MHOrO HOBO B cpaB- Ha.n.nHc c HMeTo Ha cs. llapacKesa (HArHA III
HeHHe c Te3H Ha onHcaHHTe eHKOJITIHOHH. EyKBHTe APACK/€<B>YH = 1\ Cyia llapaaKEuij), HO noqTH
ca MaJIKH, HepaBHH. H TYK ce Ha6mo.n.asa 3aM}IHa He e 3acerHaJI HMeTo Ha CB. reoprH - OArHOC/
Ha Q c 0 B HMeTO Ha reoprH H Ha H c I npH HMeTO rEOPriO/C.
Ha ,[(HMHThp. EyKBaTa A e JianH,D,HpaHa c ocTpa H TYK .n.seTe <j:>HrypH ca c B,D,HrHaTH 3a MOJIHTBa
cpe.n.Ha neTJIHQa, 0, €, P ca 3ao6JieHH, a!). e rnHpoKa pnu;e. B no3aTa, B npe.n.asaHeTo Ha .n.pexHTe HMaT
B OCHOBaTa, KaTO HaTIO,D,06}1Ba paBH06e,D,peH TpHb- HeinO 06JnO C06pa3HTe BbpXy KpbCTOBeTe OT 3HMeH
ThJIHHK C MaJIKH KJIHHqeTa OT ,D,BeTe CTpaHH Ha H BH.D.HH, caMo qe maBHTe H qepTHTe Ha JIHQaTa
ocHosaTa. TaKa H3TIHCaHH, 6yKBHTe ce csbp3BaT c Ca rpaBHpaHH MHOro TIO-CTapaTeJIHO H CB. reoprH,
Te3H B'hpxy CTeHOTIHCHTe OT Kana,D,OKIDI (Thierry C'hrJiaCHO QbpKOBHaTa HKOHOrpa<j:JIDI, e C MJia,D,e)KKO
1963,jig. 5J), KaKTO HOT pe,D,HQa HalUH naMeTHHQH JIHQe, a He c 6pa.n.a. HeroBH}IT HHM6 e yKpaceH c
OT X B., KaTo npOTHBo6oroMHJICKIDI Ha,D,nHc oT nepJIH. ,[('hJirHTe XHTOHH llOKpHBaT CThllaJiaTa, a B
EcKyc, Ha,D,nHca B'hpxy Kp'hCTa oT I.J,ap AceH, oT TeKe ropHaTa qacT .n.pexHTe ca yKpaceHH c HaKJIOHeHH
K03JIY,D,)Ka, H}IKOH Ha.n.nHCH OT Eacapa6 (PyMbHUR) JIHHHH. Pa3JIHqH}I ce Ha6mo.n.asaT B ,D,OJIHHTe qacTH
11 MaHaCTHpa npH c. PasHa (IlonKoHcmaHmuHo6 Ha XHTOHHTe, npe,D,CTaBeHH C npaBH H B'hJIHHCTH
1982, 47, 6e.n. 15, 16). MaKap qe KpbCThT oT BH- JIHHHH npH CB. reoprH H CHaKJIOHeHH CHOnqeTa npH
.D.HH He e HaMepeH B }ICHa apxeoJiorHqecKa cpe.n.a, cs. llapacKesa. HMeHaTa Ha cseTQHTe ca B.D.'hJI6aHH
HKOHOrpa<j:JCKHTe H enHrpa<j:JCKHTe OC06eHOCTH HH Ha)J, rJiaBHTe C MaJIKH HepaBHH H llOBpe,D,eHH OT
pa3pernasaT .n.a npe.n.noJIO)KHM, qe Kpa}IT Ha X- .D.OTI'hJIHHTeJIHIDI oTsop 6yKBH. A e JianH.n.apHa, K
XI s. e HaH:-sepo}ITHHHT nepHO.D. 3a HerosaTa H3pa- e c e.n.Ha crpaHHqHa xacTa, a B npH HMeTo Ha cse-
6oTKa. K'hM rpynaTa ,paHHH THnose" OT X s. B. A. THQaTa e H3JIHrnHa. EnHTeTHTe OAriOC H HAriA
KyHHQKHH OTHaC}I Kp'hcT, OTKpHT OT M. K. KaJirep Ca H3Q}IJI0 H3llHCaHH.
B HMa OKOJIO H3ToqHaTa cTeHa Ha 3eMJUIHKa N2 VII Ha pa3me)K,D,aHH}I Kp'hCT HaH:-sepO}ITHO e H3o6-
np11 MHxaHJIOBCKH}I 3JiaTosepxHHH MaHaCTHP s pa3eHa cs. llapacKesa HKoHHHCKa, )KHB}IJia s Kpa}l
KHes (Kapzep 1949, o6p. 9; 1958, 309; KyHUtfbKUu Ha II-HaqaJioTo Ha III B. s rp. HKOHIDI- MaJia A3IDI,
J
1990, 109, o6p. 1 CbJnH}IT KpbCT r. <t> Kop3yxHHa
0
H HaKa3aHa c oTcHqaHe Ha masaTa 3apa.n.H xpHc-
H A. A. llecKosa nocTaB}IT s no-rnHpOKH rpaHHQH- TH}IHCKHTe if. y6e)K,D,eHID! ()f{umuJl Ha C6emuume
B X-XII s. (Kop3yxuHa, IlecK06a 2003, 55, M 10, 1991, 541-542).
ma6Jl. 10, 1.2.110). 06paTHaTa CTpaHa e 3aeTa oT Cs. llapacKesa e npe.n.cTaBeHa oT o6paTHaTa
EoropO,D,HQa OpaHTa, a Ha JIHQeBaTa C'hC CB. reopm cTpaHa Ha KpbcT OT KopHHT. Ha Hero TH C'hJnO e s Q}IJI
ca rpasHpaHH .n.sa M'hqeHHqecKH Kp'hcTa, no.n.o6Ho pbCT. PeJIHKBHapbT e .n.aTHpaH B'hB ,BH3aHTHHCKH}I
Ha H3o6pa)KeHHeTo oT BH.D.HH. B npe.n.cTaB}IHeTo Ha nepHo.n." (Davidson 1952, Pl. 11 02058 ). nJIH3'hK .n.o
masaTa, pnu;eTe H .n.pexHTe o6pa3bT e no-6JIH3'hK seTpeHCKH}I c o6pa3a Ha cs. reoprH e nocoqeHH}IT
.n.o cJie.n.samH}I Kp'hcT- oT c. BerpeH. seqe KpbcT, OTKpHT s HMa B 3eMJUIHKa N2 VII Ha
MHxaHJIOBCKH}I 3JiaTosepxHHH MaHaCTHp s KHes,
KO}ITO ce onpe.n.eiDI KaTo ,pa6oTHJIHHQa 3a o6pa6oT-
Ka Ha MeTaJI" (Kapzep 195"1, 18, o6p. 153 .J
133
 --
------

XII 1087
B. CaMI-ne aBTOpH oT6eJUI3BaT, qe cne,D,
1094 r. ,3a noBeqe oT BeK BeTpeH e Harry cHaT"
HJIH
(Ammwcoe, Plopomwe 1994, 21).

CB. rEOPrH II CB. BJIACHH

Ilpe3 1988 r. rrpH pa3KOnKH no TpaceTO Ha
MarHcTpana ,TpaK1151", 184-250 KM , ,11,0 M. CHHaH-
16
CKH rpo6HI.J.J,a He,D,aneq OT aHTHqHaTa CTaHI.I,1151 Ka-
pacypa B cpe,D,HOBeKoBeH nnacT e OTKpHT cpaB-
HHTenHo ,11,06pe 3ana3eH fOJUIM Harpo,D,eH KpoCT
( Ta6n. Ill, 2 a, 6 , Ta6n. VI, 1 a, 6)2 . JIHncBa xanKaTa
3a OKaqBaHe (3ana3eHa BHCOqHHa 10,5 CM, OTBeCHO
paMO 8,6 CM, BO,D,OpaBHO paMO 5,9 CM, ,11,e6. 1,05 CM).
KpoCThTCe HaMHpaB MM- qHpnaH (N!! Sg 88/1641 ).
OT JIHU:eBaTa cTpaHa e npe,D,cTaBeH CB. BnacHH, a OT
o6paTHaTa - CB. feopm. Bopxy Harpo,D,H1151 KpocT
oT Kapacypa o6pa3HTe Ha ,D,BaMaTa cBeTJ.J,H ca npe-
,D,a,D,eHH no e,D,HH H Coi.I.I, HaqHH - C fOJieMH npH-
I.J.J,HnHaTH B ,D,OJIHaTa nOJIOBHHa rJiaBH . .5ICHO JIHqaT
6a,D,eMOBH)J,HHTeOqH,H3BHTHTeBe)I()J,H,,D,oJif1151THOC
H MaJIKHTe YCTHH, KaKTO H KOCHTe ( OTBeCHH JIHHHH)
Ha,D, qenaTa. Pa3nHqaBaT ce caMo no 6pa,D,aTa (KoCH
HaKJIOHeHH qepTH), K051TO 06HKaJI51 npHI.I.I,HnaHaTa
qacT Ha rnaBaTa npH Bo3pacTHH51 - CB. BnacHH. M
,D,BaMaTa CBeTI.I,H CaB MOJIHTBeHa n03a. 06neKJIOTO e
np)l(eCTBeHo, 6oraTo yKpaceHo. KoHTypHTe Ha,D,pe-
XHTe (B ,D,BOHHa JIHH1151) 06HKaJUIT lllHpOKHTe 3ao6-
JieHH rop,D,H H ce cnycKaT Ha,D,ony ,11,0 cnnanaTa,
KOHTO Ca 06opHaTH B npOTHBOnOJIO)I(HH nOCOKH .

3a 36 IlpaBH (KoCH H HaKJIOHeHH), BoJIHHCTH, )J,ofOBH,D,HH

JIHHHH, TOqKH pa3KpaC51BaT H )J,OIIoJIBaT H3I.1,51JIO XH-
Ta6JI. III. 1 a, 6. KpbCm CbC C6. JlapacKe6a u C6. reopzu,
TOHHTe H ,D,oJifHTe poKaBH. Pou:eTe ca B,D,HrHaTH 3a
c. BempeH, CwlUcmpeHcKo; 2 a, 6. Kpbcm cbc cB. Bllacuu
MOJIHTBa OT JiaKTHTe, a H3BHTHTe )J,JlaHH Ca C npe-
u C6. reopzu, M. CuHaHCKU zpo6uUf.a, npu Kapacypa, 00 c.
PynKume, LfupnaHcKo; 3 a, 6. Kpbcm CbC ce. Teooop u ce. KaJieHO fOJieMH npoCTH.
reopzu, Kpenocmma npu c. Eau.teBO, KbpO:JICG!IUUCKO B ropH1151 KpaH: Ha OTBeCHHTe paMeHa B ,D,Ba pe-
,D,a Ca H3nHCaHH HMeHaTa Ha CBeTI.I,HTe, KaTO Onpe,D,e-
IlpH ny6nHKyBaHeTO Ha KpocTa OT BeTpeH e JieHHeTO 0 AfHOC e CoKpaTeHO qpe3 nocTaB51He
OT6eJUI3aHO, qe H306pa351BaHeTO Ha CB. feoprH H Ha A B Kporqe HJIH B 0 H e CJie,D,BaHO OT HMeTO
CB. IlapacKeBa Bopxy e,D,HH eHKOJinHOH He e CJiy- BAACHO/ C ('0 aywc; BA.ac;ioc;) OT e,D,HaTa crpaHa
qaHHO. M ,D,BaMaTa ca MoqeHHU:H B Mana A31151, H fEOPf/HOC ('0 aywc; fc<bpywc;) OT ,D,pyraTa.
KOeTO nOKa3Ba, qe KpoCThT e H3pa6oTeH B T03H Cpe,11, 6yKBHTe no-HHTepecHa e A , B,D,on6aHa c Ha-
paH:oH (Atanasov 1995, 491). B. H. 3aneccKaH KJIOHeH HaJUIBO CThJI6eu; H C )J,ofOBH,D,Ha npOBHCHa-
npe,11,nonara, qe ,3a,D, npe,D,eJIHTe Ha CHp1151 H Ila- Jia rreTJIHu;a. TaKoBa A ce OTKpHBa npH naMeTHH-
necTHHa, HO B cpe,D,aTa Ha npHBop)l(eHHI.I,H Ha H3- U:H oT IX B., KaTo H3BeCTHHTe c H3ToqH1151 cH
TOqHHTe Tpa,D,HI.I,HH ... MOfaT ,D,a Ce OTHaC51T eHKOJI- npoH3XO,D, MHHHanopH Ha fpHropHH Ha3HaHCKH
nHOHH c H3o6pa)l(eH1151 Ha cBeTU:HTe BacHJIHH, B MHJiaHCKaTa 6H6JIHOTeKa ,AM6p03HaHa" (E 49-
HHKHcpOp, IlapacKeBa, noqHTTa KoM KOHTO He e 50) (Grabar 1943, Pl. XXVII.2, XXXIV.1, XXXIV.4,
CBop3aHa CoC CHpHHCKO-naneCTHHCKHTe MapTH- XXXVIII.4, LVI.l.). Ilo-qecTO ce cpei.J.J,a cne,11, BTopa-
pHH" (JaJleCCKa.Jl 1988, 97- 98). Ta nOJIOBHHa Ha X- XI B. - nJIOqH OT CJIOHOBa KOCT
Hai1-Bepo51THO H T03H KpoCT e 6Hn H3pa6oTeH B (The Glory of Byzantium 1997, M 81, 87), cTeHo-
KpaH Ha X-XI B., a He, KaKTo e ,D,aTHpaH, npe3 XI- nHCH OT Kana,D,OKHHCKHTe I.l,opKBH - ErpH Tarn,

134
 )l(eHJ:Ie Ha CB. feopn1 H CB. BnaCHH He ca HH 113-
BeCTHH. 3aTOBa Il'bK HMeHaTa HM Ce cpe~aT B e,n:HH
,n:pyr THO eHKOllllHOHH, K'b)J;eTO Ca CB'bp3aHH C'bC CB.
,lJ;HMHThp H CB. HHKOna (/{01-l4e6a-flemK06a J99J,
11-19). C HMeTO Ha CB. Bnac11i1 ca Ha30BaBaHH
xpaMoBe, 3a KOeTo C'ho6~aBa Ha,n:nHC'hT OT TeKe-
Ko3ny,n:)l(a (11eaH06a 1933, 320). IlpH T03H Kp'hCT
rpaBbOp'hT e npe,n:an AriOC C'hKpaTeHo qpe3
nocTaBHHe Ha A B Kp'hrqe, oco6eHOCT, xapaKTepHa
3a naMeTHHQHTe cne.n: cpe,n:aTa Ha X B.
Ilpe3 XI B. ManKaTa QbpKBa BDpxy 6a3HnHKa
NQ 1 11 cpe,n:HoBeKOBHOTO ce~e npH Kapacypa
ca pa3pyrneHH H OllO)I(apeHH ,npH HallieCTBHj{Ta
0
Ha neqeHe3H, y311 11 KYMaHH". OTKpHTH ca 11 aHo-
HHMHH BH3aHTHHCKH MOHeTH OT KpaH Ha X-XI B.
(XepMaH, BeHOe.Jl, Heweea 1988, 8, 10). lhme)I()J;a e
llOCTPa,n:ana H 6nH3KaTa OKOnHOCT, K'b)J;eTO BepOHTHO
e H30CTaBeH HllH 3ary6eH pa3me)I()J;aHJ1j{T Kp'bCT.
Kora 11 K'h,n:e e H3pa6oTeH Kp'hCTDT, e Tpy,n:Ho .n:a
ce onpe,n:enH- MO)I(e 611 B KpaH Ha X-n'hpBaTa no-
noBHHa Ha XI B. He e H3KmoqeHo .n:a npoH3XO)I(,n:a
HHK'h,n:e OT Kana.n:oKHj{- o6nacT, CB'hp3aHa c ,n:BaMaTa
H3o6pa3eHH CBeTQH. 3a H3TOqHJ1j{ MY npomxo.n:
• HallOMHHT H OC06eHOCTHTe B H3llHCBaHeTO Ha
6yKBHTe (oco6eHo Ha A).
Ta6Jl. v. 1 a, 6. Kpbcm CbC C6. reopzu, M. ManKomo Kane,
c. 3UMell, KapHo6amCKo; 2 a, 6. Kpbcm CbC C6. reopzu
u ce. j(UMumbp, M. Kanemo, zp. Buou11 CB. rEOPrllll CB. TEO,IJ;OP

CnBCeM .n:pyr HKOHorpa<PcKH THn npe,n:nara no-

HonaHn'h, IliOpeHnH, KoKap (Thierry 1963, Pl. 30, cne,n:HHHT KpbCT C H306pa)l(eHHe Ha CB. feoprH,
31, 45,fig. 51. BJIC. CbUf-O: Gardthausen 1879, Taf 2). npOH3nH3a~ OT Kpenocrra npH c. EarueBo, Knp-
HHKaK He e qy,n:Ho, qe ,n:BaMaTa cBeTQH ca )J;)I(anHHCKO (Ta6n. III, 3 a, 6, Ta6n. VI, 2 a, 6). 3a
H3o6pa3eHH B'hpxy e,n:HH 11 C'h~H Kp'bcT. B arHo- C'b)l(aneHHe T0 3M HHTepeceH penHKBHap e noBpe,n:eH,
rpa<PHj{Ta HM Ce ycTaHOBHBaT MHOrO 06~11 qepTH - KaTo oT nHQeBaTa CTPaHa nHncBa QHnoTo OTBecHo
)I(HBeenH ca no e,n:Ho 11 c'b~o BpeMe (KpaH Ha paMo, a OT o6paTHaTa- HeroBaTa .n:onHa qacT (3a-
III-HaqanOTo Ha IV B.) B ManOa3HHCKaTa o6nacT Ka- na3eHa BHCOqHHa 5 CM, 3ana3eHO OTBeCHO paMO
na.n:oKHj{ H Ca 3arHHanH B 3a~HTa Ha XpHCTHj{HCT- 4,5 CM, BO,ll;OpaBHO paMO 5,5 CM). Ha o6paTHaTa
BOTO. CB. BnacHH e 611n enHcKon B CeBaCTHj{ 11 ce cTpaHa Ha KpbCTa o6pb~a BHHMaHHe H. 0BqapoB
CMHTa 3a llOKpOBHTen Ha )I(HBOTHHTe (JKumUfl Ha ( Oe4apoe 1982, 48, o6p. 2).
ceemuume 1991, 97-98). IlpHeMa ce, qe KynTDT Ha Kp'hCTOBH~eTo B'hpxy 3ana3eHOTO Bo,n:opaB-
K'bM Hero e Hacne,n:eH OT cnaBHHCKOTO 60)I(eCTBO HO paMO OT llHQeBaTa CTpaHa e H306pa3eHa <l>Hrypa
Benec (Teop2ueea 1983, 187 c11.). KaKTo 6erue c nocTaBeHH npe.n: rnp,n:HTe pnQe. Ee3 C'hMHeHHe TH
nocoqeHo, B o6pa3a Ha CB. feoprH ce npennHTaT e 611na npaBa, Hacpe~a 11 BepoHTHO c MCHaTa eM
pa3nJ1qHJ1 <l>YHKQHH H ll0)J;BH3H, CbXpaHeHH, HO H pbKa e )J;bp)l(ana KOOHe, OT KOeTO e 3ana3eH )J;OllHHj{T
BH.D:OH3MeHeHH B pa3nHqHH BpeMeHa 11 Hapo,n:H. ToH: Kpai1. OT ,n:BeTe cTpaHH Ha cBeTeQa e ocTaHana
Cb~O ce CB'bp3Ba C .n:pyro cnaBHHCKO 60)I(eCTBO - qacT OT HeToqHo HanHcaH Ha,n:nHc: PO~/OC,
51pHno, .5IpoBHT- 6or Ha nno.n:opo,n:HeTo. 3aToBa cBe- KOHTO BepOHTHO TpH6Ba ,n:a ce B'b3CTaHOBH TaKa:
TeQ'bT ce CMHTa 3a llOKpOBHTen Ha 3eMe)J;ellCKHTe [0EO]~OPOC = 0c68mpoc;, 3a KOeTO no,n:cKa3Ba
CTOnaHH, HO C'b~O TaKa H Ha )J;06HT'bKa - Bpb3KaTa H o6paTHaTa CTpaHa Ha penHKBHapa, Ha KOHTO e
MY c KOHeTe 11 KOHHHQHTe ( CMJlOoecKu 1991, 21, H3o6pa3eH CB. feoprH 11 ce qeTe HeroBoTo MMe. Ha
6e.Jl. 31-33). Ta3H CTpaHa CBeTeQ'bT e _npaB Hacpe~a C aTpH6yTH
,lJ;pyrH KpbCTOBe C'bC CaMOCTOHTenHO H306pa- Ha BOHH. B MCHaTa eM pbKa ,n:'hp)I(H KOnHe, KOeTo

135
 202). IIIHpoKo noqHTaH cBeTeQ BoB BH3aHTHHCKa-
Ta apMH51 e cB. TeoAop. JJ:o IX B. B arHorpa<jlcKa-
Ta JIHTeparypa e H3BeCTeH eAHH CBeTeQ C HMe-
TO TeoAop, poAeH B EBxaHTa, BOHHHK B apMH51Ta
Ha HMnepaTop MaKCHMHJIHaH. 0Kono T03H ne-
pHOA ce II051B51Ba 11 Apyr CBeTeQ, corn;o OT EBxaH-
Ta, H3BoprnBarn; CbiiJ;HTe IIOABH3H. ).J;BaMaTa Teo-
AOPOBQH ce pa3nHqaBaT caMo no 3aeMaHaTa B
apMH51Ta cny:>K6a - THpoH e BOHHHK, HOBo6paHeQ,
a CTpaTHJiaT- noJIKOBHHK. KoM KpaH Ha X B. - ne-
pHOA, npe3 KOHTO ce OQJOpM51 HKOHOrpaQJH51Ta Ha
BOeHHHTe CBeTQH, Ce ycTaHOB51BaT H pa3JIHqH51 B
o6pa3HTe Ha ABaMaTa TeoAOPOBQH. THpoH npHeMa
aJieKCaHApHHCKH51 THII H 3anoqBa Aa Ce H306pa351Ba
c npH6paHH KOCH 11 ocTpa 6paAa, a CTpaTHJiaT -
IIO-pa3npocrpaHeHH51 MaJIOa3HHCKH THII C KbApaBH
KOCH, TDHKH YBHCHaJIH MYCTaQH, pa3AeJieHa Ha
ABa Macypa 6paAa (Maepoowwea 1969, 33-50;
1980, 108). B naMeTHHQHTe Ha H3KYCTBOTO ABa-
MaTa CBeTQH ca pa3JIJ1qHo npeACTaBeHH - npa-
BH, BbOpo:>KeHH C KOIIHe HJIH IIJ;HT H Meq HJIH KaTO
Ta6Jl. VI. I a, 6. Kpocm CbC C6. B;wcuu u C6. reopzu, KOHHHQH. Cpern;aT ce 11 6IOCTOBH o6pa3H. B Ape6-
M. CuHaHCKu zpo6uuta npu Kapacypa, i>o c. PynKume, HaTa IIJiaCTHKa Te He BHHarH MOraT Aa Ce pa3-
l.JupnaHCKO; Kpocm CbC C6. Teoi>op u C6. reopzu,
rpaHHqaT. fipH TOBa CB. reoprH 06HKHOBeHO Ce
Kpenocmma npu c. Eaweeo, KapO:JICanuucKo.
H3o6pa351Ba 3aeAHO c TeoAop CTpaTHJiaT. Haii-paH-
HH51T AOCTHrHaJI AO HaC naMeTHHK (OKOJIO 989 r.)
e OIIp51HO Ha paMOTO, a OTJI51BO, 6e3 Aa e npeAaAeHa coc CB. TeoAOP CTpaTHJiaT e MHHHaTIOpa OT Me-
poKaTa, e rpaBHpaH KpbrDJI IIJ;HT C BIIHCaH B Hero HonorH51Ta Ha BacHJIHH II BoB BaTHKaHCKaTa 6H6-
KpbCT. qepTHTe Ca rpy6H - CKJIIOqeHH Be:>KAH, fO- JIHOTeKa. C A51CHaTa CH poKa CBeTeQbT Abp:>KH
JieMH OqH, HOC H YCTHH - H He CbOTBeTCTBaT Ha H3IIpaBeHO, OIIp51HO AO 3eM51Ta KOIIHe, a C JI51Ba-
HKOHOrpaQJCKH51 THII Ha CBeTeQa BOHH. 06neqeH Ta- KpbrDJI IIJ;HT (Diehe/1926, 634,jig. 307). rpa-
e B pH3HHQa, qJ1J1TO XaJIKH Ca OT6eJI513aHH qpe3 QJHqHOTO H306pa:>KeHHe BbpXy JIHQeBaTa CTpaHa Ha
peAHQH oT ToqKH. HaA rnaBaTa 11 OT ABeTe cTpaHH KpocTa OT c. EarneBo 6e3 CbMHeHHe e IIOApa:>KaHHe
Ha BOAOpaBHOTO paMO e H3IIHCaHo: OA rEOPrHI Ha H3BecTeH HKOHeH o6pa3. Haii-BepoHTHO e npeA-
OC = ~ E(ytoc;) rcropyoc;. CTaBeH CB. TeOAOp He CaMO IIO aHaJIOfH51 CbC CB.
OT Kpa51 Ha IX 11 oco6eHo npe3 X-HaqanoTo Ha reoprH OT o6paTHaTa CTpaHa, HO H IIO HaAIIHCa, qJ151-
XI B. BoB Bpo3Ka c ycHJieHHTe BoeHHH AeiicTBH51 TO IIbpBa CpHqKa B rOpHaTa qaCT Ha OTBeCHOTO pa-
Ha BH3aHTH51, c yKpenBaHe Ha BOeHHOTO CbCJIOBHe MO JIHIICBa, a BTOpaTa e HaiiHCaHa B o6paTeH peA.
e HapaCHaJia HY:>KAaTa OT BOeHHH CBeTQH - IIOKpO- CB. reoprH Bopxy KpbCTa OT EarneBO ce OTAeJI51
BHTeJIH H 3aiiJ;HTHHQH Ha BH3aHTHHCKaTa apMH51. OT H3BeCTHHTe H306pa:>KeHH51 Ha CBeTeQa BbpXy
ToraBa ce II051B51BaT cBeTQH, 3aeMarn;H H51KaKBa HarpoAHHTe penHKBHapH. MaKap 11 JIHHeapHo,
AJib:>KHOCT BoB BOHCKaTa 11 3arHHaJIH KaTo Mbqe- npeACTaBeHaTa QJHrypaTa Ha CBeTeQa BOHH C KOIIHe
HHQH 3a xpHCTH5IHCTBOTO (Grabar 1946, I, 346). B A51CHaTa poKa H KpbrDJI IIJ;HT B JI51BaTa Ce CBbp3Ba
CpeA T51X ca CB. reoprH, ).J;HMHThp, ABaMaTa Teo- C peAHQa BH3aHTHHCKH IIaMeTHHQH CJieA Kpa51 Ha
AOPOBQH. ArHorpa<jlHTe Beqe o6porn;aT BHHMaHHe X B. - eMaiinH, MeAaJihOHH, KaMeR, cTeaTHTOBH,
Ha H3BbpilleHHTe OT CB. reoprH qyAeCa H H306- IllHQJepHH, M03aJ1qHJ1 HKOHH, CTeHOIIHCH (Jly'tfKO
pa:>KeHH51Ta Ha BOHHa 3anoqBaT Aa H3MeCTBaT Te- 1969, 217 u 4um. Jlum.; Ovcarov 1991,./ig. 1-10).
3H Ha MoqeHHKa. YcTaHOB51BaT ce H51KOJIKO pa3- Ho cpeAHOBeKOBHH51T rpaBbop He e ycn51JI Aa npe-
JIHqHH HKOHOrpaQJCKH o6pa3a, KOHTO OTpa351BaT AaAe xapaKTepHOTO 3a CB. reoprH KpaCHBO JIHQe,
He CaMO Bb3MO:>KHOCTHTe H :>KeJiaHH51Ta Ha OTAeJI- 3a06HKOJieHO C KbApaBH KOCH.
HHTe TBOpQH, HO H HaCThiiHJIHTe IIpOMeHH npe3 MHoro qecTo CB. :reoprH e IIOKa3BaH npaB,
OTAeJIHHTe nepHOAH (Jla3ape6 1953, 195, 199, Abp:>Karn; c AHCHaTa poKa H3npaBeHo, onp51HO AO

136
3eM~Ta KOilHe, a C JI~BaTa I1pi1,ll;bp)l(am IlOCTaBeH n- c 0. EyKBHTe €, 0, C, KaKTO o6HKHOBeHO ca
Ha 3eM~Ta mHT. Ilo-pe,li;KH Ca rrpHMepHTe, KOraTO 3ao6neHH. P or JIHI.J,eBara crpaHa e cnc 3ao6neHa,
KOilHeTO MHHaBa rrpe,IJ; rnp,li;HTe I1 01111pa Ha MCHOTO a OT o6paTHaTa - C TpH'br'hJIHa rreTJIHI.J,a, f.. HallO)J;0-
I1JII1 Ha mBOTO paMO, a KpbrJIH~T mHT ( Cnmo rrpe,IJ; 6~Ba paBH06e,IJ;peH TpH'br'hJIHHK, HO C He3aTBOpeHa
rnp,IJ;HTe) cBeTei.J,'bT ,IJ;'bp)I(H c mBara pnKa. TaKa ocHoBa. Ilo-xapaKTepHa e A, KOHO ce pa3JIHqaBa
e 11 Bnpxy Kpncra or EarneBo. Ha H3BeCTHaTa MH- OT rpaBHpaHeTO H Bnpxy pa3rJie,IJ;aHHTe ,IJ;OTYK eH-
HHanopa or IIcanTHpa Ha BacHJIHH II or 1019 r. KOJII1I10HI1 - ocrpara M: rpHnr'hJIHa rreTJIHI.J,a e
(Cod. Marc. Gr. 17) Haii-orrope BMCHO ce BH)I(,IJ;a ,IJ;onerreHa ,IJ;O HaKJIOHeHIUI cnn6e1.1,. TaKa H3IlHCaHo
CB. feoprH C KOilHe Bnpxy )J;~CHOTO paMO I1 Kp'brbJI A, HO o6HKHOBeHo c o6pareH HaKJIOH Ha cnn6e1.1,a,
ll.l,HT B JI~BaTa pnKa. Ho Bnpxy Ta3H MHHHanopa ca ce OTKpHBa B'bpxy HaiiiH I1 BI13aHTI1HCKI1 rraMeT-
rrpe,IJ;CTaBeHH ome rreTHMa CBeTI.J,H, IlOMOmHHI.l,H HI1I.l,I1 OT X 11 OT XI B. (H6al-lo6a 1933, 320; ToUle6
11 rroKpOBHTeJIH Ha HMrreparopa B 6op6ara cpemy 1961, 85, 87; IlonKOHcmaHmUI-I06 1982, 47, o6p.
6nnrap11re. Me)I()J;y T~x e 11 cBeTH Teo,IJ;op, q11ero 4; HcKyccm6o Bu3a1-1muu 1977, 2, 104, M 593,
KOilHe, KaKTO 11p11 Harpb,li;HIUI KpbCT, e Ollp~HO Ha 594). I1 ryK, KaKTo rrp11 rrpe,IJ;rnecrBamH~ KpncT, 0
AABOTO paMO (Diehe/ 1925, 402, jig. 186; Gra- AriOC e cnKpareHo qpe3 rrocraB~HeTo Ha 6yKBaTa
bar 1936, 86 sq.). ITo rro,IJ;o6eH HaqHH- ,IJ;O rro~c­ A B Kpnrqe.
,IJ;BaMara cBeTI.J,H ca H3o6pa3eHH 11 Bnpxy ,IJ;pyrH Karo ce HMa rrpe,IJ;BH)J; HKOHorpa<PH~Ta - rrpe,IJ;-
naMeTHI1I.l,I1 Ha I13KyCTBOTO, KaTO 3JiaTHa eMaHJIH- craB~HeTo Ha CBeTei.J,a KaTO BOHH C Kp'brbJI mHT,
paHa rrnoqKa OT H3BeCTHara KopoHa Ha CB. Cre<PaH KaKTo 11 naneorpa<PcKHTe oco6eHOCTH Ha Ha,IJ;rrHca -
(Wesse/1967, 113 sq., M 37 g), Bnpxy o6paTHaTa, MO)I(e ,IJ;a ce ,IJ;orrycHe, qe KpnCThT or Kperrocrra rrp11
yKpaceHa c HHeno crpaHa Ha cpe6npHIDI rrpoi.J,e- c. EarneBo e HarrpaBeH cne,IJ; X B., Haii-Bepo~THO
cHeH KpncT or MHI.J,XBapHIIIH (XycKu6a03e 1984, rrpe3 BTOpaTa IlOJIOBHHa )J;OK'bM 80-Te rO,IJ;I1HI1 Ha
28- 29, ma6Jl. J 0, 11) I1 Ha 6pOH30BI1~ OT My3e~ XI B. BnrrpeKH o6m11re rexHHKO-H3pa3HH cpe,IJ;-
B HoBropo,IJ; (CMupl-106 1975, 28 Cll, 30, o6p. 3, CTBa C pa3me,IJ;aHHTe ,CI1pi1HCKI1" Harpn,li;HH KpbC-
35), Bnpxy He<PpHTeHa KaMe~ OT TpOHI.l,KO-CepreeB- TOBe, T03I1 peJIHKBHap BepO~THO e I13pa6oTeH B
CKaTa naBpa (Ilyl{KO 1970, c. 132 u l{Um. Rum.). ,ll;pyra pa60TI1JIHHI.J,a, B KO~TO MaHCTOpHTe Ca 6HJII1
Bc11qK11 Te3H rrpoH3Be,IJ;eHIUI ca ,IJ;aTHpaHH B XI 11 3al103HaTI1 C HOBaTa HKOHOrpa<PIUI Ha CBeTei.J,a.
p~,li;KO B XII B.
C aTpH6yTHTe Ha BOeHHH CBeTI.J,H CB. feoprH
11 CB. Teo,IJ;op ca qecro rrpe,IJ;cTaB~HH 11 Bnpxy MHO- Pa3me,IJ;aHHTe KpncToBe eHKOJIIlHOHH ca 6H-
ro6poiiHH OJIOBHH neqaTH, CBH,IJ;eTeJICTBamH 3a JIH BepO~THO rrpHTe)l(aHHe Ha JIHI.J,a, ql1I1TO e,IJ;HO-
romMara rrorryn~pHocT Ha cBeTI.J,HTe cpe,IJ; BHC- I1MeHHI1 CBeTI.J,H - rraTpOHH, 3aCT'bllHI1I.l,I1 I1 IlOKpO-
umre KpnroBe Ha BH3aHTH~. IloBeqero rreqarH BHTeJIH, Ca rpaBHpaHHTe BbpXy T~X CBeTI.J,H - CB.
ca or Kpa~ Ha X (BHHam 6IOCTOBH o6pa3H), XI 11 reoprH, CB. )J;HMI1Thp I1 CB. Teo,IJ;op, KaTO BOeHHH
XII B. ( oco6eHo BpeMero Ha KoMHHHHTe). Ha6niO- CBeTI.J,H ca HOCeHH 11 rroqHraHH rrpe,IJ;HMHO OT BOH-
,IJ;eHH~Ta B'bpXy rreqaTHTe I10Ka3BaT, qe B IlOCJie,IJ;- HHTe, oqaKBamH or T~x 3am11ra, a cB. Bnac11ii 11
HHTe ,IJ;Be ,IJ;eCeTHJieTIUI Ha XI B. KpnmH~T mHT CB. IlapacKeBa- MO)I(e 611 or xopa, HocemH rex-
Ce 3aMeiDI C MHH)J;aJIOBH,IJ;eH (JOpyK06a ]983, HHTe HMeHa. CnmeBpeMeHHO craBa ~cHo, qe
138). TaKa IlO~BaTa Ha MI1H)J;aJIOBI1)J;HIUI mHT Bbp- KpbCTOBeTe eHKOJllli10HI1 IlO,IJ;pa)l(aBaT Ha I13BeCT-
xy rreqaTHTe I1 Bnpxy CTeaTHTOBHTe I1KOHI1 rrpe,IJ;- HI1 BI13aHTI1HCKI1 rraMeTHI1I.J,I1, I10Ka3BaT I1 CJie,IJ;-
IIIeCTBa o<PHI.J,HaJIHara pe<PopMa B cpe,IJ;ara Ha XII B. BaT rrpOMeHHTe B HKOHOrpa<PHHTa Ha CBeTI.J,HTe.
(Ea1-1K 1978, 95-96). To3H <PaKT e or 3HaqeHHe 3a ArHorpa<PcKHTe ,IJ;aHHH, Ha,IJ;IlHCHTe, HaTpy<PeHHTe
,IJ;aTHpaHeTo Ha KpncTa or EarneBo. o6neKJia rrocoqBaT, qe ce,IJ;eMTe Kpncra ca H3pa6o-
Karo ce rrpHBe)I(,IJ;aT re3H rrapanen11 3a pa3me)I(- TeHH B I13TOqHHTe, HaH-BepO~THO B MaJIOa3I1HCKI1Te
,IJ;aHH~ eHKOJIIlHOH, He06XO)J;I1MO e )];a Ce 06npHe aren11era. B ,IJ;pyro aren11e, cne,IJ;Bamo HacnrrHJIHTe
BHHMaHHe 11 Ha rraneorpa<PcKHTe oco6eHOCTH Ha HKOHOrpa<PcKH npOMeHH B Kpa~ Ha X-XI B., e 6HJI
HeroBIDI Ha,IJ;rrHc. I1 ryK, KaKTo rrpH ,ll;pyrHTe Kpnc- H3pa6oreH KpnCThT or EarneBo.
TOBe C'bC CB. reoprH, 6yKBaTa I e 3aMeHeHa c H,

137
 :U:HTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA 1990, 1, 106-116.
Jla3apes 1953: B. H. Jla3apeB. HoBhiH naMHTHHK
ATanacos, Hop,11,anos 1994: r. ATaHacoB, 11. Hop.D.a- CTaHKOBOH )I(HBOIIHCH XII B. H o6pa3 reoprHH-BOHHa B
HOB. Cpe.D.HoBeKOBHIDIT BerpeH Ha )zyHaB. lli)'MeH, 1994. BH3aHTHHCKOM H.D.peBHepyccKoM HcKyccTBe. - BBp, VI,
RanK 1959: A. B. EaHK. HecKOJihKO BH3aHTHHCKHX 1953, 186-222.
KaMeii H3 co6paHHH focy.D.apcTBeHoro 3pMHTa)l(a. - Jla3apes 1986: B. H. Jla3apeB. HcTopHH BH3aH-
BBp, XVI, 1959, 206-215. THHCKoii )I(HBOIIHCH. MocKBa, 1986.
RanK 1978: A. B. EaHK. TipHKJia)l.Hoe HcKyccTBO ~aBpO,li,HnOBa1969:JI.MaBpO)l.HHOsa.CB . Teo)l.op ­
BH3aHTHH IX- XII BB. MocKBa, 1978. pa3BHTHe Hoco6eHoCTH Ha HKOHorpacpcKHH MY THII Bcpe.D.-
reopruesa 1983: 11. feopmeBa . E"hrrrapcKa HapO)l.Ha HOBeKOBHaTa )I(HBOIIHC. - HHH, Xlll, 1969, 33- 53.
MHTorrorHH. CocpHH, 1983. ~aspo,11,unosa 1980: JI. MaBpO.D.HHOBa. 3eMeHcKaTa
roJiocpacT, PoMan'lyK, Pbi)I(OB, AnTonosa 1991: u»pKBa. CocpHH, 1980.
JI. A. forrocpacT, A. H. PoMaH'iyK, C. r. PhDKOB, 11. A. ~apjanosuh Byjosuh 1986: r. MapjaHOBHll-
AHTOHOsa. BH3aHTHHCKHH XepcoH. KaTarror BhiCTaBKH. ByjOBHll. PerrHKBHpH Hl OKOJIHHe HoBor na3apa. - Ho-
MocKBa, 1991. BOna3apcKH 360pHK, 10, 1986, 5- 12.
romes 1961: H. forneB. CTapo6DrrrapcKH rrrarorru- ~apjanosuh Byjosuh 1987: r. MapjaHOBHll-
qecKH H KHpHrrcKH Ha.D.IIHCH OT IX - X B. CocpHH, 1961. ByjoBHh. KpcTOBH oT VI .D.O XII BeKa H3 36HpKe Hapo.D.or
I'pa6ap 1982: A. fpa6ap . HHKOJIKO MomexpaHHTen- My3eja. Eeorpa.D., 1987.
HHUH Ha CBeTH .lJ:HMHThp H MapTHpHyMa Ha CBeTel.(a B ~«(lbi1980: MHcl>hi Hapo.D.OB MHpa. MocKBa, T. I, 1980.
ConYH. - H36paHH C"h'IHHeHHH, I, 1982, 132-153 . Osqapos 1982: H. 0B'IapoB. K»M HKOHorpacl>HHTa
.IJ:onqesa-lleTKOBa 1991: JI. .lJ:oH'ieBa-TieTKOBa. Ha HHKOH CBeTUH npe3 X- XIV B. - ApxeorromH, XXIV,
Kp»cToBe eKOJIIIHOHH c o6pa3H a CBeTU H Ha.D.IIHCH 0 1982, 2, 43- 50.
NTJKOAUOcr- 0 BA.UGT]Ocr H 0 n :copyTJOG- 11TJ!-tT]'rtOcr. - TiacKaJiesa 1967: K. TiacKarreBa. HKoHorpacpcKH
ApxeorrorHH, 1991, 1, 11-19. THIIOBe Ha CB. feopm BcTeHOIIHCHTe Ha KpeMHKOBCKaTa
)l;yifqes 1943: 11. .lJ:yii'leB. Crapa 6»rrrapcKa KHH)I(- u»pKBa. - HEH.IJ:, XXV, 1967, 193- 212.
HHHa, I, Cocl>HH, 1943. llODKOnCTanTHnOB 1982: K. TIOIIKOHCTaHTHHOB.
:>IUt:THH 1991 : )I(HTHH Ha CBeTHHTe. Cocl>HH, 1991 . 3a 'leTeHero HThrrKyBaHeTo Ha Ha.D.nHca OT c. U:ap AceH,
3aJieccKaH 1988: B. H. 3arreccKM. CBH3H cpe.D.He- CHJIHCTpeHCKO.- ApxeorrorHH, XXIV, 1982, 43-49.
BeKoBoro XepcoHeca c CHpHeii H Marroii A3HH BX- XII ny.. Ko 1969: B. r . TiyuKO. BH3aHrnHCKHH Me)l.aJihOH c
BeKax. - B: BocTO'IHoe cpe.D.H3eMHOMOphe H KaBKa3 H3o6pa)l(eHHeM feoprHH-BoiiHa.- CA, 1969, 2, 217- 224.
IV- XIV BB. JleHHHrpa.D.., 1988, 93- 104. ny..Ko 1970: B. r. TiyuKO. HecKOJihKO BH3aHTHHCKHX
Hsanosa 1933: B. HBaHosa. CTapo6DnrapcKH Ha.D.- KaMeii H3 .D.peBHepyccKHx ropo.D.OB. - 36opHHK pa.D.oBa
nHc OT TeKe K03JIY)l.)l(a.- HAM, VII, 1933, 319- 321. BH3aHTorrornKorHcrnryTa, 12, Eenrpa.D., 1970, 113- 139.
HcKyccTBO Bu3anTHH 1977: HcKyccTBO BH3aHTHH CMnpnoB 1975: A. n.CMHpHOB. BhiHOCHOH 'leKaHHhlli
B co6paHHHX CCCP. KaTarror BhiCTaBKH. MocKsa- KpeCT rpeqecKoii pa60Thi XI - XII BB.- B: .ll:peBHepyccKoe
JleHHHrpa.D.,2, 1977. HCJ<YCCTBO. 3apy6e)I(Hbie CBH3H. MocKBa, 1975, 27-40.
HcTopHH Ha E»nrapHH, 3 , CocpHH, 1982. CMH,li,OBCKH 1991: C. CMH.D.OBCKH. 3a eHKOJIIIHOHHTe
Kaprep 1949: M. K. Kaprep. KHeB H MOHrorrhCKoe c Ha)l.IIHCH NTJK6A.aocr, BA.<icrT]ocr, ff:COP'YTJOcr, I1TJ!lT]'rtOcr. -
3aBoeBaHHe. - CA, XI, 1949, 55- 102. ApxeorrorHH, 1991 , 1, 19- 22.
Kaprep 1951: M. K. Kaprep. Apxeorrom'leCKHe XepMan, Ben,11,eJI, Hemesa 1988: H. XepMaH, M.
HCJie.D.OBaHHH .D.peBHero KHeBa. KHeB, 1951. BeH.D.en, B. HerneBa. ApxeorromqecKH npoyqBaHHH B
Kaprep 1958: M. K. Kaprep . .ll:peBHHH KHeB. I, Kapacypa.- ApxeonorHH, XXX, 1988, 4, 1- 11.
MocKBa-JleHHHrpa.D., 1958. XycKnBa,ll,le 1984a: JI. XycKHBa)l.3e. BH3aHTHHCKHii
KoncTanTunosa1982:B . KoHcTaHTHHOBa.HHKorrKo KpecT H3 Mm~:xBapHIIIHH. - 3orpacp, 15, 1984, 24-40.
6erre)I(KH 3a npoTHBo6oroMHJICKHH Ha)l.nHc oT EcKyc. - IOpyKosa 1983: H. IOpYJ<OBa. H)'MH3MaTH'iecKH H
ApxeorrorHH, XXV, 1982, 3-4, 50--55. ccpparHCH'IeCKH naMeTHHl.(H (867- 1195/ 1203 r.). - Tiep-
Kop3yxuna 1958: r . <l>. Kop3yXHHa. 0 naMHTHHKax HHK, 2, 1983, 102- 170.
,KopcyHcKoro )l.erra" Ha PycH (no MaTepHarrOM Me.D.Hero Atanasov 1995: G. Atanasov. Croix-encolpions
JIHThH).- BBp, XIV, 1958, 129- 137. proche-orientales de Ia region de Ia Dobrudja du sud
Koplyxuna, TiecKoBa 2003: r. <l>. Kop3yxHHa, A. A. (Bulgarie). - Akten des XII. Intemationalen Kongress-
TiecKoBa . .ll:peBHepyccKHe 3HKOJIIIHOHhi. Harpy.D.Hhie Kpec- es fur christlische archaologie. Bonn 22.- 28. September,
Thi-perrHKBHapHH X-Xlll BB. CaHKT-Tierep6ypr, 2003. 1991, T. 1, Miinster, 1995,483-495.
Koc._romKo-BaJIJO)I(HnH'I 1905: K. K. KocuiOrnKo- Baniny-Oberschall 1953: M. Bar{my-Oberschall.
BarrlO)I(HHH'i. 0T'IeT o pacKonKaxB XepcoHece TaBpH'Iec- Byzantinische Pectoralkreuze aus ungarischen Fun-
KOM B 1903 ro)l.e. - HHAK, Bhiii. 16, 1905, 37-110. den. - Forschungenen fur Kunstgeschichte und chris-
Kynu._bKHii 1990: B. A. KyHHl.(hKHii. ErrH3hKOCX.D.Hi lische Archaologie, 1953, 207- 250.
eHKorrnioHH Ha TepHTopii" TiiB.D.eHHOI Pyci. - ApxeorroriH, Chronique 1953 : ·chronique des fouilles et decou-

138
vertes archeologiques en Crece en 1952. - BCH, 77, Stichworten. Leipzig, 1980.
1953, I, 191-291. Schlumberger 1905: G. Schlumberger. L,epopee
Coche de Ia Ferte 1981: E. Coche de la Ferte. L,art Byzantine de Ia fin du Xe siecle. Paris, III, 1905.
de Byzanze. Paris, 1981 . Spinei 1975: V. Spinei. Les relations de Ia Moldav-
Coman 1971. G. Coman. Marturii arheologice priv- ei avec le Byzance et Ia Russie au premiere quart du lie
ind cre~tinismul in Moldova secolelor VI- XII. - Danu- millenaire a la lumiere des sources archeologiques. -
bius, V, 1971,75- 99. Dacia, XIX, 1975, 227- 242 .
Dalton 1911: 0. M. Dalton. Byzantine Art and Ar- Splendeur de Byzance 1982: Splendeur de Byzance.
chaeology. Oxfort, 1911. Musee royaux d,Art et d,Histoire. Bruxelles, 1982.
Davidson 1952: G. Davidson. The Minor Objects. - Szatmari 1995: I. Szatmari. Bizenci topusu erekle-
Corinth, XII, 1952. tarto mellkeresztek. Bekes es Gsongrad megyeben. -
Diebel 1925, 1926: Ch. Diehel. Manuel d,art byzan- MFME - Studia Archaeologica, I, 1995, 219-264.
tin. Paris, I, 1925; II, 1926. Talbot Rice, Hirmer 1959: D. Talbot Rice, M.
Dragomir 1972-1973: I. Dragomir. Citatea Hirmer. The Art of Byzantium. London, 1959.
medievala de la Enisala. Unelte arme ~i obiecte de The Glory of Byzantium 1997: The Glory of Byzan-
podola. - Danubius, VI- VII, 1972- 1973,24-48. tium. New York, 1997.
Goldschmidt, Weitzmann 1930-1934: Goldschmidt, Thierry 1963: N. et M. Thierry. Nouvelles eglises rup-
Weitzman. Die byzantinischen Elefenbeinsculpturen des estres de Cappadoce. Region des Hasan Gagi. Paris, 1963.
X- XIII Jahrhunderts, I - II, Berlin, 1930--1934. Zacos, Veglery 1972: G. Zacos, A. Veglery. Byzan-
Grabar 1936: A. Grabar. L,empereur dans l,art byz- tine Lead Seals. 1/1- 3, Basel. 1972.
antin. Paris, 1936. Wessel1967: Kl. Wessel. Die byzantinische Emailkunst
Grabar 1943: A. Grabar. Les miniatures du Gre- vom 5. bis 13. Jahrhundert. Recklinghausen, 1967.
goire de Naziane de L,Arnbrosienne (Arnbrosianus 49- Wullff 1909, 1911: 0 . Wulff. Altchristliche und mit-
50). Paris, 1943. telalterliche byzantinische und italianische Bildwerke.
Grabar 1946: A. Grabar. Martyrium. Recherches sur Berlin, III, 1909, 1; III, 1911 , 2.
le culte des religieuse et l,art chretien antique. Paris, 1946. I:KA.apou-Maupottoi]2002: M.LKAU~ou- MaupoEilii].
Howell 1970: D. Howell. St. George as interces- Lmupot-A.wvavo8i]KE<; tTJ<; LuUoi]<;o TcroA.osili11.
sor.- Byzantion, XXXIX, 1970, 121-136. IIapatr]pllcrEt<; <rtr]V TEXVtKll Kat tr]V EtKovoypacpta. -
Jerphanion 1925: G. Jerphanion. Les eglises rup- ~. Ilcp. f.., Tof.!. Ky. 2002, 273- 278.
estres de Cappadoce. Paris, 1925. Planches: I. 9taaaA.oviK11 Ia-ropia 1986: 'EK8EG11 AcuKO'u
Kalavrezu-Maxeiner 1985: I. Kalavrezu-Maxeiner. Ilupyou. 8ccrcraA.ovtK11 Imopia Kta HXV11. A811va. 1986.
Byzantine Ikons in Steatitte. Wien, 1985. Z\KO(J 1984: N. Z\Kocr. Bu<;avnv6 oomoptK6 <;Ti]
Laurent 1963, 1965: Le corpus des sceax de L,Empire 8paK11. -ApxawA.oyia, 13, 1984, 71- 77.
Byzantin.T. V. L,Eglise. Paris, 1, 1963 2, 1965.
Munoz 1906: A. Mufioz. L,at byzantin a!,exposition JiEJIElKKH
1
de Grottaferrata. Rome, 1906. 3a rrpe,li,OCTaBeHaTa Ml1 B'b3MO:>KHOCT )l,a rry6nl1KyBaM
Ovcarov 1991: N. Ovcarov. Sur l,iconographie de T03l1 KpocT 6naro,ll,ap51 Ha ,n:. MoMqHnos
St. Georges aux XI<-XII<siecles.- Byzantinoslavica, LII, 2
KpoCTDTeOTKpi1TITpi1pa3KOITKl1HaileTMfeoprHesa.
1991, 121- 129. Enaro,ll,ap51 3a rrpe,li,OCTaseHaTa Ml1 Bo3MO:>KHOCT )l,a ro
Sachs, Badstiibner, Neumann 1980: H. Sachs, E. rry6nHKyBaM.
Badstiibner, H . Neumann. Christliche Ikonographie in

ENCOLPION CROSSES WITH THE IMAGE OF ST. GEORGE,

ALONE OR WITH OTHER SAINTS

Ljudmilla DONCHEVA-PETKOVA

Recently in the Historical Museum of Karnobat seven more crosses with preserved on one or both
was received a breastplate reliquary cross, on sides engravings of St. George portrayed either
both sides of which according to the inscription alone or together with other saints such as Dimitar,
by means of engraving is depicted the effigy of St. Theodore, Paraskeva, Vlasius.
George. This cross caused the reason for reviewing
other encolpions bearing the image of the same On four crosses - one with unknown origin, in AIM-
saint. From various regions of Bulgaria are familiar BulgarianAcademyofScience, Sofia (plate!, 1a, b,plate

139
rv, 1 a, b) and another one also with unknown origin in and holding their hands up in a gesture of prayer.
HM ofKazanluck (plate I, 2), from the ,,Horromegdan" We feel inclined to refer these crosses to the end
locality by the village of Zhelud, Shoumen area (plate of X-XI c. Arguments in favour of this is the
I, 3, plate rv, 2) and the village of Zimmen, Kamobat presentation of the saints as patrons and defenders,
area (plate II, 1, a, b, plate V, 1, a, b) is presented a the paleographic peculiarities of the inscriptions
young saint with hands raised in a prayer. On the basis and certain analogies with seals and various other
of this distinctive gesture, the engraving of the face and monuments of art.
clothes the four crosses merge with the great number
of encolpion crosses bearing the images of unknown The eighth cross comes from the stronghold of
saints. Only due to the incised into the upper part of Bashevo, Kurdzhali area (plate III, 3 a, b, IV, 2 a,
the vertical shoulder name- 0 ArHOC/r€0PrHOC b). On the juncture upon the preserved horizontal
(L'EytO<; fEropyto<;) is positively established that it is a shoulder on the obverse side was depicted St.
presentation of St. George. Theodore. At both sides of the saint has remained
part of incorrectly written inscription: PO~/OC,
From the ,Kalleto" (the Stronghold) locality comes that should probably be restored like this: [0EO]
another cross (plate II, 2, a, b, plate V, 2, a, b), on the ~OPOC = 0c6oropoc;. On the reverse side of the
front side of which is engraved St. George and on reliquary is depicted St. George with an inscription
the reverse - St. Dimitar. The mediaeval engraver OA fEOPfH/OC = L' E(ywc;)fcropyoc;. Here
had made an attempt to distinguish the two saints 0 AfHOC is abbreviated in the same way by
although referring to untypical iconography features inscribing A into 0. St. George is standing up in
by the diverse presentation of the heads and clothes, full face with the attributes of a warrior - a spear
e. g. St. George is wearing a beard. In the upper in the right hand, leaning against his shoulder and
part of the vertical shoulder is visible a three-line in the left - a cross interposed into a round shield.
inscription- on the obverse: OAriOC/rEOPf!IOC Having in mind the iconography - the presentation
(L' Eywoc;fcropywc;) and on the reverse OAriOC/ of the saint as a warrior with a round shield and the
~HMI/TPIOC (L'Eywc; ~TJI..rrrrptoc;). From the paleographic peculiarities of the inscription it could
mediaeval Vetren on the Danube is published a be assumed that the cross from the stronghold at
cross on the obverse side of which is presented St. the village of Bashevo was most probably made
Paraskeva (HArHA II/APACK/€<B>YH= 1\ Cyia in the period from the second half to the 80-ies of
Ilapaamccuij), and on the reverse St. George- XI c. and was most likely manufactured in another
OArHOC/rEOPriO/C (plate III, 1). During workshop where the artisans were familiar with the
excavations along the lay-out of the Trakya interstate new iconography of the saint.
near the ,Sinnanski Grobishta" (Cemetery of
Sinnan) locality at the antique station Karasurra by The reviewed encolpion crosses were possibly
the village ofRoupkitte, Chirpan area in a mediaeval the possession of people who had the same names
layer was uncovered a relatively well-preserved as their patron-saints whose images are engraved
(without the loop) cross (plate III, 1, a, b, plate, 1a, on the crosses - St. George, St. Dimitar, St.
b). On its obverse side is depicted St. Vlasius and Theodore. As warrior saints they were certainly
on the reverse - St. George. The images of both worn and revered by soldiers expecting the saints'
saints are rendered in the one and the same manner, guardiance, while St. Vlasius and St. Paraskeva
distinguished only by the beards rendered with short were perhaps worn by people who were entitled
slanting lines for the more elderly St. Vlasius. On the to their names. Simultaneously it becomes clear
upper end of the vertical shoulders in two lines are that the encolpion crosses are skillful imitations
written the names of the saints and the definition 0 of well-known Byzantine monuments and reveal
ArHOC is abbreviated by inscribing A into 0 and is certain alterations in the iconography of the
followed by the name BAACHO/C saints. The agiographic data, the inscriptions, the
overdressed figures of the saints are indicative for
('0 aywc; BA.ac;ioc;) on one side and fEOPf/HOC the fact that the seven crosses were worked out in
('0 ayw<; fEffipyw<;) on the other. some of the eastern, most probably Anatolian (Asia
Minor) workshops. In another atelier following the
On these seven crosses St. George, St. Dimitar, occurring iconography changes from the end of X
St. Paraskeva and St. Vlasius are portrayed as and XI c. was made the cross from Bashevo.
patrons, standing in full face, dressed in chitons

140
 PAHHOBH3AHTHHCKH ITEqATH (V-VI n.)
OT <DOH)l;A HA APXEOJiornqECKIDI MY3EH
B HECEJi'hP
CmoRHKa ,lf11MOBA

B H)'MH3Manfqmrn cpoH,n: Ha M)'3eii ,CTapMHeH On.: BmcropHH npaBa BDB <)lac, cTDnMna Bopxy
Hece6np" npe3 nocne,n:HMTe ro,n:HHM nocTDnMxa rno6yc. B pa3TBopeHHTe eM poQe .n:op)KH seHUM.
OT OTKJ'TIKM BM3aHTMHCKM onOBHM neqaTH OT OKOn- .lJ:MaMeTDp 19/22 MM, ,n:e6enMHa 5 MM. IloBopx-
HOCTMTe Ha Hece6op M oT QenMH EypracKH pe- Hocrra Ha MOllHB.LJ:OByna e HapyrneHa OT KOp03HH,
moH. Te o6oraTMxa KoneKQHHTa OT neqaTM Ha KOHTO e 3acerHana oco6eHo CMnHo peBepca. MHB.
My3eH M Ca HOCMTenM Ha QeHHa MCTOpMqecKa MH- NQ 1967. MecmoHaMupaHe: paiioHoT Ha rp. IloMo-
cpOpMaQHH. OcHOBHHHT npo6neM, npe.n: KOHTO ce pMe (o6p. 1).
M3TipaBHMe, pa6oTeHKM C THX, e, qe He ca OTKpHTM EK3eMrrilllpbT e Herry6miKyBaH, HO ca H3BeCTHH
npM apxeonorMqecKM pa3KOTIKM B KOHKpeTHa apxeo- Herosw rrapa.rrenw (Zacos, Veglery 1972, M 1; CoKOJIOBa
norMqecKa cpe,n:a, KOeTO 6H TI03BOnHnO TIO-TOq- 1991, ma6Jl.3! M 1).
HaTa HM HHTepnpeTaUHH, a ,n:aHHMTe 3a MeCTOHa- Mo)KeM caMo ,n:a npe,n:nonaraMe KOH e a.n:pecaTDT
MMpaHeTO HM Ca TI0-06IIJ;H H HeTiollHH. Ha KopecnoH,n:eHQMHTa Ha MMTI. AHacTacMH. Bonpe-
Ilpe,n:MeT Ha HaCTOHIIJ;aTa ny6nHKaQHH Ca qeTH- KH qe TOM He e M3BeCTeH, neqaThT CBH,n:eTenCTBa 3a
pM paHHOBH3aHTMHCKH neqaTa, KOMTO ca Heny6nM- aKTMBHMTe MY Bpo3KH coc cTonMQaTa Ha MMnepHHTa
KyBaHM, MHamaTa Qen e .n:a 6n,n:aT BoBe,n:eHM B Hayq- M nnqHo c MMnepaTopa.
HO o6paiiJ;eHMe. MonMB.LJ:OBynnTe OT V-VI B. ca ITo BpeMeTo Ha AHacTaCMH I KMTIH ycuneHo
pH.D:KOCT u npe,n:cTaBAABaT ronHM HHTepec 3a ccppa- CTpOMTenCTBO Ha 3aiiJ;HTHH CoOpo)KeHHH B eBpO-
rMCTHTe. ManKo ca H ny6nnKyBaHHTe OT T03M ne- neHCKaTa TepHTOpHH Ha MMnepHHTa, KOeTO MMa 3a
pMo,n: neqaTH OT TepMTOpHHTa Ha EonrapHH. Qen CTIHpaHe Ha BapBapCKHTe HailleCTBMH, CTMraiiJ;M
PaHHOBM3aHTMHCKHTe neqaTH OT Hece6op ce no- .n:o KoHcTaHTMHonon. Torasa ca nocTpoeHM paHHO-
!WAAT Ha ,n:Be rpynM: HMnepaTOpCKH neqaTM Mneqa- BH3aHTHHCKHTe KpenocTHH cTeHH Ha MeceMBpHH,
TM Ha qaCTHH nMQa. CTpOHT Ce H OT6paHHTenHH KpenOCTH B HaH-
.LJ:OCThTIHaTa M3ToqHa qacT Ha XeMyc. KaTo MMaMe
npe,n:BH.LJ: M MHOrOTO a,n:MHHMCTpaTHBHH H QlMHaH-
I. HMTIEPATOPCKH TIE~TH COBH pecpopMH, OCoiiJ;eCTBeHH OT AHaCTaCMH, He
e yqy,n:BaiiJ;O OTKpHBaHeTO Ha HerOB MOnMB.LJ:OByn B
1. AuacTacuii I (491-518)
paHOHa Ha IloMOpMe.
JI.: KporOB Ha,n:nMc oKono H3o6pa)KeHHeTo, 3a-
noqBaiiJ; OTAABO:
2. IOcTnuuau I (527-565)
D ....... SIVSPPAVG- D(ominus) n(oster) An-
fl.: Kporos Ha,n:nuc oKono H3o6pa)KeHMeTo, 3a-
astasius p(er) p(etuus) Aug(ustus).
noqsaiiJ; oTnHBo:
ErocT Ha HMnepaTopa c ,n:ua,n:eMa c nponeH,n:ynu,
DNIVSTI. ..... AVI- D(ominus) n(oster) Iustin-
npe,n:cTaBeH BoB <)lac. 3arnpHaT e c nnaiiJ;, 3aKonqaH
ianus p(er) p(etuus) Aug(ustus).
C cpM6yna Ha .LJ:HCHOTO paMO.

06p.J. 06p.2.

141
 EIOcT Ha HMrrepaTopa c ,nHa,neMa c rrporreH,nynH, Harp. IIoMOpHe (o6p.3).
rrpe,ncTaBeH B'hB <t>ac. 06neqeH, c 6pom1, 3aropHaT EK3eMrrllilpoT e Herry6JJHKyBaH, HO ca H3BeCTHH Hero-
c rrna~, 3aKorrqaH c <PH6yna Ha .LVICHOTO paMo. BH rrapaJJeJJH (Zacos, Veglery 1972, M 2802a; HopoaHoe,
On.: BHKTOpiDI rrpaBa B'bB <Pac, CThiiHna Bnpxy Kou4e6, Myma¢oe 1998, M 1).
rno6yc. B AHCHaTa cH pnKa ,nnp:>KH BeHeu;. B rrone-
TaTa oT ,nBeTe il CTpaHH ca H3o6pa3eHH KpncToBe. II. nEqATII HA qACTHII JIIIIJ,A
,ll;HaMeThp 20/23 MM, ,ne6enHHa 2 MM. ,ll;o6np
OTrreqaThK H ,no6pe 3aiia3eH MOnHBAOByn. lfHB. 1. lleTpoc (VI o.)
N2 1819. MecmonaMupm-te: 3eMnH~eTO Hac. Korna- Jl.: Eoropo,nHu;a B u;Hn pnCT c HHM6, XHMaTHOH
pHu;a, o6~HHa Hece6np ( o6p.2). H Ma<t>opHoH, B'bB <Pac. IIpe.n rop,nHTe cH ,nnp:>KH
EK3eMrrllilpoT e Herry6JJHKyBaH, HO ca H3BeCTHH Hero- Me,nanhOH c nHKa Ha XpHcToc. B rroneTaTa OT
BH rrapaJJeJJH (Zacos, Veglery 1972, M 2802a; HopoaHoe, ,nBeTe il cTpaHH ca H3o6pa3eHH rranMOBH KnOHKH H
Kou4e6, Myma¢oe 1998, M 1). Ha,n THX - KpbCTOBe.
A,npecaThT Ha KopecrroH,neHU:IDITa Ha HMII. On.: KpncToo6pa3eH MOHorpaM, cn,nnp:>Ka~
IOcTHHHaH I 611 Morno ,na 6n,ne KaKTo a,nMHHHCTpa-
THBHO IIQ,[.{qHHeHO HeMy nHIJ;e, TaKa H penHrH03HO
6yKBHTe IIETP6C ffi.
,ll;HaMeThp 19/20 MM, ,ne6enHHa 5/6 MM. ,ll;o6np
HnH qaCTHO nHIJ;e.
OTrreqaThK H ,no6pe 3arra3eH MOnHBAOByn. lfHB.
IIo BpeMeTO Ha IOcTHHHaH I MeceMBpiDI oT6e- N2 1820. MecmonaMupane: 3eMnH~eTo Hac. Torr-
M3Ba rOMM pa3IJ;BeT - B rpa,na Ca IIOCTpOeHH
qHHCKO, AiiTocKo (o6p.4).
rro,n3eMHaTa Bo,norrpoBo,nHa CHCTeMa, BHYillHTen- EK3eMIIJJ.S!poT e Herry6JJHKYBaH H He ca MH H3BeCTHH
HHTe paHHOBH3aHTHHCKH TepMH H HHKOH OT paHHO- HerosH rrapMeJJH.
XpHCTHHHCKHTe 6a3HnHKH (,CB. Co<PIDI", ,CB.
Eoropo,nHu;a Eneyca" H ,CB. AnocTonH IIeThp H
IIaBen"). rpa,n'bT CTaBa ce,nanH~e Ha apxHeiiHC-
KOIIIDI - rrpH yrrpaBneHHeTo Ha IOcTHHHaH I MecT-
HIDIT eiiHCKOII e H3,[.{HrHaT B paHr Ha apxHeiiHCKOII.
JlorHqHQ H ecTeCTBeHO e Orrpe,neneHH CaHOBHHU:H
H BHAHH rpa:>K,naHH, :>KHBee~H B paiioHa Ha MeceM- 06p. 4.
BpiDI, ,na rronyqaBaT KOpeCIIOH,[.{eHIJ;HH OT CaMIDI l1KoHorpa<l>IDITa Ha Eoropo,nHu;a c XpHcToc H
HMrrepaTOp. KpbCT006pa3HIDIT MOHOrpaM Ca XapaKTepHH 3a
VI B. IIeTpoc Haii-BepoHTHO e BH,neH BH3aHTHHCKH
3. IOcTuuuau I (527-565) CaHOBHHK, HO Ha MOnHBAOByna He e OT6eM3aHa
Jl.: KpnrOB Ha,nrrHc oKono H3o6pa:>KeHHeTo, 3a- ,nnn:>KHOCT HnH THTna. Tosa e xapaKTepHo 3a erro-
rroqBa~ OTMBO: xaTa - pH,nKo ce oT6eM3BaT THTnH, ,nnn:>KHOCTH H
DNIVS .....NVS ..... - D(ominus) n(oster) Ius- reorpa<t>cKH HaHMeHoBaHIDI Bnpxy onoBHHTe rre-
tinianus p(er) p(etuus) Aug(ustus). qaTH. IIopa,nH TOBa orrpe,neMHeTo MY KaTo rreqaT
EIOcT Ha HMrrepaTopa c ,nHa,neMa c rrporreH.nynH, Ha ,qaCTHO nHu;e" e ycnOBHO.
rrpe,ncTaBeH B'bB <Pac. 06neqeH, c 6poHH.

06p. 3.

On.: BHKTOpiDI rrpaBa B'bB <Pac, CThiiHna Bnpxy

rno6yc. B ,nHcHaTa CH pnKa ,nnp:>KH BeHeu;. B rrone-
TaTa OT ,nBeTe il cTpaHH HMa KpnCTOBe.
,ll;HaMeThp 17I 18 MM, ,ne6enHHa 4 MM. ,ll;o6np oT-
rreqaThK H ,no6pe 3arra3eH MOnHBAOByn. Ha aBepca
H306pa:>KeHHeTO He e u;eHTPHpaHO H H3nH3a H3B'bH
H,npoTO. l1HB.N2 2137. MecmonaMupane: paiioHa

142
 U:HTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA OcTporopcKH 2000: r. 0cTporopcKI1. HcTOpiD! Ha
Bl13aHTHHCKaTa ~bp)l<aBa. Cocpm1, 2000, 96-141.
Hop~auos 1992: H. Hop~aHOB. lleqaTHTe Ha KOMep- CoKonosa 1991: H. CoKonoBa. BH3aHTI1HCKHe ne-
KHapw!Ta ,ll;eBem. - llocenHI.QH11 npoy<IBaHIDI, 1992, 2. qaTbl VI-nepBoH: nonoBI1Hhl IX B. H3 XepcoHeca. -
Hop~auos 1993: H. Hop~auoB. lleqaTHTe OT CTpa- Bl13aHTI1HCKHH: BpeMeHHHK, 1991, 52,201-213.
TeriD!Ta B llpecnaB (971-1 088). CocpiDI, 1993. lllau~poscKaH 1968: B. lllaH~pOBCKlUI. TiaW!THI1-
Hop~auos, Koifqes, Myncpos 1998: H. Hop~aHOB, KH Bl13aHTHHCKOH ccppamcTI1KH B 3pMHTa)l(e. - Bl13aH-
A. KowqeB, B. MyracpoB. Cpe~HOBeKOBHIDIT AxTonon THHCKI1H BpeMeHHHK, 1968, XXIX, 244-268.
VI-XII B. cnope~ ~aHHHTe Ha H)'MI13Man!KaTa 11 ccppa- Zacos, Veglery 1972: G. Zacos, A. Veglery. Byzan-
rHCTI1KaTa. - H)'MH3MaTHKa 11 ccpparHCTHKa, 1998, 2, tine Lead Seal. Bazel, 1972.
67-89.

EARLY-BYZANTINE SEALS (5th_6th c.)

FROM THE FUND OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM
INNESSEBUR

Stoyanka DIMOVA

In recent years the numismatic fund of the ,Antique areas is far from accidental having in view the
Nessebur" Museum replenished its collection by active construction and administrative activities of
purchases of new Byzantine leaden seals. Subject these emperors on the European territories of the
of the present publication are the Early-Byzantine Empire.
seals (5th-6th c.). They are divided into two groups:
emperors' seals and seals of private personalities. The last seal (Table 4) is provisionally defined as
The emperors' or imperial seals are presented by a seal of a ,private personality" as a result of the
a molivdul seal of Anasthasius I (Tablel) and two absence of title, office or rank. Its iconography is
seals of Justinian I (Table 2 and 3). They come from typical of the 6th c. On the reverse side interposed
the region of the town ofPomorie and the village of within a cruciform monogram is discernible the
Kosharitsa, Nessebur Municipality. The addressees name of its owner - Petros, who was probably a
of these emperors' correspondence are unknown high-ranking Byzantine dignitary.
but the discovery of their seals in the indicated

143
 KHITHJIOBCKATA KPEITOCT H HEHHOTO 3HAqEHHE
ITPE3CPE~HOBEKOBHETO

Mepu PA,l(EBA

K11mlJIOBCKaTa KperrocT e e.D:Ha OT MaJIKOTO o6xmK.D:aHJ1j{ (JlucuLJoe197 5, 21- 33). EJiaro.D:apeHI1e

)J;OCTI1rHaJII1 )J;O HaC KbCHOaHTI1qHI1 KpeiiOCTI1- IIp11 Ha HeHHaTa )J;06pa 3aiia3eHOCT B cyrrepcTpyKU11ji He
TOBa .11:06pe 3arra3eHa. Orr11caHa e ome rrpe3 1930 r. e 611JIO TPY.D:HO .11:a ce oqepTae rrJiaH'hT M, MaKap 11 c
OT K. ll1Koprr11JI (ll!KopnWl 1930, 200- 203, o6p. 1). Hj{KOI1 Heii'hJIHOTI1 (o6p. 1). Ha OT)J;eJIHI1 eJieMeHTI1
IlO-KbCHO ,[(. IJ;oHqeB jJ: pa3rJie)I()J;a B rrpoyqBaHeTO OT KpeiiOCTHaTa CI1CTeMa Ce CII11pa 11 ,[(. 0BqapOB B
Cl1 3a KpeiiOCTI1Te ITO CeBepH11Te CKJIOHOBe Ha CBOI1Te 113CJie.D:BaHI1j{ ( Oe•wpoe 1982, 40, 47).
EJieHCKJ1j{ 11 CJII1BeHCKJ1j{ EaJIKaH (l{owLee 1948, Ili1CMeHI1Te 113BOp11 He rrpe)J;JiaraT KOHKpeTHI1
113 u ell.). CaBaEo6qeB, 113CJie)J;BaHKI1 KperrocTHI1Te )J;aHHI1, CBbp3aHI1 IIpj{KO C Hej{. 3acera Tj{ He e 11)J;eH-
KYJII1 c 113.D:a.D:eH pn6, C'hlli,O ce crr11pa Ha Hej{ (Eo6'lee T11Q)J1U11paHa. C OrJie)J; Ha HeHHa KOHCepBaUJ1j{ 11
1961 a, 116, 117, o6p.15). l1 Tp11MaTa rrpe.D:JiaraT pecTaBpaul1j{ rrpe3 1978 r. 3arroqHaxa apxeoJiom-
Uj{JIOCTeH 11JII1 qaCTI1qeH IIJiaH 11 OIII1CaHI1e Ha qecKI1 pa3KOIIKI1 IIO)J; pbKOBO)J;CTBOTO Ha ,[(11MI1T-
Kperrocrra, KaTo BCeKH rrpe.D:Jiara pa3JII1qHa .D:aTa p11Ha ,[()l(OHOBa OT Hl1IIK- Co<PJ1j{ 11 rrpo.D:bJI)l(eHI1
Ha HeHHOTO 113rpa)I()J;aHe. llJKOpii11JI jJ: CBbp3Ba C rrpe3 1979- 1981 r. oT M. Pa.D:eBa OT Ol1M- CJII1-
11MIIepaTOp I0CTI1HI1aH (527-565), IJ;oHqeB CMHTa, BeH. IlpoBe)J;eHI1 MaKap 11 Ha MaJI'hK ceKTOp OT Kpe-
qe Tj{ e oT IV BeK, a Eo6qeB jJ: OTHacj{ K'hM Kpaj{ IIOCTTa, Te rrpe)J;JI0)l(I1Xa IIOBeqe )J;aHHI1 3a Heji .
Ha V BeK. Ho 11 Tp11MaTa aBTOp11 rrpaBj{T CBOI1Te CMj{TaMe, qe 113BO.ll:11Te, .11:0 KOI1TO .D:OCTI1rHaxMe
113BO)J;I1 Ha 6a3aTa Ha TepeHHI1 Ha6JIIO)J;eHJ1j{, 6e3 Ha T0311 eTarr, MoraT .11:a rrpeThpllj{T He caMo .D:OII'hJI-
pa3KOIIKH. CT. J111C11UOB .D:aBa e)J;HO cpaBHI1TeJIHO HeHI1j{, HO 11 113MeHeHJ1j{ 11 KOpeKU1111 rrp11 CJie)J;Balll,l1
TOqHo OIII1CaHI1e Ha KpeiiOCTTa 11 jJ: )J;aT11pa B KbC- rrpoyqBaHJ1j{ .
HaTa aHTI1qHOCT, 6a311paHKI1 Ce C'hlli,O Ha TepeHHI1

-,"·~,~

~~=::~:...:·
+ l ...
A;,_t_d)1Jff
... "
:.-~·

+ + + +

06p. 1. 06ut nJlaH Ha Kpenocmma (no Jlucutjoe)

144
 06p. 2. 06UJ n.naH (KoMn.neKCHO 3GCHe.MaHe- 11. PaweB)

KoMrrJieKCHO 3acHeMaHe Ha o6eKTa e H3BnprneHo 3a BJIH3aHe B yKpeiiJieHHeTO e OT 3aiia,IJ;, K'b,IJ;eTO e H

OT KOJieKTHB c pnKOBO,IJ;HTeJI lfBaH ParneB - BeJIHKO IIOpTaTa Ha TB'bp,li;HHaTa.
TnpHoBo rrpe3 1997-1998 r. ( o6p. 2 11 3). KpenocTHaTa KypTHHa cJiep;Ba KOHcjmrypa:QHRTa
KHrrHJIOBcKaTa KperrocT ce HaMHpa ceBepOH3- Ha TepeHa 11 Kpenocrra HMa yp;nJI)I(eHa, HenpaBHJIHa,
ToqHo OT Haii-BHCOKaTa qacT Ha rrpoxop;a )l{eJie3- Tpaiie:QOBH,IJ;Ha cpOpMa C IUHpOKa OCHOBa Ha JOrO-
HH BpaTa, B HaqaJioTo Ha MaTop rrJiaHHHa (Kop;)l(a- H3TOK. 3aeMa IIJIOil( OKOJIO 8 p;Ka. OpHeHTHpaHa e no
6aJIKaH), pa3IIOJIO)I(eHa B CeBepHHTe CKJIOHOBe Ha IIOCOKa H3TOK-3aiia,IJ;, HMa ,ll;'bJI)I(HHa OKOJIO 200 M H
Ce,IJ;JIOBHHaTa 3eJieHJ1q, OT KO.siTO rroqBa 6aceHH'bT IUHpHHa B H3TOqHJ1.sl Kpaif 60 M, a B 3aiia,IJ;HH.sl -
Ha p. CaiiraHH:Qa. 3aToBa e rro3HaTa 11 rrop; HMeTo 20-25 M. Ha MecTa CKaJIHTe ca BKJIJOqeHH B caMHR
CaiiraHcKo KaJie. IIocTpoeHa e Ha roroH3ToqHHR rpap;e)l(, KaTO ca H3IIOJI3BaHH MHOro yMeJIO.
CThiiaJIOBH,IJ;eH CKJIOH Ha BHCOKH.sl xpe6eT Xacap.s1 CynepcrpyK:QHRTa Ha KpeiiOCTHHTe 311,/J;OBe Ha
Me)l(p;y npHTO:QHTe Ha p. CaiiraHH:Qa - XHcapaJITa Me eTa e p;o6pe 3anaJeHa. 3anap;HaTa KpenocTHa CTe-
11 Kypyp;epe, 3aeMaiiKH ropHaTa TepacoBH,IJ;Ha qacT Ha, KORTO e C p;e6eJIHHa 3 M, e 3aiia3eHa ,li;O 8-9 M
Ha B'h3BHIUeHHeTo. CKaJIHHTe CKJIOHOBe Ha BHcoqH- BHcoqHHa. OT Bxop;a JO)I(HaTa cTeHa npop;'hJI)I(aBa
HaTa ca CTp'bMHH, a Ha MeCTa - OTBeCHH H ecTeCT- Ha 3anap; H CJiep; 3,40 M 3aBHBa IIO,ll; IIpaB 'bThJI Ha
BeHO Hep;ocT'biiHH. Ep;HHCTBeHoTo p;ocT'biiHO MRCTO ceBep, Knp;eTo BnpBH no H3p;Hrall(HR ce TepeH. Ha

IK

40m j{}m
I I

06p.3. CeKmop , 3anao" - pa3pe3

145
 <l>yr11Te Me)K)J.y pe)J.OBeTe ca KOJIKOTO )J.e6eJII1HaTa
Ha TYXJII1Te, TaKa qe BCI11fKI1 nOHCI1 Ca II111pOKI1
0,40 M. Ha6JIIO)J.asa ce, qe ryxJieHI1Te noHCI1 ca no-
Ha6JII130 e)J.I1H )1.0 )J.pyr B )J.OJIHI1Te 1faCTI1 Ha Kpe-
IIOCTHI1Te 311)J.OBe, a KOJIKOTO Ce OTI1Ba 00-Harope,
pa3CTOHHI1eTo noMe)K)J.y 11M ce yseJII11fasa. B 311-
)J.OBeTe oT He)J.OCThnHI1Te cTpaHI1 Hj{Ma ryxJieHH
nOHCI1.
KaMeHHI1Te noHCI1 ca B TeXHI1Ka opus implec-
tum, np11 KOHTO JI11QeBI1Te 1faCTI1 Ha 311)J.a ca 06JII1-
QOBaHI1 C )J.HJiaHI1 KaM'bHI1 C pa3JII11fHa rOJieMI1Ha,
a Bl>TpernHocrra ce 3an1>JIBa c 6JioKa)K oT xopo-
caH 11 JIOMeHI1 KaM'bHI1 . HMnJieKTOHl>T OT Bl>Tpern-
Hocrra o6pa3ysa 3)J.paso H)J.po, csop3aHo c JII1-
u:esi1Te 311)J.OBe. CMeceHaTa 311)J.apl1j{ e pa3me)J.aHa
aprYMeHT11paHo oT C. I>o6qes, KOHTO nocpe)J.CT-
BOM cpaBHI1TeJieH MaTepHaJI ycTaHOBHBa 3aKOHO-
MepHOCT s pa3BI1TI1eTo Ha T0311 BI1)J. KOHCTPYKQHj{
11 nocpe)J.CTBOM HeH - B1>3MO)KHOCT 3a e)J.HO OTHO-
CI1TeJIHO )J.aT11paHe Ha p11MCKI1Te 11 Bl13aHTI1HCKI1Te
CTpOe)KI1 (o061feB 19616, 153 11 CJI.).
KpenocTHI1Te 311)J.OBe ca c )J.e6eJII1Ha 2,50 )J.O 3 M
06p.4. J0z 03anaoeH 'bi!bll C 6XOOQ
Ha MeCTa 11 sepOHTHO ca C )J.1>JI60KO <l>YH)J.11paHe Ha
cy6cTpyKIJ,J1j!Ta, 3alli,OTO no 3ana3eHaTa KypT11Ha
7M OT IOr03ana)J.HWI 'biOJI CTeHaTa npaBH qynKa H HI1K'b)J.e He Ce Ha6JIIO)J.aBa nO)J.XJI'b3BaHe no nOCOKa
npO)J.l>JDKasa c nocoKa cesep03ana)J.. Ha cesep 3a- Ha BI1COKI1Te CKJIOHOBe. Heo6XO)J.I1MOCTTa OT )J.'bJI-
B1>prnsa C rOIDIM CKaJieH MaCHB, BKJIIOlfeH B HeH. 60KO <l>YH)J.11paHe np0113TI11faJia OT TOBa, qe )J.e6e-
OT CKaJiaTa 3aBHBa Ha H3TOK. CKJIOHOBeTe oT Ta3H JII1Te MaCI1BHI1 CTeHI1 611JII1 CTpOeHI1 Haif-qeCTO
CTpaHa Ca MHOrO CTp1>MHI1 11 )J.OCThn n01fTI1 Hj{Ma. Ha CTp1>MHI1 MeCTa 11 C'blll,eCTByBaJia onaCHOCT
CesepHaTa cTeHa e 3ana3eHa B 3ana)J.HaTa c11 no- OT nO)J.XJI'b3BaHe H cpyTBaHe, a C'blli,O 11 npe)J.Oa3-
JIOBI1Ha, KaTo BKJIIOlfBa 11 cKaJIHI1Te Mac11s11. Ha BaJIO CTeHI1Te OT OO)J.KOOaBaHe OT CTpaHa Ha Bpa-
113TOK TH C'bBCeM Ce ry611 11 npeMI1HaBa B OTBeCHI1 ra ( Oe'tapoe 1982, 34) . Cy6cTpyKQHj{Ta Ha Kpe-
CKaJII1 )1.0 cesep0113T01fHHj{ 'biOJI, K'b)J.eTO CTeHa He e noCTHI1H 311)1. e nO-)J.e6eJia 11 OT )J.BeTe MY CTpaHI1 Ce
11MaJIO. l13T01fHaTa KpenOCTHa CTeHa e C )J.e6eJII1Ha o<PopMH QOK'bJI, II111pOK 0,25 M.
2,50 M 11 e 3ana3eHa )1.0 2 - 3 M BI1C01fi1Ha. Ha HHKOJIKO 3a no-rOJIHMa ycTOH1fi1BOCT KpenOCTHI1Te CTe-
n1>TI1 e 113nOJI3BaHa cKaJiaTa. B IOrOI13T01fHHj{ l>IDJI HI1 11MaT B OCHOBaTa Cl1 KOHTpa<PopC11, KOI1TO Ca
cTeHaTa 3as11sa no)]. npas l>IDJI. IO)KHaTa KpenocTHa KOHCTPYKTI1BHO csop3aHI1 c1>c cTeHaTa. ,[(Hec ca 3a-
CTeHa C MaJIKI1 113KJII01feHHj{ Ce npOCJie)J.j{Ba n01fTI1 na3eHI1 12 TaKI1Ba. Te ca umpOKI1 e)J.I1H MeThp, 113-
no QHJiaTa c11 )J.1>JI)KI1Ha. Ha 12 M oT IOrOI13T01fHI1H )J.asaT Ce 30-40 CM npe)J. 3H)J.a 11 Ca BHCOKH OT 2
'biOJI CTeHaTa CB1>pii1Ba )1.0 CTp1>MHI1 CKaJII1, a CJie)J. )J.O 5 - 6 M s 3aBI1CI1MOCT oT TepeHa. ITo OTHorneHI1e
THX e CI1JIHO pa3pyrneHa, CJie)J. KOeTO npO)J.'bJI)KaBa Ha pa3nOJIO)KeHI1eTO 11M HHMa HI1KaKBa CI1CTeMa -
Ha 3ana)J. 113rpa)J.eHa CThnaJIOBI1)J.HO C MHOrO )J.e6eJI 113rpa)J.eHI1 ca no-HaqecTo, K'b)J.eTo e 11MaJio HY)K)J.a.
KaMeHeH noHc. B 3ana)J.HI1H :H: Kpaii cJie)J.BaT )J.Ba Ha IO)KHaTa cTeHa Te ca 9, Ha 113T01fHaTa - 2 11 Ha
CKaJIHI1 MaCI1Ba, BKJII01feHI1 B HeH. 3ana)J.HaTa - e)J.I1H.
B 113rpa)K)J.aHeTo Ha KpenocTHaTa KypT11Ha e KpenOCTTa OCBeH maBHI1H BXO)J. 11Ma 11 nOTepH11
113nOJI3BaHa CMeCeHa 311)J.apl1j{ - pe)J.yBaHe Ha Ka- c 1fi1CTO soeHHO npe)J.Ha3Ha1feHI1e. Te ca TeCHI1 11
MeHHI1 11 ryXJieHI1 nOHCI1 B CTeHaTa (OpUS mixtum), ce HaM11paT Ha He)J.OCThnHI1 MecTa. OT noTepH11Te
311)J.apl1j{, KOHTO e 11MaJia 3Ha1fi1TeJIHO np11JIO)KeHI1e npOTI1BHI1Ka e 611JI H3HeHa)J.BaH C BHe3anHI1 y)J.ap11
B Hailli1Te 3eMI1 npe3 paHHOBI13aHTI1HCKaTa enoxa Ha 3alli,I1TH11Q11Te. I10TepH11Te 611JII1 CTapaTeJIHO
(o6p. 4). TyxJieHI1Te nOHCI1 ca OT 1feT11p11 pe)J.a Tyx- 3aMaCKHpBaHI1 H 0611KHOBeHO pa3nOJIO)KeHI1 )1.0 Ky-
JII1 11 npeMI1HaBaT npe3 Qj{JiaTa )J.e6eJII1Ha Ha 311)J.a. JII1, KOI1TO r11 OXpaHj{BaJII1. 1-leCTO Ha)J. CaMI1Te no-
TyxJII1Te ca c pa3Mep11 0,33 x 0,33 x 0,05 M, KaTo TepH11 ce 113)1.11raJII1 KYJII1 ( Oe'tapoe 1982, 42). llpo-

146
 oron, a Kyna NQ 2 ce HaMHpa B IOr03ana,nHHH oron
H e Tp.H6sano .na oxpaH.HBa maBHHH sxo.n Ha Kpe-
nocrra. Ha THX ru;e ce cnpa no-.nony B H3JIO)l(e-
HHeTo.
Kyna NQ 3 e H3,na,neHa ITpe.n ¢poHTa Ha JO)l(HaTa
KYPTHHa H e neTooronHa. 3a cesepHa cTpaHa H.
CJIY)l(H KpenOCTHH.HT 3H,[(. qeJIHH.HT po6 Ha KynaTa
e Ha 4,40 M ITpe.n KypTHHaTa. THe KOHCTPYKTHBHO
CBbp3aHa C KpenOCTHaTa CTeHa. IleTObThJIHH KYIIH,
H3,nasaru;H ce npe.n ¢poHTa Ha KypTHHaTa, ce cpe-
ru;aT npH pe,nHu;a KpeiTOCTH: Cep,nHKa, ,[(onHa Ka6-
.na, Hece6op, Ma,napa H .np. (Oettapoel982, 47).
qeTBbpTaTa Kyna e BbTpelllHa H 3aeMa IOrOH3-
TOqHH5l bThJI, pa3nOJIO)l(eH Ha po6a Ha CKaJIHCTO
cniTano. TH e oxpaH.HBana .nse noTepHH - Ha JO)l(-
HaTa H H3TOqHaTa KpenOCTHa CTeHa. 3ana,[(HO OT
He.H Ce pa3qHCTH nOMeiQeHHe, CBbp3aHO C He.H qpe3
BXO,[(. C HerO e CBbp3aHa nOTepHaTa, pa3nOJIO)l(eHa
B no,nHO)l(HeTo Ha KynaTa 3ana,nHo OT He.H. OT
IOrOH3ToqHHH oron Ha KynaTa ce H3,nasa nHnacnp,
KOHTO ce cnycKa no CKJIOHa Ha CTpbMHHHaTa.
B cpe,naTa Ha cesepHaTa KYPTHHa ce H3,nasa ne-
TaTa Kyna. TH e BbHillHa npasooronHa c pa3MepH
06p. 5. flomepHa Ha IO:JICHama KpenocmHa cmeHa 14 M X 6 M, pa3ITOJIO)l(eHa BbpXy H Me)l(.[(y OTBeCHH
CKaJIH. Ha H3TOqHaTa H CTeHa HMa noTepHa, IllH-
CJie,[(HXa Ce 12 ITOTepHH, HO H3rJie)l(,[(a TeXHH.HT pOKa 1,60 M.
6poii e 6Hn ITO-ronHM. lhu;Hno ca 3aiTa3eHH .nse OT Haii-.no6pe e 3ana3eH 3ana,nHHHT ceKTop Ha
T.HX - ITO e,nHa Ha 3aiTa,[(HaTa H Ha JO)l(HaTa CTeHa.
OcTaHanHTe ca pa3pyllleHH s ropHaTa cH qacT.
IloTepHaTa Ha JO)l(HaTa CTeHa e IllHpOKa e,[(HH Me-
Thp H BHCOKa 2, 70 M ( o6p. 5), KaTO CBO,[(bT H e OT
.nsa pe.na TYXIIH oT BbHillHaTa cTpaHa H e,nHH pe.n
OT BbTpelllHaTa. IlparoT e CThiTaJIOBH,[(eH, KaTO CTh-
IIaJiaTa ca H3ceqeHH B cKanaTa HaMHparu;a ce OT
BnTpelllHaTa CTpaHa. B 3aiTa,nHaTa H. cTpamru;a e
OTBOpbT 3a ITpH6HpaHe Ha rpe,naTa OT spaTaTa. OT
BbTpelllHaTa CTpaHa Ha BXO,[(a HMa CJie,[(H OT ITOMe-
meHHe, MO)l(e 6H Kyna.
IloTepHaTa Ha 3aiTa,nHaTa cTeHa ce HaMHpa ce-
sepHo OT masHaTa ITOpTa H e IllHpoKa 1,20 M H
BHCOKa 2,50 M, oTrope 3acso,neHa (o6p. 6). ITo-
cTpoeHa B qyiTKa Ha CTeHaTa, T.H e 4-5 M ITO-BHCOKa
OT ITbT.H ITpe,n ITOpTaTa H OCHryp.HBa ITpH Hy)l(.[(a
3alli,HTaTa Ha ITo,nxo.na KbM KpeiTocrra.
1
0T6paHaTa Ha KHITHnoscKaTa KpeiTocT ce ITo,n-
1
CHnsana OT KYIIH, pa3ITOJIO)l(eHH ITO ¢pOHTa Ha
e KYPTHHaTa H B 'hniHTe. Te ca BbHillHH H BbTpelllHH,
fl
a no ¢opMa ca npasooronHH, TpHbThJIHH H ne-
0
TO'hrniiHH. Cnope.n 3ana3eHHTe ocTaHKH Te ca 5,
,_ HO TBop.ne sepo.HTHO e .na ca 6HnH noseqe, HO ,nHec
)-
pa3pyii1eHH ..
06p. 6. flomepHa Ha 3anqoHama KpenocmHa cmeHa
)-
Kyna NQ 1 e TpHoronHa H 3aeMa cesepo3ana,nHHH

147
yKperrneHHeTo, Ko,JJ,eTo ce rrpoBe,JJ,oxa apxeonorH- KpenOCTHa CTeHa H CaMOCT051TeJIHaTa Crpa,JJ,a, Ce
qecKHTe pa3KOIIKH. Tow e orpaHH'leH oT TPH Kpe- CTHrHa ,JJ,O cKana, K051TO ce H3)J,Hra Harope H 3aeMa
rrocTHH CTeHH - 3aiia)J,HaTa H 'laCT OT JO)I(HaTa H )J,OJIHaTa qacT Ha KynaTa. T51 e H3Ce'leHa Ha MecTa
ceBepHaTa. BKJIJO'lBa ,JJ,Be KYJIH, rrpHJie)Kalll,H K'bM KaTO CThnaJia. ,[(OJIHH51T eTa)K e 6HJI He06HTaeM.
C'bOTBeTHHTe 'brJIH - IIeTO'brDJIHa B JOr03aiia)J,HIDI Cnope.D. 0BIIapoB e,JJ,HH C'blll,eCTBeH 6ener, KOMTO
H TpHorDJIHa B CeBep03aiia)J,HH51, H CaMOCT051TeJIHa OTJIH'laBan BCH'IKH paHHOBH3aHTHMCKH KYJIH OT
crpa,JJ,a, HaMHpalll,a ce ceBepHo OT roro3arra,JJ,HaTa aHTH'lHHTe, e, qe npH T51X He BHHarH e HMaJIO nOMe-
Kyna. To3H ceKTop e c Haif-roAAMa ,JJ,eHHBeJia~H51. lll,eHHe B ,JJ,OJIHaTa qacT ( 0BIJapoB 1982, 47).
CKaneH MaCHB rrpeMHHaBa no Ha,JJ,JI'b)I(HaTa MY oc H Ilpe3 paHHOBH3aHTHMCKaTa enoxa ce yTB'bp)K-
TepeH'bT )J,O JO)I(HaTa CTeHa e 4-5 M no-HHC'bK. 3aTOBa )J,aBaT KYJIHTe c H3,JJ,a,JJ,eH Harrpe.D. ocTDp po6 H ce
)J,HeC, MaKap H 3ana3eHH )J,O e,JJ,Ha npH6JIH3HTeJIHO ,JJ,aTHpaT B Kpa51 Ha V H npe3 VI BeK (Eo6IJeB 1961 a,
e,JJ,HaKBa BH3YaJIHa BHCO'lHHa, JO)I(HaTa CTeHa Ha 103). TpHorDJIHHTe H neTO'brDJIHHTe KYJIH no'lHBaT
KynaTa e 8,5 M, a cTeHaTa Ha ceBepHaTa crpa,JJ,a - Ha e,JJ,HH H Colli, IIpHH~Hn- H3HaC51He Ha OCTpiDI po6
2,5 M. Hanpe,JJ,, KaTO Ce noJiy'laBa KJIHH C'bC CKOCeHH CTpaHH,
Kyna N!! 1 3aeMalll,a ceBepo3arra)J,HIDI oroJI, e KOMTO He e MO)KeJI )J,a 6o,JJ,e aTaKyBaH $poHTaJIHO.
BoTpeuma, TpHorDJIHa c H3,JJ,a,JJ,eH po6. 06pa3yBaHa Tow e cJiy)KeJI 3a 3alll,HTa cpelll,y KaMeHoMeTHa
e, cne,JJ, KaTo 3ana,JJ,HaTa H ceBepHaTa KYPTHHa ca CTpeJI6a. 5£,JJ,paTa H TapaHHTe cpelll,aJIH CTeHHTe Ha
6HJIH nperpa,JJ,eHH coc cTeHa. T51 e no'ITH paBHO- KYJIHTe no,JJ, 'brDJI H pHKOIIIHpaJIH ( 0BIJapoB 1982,
cTpaHHa c )J,'bJI)KHHa Ha cTpaHHTe 5 M. CTeHHTe li 46).
Ca npO)J,'bJI)KeHHe Ha KpeiiOCTHHTe 3H)J,OBe, KOHTO Haif-Ba)I(Ha poJI51 e H3noJIH51BaJia Kyna N!! 2, Ha-
CKJIJO'lBaT OCThp 'brDJI, H qeJIHIDIT po6 e HaCO'leH MHpalll,a ce B JOr03ana,JJ,HIDI 'brDJI Ha yKpenneHHeTo,
B ceBep03ana,JJ,Ha nocoKa H He e MO)KeJI ,JJ,a 6o,JJ,e K051TO e 6HJia )J,ByeTa)I(Ha H HMa KOHYCOBH)J,Ha
aTaKyBaH $poHTaJIHO. KynaTa e .D.ByeTa)I(Ha. Pa3- 6oi1HH~a Ha 3ana,JJ,HaTa cTeHa. T51 e c HenpaBHJIHa
'IHCTH ce HaCHn'bT B rOpHH51 eTa)K, KOHTO 6e OT OB'br- neTO'hrDJIHa $opMa. Ilpe,JJ,Ha3Ha'leHHeTO He 6HJIO ,JJ,a
JieHO .D.opBo, TPOIIIAAK OT JIOMeHH KaM'hHH H TYXJIH oxpaH51Ba nopTaTa, KaTo $naHKHpa OT ceBep noT51,
H He3Ha'lHTeJIHH $parMeHTH OT Cpe,JJ,HOBeKOBHa BO,JJ,elll, K'bM He51. Ta3H Kyna He e KOHCTPYKTHBHO
KepaMHKa. OTKpH ce cpe6opHa MOHeTa Ha reoprH CBop3aHa c JO)I(HaTa cTeHa, a ce onHpa ,JJ,O He51 Ha
TepTep (1280-1291 ). Pa3KpHxa ce TPH 6oi1HH~H­ $yra. B JOrOH3TO'lHaTa qacT Ha KyJiaTa ce HaMHpa
B JO)KHIDI 'brDJI Ha rynaTa K'bM 3ana,D;HaTa nOTepHa maBHaTa nopTa Ha Kpenocrra, C'bCTOSilll,a ce OT ,JJ,Be
( o6p. 7), Ha 3ana,JJ,HaTa li cTeHa .D.O ceBepo3ana,JJ,HIDI BpaTH. OT CTpaTerHqecKa H oT6paHHTeJIHa me,JJ,Ha
orDJI H TpeTa - Ha ceBepHaTa cTeHa. OT H3TOK HMa TO'lKa TOBa M5ICTO e Haif-y,JJ,06HO 3a OT6paHa C Ma-
BXO)J, K'bM nJiaT$OpMaTa Ha CeBepHaTa KpenOCTHa Jl'bK 6poif 3alll,HTHH~H.
cTeHa. AHanorH'lHO ycTpOMCTBO HMa KyJiaTa Ha IlpH H3rpa)K)I;aHe Ha T03H ceKTop OT Kpenocrra
l(apeBe~ B TopHOBO (AHzenoB1962, 67). TpHorDJIHH Ca OTpa3eHH H3KJIJO'lHTeJIHHTe TBOp'IeCKH B'b3-
KYJIH ce H3,JJ,HraT H no $poHTa Ha KYPTHHaTa MO)KHOCTH Ha aHTH'lHHTe CTpOHTeJIH. Ha TepeH c
Ha Cep.D.HKa, BapHa, IlayTaJIH51 H .D.p. ( 0BIJapoB TaKaBa rOAAMa )J,eHHBeJia~IDI e rp516BaJIO He CaMO
1982, 47). IlpH pa3'IHCTBaHe Ha KOpH,JJ,Opa K'bM ,JJ,a ce H3rpa.D.H HenpeB3eMaeMa KpenocT, HO H ,JJ,a
TpHorDJIHaTa ryna, o$opMeH Me)K)I;y 3ana,JJ,HaTa Ce peaJIH3Hpa y,JJ,o6eH nO)J,XO)J, K'bM He51 - H TO He
CaMO 3a neiiieXO)J,~H, HO H 3a KOHHH~a H KOJIH.
Bo3MO)KHOCT 3a $poHTaJIHO peiiieHHe Ha nopTaTa
JIHnCBa H TOraBa Ce CTHra )J,O H3KJIJO'lHTeJIHO rpa-
)J,OyCTpOMCTBeHO peiiieHHe. CTpOHTeAAT OTMeCTBa
JOr03ana)J,HIDI 'brDJI Ha KyJiaTa CaMO C e,JJ,HH MeThp
HaBoTpe H qpe3 CKOC51BaHe Ha CTpaHH~HTe Ha nop-
TaTa TOM H3rpa)K)J,a B'hHIIIHa 3aCBO,JJ,eHa BpaTa,
IIIHpOKa 3 M. 5£CHO JIH'IH Ha'laJIOTO Ha ryxJieHIDI
CBO)J,, OT KOMTO 651xa 3ana3eHH nopBHTe 7 ryxJIH.
Ilpe3 He51 ce BJIH3a B JOr03ana,JJ,HH51 'hrDJI Ha KynaTa
H qpe3 ~51JIOCTHO OTBap51He Ha H3TO'lHaTa CTeHa
nocpe,JJ,CTBOM apKa, BHCOKa 5,60 M H IIIHpOKa
4,20 M, ce BJIH3~ B Kpenocrra qpe3 neKo OTKJIO-
06p. 7. EoiiHUIJama 6 JO:JICHUR bi?bll Ha mpub<?bl!Hama KJ!l!G
HeHHe OT npaBaTa xo,JJ,oBa JIHHH51. TepeHHaTa ,JJ,a,JJ,e-

148
HOCT HaJiara HHTepeCHO H3rpa)l(,[(aHe Ha BbTpern- norHqecKH MaTepi1arrH. Hai1-paHHHTe MaTepHarrH-
HaTa rropTa ( o6p. 8). Hei1HaTa JO)I(Ha .n:nra CThrrsa maBHO KepaMHKa, IIpHHa,n:Jie)l(aT KbM paHHOBH3aH-
Ha KperrocTHaTa cTeHa, a cesepHaTa - Ha cKaneH THHCKHH rrepHo,n:.
MaCHB, H3pH3aH CThiiaJIOBH,[(HO, BHCOK 1,5 M. TipH Cne.n: :QHJIOCTHOTO rrpoyqsaHe Ha eynaTa ce
TOsa perneHHe rrpH3eMHHHT eTa)!( Ha KynaTa e .n:ocTHrHa .n:o rro.n:osoTo II HHBO OT )l(bJITa mHHa,
nomsaH caMo 3a rropTaTa. TyK He norra,n:HaxMe Ha KOeTO e C rOJIHMa ,n:eHHBeJia:QHH Ha IOr, IIpO.z:t:HK-
cne,n:H oT CThJI6a 3a spn3Ka Me)l(,n:y .n:saTa eTa)l(a. rysaHa OT ecTeCTBeHHH HaKJIOH Ha TepeHa. Hai1-
fopHHHT eTa)!( H3JIH3a Ha HOBOTO TepaCOBH,[(HO .n:onHHHT IIJiaCT 6e CHJIHO rOpjiJI CJIOH C OCTaHKH
mmo Ha TepeHa 11 HMa sxo.n: Ha cesepHaTa cTeHa, OT IIeiieJI, OBbrJieHO ,[(bpBO, pa3JIO)I(eHH KHprrHqJi
Koi1To H3Be)l(.n:a Harrpaso s KOpH,n:opa rrpe.n: ManKaTa H CJia6H IIpHMeCH OT CTpOHTeJIHH OTIIa,[(b:QH. B
nOTepHa, HaMHparn:a ce Ha 3arra,n:HaTa KYPTHHa. Hero Ce OTKpHXa <l>parMeHTH OT 6HTOBa KepaMH-
,IJ;seTe spaTH He ca Ha e,n:Ha oc, a rro.n: 'hThJI. C Ka, xapaKTepHH 3a KbCHOaHTJiqHJiH rrepHO,[( ( qac-
TaKosa YCTPOHCTBO ce e :u;eJIHJIO ,n:a ce 3aTpy,n:HH TH OT aM<l>OpH C rpe6eHqaTa IIOBbpXHOCT, paHHO-
MaKCHMaJIHO rrpoTHBHHK'hT, KOHTO e TpH6sarro ,n:a ce BH3aHTHHCKH ThpHeTa C KaHeJIHpaHH IIIHHKH H
,[(BH)I(H H3BeCTHO BpeMe KpaJ1 KpeiiOCTHHH 311,[(, 3a ,n:pb)I(KH H ThHKOCTeHHa CHBo-qepHa KepaMHKa,
.n;a ce o3ose rrpe.n; Ha,n:spaTHaTa eyna. TipoHHKBaHKH yKpaceHa c H3JI'hCKaHH HBH:QH). CHJIHHHT IIO)I(ap
npe3 rrnpsaTa spaTa, TOH e TpH6sarro ,n:a H3MeHH e ,[(OBeJI ,[(0 H3IIHqaHe H HaTPOIIIaBaHe Ha JIOMeHHH
IIOCOKaTa Ha ,[(BH)I(eHHe, KOeTO eCTeCTBeHO OIII;e KaMbK. HarrHqHeTo Ha KHprrHqH caMo TYK MO)I(eM
noseqe ro e 3aTpy,n:HHsarro, HJIH 3a .n:a rrpoHHKHe s ,n:a CBbp)l(eM CbC Cbiii;eCTByBaHeTO Ha KHprrHqeHH
Kpenocrra, TOH e TpH6sano .n:a npoMeHH .n:sa II'hTH IIOCTpOHKH 3a oxpaHHTeJIHTe Ha IIOpTaTa.
IIOCOKaTa CH Ha ,[(BH)I(eHHe H ,n:a rrpeMHHe H3BeCTHO BTOpHHT IIJiaCT OT,[(OJIY Harope Cb.r:t:bp)l(aiiie Ha-
pa3CTOHHHe 3aCTpaiiieH <PnaHrOBO B IIO,[(HO)I(HeTO rra,n:aJIH OT CTeHHTe KaMbHH, TYXJIH H MaJIKO IIpbCT.
Ha KYJiaTa. no rro.n:o6eH HaqJiH e 6HJI YCTPOeH H Tipeo6na,n:asaT <PparMeHTI1Te oT cTapo6nnrapcKa
IIO,[(XO,[(bT Ha KperrOCTTa Ha IJ;apese:u; (TbpHOBO), KepaMHKa- ThpHeTa, rroKpHTH c spH3aHa yKpaca. B
HO npH HeH .n:seTe spaTH Ha rropTaTa ca Ha e,n:Ha oc IOro3arra,n:HHH 'hThJI Ha eynaTa ce OTKpHxa HaqyrreHH
(AHzeno6 1966, 11). qeTHpH ThpHeTa e,n:Ho .n:o .n:pyro ( o6p. 9).
HosH ,n:aHHH 3a )I(HBOTa Ha Kperrocrra HH Cne.n:sarn;HHT rrnacT e cTpOHTeJieH HacHrr, C'h-
npe.n;JIO)I(H rrpoyqsaHeTo Ha rrpH3eMHHH eTa)!( Ha .n:np)l(arn: MHoro KaMbHH, HaTporneHH ryxnH H xo-
npi1spaTHaTa eyna 11 Ha TepeHa rrpe.n: HeH. TyK pocaH H <l>parMeHTH OT cpe,n:HOBeKOBHH Cb,[(OBe,
KYJITYPHHj{T rrnacT 6e c .n:e6eJIHHa oT 4 M .n:o 6 M. rrpe,n:HMHO ThpHeTa 11 CTOMHH OT XI-XIV seK.
CnCTOH ce OT CTpOHTeJIHH MaTepHarrH- masHo Ka- Hai1-ropHHHT cnoi1 s 3arra,n:HaTa qacT Ha KynaTa
M'hK, HaqyrreHH TYXJIH H KepaMJiqHJi <l>parMeHTH. Cb,n:bp)l(aiiie OB'hrJieHO .z:t:bpBO 6e3 CJie,n:H OT IIO)I(ap,
ApxeonorHqecKHTe MaTepHaJIH 11 xapaKTepnT Ha sepOHTHO OT rpe,n:ope,n:a Ha BTOpHH eTa)!( Ha KyJiaTa.
nnacTa, K'hM Koiho Te rrpHHa,n:Jie)l(aT, pa3KpHxa Te3H HarrnacTHBaHHH He ce pa3rpaHHqasaT HCHO
HHKOJIKO eTarra Ha o6HTasaHe. EpoHT Ha OTKpi1THTe rropa,n:H xapaKTepa Ha HaCHITa.
MOHeTH e MHOrO MaJibK - neT. ETO 3aiii;O rrpaBHM TipH rrpoyqsaHe Ha TepeHa rrpe.n: BbTpernHaTa
I13BO,[(HTe CH, 6a3HpaHKH Ce Ha OTKpHTHTe apxeo- rropTa cne.n: 113qeprrsaHe Ha cpe,n:HoseKOBHHH

06p.8. T!la6J-tama nopma Ha Kpenocmma c 6bmpeumama 6pama ·

149
 Bb3MO)KHOCT ;::J:a yToqHHM KOra TOqHo e CTaHaJIO
Tosa. Orro)KapeHIUITa no KperrocTHaTa CHCTeMa
He ca 6HJIH TOJIKosa roneMH, qe ;::J:a He MO)Ke ;::J:a ce
H3ITOJI3Ba rrpe3 CJie;::J:BaiiJ,HTe BeKOBe. 3arHBaHeTO
H. MO)Ke ;::J:a ce CBbp)Ke cnc cnaB~Ho-asapcKHTe Ha-
rnecTBH~. Kperrocrra sepo~THO 3ary6sa csoeTo
CTpaTerHqeCKO 3HaqeHHe H HaHOBO Ce Bb3pa)K;::J:a
rrpe3 paHHOTO cpe;::J:HOBeKOBHe.
ApxeonorHqecKHTe MaTepHanH oT cne;::J:BaiiJ,IUI
ITJiaCT pa3KpHBaT o6HTaBaHeTO Ha yKperrJieHHeTO
Xnpcyn rpaJJ: rrpe3 IX-X seK OT 6nnrapHTe. PaH-
Ho6nnrapcKaTa yKperrHTeJIHa cHcTeMa 3arroqsa
;::J:a ce H3rpa)KJJ:a Be;::J:Hara cJieJJ: Cb3JJ:aBaHe Ha cnas~­

06p. 9. Cmapo6MzapcKo ZbpHe Ho6nnrapcKaTa JJ:bp)KaBa H ron~Ma pon~ Hrpa~T

KpeiTOCTHTe OKOJIO rrpOXOJJ:HTe, KaTO Ce HMa rrpe;::J:-
ITJiaCT, B KOHTO ce OTKpHXa cpparMeHTH OT ropHeTa BHJJ:, qe JO)l(HaTa H. rpaHHu,a MHHasa no 6HJIOTO Ha
H CTOMHH, HO)K C KbCO lliHpOKO Jie3BHe, IlliTOpa, rJIH- CTapa rrnaHHHa. TeocpaH oT6eJI~3Ba, qe cJieJJ: KaTO
HeH rrpernneH 3a speTeHo, )KeJie3HH Bnpxose Ha rrpa6nJirapHTe Ce ycTaHOBHJIH OKOHqaTeJIHO B HOBH
CTpeJIH H )KeJie3HH rB03;::J:eH, Ce CTHrHa JJ:O ITJiaCT OT 3eMH, ,ITOCeJIHJIH cesepHTe KbM H3TOqHHTe qacTH,
OBbrJieHO JJ:bpBO H cpparMeHTH OT paHHOBH3aHTHH- a KbM 10r H 3arra;::J: ocTaHaJIHTe ce;::J:eM rrneMeHa"
CKH rnpHeTa H TbHKOCTeHHa KbCHOaHTHqHa Kepa- (Theoph. Conf, 262). Cne;::J:oBaTeJIHO rrpoxo;::J:HTe,
MHKa C H3JlbCKaHH HBHLJ,H, aHaJIOrHqHa Ha Kepa- rrpecHqaiiJ,H CTapa rrnaHHHa, ca 6HJIH rrosepeHH Ha
MHKaTa OT ITbpBIUI ITJiaCT B KyJiaTa. qacT OT Te3H ITJieMeHa.
Ha 6a3aTa Ha cTpaTerHqecKHTe Ha6mo;::J:eHH~, TpeTIUIT eTarr Ha o6HTaBaHe Ha Kperrocrra e
H3BbpilleHH rrpH TepeHHHTe rrpoyqsaHH.H, KOJIKO- perHcTpHpaH c KepaMHKa OT XI-XII B. OT Tosa
TO TOBa 6e Bb3M0)KH0, H Ha aHaJIH3a Ha OTKpHTHTe speMe e H e;::J:HH BH3aHTHHCKH rreqaT Ha MHxaHJI
HaXOJJ:KH MO)Ke ;::J:a ce H3rpa;::J:H CJie;::J:HaTa XpOHOJIO- CKJIHP rrpoTorrpoe;::J:np H aHarpacp Ha ,Z::WyroBHTIUI,
rHqecKa KapTHHa, pa36Hpa ce - ycnosHo. B rrpoy- ;::J:aTHpaH s 80-Te ro;::J:HHH Ha XI BeK, rrpoH3XO)KJJ:aiiJ,
qeHH~ CeKTOp HaH-;::J:OJIHH~T 3aperHCTpHpaH ITJiaCT OT KHITHJIOBCKaTa KperrOCT (Jordanov 2003, 72).
MO)Ke ;::J:a ce OTHeCe Haii-06IIJ,O KbM V-VI BeK. llocne;::J:HIUIT rrepHOJJ: OT cpyHKLJ,HOHHpaHeTo H.
0TKpHTIUIT B Hero MaTepHaJI e JJ:OCTa cpparMeH- e perHCTpHpaH C cpparMeHTH OT CbJJ:OBe H MOHeTH
THpaH H TPYJJ:HO ce rroMasa Ha rro-rrpeu,H3Ha OT XIII-XIV BeK. Bepo.HTHO no TOBa speMe T~ e
;::J:aTHposKa. II3rpa)K;::J:aHeTo H. Tp~6sa ;::J:a ce CBbp)Ke H rrpeycrpoeHa. CrropeJJ: Osqapos rrpe3 T03H rre-
c H3rpa)KJJ:aHeTo Ha EanKaHcKaTa yKperrHTenHa JIH- pHOJJ: qeCTO Ce rrpaKTHKyBa H30JIHpaHeTO HJIH
HIUI, CbCTO~IIJ,a Ce OT KperrOCTH H rrperpa;::J:HH CTe- CTeCH.HBaHeTO Ha KpeiTOCTHHTe ITOpTH ITOpa;::J:H He-
HH no cesepHHTe CKJIOHOBe Ha CTapa rrnaHHHa Bb3M0)KHOCT ;::J:a 6nJJ:aT 3aiiJ,HTaBaHH ycrrernHo ( Oe-
H cny)KeiiJ,a 3a 3aiiJ,HTa cpeiiJ,y HerrpH.HTeJICKH Ha- ttapoe 1982, 60). BnHrnHaTa spaTa Ha rropTaTa e
rnecTBH~ OT cesep. Ilpe3 V H VI BeK ca 3arroqHaJIH CTecHeHa H rrperpa;::J:eHa cnc 3HJJ:. KopHJJ:OpnT rrpeJJ:
)J;a Ce CTpO~T HOBH KpeiTOCTH Ha MbqHO ;::J:OCTbiTHH BXOJJ:a Ha 3arra;::J:HaTa rroTepHa Cblll,O e rrperpa;::J:eH
BHCOqHHH, eCTeCTBeHO yKperreHH, 3a ITO-pe3yJITaTHa CbC CTeHa OT H3TOK, Me)KJJ:Y CaMOCTO~TeJIHaTa Crpa-
oT6paHa Ha rrpoxo;::J:HTe H ITOJJ:CTbiTHTe KbM TpaKIUI ;::J:a H BTOpH.H eTa)!( Ha rrpHspaTHaTa Kyna. Te3H rrpe-
H KoHcTaHTHHorron. II3ocTaBeH e KnacHqecKH~T rpaJJ:HH CTeHH OT KaMbHH 6e3 CITOHKa HMaT Bpe-
rrpHHLI,HIT Ha H30JIHpaHO ITOrpaHHqHO yKperrBaHe MeHeH xapaKTep. Bepo.HTHO ca H3rpa;::J:eHH rrpH
(Oettapoel973). soeHHH o6cTO.HTencTsa. B HacHrra JJ:O rrperpa;::J:HaTa
Haii-sepo~THO KHrrHJIOBCKaTa KperrocT e rro- CTeHa B KOpHJJ:Opa ce OTKpH 3JiaTHa MOHeTa Ha
CTpoeHa no speMeTo Ha HMrrepaTop AHacTacHii, HMrrepaTOp AHJJ:pOHHK II. TsnpJJ:e sepo.HTHO e KHrrH-
KOraTO e BTOpH~T ITO;::J:eM Ha KperrOCTHOTO CTpOH- JIOBCKaTa KperrOCT, KaKTO C~Ta lliKOpiTHJI, ;::J:a Ce
TeJICTBO. rpa;::J:e)KbT Ha KperrOCTHaTa KYPTHHa Ha oKa)Ke cpeJJ:HOBeKOBHaTa KperrocT KIOrrHJIY rre;::J:OH,
yKperrJieHHeTO e B ,orryc MHKCTyM", THITHqeH 3a rrpH KO.HTO crropeJJ: BH3aHTHHCKH~ xpoHHCT MaHyHJI
T03H rrepHOJJ:. Haxo;::J:KHTe CBHJJ:eTeJICTBaT, qe Kpe- <l>HJI e cTaHaJia 6HTKa Me)KJJ:Y To;::J:op CseTocnas H
rrocrra e rrpe)KHB~Jia cepH03HO orro)Kap~BaHe, HO BH3aHTHHCKIUI HMrrepaTOp AHJJ:pOHHK CTapH (Man.
JIHrrcaTa Ha HYMH3MaTHqeH MaTepHan He HH ;::J:asa Philes, 200; HpetteK j 898, 253).

150
 llHtepecmr ,n:aHHH 3a H3rpa)l(,n:aHeto Ha yKpen- tepHH 3a XIII-XIV seK.
rreHHeTo npe,n:JIO)I(H npoyqsaHeTo Ha caMOCTO.HTen- ITpasH sneLJaTJieHHe, qe He ce OTKpHXa cpparMeHTH
HaTa crpa,n:a. T.H e npasooiDJIHa c pa3MepH 18,40 x OT naHHQH, a Cblll.O H OT CrpacpHTO KepaMHKa.
8,60 M H e cHzyHpaHa Ha cKaneH MaCHB. Cte- OcseH KepaMHLJeH MatepHan ce OTKpHxa 15
HHTe it ca ,n:e6enH e,n:HH Menp. CocTOH ce oT Bopxa Ha ctpenH, rnnopa, orHHBO, ,n:sa HO)I(a, ,n:se
)],Be noMelll.eHH.H, CBbp3aHH nOMe)I(JJ:Y CH. 3ana,n:- OrpH6KH, )l(eJie3HH rB03;::J:eH H neT MOHeTH - ;::J:Be
HOTO HMa TpH BXO,n:a - e,n:HH Ha cesepHaTa CTeHa BH3aHTHHCKH H tpH Ha BeHeu;HH.
KbM notepHa 2, HaMHpama ce Ha cesepHaTa Kyp- OcHosasaiiKH ce Ha Tosa, qe He ce OTKpHxa
THHa. Ot npara s noMemeHHeTo BOJJ:.HT tpH cn- opoJJ:HH Ha tpy,n:a H npe,n:MeTH Ha 6Hta, cne,n:sa
rrarra, ocpopMeHH s cKanata. BtopHHT sxo,n: e Ha H3BOJJ:bT, qe Kpenocrra He e 6Hna HaceneHa, Lie He e
IO)!(Hata cteHa KbM KOpH,n:opa npe,n: notepHa 1, Ha- HMaJIO TYK nOJIHTHLJeCKH H HKOHOMHLJeCKH )I(HBOT.
MHpama ce Ha 3ana,n:Hata cteHa, a tpeTH.HT - KbM Kpenocrra e cna6o 3actpoeHa. OcseH Ka3ap-
rroMelll,eHHeTo oT H3TOK. Ha cesepHaTa cteHa e MeHata crpa,n:a H KYJIHTe, s H3TOLJHata qact Ha
3arra3eHa ,n:onHata qacT OT aM6pa3ypa, a Ha IO)I(Hata yKpenneHHeTo ce HaMHpa e,n:HoancH,n:Ha u;opKsa
HMa ron.HMa ,n:ynKa H caMo MO)I(e ,n:a ce npe,n:nonara, 6e3 npHtsop. Pa3KpH ce IOro3ana,n:HH.HT oiDJI H
'fee pa3pyrneHa aM6pa3ypa.ll3TOLJHOTO nOMemeHHe qact OT 3ana,n:Hata cteHa, HO 3ana3eHa caMo B oc-
e rro-ManKo, c nmpoK 2,60 M sxo,n: oT 10r. Bxo,n: e HOBH. Coc COHJJ:a)l( ce pa3LJHCTH nonyKpomata
11MaJIO H B cesepHH.H Kpaii Ha H3TOLJHaTa CTeHa, ancH,n:a, s e,n:HHH.H Kpaii Ha KO.HTO 6e 3ana3eHa no-
BO)l,elll, KbM notepHa 3, HO nO-KbCHO e 3anyrneH C ,n:osa HaCTHJIKa OT zyxnH c xopocaHosa 3aMa3Ka.
KaMoHH. Crpa,n:ata e pa3nOJIO)I(eHa ycnope,n:Ho Ha L(opKBaTa ce HaMHpa Ha OKOJIO 15 M IOroH3TOLJHO
cesepHaTa KpenocTHa cteHa Ha pa3CTO.HHHe 1,50 M OT CKaJIHO tpaKHHCKO CBeTHJIHIUe, BbpXy KOeTO no-
oT HeH. Cnope,n: JlHCHU:OB T03H KOpH,n:op e cny)l(eJI KbCHO e nOCTpOeHa cesepHaTa KpenOCTHa CTeHa.
3a MaHespHpaHe Ha soiiHHU:HTe. Bepo.HTHO Tosa e Bo,n:ocHa6,n:HsaHeto Ha yKpenneHHeTO ce oco-
6Hrra Ka3apMeHa crpa,n:a He cJiy)l(eJia 3a ,U:HTa,n:ena" mects.Hsa qpe3 mepHa, HaMHpama ce s cesepoH3-
B crryqaJi Ha nocne,n:Ha 3allJ.HTa. TOLJHata LJaCT H C pa3MepH 6 X 4 M. ,Il;oJI60Ka e 12M.
Cpe,n: otKpHTHTe no speMe Ha pa3KOnKHTe Ot IO)I(Hata ctpaHa Ha,n:ony HMa tpH cnnana, a
rrpe,n:MeTH npeo6na,n:asa KepaMHLJHH.HT MatepHan, cne,n: 1 M Ha,n:ony - ome ,n:se. EaceiiHoT e H3CeLJeH
HO B MHoro cpparMeHtapHo CbCTO.HHHe. B paHHO- s cKanata, a Harope e H33HJJ:aH c KaMoHH, cnoeHH c
BH3aHTHHCKHH nJiaCT Ce OTKpHXa cpparMeHTH, KOH- xopocaH. liMa cne,n:H OT 3acso,n:HsaHe. CHa6,n:eH e c
TO MO)I(eM ,n:a pa3;::J:eJIHM Ha HHKOJIKO rpynH Cb- OTTOLJeH KaHan, ;::J:bJibr 15 H IIIHpOK 0,60 M, H3CeLieH
)l,OBe: cpparMeHTH OT IDpHeta CbC CHBO-LJep IJ;B.HT como s cKanata. Bo,n:oxpaHHJIHIUa e HMaJIO H s
11 TbHKH CTeHH, ycTeH po6, ocpopMeH KaTO XOpH- ,n:pyrH KpenocTH - Ha L(apeseu;, Me3eK H ,n:p. (Bblloe
30HTaJIHO nepBa3LJe; cpparMeHTH OT aMcpOpH C rpe- 1977, 27; l{OH'ie61931-1934, 111-114).
6eHLiaTa nOBopXHOCT H cpparMeHTH OT CTeHH Ha KaHaJIH3aQHOHHaTa Mpe)l(a e ,n:o6pe pa3BHTa.
CHBO-LJepHH ThHKOCTeHHH IDpHeTa, yKpaCeHH C ITo BbHIIlHOTO nHu;e Ha KYPTHHata, no eynHTe H
H3JioCKaHH HBHQH. ,Il;atHpatce Haii-o6mo V-VI seK no,n: npara Ha notepHHTe ce npocne,n:Hxa otsopHTe
(KyJMm-toe1978, 24; BazaJluHcKu 2002, 93). Ha Ha,n: 50 BO;::J:OCTOLJHH KaHana.
B cpe,n:HoseKOBHHH nnact ce OTKpHxa: a) cppar- Kpenocrra e cny)I(11Jia 11 3a y6e)l(11llJ.e Ha
MeHTH OT IDpHeTa 6e3 ,n:pb)I(KH C KbCa IIlHHKa H HaCeJieHHeTO OT OKOJIHHTe CeJIHIUa np11 Bpa)l(eCKO
H3BHTO HaBbH yCTHe, yKpaceHH C BpH3aHH XOpH- Hana,n:eHHe. Ha 2,5 KM 3ana,n:Ho OT He.H s ,n:onHHata Ha
30HTaJIHH H BbJIH006pa3HH JIHHHH B pa3JIHLJHO Cb- p. CaiiraHHu;a HMa cne,n:11 OT romMo KbCHOaHTHLJHO
LieTaHHe, xapaKTepHH 3a IX-X seK; 6) cpparMeHTH CeJIHIUe, H3BeCTHO cpe,n: HaCeJieHHeTO CbC CbllJ.OTO
or ropHeTa H CTOMHH oT XI-XII B. c qepseH U:B.HT, HMe- Xopcyn rpa,n:. B e,n:HHH.H MY Kpaii ce oqep-
ThHKH CTeHH H yKpaca OT XOpH30HTaJIHH JIHHHH, tasat OCHOB11Te Ha paHHOXpHCTH.HHCKa 6a3HJIHKa C
pa3ITOJIO)I(eHH no nmiiKaTa HJIH nnemHTe. OtKpH npHTBOp. B MHpHo speMe sepo.HTHO s Kpenocrra e
Ce cpparMeHTHpaHa ThHKOCTeHHa CTOMHa CpHCyBaH HMaJIO MaJIKH BOHCKOBH LJaCTH, KOHTO e Tp.H6BaJIO
OpHaMeHT C ThMHOKacp.HB IJ;B.HT H e,n:HH cpparMeHT ,n:a OXpaH.HBaT H nOJJ:;::J:bp)l(aT B H3npaBHOCT Kpe-
OT CTeHa Ha CbJJ: C He,n:o6pOKaLJeCTBeHa 3JiaTHCTa nOCTHHTe it CoOpo)l(eHH.H H noT.H KbM He.H.
aHro6a; B) cpparMeHTH OT CbJJ:OBe OT Kacp.HBa rJIHHa, KHnHnoscKaTa Kpenoct e HMaJia npe,n:Ha3Ha-
YKpaceHH c HaKJIOHeHH H3JibCKaHH HBHU:H no ,n:on- LJeHHe ,n:a 3alll.Hlll.aBa 6JIH3KHTe noT11ma H npoxo,n:11,
Hata LJaCT Ha THJIOTO, HHKOJIKO cpparMeHTa OT Cb- csop3samH ,Il;onHa MH3RH c TpaK11.H. 3ae,n:Ho c oc-
)l,OBe CrJia3ypa H qyqypH Ha CTOMHH, BCHLJKH xapaK- TaHaJIHTe ,n:se KpenocTH - KanHsa 11 KaJieto Ha

151
nHIOK .D.epe Kpai1: KmmnoBo, ca oxpamiBanH rrpo- TH rrpe3 u;RnOTO cpe.LJ.HOBeKOBHe- oT V .D.O XIV BeK,
XO.LJ.a )l{ene3HH BpaTa. KaTO paHHOBH3aHTHHCKO H KaTO 6onrapCKO Bna-
lti!Ma C'hMHeHHe, qe Kperrocrra e rrpocomecT- ,I1,eHHe, 3ary6Hno 3HaqeHHeTo CH qaK cne.D. 3aBna-
ByBana KaTO <i>opTH<i>HKaLJ;HOHHO CoOpo)l(eHHe rroq- .LJ.HBaHeTo Ha HalliHTe 3eMH oT rypu;HTe.

HYJ1n <l>Hn, ITCn., 55-56, 1989, 261.

U:HTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA Ky3MaHOB 1978: r. Ky3MaHOB. PaHHOBH3aHTHHCKa
KepaMHKa OT KacTena ua uoc KanHaKpa. - ApxeonorHR,
AureJioB, HuKoJiosa 1962: H. AurenoB, 5I.HH- 1978, 2, 24.
KonoBa. KpenocTHH cTeHH H KpenocTHH c'bop'b)J(emur Jlucuu:os 1975: CT. JlHCHQOB. CaHraucKoTo Kane -
ua cpe.LJ.HOBeKOBHaTa 6onrapcKa CTOnHu;a TopHOBO. - K'hCHOaHTH'IHa KpenocT B 113TO'IHIU! XeMyc (B paHoua
HOMBT, I, 1962, 67-68. Ha KHnHnOBO, CnHBeHCKH OKpbr). - rHITM, 5, 1975,
AureJioB 1966: H. AurenoB. KpenocTHH cTeHH 21-33.
H nopTH ua X'hnMa U:apeBeu; B rp. BenHKO TopHoBo, - 0B'Iapos 1973: ,ll;. 0B'IapoB. PaHHOBH3aHTHHCKO
HOMBT, III, 1966, 11. KpenOCTHO CTpOHTenCTBO no HaWHTe 3eMH (V-VII).-
1io6qes 1961a: C. Eo6'1eB. KpenocTHHTe K)'nH c HEH,ll;, XXIX, 1973.
H3.LJ.a.LJ.eH OCThp po6 H 3Ha'leHHeTo HM 3a yKpenBaue ua Osqapos 1982: ,ll;. 0B'IapoB. BH3aHTHHCKH H
aHTH'IHHTe rpa.LJ.OBe -HAH, XXIV, 1961, 103-142. 6onrapcKH KpenocTH V-X BeK. CotilHR, 1982, 5-166.
1io6qes 19616: C. Eo6qeB. CMeceuaTa 3H.LJ.apmr B U:ouqes 1931: ,ll;. U:oH'IeB. Bo.D.ocua6.LJ.HMHeTO ua Kpe-
pHMCKHTe H paHHOBH3aHTHHCKHTe CTpOe)J(H - 11AH, noCTHTe U:apeBeu; H Tpane3HQa. - riTHE • 1931, 111-114.
XXIV, 1961, 153-201. U:ouqes 1948: ,ll;. U:ouqeB. CTapHHHTe no ceBepHHTe
li~>oTrep 1978: E. nhOTrep. ,ll;oMawuaTa KepaMHKa CKnOHOBe Ha EneHCKHR H CJIHBeHCKlU! oanKaH. -
OT IV-VI B. OT 5ITpyc ()J.onua MH3IU!)- ApxeonorlU!, fHAMITn. I, 1948, 113.
1978, 2, 30. lllKopnuJI 1930: K. illKopnHn. CTPaTemqecKH
BaraJIHHCKH 2002: Jl. BaranHHCKH. l13n'hcKaua Ke- nocTpOHKH B qepuoMopcKaTa o6nacT ua EanKaHCKHR
paMHKa oT 1-uaqano ua VII B. IO)J(HO OT ,ll;onHH ,ll;yuaB. nonyocTpoB.- Byzantinoslavica, II, 1930, 2, 200-204.
CotillU!, 2002, 4-200. Man. Philes: Manuel Philes, - fp'hu;KH H3BOpH 3a
BoJIOB 1977: B. B'hnOB. Bo,I1,ocua6.LJ..S!BaHeTo ua cpe.D.- 6DnrapcKaTa HCTOplU!, 22. CotlllU!, 1980.
HOBeKOBHHTe 6'bnrapCKH rpa,I1,0Be H KpenOCTH (VII- Theoph. Conf.: Theophanes Confessor.
XlVB.)- ApxeonorlU!, 1977, 1, 17. Chronographia, - fp'hu;KH H3BOpH 3a 6'hnrapcKaTa HCTO-
,ll;ouqesa-IIeTKOBa 1977: Jl. ,ll;ou'leBalleTKOBa. n'hn- piU!, 3. CotillU!, 1960.
rapcKa 6HTOBa KepaMHKa npe3 paHHOTO cpe,I1,HOBeKOBHe, Jordanov 2003: I. Jordanov. Corpus ofthe Byzantine
CotilHR, 1977. Seals from Bulgaria, volume 1: ,The Byzantine
Hpe'leK 1898: K.HpeqeK. n'hnrapCKH rpa.LJ.OBe y Ma- Geographical", Sofia, 2003, 72.

THE KIPILLOVO STRONGHOLD

AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE MIDDLE AGES

Mary RADDEVA

The Kipillovo or Kipillovska stronghold is one two strongholds of Kalliva and Bijuk Dere near
of the few strongholds from Late Antiquity that Kipillovo secured the defense of the Zhelezni
has come to the days of present in a relatively Vratta (Iron Gates) Pass. The Kipillovo stronghold
well-preserved condition. The written sources do went on existing as a fortification facility almost
not offer specific data inobliquely related to the through the entire period of the Middle Ages -
stronghold. For the time being only on the basis from 5th until 14th c. as an Early-Byzantine and
of archaeological research is ascertained that its also as a Bulgarian domain and lost its significance
purpose and designation was to protect the nearby not earlier than the conquering of our lands by the
passes and roads connecting Moesia Inferior with Turks.
Thrace, and for a long time together with the other

152
 TPAKIDI II XEMHMOHT (IV-XI B.)
CTIOPE,II; ,II;AHHHTE HA
BH3AHTHHCKATA C<llPArHCTHKA
lfeaH HOPJ(AHOB

a
I,

a Ee3cnopHo e 3HaqemfeTo Ha BM3aHTMMCKMTe IIEqATH HA ,IJ,HOIJ,E3A TPAKIDI

i,
rreqaTM B M3yqaBaHeTO Ha pa3JIIfqHJf c<PepM OT )I(Jf- (IV-VII B.)
BOTa Ha lfMIIepmua. qpe3 UIX Hlfe peKOHCTpyM-
:o 0THOIIIeHHe KbM TeMaTa HMaT CJie~HHTe ne-
paMe H:epapxMqHaTa CTPYKTYPa Ha BM3aHTJf5I,
qaTM:
rrpocne~HBaMe npoconorpa<l>Jf5ITa Ha oT~eJIHMTe
• A;l;pMaH - BHKapwii: Ha TpaKJf5I, VI B. (Zacos
<PaMMJIMM M npoqMe, qpe3 KOeTo ce npM6JIM)I(aBaMe
KbM peaJIHOCTMTe B e)l(e~HeBMeTO Ha IIO~aHMI.J,MTe
1972, no. 2798 a-6; Nesbit-Oikonomides 1991,
e- Ha HMneplf5ITa. ToBa MM 3HaqeHHe HapacTBa, KoraTo
no. 71.40) .
4. • HoaH- HOTapwii: H BMKapMii: Ha TpaKJf5I (550-
MO)KeM ~a rH CBbp)l(eM C )I(HBOTa B KOHKpeTHO
re CeJIHJ.IJ;e HJIM perHOH. C ~pyrM ~YMH, ~a rH CH-
650, Zacos 1972, no. 2802 a-6; Jordanov 2003, no.
rywpaMe BbB BpeMeTO If IIpOCTpaHCTBOTO.
35.1).
• Ilap~oc - cKpHHapwii: Ha TpaKMH (550-650,
fieqaTHTe C OTHOIIIeHHe KbM perHOHa Haii:-06J.JJ.O
Ul
6wxa MOrnM ~a ce pa3rpaHMqaT Ha ~Be rpynw:
Zacos 1972, no. 2909; Nesbit-Oikonomides 1991
lUI
1. fieqaTM C TOIIOHMMH Ha pa3JIJfqHH CeJIMJ.JJ.a H
no. 71 .22).
4. KaKBa e Bpb3KaTa MM c perwoHa - B a~MM­
pemoHM OT XeMHMOHT M TpaKJf5I.
HHCTpaTHBHO OTHOIIIeHHe perHOHbT Ce CHryMpa,
2. fieqaTH, HaMepeHH Ha TepMTOplf5ITa Ha ~Heiii­
KaKTo cne~Ba: TOM e B npe<PeKrypa l1.3TOK, ~HOI.J,e3
or. Ha IOroH3ToqHa obnraplf5I.
TpaKMH, npOBHHI.J,MH XeMMMOHT.
~0- B paMKMTe Ha TOBa M3CJie~BaHe J.JJ.e 6b~aT npM-
IIpe~cTaBeHHTe no-rope neqaTH ca Ha pa3JIHqHH
BJieqeHH neqaTMTe C Jf3IIHCaHH Bbpxy THX TOIIOHHMH
me qwHOBHHI.J,H OT ~Hoi.J,e3a TpaKMH, KOMTO Haii:-o6-
OT TpaKHH H XeMHMOHT npe3 IV-XI B. Te npe~na­
ine raT ~HpeKTHa HH<l>OpMai.J,MH 3a a~MifHHCTpaTMBHaTa
J.JJ.O BKmoqBa H3ToqHaTa qacT Ha EanKaHCKHH
nonyocTpoB. OT TepHTOpHHTa Ha ~HeiiiHa obnrapHH
CTpyKrypa ( rpa)l(~aHCKa, BOeHHa If I.l,bpKOBHa) Ha
ca ~aMepeHM neqaTM Ha A;l;pMaH (Heny6nMKyBaH)
XeMHMOHT H TpaKHH npe3 pa3rne~aHJf5I nepwo~.
M I1.oaH, HOTapwii: H BHKapMii: Ha TpaKMH. Te ca
IleqaTHTe nonbJIBaT cnMCbKa Ha TMTYAAPHTe pbKO-
HaMepeHM B KpenocTHTe npM c. lliMBaqeBo H Ax-
BO~HJIH pa3nwqHif yqpe)l(~eHMH M HHCTHTYI.J,HM B
Tonon If HJIIOCTpHpaT KOHTaKTMTe Ha Te3H CeJIMJ.JJ.a
pa3rJie)l(~aHaTa o6nacT.
c KaHI.J,enaplf5ITa Ha BHKapMH Ha TpaKJf5I (Jordanov
2003, no. 35.1).
rPA~AHCKA H BOEHHA
A)J;MHHHCTPAIJ,IDI
IIEqATH HA TEMA TPAKIDI H
ear OJ.JJ.e OT 3arnaBMeTo e BM~Ho, qe Te3M 3eMH HEHHHTE HACJIE,IJ,HHIJ,H (VII-XI B.)
zm IIpHHa~Jie)l(aT Ha a~MHHMCTpaTHBHO- reorpa<l>CKO-
TpaKJf5I e IIbpBaTa eBponeii:cKa TeMa, yqpe~eHa
old TO IIOHHTMe TpaKMH, KOeTO MMa rOJIHMa IIpO~bJI­
npe3 679-680 r. BbB Bpb3Ka C HOBOCb3~a~eHaTa
lOSt )KJ-ITeJIHOCT. B paMKMTe Ha HaiiiMH CMMII03MYM ca
6bnrapCKa ~bp)l(aBa. Ilpe3 CBOeTO 6JIH30 qeTHpH-
s - BKJIIoqeHH IIOBeqe OT XMJIH~a rO~IfHH. KaKBH ca
BeKOBHO CbJ.JJ.eCTByBaHe TH MMa pa3JIHqeH TepM-
and )l;aHHHTe Ha c<PparMCTHKaTa?
TOpHaJieH o6xBaT H <l>YHKI.J,MH, HO BHHarH e~Ha­
nee
e~HHCTBeHa cTpaTerwqecKa ponH - ~a e nperpa~a
the
3a npoTHBHHKa no IIbTH 3a KoHcTaHTHHOIIOJI(Per-
tusi 1952, 156-160; Oikonomides 1972, 349, 355;

153
Nesbit-Oikonomides 1991, 155). ,n:np:>KaBa. TeH,n:eHQH51Ta e 3ary6» Ha TepHTOpHH
B HeMHOTO Cnll.l,eCTByBaHe, poJUI M <l>YHKQMO- 3a CMeTKa Ha 6nnrapcKaTa ,n:np:>KaBa H Cn3,n:aBaHe
HMpaHe MoraT ,n:a ce pa3rpaHMqaT cne,n:HMTe rre- Ha HOBH BpeMeHHH HJIH IlOCT051HHH BOeHHOa,n:MH-
pHo,n:M: 680-812; 812-971; 971-1081 r. HHCTpaTHBHM o6e,n:HHeHH51.
qpe3 rreqaTHTe CH Ca 3aCBH,n:eTeJICTBaHH:

nEqATH HA TEMA TPAKIDI 1. CTpaTer Ha TpaKH51 (Nesbit-Oikonomides

(680-812 r.) 1991, nos. 71.23-71.27; 71.29-71.38; Jordanov
2003, nos. 35.2-35.8)
BnB Bpn3Ka c pa3IIIMp~maHeTo Ha 6nnrapcKaTa 2. TypMapx Ha TpaKH51 (Nesbit-Oikonomides
,n:np:>KaBaM CJiaB51HCKaTa KOJIOHH3aQH51 HaoaJIKaHHTe 1991, no. 71.39)
TeMa TpaKIDI TbprrH pa3BHTHe, CBnp3aHo c HaMa- 3. EK rrpocorro Ha TpaKH51 (Nesbit-Oikonomides
JIHBaHeTo Ha HeMHaTa TepHTOpH51 H OT,n:eJUIHeTO OT 1991, nos. 71.6-71.8)
He51 Ha HOBH BOeHHOa,n:MHHHCTpaTHBHH e,n:HHHQH. 4. IIpoTOHOTapHM Ha TpaKH51 (Nesbit-Oikono-
CqHTa ce, qe OKOJIO 789-802 r. e yqpe,n:eHa TeMa mides 1991, no. 71.21)
MaKe,n:oHH51, o6xBall.l,all.l,a ,n:Henma EnnrapcKa H 5.MeceMBpH51: KJIHCypapX,CTpaTer
oeJIOMopcKa TpaKH51 c maBeH rpa.n: A,n:pHaHOilOJI. 6. C03orron: rypMapx, KJI»cypapx; rrpoTOKeH-
HeHH crpaTer e 3aCBH,n:eTeJICTBaH Haii-paHo rrpe3 Tapx
813 r. PeanHo T51 3arroqBa .n:a <l>YHKIJ,HOHHpa cne.n: 7. oH3H51: rypMapx
6nnrapcKaTa HHBa3H51 rrpe3 812 r. (Pertusi 1952, 8. Jl:eBeJIT: KOMepKHapHM.
162-166; Oikonomides 1972, 349, 355; Nesbit-
Oikonomides 1991, 110-111). TepHTOpHaJIHH51T o6xBaT Ha TpaKH51 no TOBa
3a T03H rrep»o.n: qpe3 rreqaTHTe CH ca 3aCBH,n:e- BpeMe e KaKTO CJie,n:Ba: Ha IOrOH3TOK T51 rpaHHqH
TeJICTBaHH cne,n:HHTe HHCTHTYQHH B TeMa TpaKH51: c KoHcTaHTHHorron, Ha IOr - c EreiicKo Mope, Ha
1. CTpaTer Ha TpaKH51 (Nesbit-Oikonomides H3TOK - c qepHo Mope, Ha 3arra.n: - c TeMa MaKe-
1991, nos. 71.34, 71.36-37). .D:OHH51, aHa ceBep- c 6nnrapcKaTa ,n:np:>KaBa. HeHH
2. XaprynapHM Ha TpaKH51 (Nesbit-Oikono- maBeH rpa.n: e ApKa,n:Horron. 3acBH,n:eTeJICTBaHH
mides 1991, no. 71.3; Jordanov 2003, 35.12). ca qpe3 rreqaTHTe TPH TYPMM - TpaKH51, HaBHpHo
3 . .D:»oKeT Ha TpaKH51 (Nesbit-Oikonomides HaMHpall.l,a ce Ha rapHH30H B ApKa,n:Horron, oH3H51
1991, no. 71.5). (Nesbit-Oikonomides 1991, no. 74.1) M Co3orron
4. KoMepK»apHM Ha TpaKH51 (Zacos 1972, (Nesbit-Oikonomides 1991, no. 79.1; Jordanov
nos. 258, 274, 276, 279, 280-81;Nesbit-Oikono- 2003, 159-160).
mides 1991, nos. 71.15-71.20; Jordanov 2003, no. BnB Bpn3Ka c orracHocrra OT 6nnrapcKaTa .n:np-
35.13). :>KaBa H IlO-ThBKaBaTa IlOJIHTHKa Ha HMrrepH51Ta
5. Xaprynap»M Ha ,n:poMa Ha TpaKH51 (Zacos TYK ca Cn3,n:a,n:eHH ,n:Be HecTaH,n:apTHH BOeHHoa.n:-
1972, no. 2648). MHHHCTpaTHBHH e,n:HHHQH: KJI»cyp»»Te B Co3orron
H MeceMBpH51, 3aCBH,n:eTeJICTBaHH e,n:HHCTBeHo
B TeMa TpaKM51 ce HaMHpaT MeceMBpH51 H JJ:e- qpe3 rreqaTHTe CH. KJIHcypaTa, KaKTO e H3BeCTHO, e
BeJIT. BOeHHOa,n:MHHHCTpaTHBHae,n:MHHQaCnCCileQHaJieH
B rrnpBH51 e,n:HHCTBeHo crrope.n: ,n:aHHHTe Ha CTaTyT B crreu;M<l>HqeH perHOH B'hB Bpn3Ka C IlO-
c<t>parHCTHKaTa e 3aCBH,n:eTeJICTBaHO HaJIHqHeTO Ha ,n:o6paTa 3all.I,HTa. ITo rro.n:o6He Ha cTpaTe3HTe, KJIH-
KOMepKHapH51 H apxOHT Ha rpa.n:a (Jordanov 2003, cypapxnT ce Ha3HaqaBa rrpHKO oT HMrrepaTopa H
117-119). B3aMMO,n:eMCTBa C'hC CBOHTe Cnce,n:H - CTpaTe3H Ha
B JJ:eBeJIT rrpe3 T03H rrep»o.n: MMa caMo apxoHT TeMH. Tpa,n:HQHOHHO KJI»cypaTa rrpepacTBa B TeMa.
(Hopoa/-toe1992, 19-20, 11!.1). QqeBM,n:Ho rrpe3 40-Te ro,n:HHM Ha IX B. ce e rroH-
BHJia He06XO.D:HMOCTTa OT Cn3.D:aBaHeTO Ha KJIHCypa
nEqATH HA TEMA TPAKIDI H Co3orron, KOHTO e Cnll.l,eCTBYBaJia KpaTKO BpeMe,
HEHHHTE HACJIEJJ:HHII,H (812-971 r.) TbM KaTo e M3BecTeH caMo e,n:HH HeHH THTYJIHP
(Jordanov 2003, 15 9-160, no. 74.1). IIpe3 BTopaTa
IIpe3 pa3me:>K,n:aHH51 rrep»o.n: TepHTOpH51Ta Ha rroJIOBHHa Ha IX H rrnpBHTe ,n:Be .n:eceTHJieTH51 Ha
TeMaTa TbpilH pa3BHTHe B'bB Bpn3Ka C IlOJIHTH- X B. (HJIH IlO-KOHKpeTHO Me:>K,n:y 864 H 917 r.) Ta-
KaTa Ha MMIIepH51Ta H OilaCHOCTTa OT 6nJirapcKaTa K'hB cTaryT e HMaJia !1 MeceMBpH51. Crrope.n: rreqa-

154
 TliTe ca H3BeCTHH TpHMa HeMHH KJIHCypapCH (Jor- TpaKH.Sl H ,lJ,pHcTpa (Jordanov 2003, no. 35.20) H
danov 2003, 119-120, no. 47.1-47.3). KnM Kpa.SI np.
Ha pa3me)K)J,aHH.Sl nepHO)J, H HaM-BepO.SlTHO Heno- CneJJ, OKOHqaTeJIHOTO 3aBJia)J,5IBaHe Ha 6nnrap-
cpeJJ,CTBeHO npeJJ,H 971 r. MeceMBpH.SI e noBHllleHa B cKaTa JJ,bp)l(aBa npe3 1018 r. H BKJIIOqBaHeTo Ha
paHr Ha cTpaTerH.SI. ,[(oKaTo B Co3onoJI npe3 X BeK, BCHqKH 6nJirapCKH 3eMH B eJJ,Ha BOeHHOa)J,MHHHCT-
MO)[(e 611 npe3 nocneJJ,HaTa MY TpeTHHa, B rpaJJ,a paTHBHa eJJ,HHHu,a JJ,YKCTBO EnnrapH.Sl, TpaKH.Sl
e pe3HJJ,HpaJia HerOJI.SlMa BH3aHTHMCKa <iJJIOTHJIH.SI Bb3CTaHOB.SIBa npeJJ,HlllHH.Sl CH xapaKTep Ha CTapa
Ha':leJIO C npOTOKeHTapx (ffopoaH06 2002, 80). TpaJJ,HIJ,HOHHa TeMa 6e3 oco6eHa po1I5I B oT6paHaTa
.I136poeHHTe no-rope yqpe)[(JJ,eHH.Sl B TeMa Tpa- Ha HMIIepH.SITa. ITo Ta3H npHqHHa B He.Sl HapacTBa
KII.SI Ca 3a BOeHHO npOTHBOnOCTaB.SlHe Ha 6nJirap- pOJI.SlTa Ha Cb)J,HHTe H JJ,pyrH <lJHCKaJIHH qHHOBHHIJ,H
CKaTa HHBa3H.Sl. 3aeJJ,HO C TOBa o6aqe Cblll,eCTBy- OTKOJIKOTO Ta3H Ha CTpaTe3HTe.
BaT II yqpe)[()J,eHH.Sl 3a MHpHH ThprOBCKH KOHTaKTH, Ilpe3 BTopaTa IIOJIOBHHa Ha XI B. cHzyau,H.SlTa
KaKBIITO Ca KOMepKHapH.SlTa B ,[(eBeJIT H KOMepKHa- e npoMeHeHa. BoB Bpn3Ka c HallleCTBmiTa Ha HO-
pH.SITa 3anaJJ,. IlocneJJ,HaTa Bepo5ITHO noKpHBa no- BHTe HOMa)J,CKH HapO)J,H H pa3pylllaBaHeTO Ha Ka-
rrmpoK cneKThp napTHbOpH ocBeH 6nnrapcKaTa TeiiaHaTa IloJJ,yHaBHe (Jordanov 2003, 134-136),
,D,bp)[(aBa. KOMTO o6xBama TepHTOpH.SlTa Me)[(JJ,y ,lJ,yHaB 11
CTapa nnaHHHa, perHOH'hT OTHOBO npHJJ,o6HBa
cTpaTerH'IecKa pon.Sl. 3alll,HTaTa MY ce noeMa OT
JIEqATII HA TEMA TPAKIUIII
KaTenaHaTa AJJ,pHaHOIIOJI H MeceMBpH.Sl (Jordan-
HEHHIITE HACJIE,LJ;HIIIJ;II (971-1091 r.)
ov 2003, no. 3.9) H IIO-KbCHO OT CaMOCTO.SlTeJIHH.Sl
l 1. CTpaTer Ha TpaKH.Sl (Jordanov 2003, nos. KaTenaHaT MeceMBpH.Sl (Jordanov 2003, 122-
1 35.9-35.11) 123, no. 47.5). EJJ,HHCTBeHHTe H3TO'IHHIJ,H Ha HH-
a 2. ,lJ,yK Ha TpaKH.Sl H MeconoTaMH.Sl (Jordanov <tJopMau,H.Sl Ca OTHOBO H eJJ,HHCTBeHO c<lJparHC-
2003, no. 35.14) THqHH IIaMeTHHIJ,H, IIOpaJJ,H KOeTO He e Bb3MO)[(H0
fl 3. CTpaTer Ha TpaKH.Sl H HoaHonon (Jordanov JJ,a onpeJJ,eJIHM TeXHH.Sl TepHTOpHaneH o6xBaT. Cno-
fl 2003, nos. 35.15-35.18) peJJ, MOHTe Ha6nroJJ,eHH.Sl o6a':le KaTenaHaThT MeceM-
0 4. CTpaTer Ha TpaKH.Sl H ,lJ,pHCTpa (Jordanov BpH.Sl o6xBama JJ,HelllHa IOroH3TOqHa onJirapH.Sl
.Sl 2003, no. 35.20) H rpaHHIJ,aTa c KaTenaHaTa AJJ,pHaHonon e 611na
JI 5. CnJJ,HH Ha TpaKH.Sl (Nesbit-Oikonomides peKaTa TyHJJ,)[(a. Ta3H TepHTOpH.Sl Haif-o6mo ce
1991, nos. 71.10-71.13) IIOKpHBa H C TeMaTa Ha HalllH.Sl CHMII03HYM.
6. EK npocono Ha TpaKH.Sl (Nesbit-Oikonomides
)-
1991, nos. 71.6-8) IJ;bPKOBHA A,LI;MIIHIICTPAIJ;IUI
·a 7. MeceMBpH.Sl: eK npocono, aHarpa<lJ, KaTenaH
J,- (Jordanov 2003, 121-123; nos. 47.5-47.6) HaM:-o6mo perHOH'hT e B JJ,Hou,e3a Ha MHTpon-
)JI
To3H nepHoJJ, e orpaHHqeH oT 3aBJiaJJ,.smaHeTo Ha OJIHTa Ha AJJ,pHaHonon. IIpeJJ,cTaBeHH ca caMo ne-
10 Yl3TO':!Ha EnnrapH.Sl oT BH3aHTHMIJ,HTe JJ,o BpeMeTo qaTHTe Ha KaTeJJ,pHTe, BKJIIOqBalll,H )J,HelllHHTe 6nJI-
.e Ha AneKcHM: I KoMHHH, KoraTo e npoBeJJ,eHa aJJ,MH- rapCKH TepHTOpHH .
!H HIICrpaTHBHa pe<lJopMa, )J,OBeJia )J,O npeMaXBaHe Ha
0- CTapaTa TeMHa OpraHH3aiJ,H.Sl H BbBe)[()J,aHeTO Ha MeceMBpHH (Hece6'bp)
11- ,D,YKCTBa, HMalll,H 3a .SIJJ,po JJ,aJJ,eH rpaJJ,. TpaKH.Sl He e CTap xpHCTH.SlHCKH u,eHThp. B HaqanoTo e
11 3aCBH)J,eTeJICTBaHa KaTO JJ,YKCTBO. enHCKOnH.Sl, noJJ,qHHeHa Ha MHTpOIIOJIHTa Ha AJJ,-
Ha Ilpe3 971 r. liMnepH.SlTa npeJJ,npHeMa eKcnaH- pHaHOIIOJI. OT 640 r. e aBTOKe<lJanHa apxHeiiHCKO-
!a. 3II5!3a Bb3Bpnlll,aHe Ha 3eMHTe CH, no KOHTO BpeMeH- nH.Sl. KaTo MHTpononHTCKa KaTeJJ,pa 3a npnB noT e
,51- HO ca ce HacTaHHJIH BapBapH. Ta3H JJ,OKTpHHa ce ynoMeHaTa npe3 1140 r. (Laurent 1963, 666, As-
pa HJIIOCTpHpa H OT nOCJie)J,BaJiaTa aJJ,MHHHCTpaTHBHa dracha 1988, 243-244).
~e, peopraHH3aiJ,H5I. TBnpJJ,e qecTo K'hM cTapaTa TeMa qpe3 neqaTHTe CH ca H3BeCTHH:
5!p TpaKH.SI ca npH6aB5IHH HOBHTe 6nnrapcKH rpaJJ,oBe 1. ,lJ,aBHJJ, - apxHenHCKOII Ha MeceMBpH.Sl, IX B.
tTa II 06JiaCTH, npeHMeHyBaHH H H.SlMalll,H HHlll,O 06lll,O (Laurent 1963, no. 857)
Ha c 6'hmapcKOTO CH MHHano: TpaKH.Sl HoaHonoJI (Jor- 2. liJiapHoH - apxHeiiHCKOII Ha MeceMBpH.Sl,
r a- danov 2003, 100-102, nos.35.15-35.19), TpaKH.Sl H XI B. (Jordanov 2003, 123-124, no. 47. 7)
'!a- MeconoTaMH.Sl (Jordanov 2003,98-100, no. 35.14), 3. MHxaHJI - apxH.eiiHCKOII Ha MeceMBpH.Sl,
XI B. (Jordanov 2003, 123-124, no. 47.8)

155
 AuxuaJio (IIoMopue) Co1onoJI
Erul.cKoncKH ~eHThp or.u;e OT II BeK. Ilpe3 VII B. e EnHCKOTIIDI, no,n:qwHeHa Ha MHTpononiDITa A,n:-
llOBHilleH B paHr Ha aBTOKe<t>aJIHa apXHeTIHCKOTIIDI. pHaHonon npe3 ~51J10TO cpe,n:HoBeKOBHe. OT pa3-
Ha BceneHcKIDI cb6op oT 879 r. yqacTBa H apXHe- nwqHH HapaTHBHH H3TOqHH~H Ca HH H3BeCTHH
nwcKonbT Ha AHxwano - HwKonaii. Cne,n: KOeTo HMeHaTa Ha 6-7 THTYJ151PH, a oT ,n:ocTHrHanHTe ,n:o
HMeTO Ha rpa,n:a H3qe3Ba OT enapXHMCKHTe CllHCb~H Hac neqaTH - HMeHaTa Ha ,n:pyrw neTHMa.
,n:o Kpa51 Ha XI B., KoraTo OTHOBO ce no51B51Ba c paHr 1. repMaH- enHCKOII Ha C030TIOJ1, X B., Heny6-
Ha apxwenHCKOTIH5l (Laurent 1963, 663, Asdracha J1HKyBaH, HaMepeH npH pa3KOTIKH B KaTe,n:paJJHIDI
1988, 244-245, 291-292). xpaM Ha rpa,n:a npe3 2003 r.
qpe3 rreqaTHTe CH Ca H3BeCTHH: 2. Teo,n:op - enHcKon Ha C03onon, XI B. (Lau-
1. HHK»<t>op- apxwenwcKon H npoe,n:bp Ha AH- rent 1963, no. 721; Nesbitt-Oikonomides 1991, no.
xwano, 70-Te-90-Te ro,n:HHH Ha XI B., (Jordanov 79.3)
2003, no. 2.2) 3-4. HoaH - enwcKon Ha C03onon, XI B. (Sch-
2. CTe<t>aH- apxwenwcKon Ha AHxHano, XII B., lumberger 1884, 117; JluxaiJee 1911, 77, ¢u2. 163;
(Jordanov 2003, no. 2.3). Laurent 1963, 720)
5. CTe<t>aH- enHCKOII Ha Co3orron, XI B. (Nes-
,LJ:e6eJIT bit-Oikonomides 1991, 79.2)
B rpa,n:a HMa enwcKoncKa KaTe,n:pa or.u;e npe3 6. MaTe5l - enwcKon Ha Co3orron, XI-XII B.
II B., no,n:qwHeHa Ha A,n:pwaHononcKH5l MHTpononHT (Laurent 1963, 723).
Ci1opoaHoe1992, 21, IV).
qpe3 neqaTHTe CH e H3BecTeH e,n:HHCTBeHo KoH-
cTaHTHH - enHcKon Ha )J;eBenT, X-XI B.(Laurent
1963, no. 429; ifopoaHoe 2003, 235).

I.J,HTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA tine Seals from Bulgaria, volume 1: The Byzantine Seals
with Geographical Names, Sofia, 2003.
HopAaHOB 1992: H. Hop,ll,aHOB. lleqanne Ha KOMep- Jordanov 2003: I. Jordanov.The katepano of Para-
KHapmna ,lJ:eBeJIT, Co<l>IDI, 1992. dounavon according to the Sphragstic Data. - SBS, 8,
HopAaHOB 2002: H. Mop,ll,aHOB. BH3aHmHCKli BOeH- 2003, 63-75.
HOa)J,MlfHHCTpaTHBHlf yqpe)l()l.eHID! B C03onon npe3 Laurent 1963: V. Laurent. Le Corpus des sceaux
IX B. - I06HneeH c6opHHK B qecT Ha npo<P. ,n:. 0BqapoB, de !'empire byzantin. Tome V: L'eglise, partie, 1, Par-
BenHKO TopHOBO, 2002, 77-83. is, 1963.
HopAaHOB 2004:11. Mop,ll,aHOB. lleqaTH HaKoMepKHa- Nesbit-Oikonomides 1991: J. W.Nesbitt and Oiko-
piD!Ta ,lJ:eBeJIT. Addenda et Corrigenda.- HYMH3MaTifqHif nomides, N. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbar-
If c<t>parliCTifqHif IIpliHOCli K'bM liCTOpiD!Ta Ha 3ana)J,HOTO ton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, vol. 1 : Italy,
llepHOMOpHe (Acta Musei Varnensis, II), BapHa, 2004, North of the Balkans, North of the Black Sea, Washing-
230-246. ton, D. C., 1991.
Jluxa'leB 1911: H. n. JllfXaqeB. 11cTOplflieCKOe 3Ha- Oikonomides 1972: N. Oikonomides. Les listes de
qeHHe liTaJIO-rpeqeCKOH liKOHOTIIiCli; li306pa)l(eHID! 00- preseance byzantines des IXe et Xe siecles. Introduc-
roMaTepli B IIpOii3Be)J,eHID!X IiTaJIO-rpeqecKHX liKOHO- tion, texte, traduction et comentaire. Paris 1972
lllfCl\eB If liX BJIID!Hlie Ha KOMTI03lfl\lili HeKOTOpbiX Pertusi 1952: A. Pertusi. Constantino Porfirogenito.
npocnaBJieHHbiX pyccKHX HKOH, CaHKT lleTep6ypr, 1911. De thematibus. Introduzione, testo, critico, commento,
Asdracha 1988: C. Asdracha. La Thrace orientale et Cita del Vaticano, 1952.
Ia Mer Noire: geographie ecclesiastique et prorsopogra- Sch1umberger 1884: G. Schlumberger. Sigillogra-
phie (VIlle-XIIe s.).- Geographie historique du monde phie de !'empire byzanin, Paris, 1884.
Mediterraneen, Paris, 1988,221-309 Zacos 1972: G. Zacos. Byzantine Lead Seals, I, Ba-
Jordanov 2003: I. Jordanov. Corpus of the Byzan- sel, 1972.

156
THRACE AND CHEMIMONTOS (6TH_12TH C.)
ACCORDING TO EVIDENCE
FROM THE BYZANTINE SPHRAGISTICS

Ivan YORDANOV

On the territory of present-day Bulgaria have 1. Seals with toponomy designations of various
been found more than 3000 Byzantine seals. Their settlements and regions of Chemimontos and
investigation and documentation is the purpose of a Thrace.
project under the heading ,Corpus of the Byzantine
Seals from Bulgaria" developed in the course of 2. Seals found on the territory of present-day
more than twenty-five years. The publication of this Southeast Bulgaria.
project will be accomplished in a number of phases: The first group provides direct information about
in 2003 was publicized ,Corpus of the Byzantine the administrative structure - civilian, military and
Seals from Bulgaria", volume I: ,The Byzantine clerical - of Chemimontos and Thrace. The seals
Seals with Geographical Names". At the moment replenish the register of titularies, who used to
,Corpus of the Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria", govern the different departments and institutions
volume II: ,The Byzantine Seals with Family on the area in question. The information about the
Names" is at the printer's. The last part ,Corpus second group has come to us indirectly from oblique
of the Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria", volume sources. At the location of discovery of the seals at
III: ,Seals of Byzantine Institutions (Secular and some point in the past was delivered correspondence
Ecclesiastical), resided in Constantinople" is still bearing a seal attached by its author. The seals
in a process of working out. As a natural round- were uncovered at separate locations and serve as
off of this project I envisage a special review in testimony about their bonds with the other regions
which the seals will be discussed in relation to the of the Empire revealing administrative, personal
environment in which they were uncovered and and other contacts. Besides, they provide evidence
attributed to the history of particular mediaeval about the activities characteristic for the lifestyle
towns, villages and settlements. in these settlements. Moreover, due to the found at
A considerable part of these seals bear direct or separate sites seals with diverse whereabouts we
oblique relation to the history of the Thema of could easily outline the boundary between Bulgaria
Chemimontos and the Thema of Thrace from 6th to and Byzantium in the period 8th_I Oth c.
12th c. Most generally they could be differentiated
into two groups:

157
 llPHHOC K'hM fipQyqBAHETO HA JKEJIE3HHTE OP'h,IJ;IDI
HA TPY,IJ;A B IOrOH3TQqHA li'hJirAPIDI
B llEPHO,IJ;A VII-X BEK
(no JJ,aHHH OT JJ,BeTe KOJieKTHBHH HaXOJJ,KH
OT KpenocTTa ,KaJieTo" B rp. CpeJJ.eu, o6JiacT liyprac)

Mapu5l EAJIEOJIOBA -lfBAHOBA

3a penmHa Ha CTpaH)J)Ka Cpe.neU.KJtsiT Kpaif e qyKa, e.n.MH TMreJI, ceKa'I, orpH6KM 3a rnJiaKa, )l(e-
e,ll.HH OT Ba)I(HHTe 3eMe,ll.eJICKH, 3aHaRT'IHHCKH M JIR3Ha CTRra; ,ll.bpBO,ll.eJICKM - ,ll.Be TeCJIH, 'IeTHpH
ThproscKM u.eHTpose mu.e OT .npesHocrra. Ha Te- 6pa.nsM, TPM .n.JieTa; rnMsarnKM - HO)I(MJJ.a, KOCTeHo
pHTOpHRTa Ha CbBpeMeHHaTa 06IJJ.MHa Ca cpyHK- lliHJIO.
JJ.MOHHpaJIH npe3 pa3JIM'IHMTe MCTOpH'IeCKM enOXM IJaJielliHMJJ.MTe Ca OT TMlla ,BryJiqecT" (,pb-
MHO)I(eCTBO CeJIMIJJ.a M KpenOCTM, 'IMeTO HaCeJieHMe KasqecT"). 3a.n.HaTa rnHpoKa qacT e no,ll.BMTa M o6-
e HOCHTeJIRT Ha Tpa,ll.MJJ.HMTe B 6HTa M llOMMHbKa B pa3ysa lliHpOKa, OTBOpeHa OT,ll.OJIY BTYJIKa (pa3MepH:
paifoHa Ha npe.nnJiaHMHCKaTa H 3ana.n.HaTa qacT Ha 28 M 30,5 eM). To3M TMn nanernHMJJ.M
,ll.bJI)I(HHa
1
CTpaH.n)l(a • ce ynoTpe6RBa oT VII .no X BeK. Ilo.no6HM ca M3-
IJpHeMCTBeHOCTTa B Tpa,ll.MJJ.MMTe Ha 3eMe,ll.e- secTHH OT MOHTaHa (AJieKCGHOp06 1988, 28-
JIMeTO H 3aHaRT'IMHCTBOTO npe3 nepHO,ll.HTe Ha aH- 29, o6p. 2), KapHo6aT (MoMttWI06 1989, 57- 58,
TH'IHOCTTa, KbCHaTa aHTM'IHOCT, paHHOTO Cpe,ll.HO- ma6. Il l), ,Zl;o6pH'I (Eo6tte6a 1972, 9) M .npym
BeKOBHe M nepno.na oT XII seK ce MJIIOCTpHpa ceJIMIJJ.a. B PycMR OT TRX npoH3JIM3a )l(eJie3HMRT
HaH-,ll.06pe OT apXeOJIOrM'IeCKMTe HaXO,ll.KM, OTKpH- HaKpaifHMK Ha coxaTa (KpacH06 1982, 69, puc. 41
TM npH pa3KOllKH MJIM CJiyqaifHO. 6-10; 1986, 103-120). Pa3npocTpaHeHM caB U.H-
Ha TepHTOpHRTa Ha ,KaneTo" B rpa.n Cpe.neu., Jia IOroM3TO'IHa Espona npe3 VI-VII seK (Hen-
o6JiacT Eyprac, 6Rxa OTKPMTM .nse KOJieKTHBHH ning 1987, tab. 19/ 2, 4, 10; 18/ 4; 201 15). Tosa ce
HaXO,ll.KM OT 3eMe,ll.eJICKM Ce'IMBa, 3aHaRT'IMHCKM .D.bJI)I(M Ha cpaKTa, qe no-rnnpoKaTa pa6oTHa qacT
MHCTpYMeHTM M opn)I(Me. Haxo.n.KMTe 6Rxa HaMe- Ha ,pbKaB'IeCTMH" llaJielliHMK H XOpH30HTaJIHOTO
peHM Ha ,ll.Be OT,ll.eJIHM MeCTa, Ha pa3JIM'IHM CTpa- MY pa3nOJIO)I(eHMe ro npaBHT no-npoH3BO.D.MTeJieH
THrpacpCKM HMBa H 3aTOBa rM HapeKOXMe ,nnpBa" OT THna Ha ,,ll.pb)I('IeCTMR" JieMe)l(, ynoTpe6HBaH
H ,BTOpa" KOJieKTHBHa HaXO,ll.Ka. IlnpBaTa 6e pa3- npe.nn Hero (o6p. 111, 2).
llOJIO)I(eHa Ha 15 M IOrOH3TO'IHO OT llOTepHaTa, Ha CnpnoseTe ca cnc cpe.n.Ho M3.D.bJI)I(eH spnx
,ll.bJI60'IMHa 1,95 M OT llOBbpXHOCTTa Ha OKOJIHMR M H30CTpeH Kpaif, KOHTO e llOCTaBHH B ,ll.bpBeHa
TepeH, a BTOpaTa- Ha 3,5 M M3TO'IHO OT CbiJJ.aTa, ,ll.O ,ll.pb)I(Ka. ,Zl;nrOBH,ll.HO M3BMTaTa qacT He e MHOrO
CaMMR KpenOCTeH 3M,ll., Ha ,ll.bJI60'IHHa 0,85 M. .D.nJI6oKa. AHanorM'IHM ca M3BeCTHM oT l(apeseu.
B HaCTORIJJ.OTO M3CJie.nsaHe IJJ.e ce cnpeM Ha (AJieKCUe61976, 33, 34, o6p. 2/ J),MaJIKOTbpHOBO,
nnpBaTa KOJieKTMBHa Haxo.n.Ka, 6e3 .na 3acRraMe (Henning 1987, 134, M 304),
oOH,ll.)I(MK, 5IM60JICKO
opn)I(MeTo, KoeTo IJJ.e 6n.ne npe.n.MeT Ha .npyra TeMa. KaKTO H OT .D.pyrM TepHTOpHH Ha I0roM3TO'IHa
BepORTHO npe.n.MeTMTe ca 6MJIH B .nnpseH caH.D.bK, Espona (Henning 1987, 116, M 47). ,Zl;aTHpaT ce
KOHTO snocJie.ncTBHe e M3rHMJI. Te 6Rxa OTKpHTM VIII- X BeK (o6p. 113).
Hape.neHM e.nnH Ha.n .npyr, a Bnpxy nix 6e nocTaBeHa JionaTaTa e H3pa6oTeHa OT )l(eJie3eH JIHCT, KaTO
Me.n.Ha KaHa, M3JJ.RJIO 3ana3eHa. HasRpHo caH,ll.'hK'hT ropHaTa qacT e ocpopMeHa KaTo BTYJIKa c .no6JIM-
e 6MJI B noMeiJJ.eHMe c JieKa KOHCTPYKJJ.HR M c no.n )I(aBaiJJ.M ce e.n.HH .no .npyr KpaHIJJ.a. PaMeHeTe ca
OT pe,ll.eHM KaMeHHM llJIO'IM. JieKO CKOCeHM Ha,ll.OJiy. IJo.no6HM JIOllaTH Ca OT-
OT 3eMe.neJICKMTe ceqnsa ca OTKpHTM .nsa na- KpHTH B MOHTaHa (A!IeKCQHOp06 1988, 30, o6p.
JiernHMKa, ce.neM cnpna, e.n.Ha JionaTa, e.n.Ha MOTHKa 4), ,Zl;R.noso (Eopuco6 1991, 85, o6p. 4), KaKTo MOT
M e.n.Ho qecano. OcTaHaJiaTa qacT OT Haxo.n.KaTa IOroH3TO'IHa Espona (Henning 1987, 34/11) (o6p.
Cb,ll.bp)l(a HHCTpyMeHTH OT pa3JIM'IHM 3aHaRTM: KO- 114).
BalliKM - .nsa 'IHcpTa KJieiJJ.M, TPH HaKOBaJIHM, TpH qecanoTo e c ·npasonrnJIHa cpopMa, H3pa6oTeHo

158
 3

5
M 1:3

06p. J. ]eMeOeJICKU OpbOUfl HG rnpyiJa

or rrnocKa )KeJUI3Ha rrnacnma c M3TemeHa B cpe,11,aTa Ha rrpeceqeHa rrHpaMM,n:a c qeTMpHnrnnHa pa6oTHa

Ha e)J,HaTa )J,'hJira CTpaHa OCTpOBbpXa ,ll,pb:>KKa, OT qacT. To3H TMrr HMa TBbp,ll,e ,ll,'hJI'hr xpoHonorHqecKM
)l,BeTe CTpaHM Ha K05ITO Ca rrpMIIOeHM OpHaMeHTM :>KHBOT - oT V- VI .no IX- X BeK. Tosa ce JJ:'hJI)KH
or Kpnma )KeJUI3Ha Ten c B'hJIHoo6pa3Ha <PopMa. rrpe,n:M scHqKo Ha THXHaTa y,11,o6Ha M rrpaKTHqHa
JJ:onHaTa crpaHa e CMTHO Ha3n6eHa (Henning 1987, 3a pa6oTa <PopMa (BurnnflH06 1981, 54, o6p. 1 a;
54/2) (06p. 115). LfaHzoea 1962, 31, o6p. 11; Velkov 1935,155,fig.5;
llpO,ll,bJI)KMTeJIHIDIT )KMBOT Ha 3eMe)J,eJICKMTe Ilempoe1998, 100- 120) (o6p. 2/3).
opnJJ:IDl Ha rpy,11,a ce ,ll,'hJI)KM Ha nxHaTa KOHcepBa- BTopHHT TMII e rrpe,n:cTaBeH OT MaJIKa HaKOBaJIH5l,
THBHOCT. qHeTo THJIO e c <PopMa Ha rrpeceqeH KoHyc, a pa-
0TKpMTMTe B Cpe,n:eu;KaTa KperrocT ceqMBa M 6oTHaTa qacT e Kpnma. AHanorMH ca OTKPHTM
OT JJ:BeTe KOJieKTMBHM HaXOJJ:KM He Ca CJiyqaifHOCT. rrpM apxeonomqecKH pa3KOIIKH B An6aHIDl H
Oco6eHOCTMTe Ha OKOJIHIDI TepeH, rro-ToqHo paB- ca ,n:aTMpaHH V- VI seK (Peerrita 1990, 239, tab.
HHHHMTe MeCTHOCTM Ha CeBep OT peKaTa, K05ITO XJJ/9).
MHHasa 6nM30 .no X'hJIMa c Kperrocrra, KaKTo M TpeTIDIT THII e c rro-roneMH pa3MepH. ,[(onHaTa
HaHOCHaTa rroqsa oKono Cpe,11,eu;Ka peKa ca rrpe,ll,- qacT e c <PopMa Ha rrpeceqeHa rrHpaMM)J,a, a pa6oT-
rrocTaBKa 3a OTrJie)K,ll,aHeTo Ha rrpoco, 3MMHMu;a HaTa qaCT e TpHbr'hJIHa H H3)1,a)J,eHa BCrpaHH OT
11 e,n:po3npHecT JIMMeu;, OTKPMTM B rnpHeTa OT T5IJIOTO. 3a Cb)KaJieHMe B JJ:OCThiiHaTa JIMTeparypa
IX seK B rroMe~eHMe c neKa KOHCTPYKQIDI rrpe.n aHaJIOfMH He 6Hxa OTKpHTH (o6p. 2/3).
cesep03arra)J,HaTa Kyna Ha Kperrocrra. Tosa HM KosarnKHTe KJie~H ca OT e,n:MH H C'h~M THII.
Kapa ,n:a rrpe,n:rronaraMe, qe B paiioHa e M3IIOJI3BaHa EJJ:HMTe ca c rro-MaJIKH pa3MepM, c M3JJ:Y™ 3aKpbr-
eJJ,Ha ycnBbpllieHCTBaHa pa3HOBMJJ:HOCT Ha ,ll,BYIIOJI- neHH qeniOCTM. II3pa6oTeHM ca OT ,n:se CHMeTpMqHH
HaTa CMCTeMa, K05ITO Ce M3pa35IBa B pe,n:ysa~M IIOJIOBMHM, CBbp3aHH C 60JIT. I10,11,06HH KJie~H Ca
ce eceHHMQM (3MMHMu;a) c rrponeTHMQM (rrpoco). OTKpMTH B IIepHMK. qaHroBa rM rrpMqHcJIHBa K'hM T.
Pe,n:ysaHeTo Ha pa3JIMqHM KYJITYPM e 6Mno Heo6- Hap. KpMqHH KJie~H (LfaHzoea, 1992, 24, 29, o6p.
XO)l,HMO, 3a )J,a He Ce H3TO~aBa rroqsaTa, HO H 3a 1, 30). OT c'h~IDI TMII ca HaMepeHM B IIpecnas, Be-
pa3H006pa35IBaHe Ha IIpOJJ:YKTMTe, KOHTO ca KOHCy- JIHKO TnpHOBO, Pa3nor M fapsaH (LfaHzoea 1992,
MHpaHH (Balbolova-lvanova, 2000, 73- 85). 34, o6p. 14; HuKO!loea 1974, 197, o6p. 11; Mup'lee
OT 3aHa5J:TqHifCKH5l HHCTpyMeHTapMyM ~e pa3- ToH'leea, /fuMumpoe 1960, 90, o6p. 66; Kape!loe
rne,n:aMe Haii-Harrpe.n KosarnKHH. 1973, 11; Bb:J/Capoea 1986, 181, o6p. 18418). Te
HaKOBaJIHHTe ca TPM TMrra. E,11,HaTa e c <PopMa 6Hxa MOmM ,11,a 6n,n:aT OTHeceHH K'hM THII I no

159
 2

,~,7~
~ L!___j6

9
Ml:3

06p. 2. KoeautKU Ullcmpy.Mellmapuy.M

KJiaCI-HpHKau;IcniTa Ha BHTJUIHOB (BumllRHoe 1981, THrenoT e H3pa6oTeH OT )Kene3eH nHCT c <t>opMa

56-58, o6p. 7). Ilop;06HH KJieLQH Ca H3BeCTHH OT Ha npaBooronHa TaBHqKa c yneH 3a H3nHBaHe Ha
,AHHqKoBo rpap;Hru:e" B 6HBIIIa IOrocnaBIDI, p;a- MeTana. B cpep;aTa Ha ep;HaTa cTpaHa e H3TerneHa
THpaHH VI-VII BeK (Sjramcik-Gulic 1987, 144, TinOCKa, CTeCHeHa KbM Bbpxa H 3aOCTpeHa ,ll;pb)I(Ka,
fig. 3). 'IaHroBa m oTHaC}l KbM X-XI BeK. Be- KO}lTO HaB}lpHO e BnH3ana B p;pyra, )J;OTibnHHTenHa,
po}lTHO, nopap;H yHHBepcanHocrra Ha <t>opMaTa HM, TIO-,ll;bnra ,ll;pb)I(Ka. Ilop;o6HH THrenH ca H3BeCTHH
Te Ce ynorpe6}lBaT B KOBaiiiKH}l 3aHa}lT B TBbpp;e OT MoHTaHa (AlleKcaHopoe 1988, 33, o6p. 7) (o6p.
IIIHpOKH XpOHOnOrHqeCKH H reorpa<t>cKH rpaHHU:H 2/9).
(o6p. 211). 0rpH6KHTe 3a IIInaKa npHnHqaT MHOfO TIO <t>opMa
BTopiDIT qH(llT KJieLQH e pa3HOBH)J;HOCT Ha Ha qecanaTa, HO ca c rnap;Ka p;onHa TIOBopXHOCT.
npep;HIDI. Toil e c no-roneMH pa3MepH, c He Ton- 0TKpHTIDIT CeKaq e C TpaneU:OBH)J;Ha, pa3IIIH-
KOBa H3)J;yTH qeniOCTH, H3pa6oTeH Cbl.QO OT ));Be CH- peHa pa6oTHa qacT, H3ThHeHa B Kpa}l. Kpa}lT, npep;-
MeTpHqHH TIOnOBHHH, CBbp3aHH C 6om (o6p. 2/2). Ha3HaqeH 3a yp;apH C qyK, e C qeTHpHofbnHO HaTI-
ToqHH aHanorHH Ha Ta3H pa3HOBH,ll;HOCT He 6}lxa peqHO ceqeHHe (o6p. 2/11).
OTKpHTH. ManKHTe pa3MepH Ha H}lKOH oT HHCTpyMeHTHTe
'lyKoBeTe ca TPH pa3nHqHH THna. Ep;HHH}lT e C KOBaiiiKO npe,ll;Ha3HaqeHHe HH p;aBaT OCHOBaHHe
TIO-MaCHBeH, CTeCHeH B ,ll;BaTa Kpa}l, KaTO ep;HHH}lT e p;a npep;nonaraMe, qe Te npHHap;ne)KaT KbM o6opyp;-
noqTH KBap;paTeH, a p;pyrH}lT - CKOCeH TipH rOpHaTa BaHe, CBbp3aHO C H3pa60TKaTa Ha p;pe6HH MeTanHH
noBopxHOCT H o<t>opMeH noqTH KaTo ceKaq. B Haii- npep;MeTH HnH IOBenHpCTBO.
IIIHpoKaTa U:eHTpanHa qacT e npo6HT U:HnHH,ll;pHqeH OT p;bpBop;encKHTe HHCTpYMeHTH 6pap;BHTe ca
OTBOp 3a ,ll;bpBeHa ,ll;pb)I(Ka ( o6p. 2/6). p;Ba THna. Ep;HHIDIT e c T}lCHO KJIHHOBH)J;HO ocTpHe,
BTopiDIT THTI e npep;cTaBeH OT qyK, o<t>opMeH C Kporon OTBOp 3a ,ll;bpBeHa p;pb)I(Ka, <t>naHKHpaH
B ep;HHIDI KpaH KaTO CeKaq, a B p;pyriDI - KaTO npa- c TpHoronHH YIIIH. IIo-KbCIDIT Kpail: 3aBopiiiBa
BObroneH qyK, qHHTO p;bnrH crpaHH ca pa3nono- C p;o6pe H3pa3eHa TinOCKOCT, KO}lTO HaTIO)J;06}lBa
)KeHH OTBecHo. B u:eHThpa e npo6HT IIIHpoK OTBop qy~e. AHanorHH Ha T03H THTI 6pap;BH ca H3BeCTHH
3a p;bpBeHa p;pb)I(Ka, <t>naHKHpaH c H3p;ap;eHH TPHb- OT BoiiBop;a, IIepHHK, paHHocpep;HoBeKOBHOTO ce-
ronHH YIIIH. AHanomH He 6}lxa OTKPHTH ( o6p. 217). nHI.Qe JlyKa-KaBenHHCKa}l Ha Cpep;eH )J;HecThp,
TpeTIDIT THnnpep;cTaBn}lBa ManKo qy~e, qHHTO fopU:H}l, YHrapH}l H ce p;aTHpaT V-VII BeK (MulliJee,
KpaHI.Qa ca c Kporno HanpeqHo ceqeHHe. B u:eHThpa /{a.MRH06 1984, 76, o6p. 54; lfaH206Q 1992, 39,
U:HnHH,ll;pHqHH}lT OTBOp e <t>naHKHpaH C TpHbfbnHH o6p. 27/2; BaKylleHKO, llpuxooKo 1985, 134, ma6.
YIIIH (o6p. 2/8).

160
 ___ v ,.. 3

5
6
\

~4 M 1:3

06p. 3. /(bpBOOeJICKU Ce'IUBG

2919; Devidson 1952, 8711414, 193;Hampe/1905, CTpaHa H H3ThHeHa IIpH Bnpxa pa60THa qaCT C qeTH-
taB.ll0/10) (o6p. 3/1,2). pHpn60 HarrpeqHO ceqeHHe. ropHaTa IIOJIOBHHa e
BTOp~T THII ca ceKHpHTe ( o6p. 3/3 ). Ilpe.n;HaTa Kpnma H 3aBnpuiBa c Kpnmo pa3lllHpeHHe, Be-
pa6oTHa qacT e C r -o6pa3Ha cpopMa, a 3a)J;HaTa e po~THO 3a y)J.apH c qyK (lfaH206a 1992, 52, o6p.
a, o4JopMeHa KaTO qy~e. 0TBOp'bT 3a )J;'bpBeHaTa 4216) (o6p. 3/6).
.U,pn)I(Ka e QHJIHH)J;pHqeH, cpnaHKHpaH C TpH'bfDJIHH OT KOJieKTHBHaTa Haxo)J,Ka rrpoH3JIH3a H e.n;HH
a,
1M
ynm. Ilo.n;o6HH ca OTKpHTH B IlepHHK H IlnKyiOn CBpe.n;eJI C'bC CKOCeHa B'bB cpopMa Ha TpHnfDJIHHK C

p. nyH. Coape (lfaH2oea 1992, 22, 23, o6p. 12/4; Dia- OCHOBaTa Harope pa60THa qaCT. ropHaTa IIOJIOBHHa
conu, Vilceanu 1, 168,fig. 67,270, tab. XXXI). e CTeCHeHa H H3ThHeHa H BepO~THO e BJIH3aJia B

.ta TecJIHTe Cnl.QO ca .n;Ba THrra. E.n;HaTa e c BepTH- .n;npBeHa .n;pn)I(Ka (lfaH206a 1992, 411, o6p. 29/3)
KaJIHa OTBopeHa srynKa (pnKasqe ). Pa6oTHaTa qacT (o6p. 3/5).
H- e H30CTpeHa H Tparreu;oBHJJ:HO pa3lllHpeHa. To3H lliHBalllKHTe HO)I(HQH ca TBnp.n;e YHHBepcanHH.

:)J,- THII 6H MOfDJI .n;a Ce H3IIOJI3Ba 3a H3pa60TKaTa Ha Te ca H3IIOJI3BaHH He caMo B lllHBalllK~ 3aHa~T, HO
KOpHTa, raBaHKH H .n;pyrH 6HTOBH C'b)J;OBe, HO 6H H B"bB BCHqKH )J;OMaKHHCTBa. lf3pa6oTeHH Ca OT )];Be
n-
Moron .n;a 6n.n;e pa3rJie)l(.n;aH H KaTo .n;neTo c BTYJIKa, IIOJIOBHHH, CBnp3aHH UlapHHpHO. lliapHHpHHTe HO-
IlOHe)l(e cpyHKQHOHaJIHOTO HM rrpe.n;Ha3HaqeHHe e )I(HQH ca pa3rrpocTpaHeH HaBc~Kn.n;e rrpe3 cpe.n;Ho-
iTe
rroqTH e.n;HaKBO. AHanorHqHH HMa OTKPHTH B Ilep- BeKOBHeTo CTaH.n;apTeH THII, )J;OCTHrHaJI )J;O HalllH
He
PycH~
(lfaH206a
m- HHK, rapBaH, CHJIHCTpeHCKO, )J;HH.
1992, 40, o6p. 28/4; Bb:JICapoea 1986, 181,184/8; 3a pa3BHTHeTO Ha 3aHa~THTe, qaCT OT qHHTO
HH
JlJmywKuH 1968, 40, o6p. 28/9, 10; Kofll.{UH 1959, HHCTPYMeHTapHYMH ca rrpe.n;cTaBeHH B rrnpBaTa

ca
108, o6p. 92). KOJieKTHBHa HaXO)J;Ka OT yKperreHOTO CeJIHIQe B

fie, BTopH~T THII e rrpe.n;cTaseH OT Teena, qHifTo rp. Cpe.n;eu;, ca OT roAAMO 3HaqeHHe rrpHpOJJ:HHTe
KpaH Ha pa60THaTa qacT e pa3lllHpeH KaKTO IIpH .n;a.n;eHOCTH Ha perHoHa. Toii e 6oraT Ha )l(eJie3HH
>aH
IlbpBH~ BH)J;, HO B ropHaTa qacT HMa C"bi.QeCTBeHa H Me)J;HH py.n;H H )J;npBeH MaTepHaJI, He06XO)J;HMH
ma
pa3JIHKa: .n;pn)I(KaTa BJIH3a B CIIeQHaJieH OTBOp, 3a KOBaqecTBOTO H JJ:npBO)J;eJICTBOTO, KaKTO H C rra-
ma
'HH
4JnaHKHpaH c TpHnrDJIHH YlllH. THnHaTa qacT e CHI.Qa 3a .n;pe6eH poraT )J;06HThK, OCHryp~Bai.QH cy-

ce- o4JopMeHa KaTo qy~e. Ilpe.n;HaTa pa6oTHa qacT e pOBHHH 3a ThKaqecTBO H lllHBaqecTBO. HanHqHeTo
H3BHTa TaKa, qe IIpH M~CTOTO Ha CBnp3BaHe C OC- Ha KOCTeHOTO lllHJIO B HaXO)J;KaTa, KaKTO H MHO-
np,
TaHaJiaTa IIOJIOBHHa Ha T~JIOTO Ce o6pa3yBa Thii )I(eCTBOTO OTKpHTH e)J;HHHqHH TaKHBa, rOBOpH 3a
teB,
bThJI. AHanor~ HaMHpaMe B IlepHHlllKa KperrocT yrroTpe6a H Ha KO)I(eHH H3)J;eJIH~ (raMalllH, KOJia-
39,
1a6. (Lfm-t2oea 1992, 39, o6p. 27/4) (o6p. 3/ 4). HH, peM'bQH H T.H), 3a q~TO H3pa60TKa HMa C"bl.QO
,l.(neTaTa ca cnc cKoceHa, 3ao6neHa OT e.n;HaTa cypoBHHa B H306HJIHe (JJ:HBH )I(HBOTHH). KoHcep-

161
BaTMBHOCTia Ha MHCTp)'MeHTapM)'Ma, KaKTO M He- KOBanH» TMrr II), a yrrorpe6aTa Ha BrynqecTMTe
roBaTa QlYHKJJ,MOHaJIHOCT p;aBaT B'b3MO:>KHOCT Ha rraneiiiHMJJ,M 3arroqBa oT VII BeK, Haxo.n;KaTa OT rp.
ropeM36poeHMTe HaXO)J;KM p;a MMaT )J;'bn'br XpOHO- Cpe.n;eu; He MO:>Ke .n;a 6o.n;e p;aTwpaHa rro-paHo OT
norMqecKM :>KMBOT. ToM: KaTo o6aqe qacT OT rrpe.n;- HaqanoTo Ha VII BeK.
MeTMTe ce yrroTpe6»BaT .n;o VII (6pa.n;Ba TMrr I, Ha-

IJ,HTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA mqecKHTe MaTepHarrH. - B: U:apeBrpa,~:~ TnpHOB, 2,

CocpHj{.l974.
AJieKcau~pOB 1988: r. ArreKcau,~:~pOB. Opo,l:IH5I ua IleTpOB 1998: II. IleTpoB. HoBOOTKpHTH HaXOL\KH
rpy,~:~aH npe,~:~MeTH Ha 6HTa OT MoHTaHa. - ApxeorrorHj{, OT IlrrHCKa.- B: IlrrHcKa, CocpHj{. 1998.
1988, 3, 27-35. qaurosa 1962: M.llaHroBa. Cpe,~:~HoBeKOBHH opbL\Hj{
AJieKcHeB 1976: H. ArreKcHeB. Haxo,~:~KH Ha opoL\H5I Ha Tpy,~:~a B EorrrapHj{. - H3BeCTH5I Ha apxeorromqecKH5I
Ha Tpy,~:~a H BbOpb)J(eHHe OT U:apeBe~. - My3eH H naMeT- HHCTHryT,25, 1962.
HH~H Ha eymypaTa, 1976,2. qaurosa 1992: M. llaHroBa. Kpenocrra IlepHHK
lio6'1eBa 1972: J1. Eo6qeBa. Opn):IHjl Ha Tpy,~:~a oT VIII-XIV BeK.- B: IlepHHK, T. 3, 1992.
cpe,~:~HoBeKOBHeTO B My3e5I B Torr6yxHH. - My3eH H na- Balbolova-Ivanova 2000: M. Balbolova-Ivanova.
MeTHH~H Ha KyrrrypaTa, 1972, 2. Contribution to the of the early medieval ceramice in
Ba~cyJieuKo, Ilpuxo~Ko 1985: B. J1. BaKyrreHKO, Bulgaria. Ariheologiid Bulgarica, 2000, 1.
0. M. IlpHXOL\KO. Ilpo6rreMhl npHeMCTBeHocm qepH5I- Devidson 1952: G. Devidson. Corinth, XXXIII,
XOBCKOH Kyrrhrypbi H paHHecpe,~:~HoBeKOBhiX ,~:~peBHOCTeif Princeton, New-Jercey, 1952.
B CBeTe HOBbiX HCCJie,[IOBaHHH Ha Cpe,l:IHeM J];HeCTpe.-B: Diaconu, Vilceanu: Diaconu, P., D. Vilceanu. Pacui-
Slovenska archeologia, XXXIII, 1985. ullui Soare. I, Bucure~ti, 150-170.
BHTJIHHOB 1981: CT. BHTJI5IHOB. KoBarnKH HHcrpy- Hampel 1905: J. Hampel. Alterthumer des fuben
MeHTH H BbOpb)J(eHH5I npe3 cpe,~:~HoBeKOBHeTo B Enrrra- Mitelalter in Ungam. III, Braunschweis, 1905.
pHj{.- ApxeorrorHj{, 1981, 3. Henning 1987: J. Henning. Sudosteuropa zwiscen
BoJKaposa 1986: )K. Bn)J(apoBa. Cpe,~:~HoBeKOBHOTO und Mittelalter. Berlin, 1987.
cerrHwe c. fapBaH, CHJIHcrpeHCKH OKpor. CocpHj{, 1986. Peerrita 1990: L. Peerita. Kestella e Peces ne peri-
KapeJIOB 1973: H. KaperroB. ApxeorromqecKH Ha- uden e antikitetit te vone dhe mejete rrethi i kukesit. In:
XOL\KH B Pa3JIO)J(KO. - My3eH H naMeTHH~H Ha eyrrrypa- Iliria, Tirane, v. XX, 1990, I.
Ta, 1973, 2. Stramcik-Gulic 1987: M. Strancik-Gulic. Jurisne
Kpacuos 1982: 10. KpacHOB. JJ:peBHbie H cpe,~:~HeBe­ vas Anickovo gradisce. Archeologiski pregled. Beograd,
KOBHbie parr a BocToquoil: 3BpOIIhi.- CoBeTcKa5I apxeorro- 1987.
fHj{, 1982, 3. Velkov 1935: I. Velkov. Eine Gotefestung die Sa-
KpacuoB 1986: 10. KpacHOB. PaHHM HCTOpHj{ co- dovetz (Nordbulgaria). In: Germania, 19, 1935.
XH. - CoBeTCKM apxeorrorHj{, 1986, 1.
KoJI'IHH 1959: B. KorrqHH. )l{erre3oo6pa6aTbiBaiOwee
peMecrro HoBropo,~:~a BerrHKoro.- B: Tpy,~:~hi HoBropo,~:~­ liEJIEiKKH
CKOH apxeorrorHqecKoif 3Kcne,~:~H~HH, II, MaTepHarrbi HH-
1
CTHryTa apxeorrorHH, 1959, 65. Ilpe3 I B. err. Xp. e ocuoBaHa pHMCKaTa Colonia Fla-
JlnnymKHH 1968: H. llinylllKHH. ropO,l:IHllie HoBO- via Pacis Deultensium npH L\H. c. JJ:e6em, K05ITO npe3 ne-
TPOH~Koe. MaTepHarrhi HCTOpHH H apxeorrorHH, 1978, pHo,~:~a Ha K'bCHaTa aHTHqHOCT HpaHHOTO cpe,l:IHOBeKOBHe

74. e a,[IMHHHCTpaTHBeH, peJIHfH03eH, KyrrrypeH, HKOHOMH-

MuJI'Ies,J];aMHHOB 1984: AT. MHrrqeB, CT.J];aMj{HOB. qeCKH H TbprOBCKH ~eHT'bp B IOrOH3TOqHaTa qacT Ha
ApxeorrorHqecKH pa3KOIIKH Ha K'bCHOaHTHqHaTa Kpe- ,~:~HeiiiHHTe 6nrrrapcKH 3eMH. Ilpe3 IV-VI BeK ca nocrpoe-
nocT npH c. Boil:Bo,~:~a, liiYMeHcKH oKpor npe3 1970 r.- HH MHO)J(eCTBO ,~:~pyrH YKPeiieHH cerrHwa H rapHH30HHH
B: Pa3KOIIKH H npoyqBaHH5I, 10, 1984. KpenocTH - Kpenocrra B M. PH6apHHKa npH c. JJ:e6errT,
Mup'leB H ~p. 1960: M. MHpqeB, r. ToHqeBa, JJ:. PoceHOBO, <l>aKH5I (Ca,~:~aMa), ropHO 516'bJIKOBO, Cpe,~:~e~,
J];HMHTpOB. EH30He-KapByHa. - H3BeCTHj{ Ha BapHeH- MoMHHa ~opKBa H LIP·
CKOTO apxeOJIOrHqeCKO ,~:~py)J(eCTBO, 13, 1960.
MoM'IHJIOB 1989: JJ:. MoMqHJIOB. Cpe,~:~HOBeKOBHH
3eMe,[leJICKH ceqHBa OT cpOH,[Ia Ha fHM-KapH06aT. -
EorrrapcKa eTRorpacpHj{, 1989, 3-4, 57-58.
HuKOJIOBa 1974: 5[. HHKorroBa. J];oMaiiiHHj{T 6HT H
BoOp'b)J(eHHeTO B):IBope~a Ha IJ;apeBe~ en ope,~:~ apxeorro-

162
ASSETS AND CONTRIBUTION TO THE INVESTIGATION
OFTHEIRONTOOLSOFLABOUR
IN SOUTHEAST BULGARIA IN THE PERIOD 7TH_lOTH C.
(based on evidence from the two collective finds
from the stronghold ,Kaletto" in the town of Sredets, Borgas District)

Maria BALBOLOVA-IVANOVA

On site of the ,Kaletto" stronghold in the town terna (the emergency small gate stronghold exit),
of Sredets, Bourgas District were uncovered two at a depth of 1,95 m from the surface of the contig-
collective finds composed of agricultural tools, uous and surrounding terrain; the second- 3,5 m
handicraft instruments and weapons. The finds east from the first, in immediate proximity with the
were unearthed from two separate locations, at dif- fortification wall, at a depth of 0,85 m.
ferent stratigraphic levels and this is the reason to In the present publication we'll scrutinize the
call them a ,first" and ,second" collective find. The first collective find without touching on the issue
first one was situated 15 m southeast from the po- about the weaponry.

163
 CPE,II;HOBEKOBHA KEPAMHKA
OT KPEIIOCTTA IIPH C. ,II;EJiEJIT
Mapu5l MAHOJIOBA-BOHKOBA,
KpacUMupa KOCTOBA, 1JoH5l !fPAJKEBA

M3BeCTHa Ha 6nnrapcKaTa HayKa oT KpaR Ha TOM KaTo eMnHpHqHa 6a3a 3a no-HaTaThiiiHH ap-
XIX B., Kpenocrra .n;o pHMCKIUI rpa.n; ,[(eynzyM 11 xeonorHqecKH HllH HCTOpHqeCKH HHTepnpeTaU:HH.
,ll;HeC OCTaBa cna6o H3BeCTHa H KOMeHTHpaHa npe- Kpenocrra e pa3nono:>KeHa Ha ecTeCTBeHo
,ll;HMHO B CBeTllHHaTa Ha HCTOpHqeCKHTe H3BOpH. 3alll,HTeH XbllM Ha OKOllO 2 KM OT pHMCKHR rpa.n;
ITpoBe.n;eHHTe apxeonorHqecKH npoyqBaHHR TaM ,[(eynzyM 11 CnBpeMeHHOTo ceno ,[(e6em ( o6p. 1).
ca qacTHqHH, a pe3ynTaTHTe OT TRX ca o6Hapo.n;- OT IOr, 3ana.n; 11 ceBep 3ao6HKanR Cpe.n;eu:Ka pe-
BaHH CaMO B e,ll;HO Cb06Ill,eHHe (j(aM5lH06 1984). Ka, a oT H3TOK e MaH.n;peHCKOTO e3epo. KaKTo 6e-
ToBa npaBH H3Ka3BaHeTo Ha KaTeropHqHH cTaHo- IUe CTIOMeHaTO, Olll,e npe3 1885 r. 6paTRTa illKOp-
BHill,a OTHOCHO HeHHOTO Bb3HHKBaHe H <}JyHKU:HH TIHll perHCTpHpaT KpeTIOCTTa, Ha30BaBaHKH R
Bee olll,e HecHrypHo 11 pHCKOBaHo. PeiUaBaHeTo ,fopHoTo rpa.n;Hlll,e" (IllKopnWl 1885, 26). Heii-
Ha Te3H npo6neMH HRMa .n;a 6n.n;e npe.n;MeT 11 Ha HOTO npoyqBaHe 3anoqBa BeK TIO-KbCHO npe3
HaCTORill,OTo cno6Ill,eHHe. To eM nocTaBR e.n;Ha no- 1980 r., KOraTO npH CTpOHTellCTBOTO Ha MeTanyp-
CKpOMHa 3a.n;aqa, a HMeHHO - .n;a npHBe.n;e B Hay- rJ1qHJ1R 3aBo.n; Kpaii c. ,[(e6enT TR nona.n;a B o6-
qeH 060pOT ,ll;OCThTIHHR KepaMHqeH MaTepHan OT cera Ha pa6oTHaTa nnolll,a.n;Ka. PnKOBO,ll;HTen Ha
apxeonorHqecKHTe npoyqBaHHR, 3a .n;a nocny:>Im pa3KOTIKHTe e noKOHHHRT H.c . .n;-p CT. ,[(aMRHOB.

06p. ]. 8b3iJyutHG CHUMKG HG Kpenocmma npu C. /fe6ert;,.

164
 (/{pa:JICe6a 1984, 94-98). HeroBoTo pa3Hoo6pa3we,
npe,ll,CTaBHTenHOCT H B'b3MO:>KHOCTTa ,ll,a Ce H,ll,eHTH-
<lJHU,HpaT Beqe CHrypHO ,ll,aTHpaHH KepaMlfqHH KaTe-
rOpHH 65!Xa OCHOBHH5!T HH MOTHB npH nO,ll,fOTOBKaTa
Ha .n.oKJia.n.a. TyK e HY:>KHO .n.a oT6ene:>KHM, qe npe-
K'hCBaHeTo Ha pa3KOnKHTe Ha Kpenocrra cne.n. 1981
r. H HaM-Beqe KOHqlfHaTa Ha ,ll,-p ,[(aM5!HOB, qlflfTO
npeKH Ha6niO.n.eHH5! ca 6unu Hai1-ToqHu, ca npu-
quHa 3a H5!KOH MeTo.n.onoruqecKH nponycKM B
aHanH3a, KOMTO Ill,e npe.n.cTaBHM:
1. KpwTepHHTe 3a HanpaBeHaTa npe3 1980-
1981 r. CTaTHCTHKa Ha KepaMHKaTa OCTaHaxa He5!C-
•. HH 3a HaC, nopa,ll,H KOeTO CTaTHCTlfqeCKHTe ,ll,aHHH
H5!Ma ,ll,a 6n,ll,aT BKJIJOqeHH;
06p. 1. J!JlaH Ha npoy'leHama 'lacm om KpenocmHama cmeHa
2. Pa6oTaTa HH ce 6a3wpa H3KJIJOqwTenHo Bnpxy
Ha Kpenocmma
KepaMlfqHlf5! MaTepHan, BKJIJOqeH B noneBHTe HH-
BeHTapHH KHHrH, KOMTO ce C'bXpaH51Ba B apxeono-
ITo BpeMe Ha cnacwTenmne npoyqBamrn e pa3- ruqeCKaTa 6a3a Ha pe3epsaTa;
KpHTO B'bHIIlHOTO llHJJ,e Ha H3TOqHaTa, qaCTH
3. lhnomsai1KH noneswTe HHBeTapHH HOMepa,
OT CeBepHaTa H OT IO:>KHaTa KpenOCTHa CTeHa ce Hanara .n.a cne.n.saMe T5!XHaTa nnpswqHa ceneK-
(o6p. 2). Ha H3TOqHaTa cTeHa ca npoyqeHH .D.Be JJ,H5!. TaKa ce npe.n.nocTaB5!T H5!KOH HennnHOTM s
brJIOBH Kynu H e.n.Ha Me:>K.D.HHHa. IOroH3TOqHaTa e o6Ill,aTa KapTHHa Ha KepaMwqHlf5! KOMnneKc. Ha-
KaiiKOBH,ll,Ha, a Me:>K,ll,HHHaTa H CeBepOH3TOqHaTa - npwMep KOnlfqeCTBeHOTO C'bOTHOIIleHHe Ha OnH-
lfeTHpH'br'bllHH. 3a :>KanOCT CTpaTHrpa<lJCKHTe Ha-
CaHaTa KYXHeHCKa 6HTOBa KepaMHKa cnp5!MO Tpa-
6JIIO,ll,eHH5! no BpeMe Ha pa3KOnKHTe He ,ll,aBaT
ne3HaTa rna3wpaHa e OT nop5!.D.'bKa Ha 10% cpelll,y
KaTeropuqHu pe3ynTanL KaKTo ce oT6en5!3Ba B 90%, KOeTO 5!BHO He 0Tpa35!Ba peanHaTa CHryaJJ,H5!
~HeBHHJJ,HTe Ha ,ll,-p ,[(aM5!HOB H B HHBeHTapHHTe
Ha o6eKTa. HennnHH ca .n.aHHHTe 3a KyxHeHCKa
KHHfH, nnaCTOBeTe Ca 6HnH CHllHO HapyilleHH OT
KepaMHKa H aM<lJOpHaTa Tapa, KOeTO o6e3CMHCll5!
BTOpHqHlf HaCHnH, <lJopMHpaHH npH H3Ba:>K,ll,aHeTO npe,ll,CTaB5!HeTO HM ryK.
Ha KaMnHH 3a cTpOHTeneH MaTepuan npe3 XX B.
BnnpeKM Tosa Tp5!6sa .n.a no.n.qepTaeM, qe Ha-
E~HHCTBeHo B Me:>K,ll,HHHaTa Kyna ce oqepTaBaT .D.Ba
CT05!Ili,OTO H3Clle,ll,BaHe CTaHa B'b3MO:>KHO CaMO 6na-
CTpOHTenHH nepHO,ll,a: paHHOBH3aHTHMCKH H cpe,ll,-
ro.n.apeHHe Ha nep<lJeKTHO H3pa6oTeHaTa .D.OKYMeH-
HOBeKOBeH. Cpe.n.HoBeKOBHaTa Kyna Mra Bnpxy
TaJJ,H5! u nnneH <PoToapxus, HanpaBeHH npe.n.u 25 r.
qacT OT paHHOBH3aHTHMCKa crpa.n.a, YHHili,O:>KeHa OT eKHna Ha ,ll,-p ,[(aM5!HOB.
rrpH no:>Kap, KOMTO o6aqe He e ,ll,aTHpaH C MOHeTH.
Cnope.n. .n.aHHHTe, c KOHTO pa3nonaraMe, Kepa-
Ha IDIKOnKo MecTa npe.n. KpenocTHaTa cTeHa C'hlli,O MlfqHlf5!T KOMnneKC Ha KpenOCTTa noKpHBa BClfqKM
ca rrpoyqeHH OnO:>KapeHHTe OCTaHKH OT paHHO- OCHOBHH KaTerOpHH, KOMTO Ca xapaKTepHH 3a
BH3aHTHMCKH cTpoe:>KH. OT T03H nepuo.n. e OTKPHTa BH3aHTHMCKH5! 6wT OT nepuo.n.a XI-XIV B. 3a :>Ka-
e~Ha MOHeTa Ha HMnepaTop KoHcTaHu,wi1 (337-
nocT CHllHO <lJparMeHTHpaHOTO C'bCT051HHe Ha Ha-
361)1. BTopH5!T cTpowTeneH nepuo.n. Ha Kpenocrra XO,ll,KHTe He n03BOll5!Ba ,ll,a 6n,ll,aT H3pa6oTeHH TH-
e cpe.n.HoBeKOBHH5!T H cnope.n. HYMH3MaTwqHwTe
nonomqHlf pe.n.ose. Te Ill,e 6n.n.aT KJiacu<lJwu,HpaHH
~aHHH TOM MO:>Ke ,ll,a ce nocTaBH B rpaHHJJ,HTe Ha
no TexHonoruqHu 6ene3H u yKpaca. JiwncaTa Ha Ha-
XI-XIV B. Hai1-paHHHTe OTKpHTH MOHeTH ca OT
.n.e:>K.D.HH B CTpaTHrpa<lJcKa Cpe.n.a KOMnneKCH Hana-
aHOHHMeH KJiaC C (1 042-1 050), a HaM-K'bCHaTa e Ha
ra .n.aTwpaHeTo .n.a ce HanpaBH B'b3 ocHosa Ha napa-
JJaTHHCKH <lJeo.n.aneH Blla,ll,eTen OT BTOpaTa nOllOBHHa nenu H aHanorHM.
Ha XIII-HaqanoTo Ha XIV BeK. BcuqKu MOHeTH
ca OTKpHBaHH B HaCHnH, KOeTO ,li,On'bllHHTenHO
3aTpy.D.H5!Ba npeu,w3wpaHeTo Ha xpoHonorH5!Ta2 .
MaKap u KpaTKH, B paMKHTe caMo Ha .D.Ba ce-
30Ha, apxeonoruqecKHTe npoyqBaHH5! HaTpynBaT
orpOMHO KOJmqecTBO KepaMuqeH MaTepuan, KOMTO
e 6Hn o6eKT CaMO Ha e,ll,HO KpaTKO C'b06Ill,eHHe

165
 1. liEJIOrJIIIHEHA e KOHCTaHTHHOnOJICKO npOH3BO)J;CTBO If e UlHpOKO
r.JIA31IPAHA KEPAMII.KA pa3npocTpaHeH B paiioHa Ha KoHCTaHTHHonoJI,
(o6p. 3-6) Ere~, AHaTOJIH~, DaJIKaHHTe, KpHM, KHnop If rop-
U:M (Dark 2001, 120-122). IIo3HaT e HOT ceJIHIIJ;a
Haxo.LJ;KHTe Ha 6eJiornwHeHa rna:mpaHa Kepa-
Ha TepHTOpMTa Ha .LJ;HeiiiHHTe 6oJirapCKH 3eMH
MHKa OT KpenOCTTa npe.LJ;CTaB~T qeTHpH OT OnH-
(Cimbuleva 1980, 204-212, 217- 223; MmwfloBa
CaHHTe B JIHTepaTypaTa neT TeXHOJIOrlfqeCKH
2000a, 2-3). ,[(ampa Ce B IIIHpOKH rpaHHU:H: OT KpM
rpynH Ha KOHCTaHTHHOnOJICKOTO npOH3BO.ll;CTBO
Ha IX .LJ;O KpM Ha XII B. (Hayes 1992, 18-29).
(Hayes 1992,12-34; Dark 2001, 120-124; Vroom
2005, 74-79), KaKTo H oru;e .LJ;Ba mna c Bee oru;e
GWWIII I CWW III (o6p. 3 B- r)
HeycTaHOBeH npOH3XO)J;.
lJaCT OT cpparMeHTHTe C neTHHCTa yKpaca MO-
raT .LJ;a 6o)J;aT OTHeCeHH K'bM TpeTH~ TeXHOJIO-
1. 1. KoucTaHTHHonoJicKo npOH3BOACTBO
rwqeH KJiaC Ha KOHCTaHTHHOnOJICKOTO npOH3BO)J;-
GWW II I CWW IP (o6p. 3 a-6)
CTBO (HHB. N2N2 660, 644, 903). II3pa6oTBaHH
KoM BTOpM KJiac Ha rJia3HpaHaTa 6eJiornwHeHa
ca OT C'biiJ;aTa rJIHHa KaTO nOJIHXpOMHaTa Kepa-
KepaMHKa MoraT .LJ;a ce OTHecaT caMo .LJ;Ba Q:>parMeHTa
MHKa - 6~Jia, 3.LJ;paBa, npeqwcTeHa, noH~Kora c
oT 6JIIO.LJ;a (HHB. N2 N2 285, 685). I13pa6oTeHH ca
MaJIKH qepBeHH HJIH CHBH qacTHU:H. rJia3ypaTa
oT cBeTJIOp03oBa rnwHa coc 3opHecTa CTPYKTYPa
o6aqe e C pa3JIIfqeH C'bCTaB If BepO~THO C'b.LJ;bp)f(a
If .LJ;pe6HH KBapU:OBH npHMeCH. lf3nwqaHeTO e paB-
aJIKaJieH eJieMeHT, T'bH KaTO npH CTapeeHeTO o6-
HOMepHO. YKpaceHa e caMo BoTpenmaTa noBopx-
pa3yBa TPY.LJ;HO OTCTpaHHMa T'bMHa Kopa. YKpa-
HOCT. IIpw e.LJ;HHM Q:>parMeHT (HHB. N2 285) no
caTa e OT npbCKH T'bMHOKacp~B nHrMeHT, HaHeCeH
ycTHHHM po6 ce Ha6JIIO.LJ;aBaT CJie.LJ;H OT peJiecpeH
Bopxy qwpena. 3ana3eHHTe Q:>parMeHTH ca OT
OpHaMeHT H nOKpHTHe C nJI'bTHa ~JITO-Kacp~Ba
T'bHKOCTeHHH qaiiiKH, KyrrH If 6JIIO.LJ;a C IIIHpOKa
rneq. ,Z:WyroTo ycme (HHB. N2 685) e yKpaceHo
xopH30HTaJIHa nepwQ:>epw~. IIpweMa ce, qe THn'bT
C Bp~3aHH JIHHHH, a nOKpHBHaTa rJia3ypa e T'bM-
HMa reHeTifqHa Bpb3Ka C nOJIHXpOMHaTa KepaMHKa
HO~JITa, Ha MeCTa HIOaHCHpa )J;O T'bMH03eJieHO
If e npOH3Be)f()J;aH B MaJIKH aTeJIHeTa B OKOJIHOCTHTe
nopa.LJ;H .LJ;06aBeHHTe Me.LJ;HH OKHCH. IlO.LJ; He~ Ha
Ha KoHcTaHTHHonoJI npe3 BTopaTa noJIOBHHa Ha
MecTa npo3wpaT neTHa qepBeHa aHro6a. KJiacoT
XI H HaqaJioTo Ha XII B. (Hayes 1992, 29-30).
Pa3npocTpaHeH e B MaJIKH KOJIIfqecTBa B ceJIHIIJ;aTa
Ha TepHTOpHHTe Ha ropU:M, KHnop, DaJIKaHHTe,
KpHM H AHaTOJIM (Dark 2001, 120- 121). 06-

r ) HapO.LJ;BaHH HaXO)J;Klf HMa If OT CeJIHIIJ;aTa Ha C'bB-

' I peMeHHaTa 6oJirapcKa TepHTOpH~ (MaHOJl06a

a) 6) 2000a, 9-10).

GWW IV I CWW IV (o6p. 4, 5)

.6eJiorJIHHeHaTa rna3wpaHa KepaMHKa oT KJiac IV
e OTKpHTa npH npoyqBaHMTa Ha KpenocTTa B HaH-
roJieMH KOJIIfqecTBa. Haxo.LJ;KHTe ca oT pa3JIIfqHif
cpopMH If C pa3H006pa3Ha yKpaca. lf3TOqBaHH Ca OT
CJIIO.LJ;ecTa rnwHa c JieKo 3opHecTa CTPYKTYPa. l13-
nwqaHeTo e paBHOMepHo, qwpenoT e 6~JI .LJ;O 6e)f(OB,
CBeTJIOCHB HJIH 6Jie.LJ;Op030B. rJia3ypaTa e nOJIO)f(eHa
Ha cpHH CJIOH, KaTO npH n0-3Jie H3neqeHHTe eK3eM-
~pH Ce H3JIIOIIJ;Ba. 06HKHOBeHO noKpHBa CaMO
BbTpeiiiHaTa nOBbpXHOCT Ha OTBOpeHHTe cpopMH, a
Bopxy B'bHIIIHaTa MOraT .LJ;a Ce BHMT OT.LJ;eJIHH neTHa

r) oT coru;aTa rneq. YKpacaTa e pa3Hoo6pa3Ha.

•••
•• 3HaqHTeJIHa qacT OT C'b)J;OBeTe ~MaT nO)J;rJia3yp-
Ha .LJ;eKopau:w~ ( o6p. 4 a-6). E.LJ;HHCTBeHaTa yKpaca
06p. 3: a, 6 - Kllac GWW II I CWW II; e caMaTa noKpHBHa rJiaJypa, KO~To o6xBaru;a ca-
6, z- KJWC GWW III I cww III MO BbTpeiiiHaTa nOBbpXHOCT Ha 6JIIO.LJ;aTa HJIH

166
 ryp. MHoro no-qecTo opHaMeHTHTe ca Heonpe-

~
,n:enHMH H Ce CBe)l(,[(aT ,[(0 IIpOH3BOJIHH IIeTHa, a B
IDIKOH CJiyqaH C'b3HaTeJIHO e ThpCeH ecpeKThT Ha
6) MpaMopH3HpaHe. HHTepecHo e .n:a ce oT6ene)I(H, qe
Cpe,n: HaXO,[(KHTe HMa e,[(HO ,[('bHO C IIpOH3BO,[(CTBeH
a)
.n:e<)leKT (HHB. N2 599) (o6p. 5 r). rna3ypaTa Bbpxy
BbTpeUJHaTa IIOBbpXHOCT e HapyrneHa BepOjiTHO
OT cnenBaHeTo Hc ,n:pyr Cb.D: npH onanBaHeTo B

'~
nei.QTa. Ha ceraiiiHHj{ eTan Ha npoyqBaHHj{ T03H
.n:e<)leKTeH npo,n:yKT He 6H Moron .n:a ce npHeMe 3a
B)
6ener Ha MeCTHO npoH3BO,[(CTBO. IIpHC'bCTBHeTo

lk? MY B Kpenocrra MO)I(e ,n:a ce 06j{CHH C BHOC Ha

A)~
,n:ecpeKTHH H C'bOTBeTHO IIO-eBTHHH C'b,[(OBe, KOHTO
r)
ca 6HJIH npHro,n:HH 3a e)l(e,n:HeBHa ynoTpe6a.
Cu,n:oBeTe oT KJiac IV ca cpe.n: Hai1-rnHpOKO
pa3IIpOCTpaHeHHTe HaXO,[(KH Ha TepHTOpHj{Ta Ha
KoHcTaHTHHonon, Erej{, AHaTOJIHj!, oanKaHHTe,
qepHOMOpCKHj{ paHOH, KHII'bp H rop:QH5l (Dark

' .,.
•••
2001, 120-121; Vroom 2005, 74-77; MaHoflo6a
20006, 175-185, 190-197 u lJUm. maM Hum.). Ma-
COBO ce cpei.QaT H B CeJIHI.QaTa OT TepHTOpHj{Ta Ha
,n:HeiiiHHTe 6unrapcKH 3eMH ( Cimbuleva 1980, 232-
252;06ltapo6, XaiJ:>icueBa 1992, 74-75; lfpaJ!Ce6a
1992, 299; Kocmo6a, MaHOfl06a-BouKo6a 2005,
06p. 4. (])pa2MeHmu om KJ/ac GWW IV I CWW IV 6e3
nOOCJ/a:JypHa yKpaca U C MOHOXpOMHQ pucyHKQ 6 KaifJJl60. 102; Eopuco6 2002, 156-159; MaHOJI06a 2000a,
4-9). IIpoyqBaTeJIHTe Ha KoHCTaHTHHOIIOJI rH onpe-
B'hHIIIHaTa CTpaHa Ha 3aTBOpeHHTe cpopMH. l(BeTO- ,n:eJij!T KaTo ,MecTeH npo,n:yKT" OT XII H HaqanoTo Ha
BeTe H BapHpaT oT 6Jie,[(O)I('bJITo .n:o )l('bJITO-Ka- XIII B. IIo-K'bCHa ,n:aTa- XIII B. - ce .n:onycKa caMo
<lJ51BO H OT MJieqH03eJieHO ,[(0 MaCJIHHeH03eJieHO. 3a 6eJIOrJIHHeHHTe C'b,[(OBe C'bC CHHji IIO,[(rJia3ypHa
06HKHOBeHO TOHOBeTe Ca paBHOMepHH 6e3 OKHCHH pHCYHKa (Hayes 1992, 30-33).
aKIJ;eHTH. Cu,n:oBeTe ca ThHKOCTeHHH, y,n:e6eJieHH
K'hM ,[('bHOTO. Cpe.n: cpopMHTe ,n:oMHHHpaT 6mo,n:a
C'hC ccpepHqHO T5IJIO H BHCOKO KOHYCOBH,[(HO HJIH
Cl
IIp'hCTeHOBH,[(HO CTOJiqe. 0TKpHTH Ca cpparMeHTH
OT pa3JiaTH IIJIHTKH 6mo,n:a C IIIHpOKa nepHcpepHj{,
MaJIKH qarnKH C ,[(BORHa ,n:pb)I(Ka H ,[('bHa OT MaJIKH
3aTBOpeHH cpOpMH, Bep051THO CTOMHHqKH.
v <l>parMeHTHTe C pHCyBaHa IIO,[(rJia3ypHa yKpaca
i-
ca Hai1-MHoro6poi1HH. Te ca oT MaCHBHH 6mo.n:a c
IH
BHCOKO KOHYCOBH,[(HO CTOJiqe, KOeTO B IDIKOH CJiyqaH
)T
e npocpHJIHpaHo; MaJIKH ThHKOCTeHHH KynHqKH;
3-
6mo,n:a C IIIHpOKa IIepHcpepHj{; MaJIKH HJIH rOJieMH
B,
IJaiiiH c ,[(BOHHH ,n:pb)I(KH. Bopxy BbTpernHaTa
IIOBbpXHOCT Ce IIOJiara yKpaCaTa, KOjiTO MO)I(e ,n:a
e MOHOXpOMHa (B Kacpj!BQ H ThMHOKacpj{BO ,[(0 qep-
HO HJIH CHHhO) (o6p. 4 B-,n:) HJIH .[(BY:QBeTHa (KOM- B)
Jr)
,a
6HHa:QHH OT 3eJieHO H ThMHOKacpjiBO
p51,[(KO Kacpj!BQ H CHHhO ). rna3ypHaTa pHCYHKa e
IIOKpHTa C cpHH CJIOH 6e3:QBeTHa IIp03paqHa HJIH
HJIH TIO-
.,.
•••
rp-
6ne,n:O)I('bJITa meq ( o6p. 5). ~eKopa:QHj!Ta e HaHe- 06p. 5. (])paZMeHmu om KJ/ac GWW IV I CWW IV
tc a
ceHa C'bC CB060,n:Ha qeTKa H npeC'b3,[(aBa CHJIHO c pucy6aHa noOma:JypHa yKpaca
ca- 6 3eJieHo (Karjm6o u CUHbO) Kaifm6o.
CTHJIH3HpaHH paCTHTeJIHH MOTHBH C pa3MHT KOH-
IJIH

167
 GWWV/CWWV C'b)J;OBe - paiioHa Ha KoHcTaHTHHorroJI, KopHHT,
CaMo IDIKOJIKO Q:JparMeHTa OT CTOMHa (HHB. CrrapTa HJIH AHaTOJIHH (Dark 2001, 124).
N2 638) MoraT ));a ce OTHecaT K'bM rreTHH KJiac Ha
6eJIOrJIHHeHaTa ma:mpaHa KepaMHKa. rJIHHaTa e JieJIOI'JIHHeHa KepaMHKa
p030Ba, C'bC 3npHeCTa CrpyKiypa H )J;pe6HH KBap- c no)J;maJypHa pucyuKa ua 4lou II

.QOBH rrpHMecH. BnHlllHaTa rroBnpXHOCT Ha C'b)J;a e OT peJpeJJ.ena qepueua auro6a ( o6p. 6 B) 01

IIOKpHTa C ThH'bK CJIOH )K'bJITeHHKaBa rJia3ypa, KOH- Ta3H pH)J;KO cpei.QaHa B'bB BH3aHnlHCKHTe 3eMH Tl
TO Ha MecTa e OJIIOI.QeHa. KnacnT ce orrpe)J;eJIH Ka- rpyrra e rrpe)J;cTaBeHa B .lJ:e6eJIT OT Q:lparMeHTH oT IIJ
TO KOHCTaHTHHOIIOJICKO rrpoH3BO)J;CTBO oT XI H MaJIKH KyrmqKH (HHB. N2N2 479, 949). lf3TOqeHH pa
XII B. (Hayes 1992, 33-34). KaTO BHOC ce pa3rrpo- ca OT 6HJia rJIHHa C'bC CJia6 IIpHMeC Ha CJIIO)J;a.
cTpaiDIBa B EreiicKHH H qepHOMOpCKHH paiioH, KH- qHperr'hT e ThH'bK, c JieKo 3npHecTa CTPYKTYPa H s
rrnp, rnp.QHH H DaJIKaHHTe (Dark 2001, 120-121). cJie)J; orraJIBaHeTo HMa CHB0-6HJI .QBHT. YKpacaTa M
3aeMa B'bTpelllHaTa IIOB'bpXHOCT H e OQJOpMeHa OT
KOHTYPH 3eJieHa meq, Me)I()J;y KOHTO e HaHeceHa fin
1.2.IIpOH3BO)J;CTBa pa3pe)J;eHa qepBeHa aHro6a. AHro6aTa e CHJIHO
C ueycTaHOBeH npOHJXO)J; pa3pe)J;eHa H HMa BH)J; Ha MaJIKH MexypqeTa.

IloJiuxpoMua KepaMnKa ( o6p. 6 a-6) BnTpelllHa rroBnpXHOCT ce rroKpHBa c QJHH CJIOH

6Jie)J;O)K'bJITa 6JieCTHI.Qa rJia3ypa, )J;OKaTO B'bHlllHaTa ra
ITo BpeMe Ha rrpoyqBaHHHTa ca OTKPHTH e)J;H-
CTpaHa Ce rJia3Hpa B TpeBHCT03eJieHO.
HHqHH HaXO)J;KH Ha IIOJIHXpOMHa KepaMHKa
QeHTpOBeTe 3a rrpOH3BO)J;CTBO Ha pa3rJie)I()J;aHaTa
(HHB. N2N2 519, 864). E)J;HHHHT, rrpe)J;CTaBeH
rpyrra BCe OI.Qe He Ca H)J;eHTHQJH.QHpaHH. I10)J;06HH ,l\1
TYK Q:JparMeHT e OT ThHKOCTeHHa qalllKa, qHHTO
HaXO)J;KH JIHIICBaT B IDIKOH OT )J;06pe rrpoyqeHHTe Fr
B'bTpelllHa IIOB'bpXHOCT e rJia3HpaHa B ThMHO)K'bJITO
BH3aHTHHCKH .QeHrpoBe- KopHHT, CrrapTa H ATHHa.
C KaQJHBa HBH.Qa IIO)J; YCTHeTO. 0TB'bH e HaHeCeH
YKpacaTaeHexapaKTepHa3aKOHCTaHTHHOIIOJICKOTO
paCTHTeJieH OpHaMeHT C'bC 3eJieHa, KaQJHBa H )K'bJITa
IIpOH3BO)J;CTBO H )J;O T03H MOMeHT OTTaM e H3BeCTeH
meq. Il3pa6oTeH e OT QJHHO rrpecua 6HJia mHHa.
caMo e)J;HH Q:lparMeHT (Stevenson 1947, 48, pl.
BTopHHT Q:JparMeHT e )J;'bHO OT I<yrrHqKa Ha HHCKO
24/4). I10)J;06HO H3IIOJI3BaHe Ha qepBeHa aHro6a B
cToJiqe. B .QeHThpa MY OT BnTpelllHaTa cTpaHa ca
KOM6HHa.QHH C 6e3KOHrypHa rJia3ypHa pHCYHKa B'bB
HaHeCeHH qeTHpH ThMHOKaQJHBH TOqKH B 6HJI Kpnr.
BHOJieTOBO-KaQJHBO e II03HaTO OT Cpe)J;HOBeKOBHaTa
Ha)J; THX cTeHHTe ca rJia3HpaHH B ThMHO)K'bJITO.
BnHlllHaTa rroBnpXHOCT e rroi<pHTa C'hC C'bi.QaTa
KepaMHKa Ha rpy3HH H ApMeHHH (Maucypa03e 1954, ,F
ma6fl. 39, 40, M 305; llie.nKOBHUKoe1957, 15-16, .QHI
ThMHO)K'bJITa rJia3ypa, KaTO B Cpe)J;aTa Ha THJIOTO
puc. 1), KOeTO )J;aBa OCHOBaHHe ));a Ce rrpe)J;IIOJIO)I(H, 113
e HaHeCeHa XOpH30HTaJIHa ThMHOKaQJHBa HBH.Qa.
qe rpyrraTa e c H3ToqeH rrpoH3XO)J;. B roJIHMaTa eM HOI
HalllHTe Haxo)J;KH HMaT rrope)J;H.Qa OT rrapaJieJIH B
qaCT HaXO)J;HI.QaTa Ha 6eJIOrJIHHeHa KepaMHKa C CB(
KoHcTaHTHHOIIOJI (Hayes 1992, pl. 8/s; Peschlow,
pHCYHKa Ha QJOH OT pa3pe)J;eHa aHro6a Ce OTKpHBaT C I
Sismanoglu 1977-1978, 27-28, Taf14118; Eber-
B ceJIHI.Qa rro )J;eJITaTa Ha .lJ:yHaB H CeBepHoTo IIpH- Thl
solt 1910,32, N112,fig.31), KopHHT (Morgan 1942,
qepHoMopHe (Baraschi, Damian 1993, 242, fig. aHJ
66,fig. 48/n.) u CeBepHa .lJ:o6py)J;)I(a (Baraschi, Da-
15/197-199,fig. 21/198; Barnea 1967,fig. 148116; Jiel
mian 1993,fig. 211286; Barnea 1967,fig 141/17).
3aJieccKaJl 1988, 98-99, puc. 7, 8; MaKapoea 1967, }'K)
.lJ:aTHpa ce B XI B. Pa3JIHqHH ca rrpe)J;IIOJIO)I(eHHHTa
22, ma6JI. V/4-6) B CTpaTHrpa<)lcKH rrJiaCTOBe OT XI KO
OTHOCHO IIpOH3XO)J;a Ha T03H THII JIYI<C03HH
H XII B. HarrpaBeHHHT crreKTporpa<)lcKH aHaJIH3 Ha 7a
Q:lparMeHTH oT TMyrapaKaH rroKa3Ba, qe cncTaB'bT KO

~
Ha rJIHHaTa H CTPYKTYPaTa Ha TeCTOTO C'bi.QeCTBeHo KOP

\ ~~~
ce OTJIHqaBaT OT CTaH)J;apTHHTe xapaKTepHCTHKH Ha gm

~
KOHCTaHTHHOIIOJICKOTO IIpOH3BO)J;CTBO. rJia3ypHTe
o6aqe ca THrrHqHo BH3aHTHikKH. Ha ceralllHHH crp
a) 6) B)
eTarr Ha rrpoyqBaHHHTa ce rrpHeMa XHIIOTe3aTa, qe Sty

~ •••
•• ~ KJiaC'bT e rrpoH3Be)I()J;aH B TparreJyH)J;
1967, 21; 3aJieCCKaJL1988, 99).
(MaKapoea HH
MH
pa3
06p. 6: a, 6- nOJIUXpOA1HU 'lGUIKU," 6 - cjJpaZMeHm C
noo211mypHa pucyHKa Ha cjJoH om pmpeoeHa aHzo6a. pa)J

168
 2. CrPACI)HTO KEPAMHKA
(o6p. 7-12)
a)
CrpaqmTo KepaMMKaTa oT pa3KOIIKMTe Ha Kpe-
nocrra Han'bnHo MmocTpMpa 6oranrn penepToap
OT ,ll,eKopaTMBHM TeXHMKM, M3IIOll3BaHM OT BM3aH-
THHCKMTe KepaMMIJ,M M 6onrapCKMTe KepaMMIJ,M
npe3 nepMO,ll,a XII-XIV B. Coo6pa3HO c nrx ce no,ll,-
B)
pa3,ll,emiT IDIKOnKo roneMM Knaca:
• ,Fine Sgraffito Ware" (Tan6oT-Paiic rpyna
Bl; Early Sgraffito Ware; Fine Style Sgraffito;
Mid-12th century Byzantine Sgraffito)
• ,Painted Fine Sgraffito Ware" (Painted Sgraf-
fito Ware)
• ,Incised Sgraffito Ware" (Coarse Incised Ware;
.ll)
Aegean Ware; Aegean Wares)
il: • crpa<l>MTO c yKpaca HaHeceHa c rpe6eH (,E'hn-
ra rapcKo crpa<l>MTo") I ~
• ,Zeuxippus Ware"
a • COnyHCKa MOHOXpOMHa crpa<t>MTO KepaMMKa
H ,Monochrome and One Colour Sgraffito Ware
e From Thessaloniki" 4
a.
2.1. ,Fine Sgraffito Ware"
(TaJI6oT-Paiic rpyna Bl; Early •••
••
Sgraffito Ware; Fine Style Sgraffito; 06p. 7. ,Fine Sgraffito Ware"
Mid-12 1h century Byzantine Sgraffito)
(o6p. 7)
llMCTa, HaiiO,ll,06HBalll,M IIanMOBM (Morgan 1942, pl.
Haxo,ll,KMTe, KOMTO OTHaCHMe K'bM Knaca
XLII a-c, f, h, j; pl. XLIII f), KOMTO B IDIKOM cnyqaM
,Fine Sgraffito Ware", ce xapaKTepM3MpaT c npe-
Ca CMnHO CTMllM3MpaHM M npe,ll,CTaBeHM caMO qpe3
l.\H3Ha M3pa60TKa M <!>MHO HaHeCeHa rpaBIOpa.
,ll,BOHKM npecMqalll,M ce nMHMHKM (Morgan 1942, pl.
lf3TOqBaHM Ca OT ,ll,06pe npeqMCTeHa rnMHa, paB-
XLIII b, d). )I{MBOTMHCKMTe M3o6pa)f(eHMH 3aeMaT
HOMepHO onaneHa M ,ll,06Mna cseTnoopamKeB ,ll,O
IIIMpOK CeKTOp OT ,ll,'bHOTO, 6e3 ,ll,a Ca orpaHMqasaHM
CBeTnOKa<t>HB IJ,BHT. IJOB'bpXHOCTTa e IIOKpMTa
OT Me,ll,anhOHHa paMKa. TaKMBa ca ,ll,BeTe ,ll,'bHa c
c nn'hTHa 6Hna aHro6a. YKpacaTa e HaHeceHa c
M306pa)f(eHMH Ha IITMIJ,M, KOMTO 3a C'b)f(aneHMe ca
ThH'bK pe3eiJ, M neKO OTHeMa IIOB'bpXHOCTHMH CllOH
CaMO qaCTMqHO 3aiia3eHM.
aHro6a. IloKpMBHaTa rna3ypa e 6e3IJ,BeTHa MnM c
IJpOM3BO,ll,CTBeHMHT IJ,eHT'bp 3a KepaMMKaTa OT
JieKM orreH'hiJ,M Ha )f('bllTO MnM 3eneHo. Haif-qecTo
,Developed Style" e see OIIJ,e HeHceH. CaMo ManKa
yKpacaTa ce pa3nonara s xopM30HTanHM <l>PM3ose,
qacT OT HaXO,ll,KMTe s KopMHT ce onpe,ll,enHT KaTo
KOMTO IIO,ll,qepTaBaT apXMTeKTOHMKaTa Ha C'b,ll,a ( o6p.
MeCTHM, a KaTO IJ,HllO CTMll'bT Ce IIpMeMa 3a MMIIOpT
Ha 7 a-s). Ta3M }J,eKopaTMBHa cxeMa e xapaKTepHa 3a
OT ,ll,pyr BM3aHTMHCKM IIpOM3BO,ll,CTBeH IJ,eHT'bp
B'bT KopMHTCKOTO npoM3BO,ll,CTBO OT T.Hap. Fine Style,
(Morgan 1942, 127).
eHO KOHTO ce ,ll,aTMpa B II'bpBaTa qeTB'bpT Ha XII s. (Mor-
f Ha gan 1942, 117-120).
CospeMeHHMTe npoyqsaHMH IIOKa3BaT, qe ponH-
Ta Ha KopMHT KaTo npoM3BO,ll,CTBeH IJ,eHThp 3a Fine
,[Wyr 3acBM,ll,eTencTsaH B Kpenocrra Ha .lJ:e6enT
Sgraffito Ware He 6M TpH6sano ,ll,a ce a6coniOTM3Mpa,
crpa<t>MTO CTMn oT cpe,ll,aTa Ha XII s. e ,Developed
ThH KaTO ,ll,en'bT Ha rna3MpaHaTa KepaMMKa TaM
Style" (o6p. 7 r-e). CTMn'bT npe,ll,nara pa3Hoo6pa3-
oce3aTenHo HapacTsa e,ll,sa cne,ll, cpe,ll,aTa Ha XII s.
HH KOMII03MIJ,MOHHM CXeMM M M306pa)f(eHMH.
(Sanders 2000, 166). ,l:WyrM B'b3MO)f(HM npOM3BO,ll,-
MHoro xapaKTepHM ca pacTMTenHMTe MOTMBM,
CTBeHM IJ,eHTpose ca KoHcTaHTMHonon ATMHa
Aproc M CnapTa (Dark 2001, 130-13j; Vroo~
pa3IIOllO)f(eHM CB060,ll,HO OKOllO )f(MBOTMHCKM M306-
pa)f(eHMH; Haii:-qecTo TOBa ca cMnHo pa3TerneHM
2005, 85).

169
 2. 2. Painted Fine Sgraffito Ware
(Painted Sgraffito Ware) (o6p. 8)
CaMo HHKOJIKO <l>parMeHTa oT ,Il;e6eJIT ce OTHacHT
K'bM KJiaca. lihpa6oTeHH Ca OT rJIHHeHO TeCTO,
KOeTO HaTIOLJ.0651Ba rrpeLJ.HIIIHaTa rpyna crpa<l>HTO.
a)
IlOB'bpXHOCTTa e H3I.J;51JIO I10KpHTa C ITJI'bTeH CJIOM
6HJia aHro6a. YKpacaTa e<PeKTHO cnqeTaBa lPHHO
rpaBHpaH OpHaMeHT C mmypHa pHCYHKa B 3eJieHO
HI HJIH Ka<l>HBO . BpH3aHaTa LJ.eKopau;usr ce cBe)I(LJ.a
H3I.J;SIJIO LJ.O CTHJIH3HpaHH paCTHTeJIHH H CI1HpaJIHH
OpHaMeHTH. 06HKHOBeHO Ha LJ.'bHOTO HMa MeLJ.a-
JlhOH, H3I1'bJIHeH C paCTHTeJIHa ITJieTeHHI.J;a HJIH CITH-
paJIH. 0KOJIO Hero Ce LJ.06aBHT I.J;BeTHH aKI.J;eHTH C'bC
3eJieHa HJIH Ka<l>HBa mmypHa 6osr. IloKpHBHaTa
6)
mmypa e rrpo3paqHa, c JieKH orreH'bi.J;H Ha )l('bJITO
HJIH 3eJieHo. KJiaC'hT e IIIHpoKo pmrrpocTpaHeH
Ha TepHTOpHHTa Ha KoHTHHeHTaJIHa rnpu;H.SI, naJI-
KaHHTe, IleJiorroHec, KpHT, 3arraLJ.Ha H IO)I(Ha Typ-
I.J;HH. ,Il;aTHpa ce B'bB BTopaTa rroJIOBHHa Ha XII B. 3a
'
~•I
B'b3MO)I(HH I1pOH3BOLJ.CTBeHH u;eHTpOBe Ce cqHTaT
CoJiyH HJIH ceJIHIIJ,a Ha TepHTOpH.SITa Ha LJ.HeiiiHa
Typu;HH (Vroom 2005, 87).
•••
••
.,l = lr~
06p. 9 , Incised Sgraffito Ware"

3aeMa I.J;HJiaTa BbTpeiiiHa I10BbpXHOCT Ha C'bLJ.a,

a perrepToapnT He orpaHHqeH LJ.O reoMeTpHqHH
lPHrypH, CB060LJ.HO llOCTaBeHH JIHHHH, CI1HpaJIH H
CHJIHO CXeMaTH3HpaHH paCTHTeJIHH OpHaMeHTH.

B) PmnpocTpaHeHHeTo Ha KJiaca e H3KJIIOqHTeJIHO

IIIHpoKo H o6xBaiiJ,a TepHTOpHH OT IO)I(Ha <l>paH-

\ ltJ •••
••
I.J;HH H liiTaJIHSI LJ.O KpHM, Typu;HH , IlaJieCTHHa H
CHpH5l . CrpaTHrpa<PcKHTe LJ.aHHH OT BCHqKH o6eK-
TH yTB'bp)I(LJ.aBaT LJ.aTHpaHeTo MY B'bB BTopaTa rro-
06p. 8 , Painted Fine Sgraffito Ware"
JIOBHHa Ha Xli- HaqaJIOTO Ha XIII B. (Papaniko-
la-Bakirtzi 1999, 19- 20; Stevenson 1947, 50- 52;
2.3. ,Incised Sgraffito Ware" Parman 1989, 287; Peduto 1993, 94; 5!Ko6coH
(Coarse Incised Ware; Aegean Ware; 1979, 128- 131). IlpHeMa ce, qe npe3 T03H nepHOLJ.

Aegeaa Wares) (o6p. 9) ca lPYHKI.J;HOHHpaJIH eLJ.HOBpeMeHHO H5lKOJIKO I1pOH3-

BOLJ.CTBeHH ueHnpa c'bc cpoLJ.Ha npoLJ.yKUHH - Ko- (
3HaqHTeJieH LJ.HJI cpeLJ. crpa<l>HTO KepaMHKaTa
pHHT, KoHcTaHTHHOTIOJI H BepoHTHO KHnnp (Vroom ~
oT Kperrocrra 3aeMa T.Hap . Erei1cKa rpyrra. lii3-
2005, 131). I!
pa6oTBaHa e OT opa)l(eBo-qepBeHa rJIHHa, B KOSITO
qecTO MOfaT LJ.a Ce BHLJ.51T LJ.pe6HH BapOBHKOBH qac-
2.4. Crpa«JluTo KepaMnKa c yKpaca, p
THI.J;H. BnTpeiiiHaTa rroBnpxHOCT e rroKpHTa c LJ.e6eJI
uaueceua c rpe6eu (
CJIOM aHro6a H CBeTJIO)I('bJITa mmypa. l.JeCTO C aH-
(,Ji'hJirapcKo crpa«JluTo") (o6p. 10)
ro6a Ce I10KpHBa H B'bHIIIHaTa CTpaHa Ha C'bLJ.OBeTe.
<l>parMeHTHTe Ca OT MaCHBHH TIJIHTKH 6JIIOLJ.a C HaJIHqHeTo B ,Il;e6eJIT Ha 3HaqHTeJIHO KOJIHqecT-

JieKO H3BHT HaBnTpe YCTHeH pn6 H HHCKO CTOJiqe . BO <l>parMeHTH OT T.Hap. rpyna 6nJirapCKO crpa<l>HTO

BpH3BaHHHTa ca IIIHpOKH H LJ.'hJI60KH. YKpacaTa e 3aKOHOMepHo c omeLJ. -Ha cneu;H<l>HqHHSI apeaJI H

170
 1968, 67-89), KJiaC'bT e see oi.JJ;e s u;eHnpa Ha pe,n:
,n:11cKyc1111. XeTeporeHHIDIT xapaKTep Ha rpynaTa,
HeMHaTa MaCOBOCT, JIHTICaTa Ha Cl1rypHO ycTaHOBeH
np0113BO)l;CTBeH QeHT'bp 11 TB'bp,n:e IIIHpOKIDIT apeaJI
a)
Ha pa3npocTpaHeHI1e B'b3npemncTsaT mrpmK,n:a-
HeTo Ha CTpOMHa TI1TIOJIOrl1'iHa CXeMa 11 'ieCTO
npe,n:I13BI1KBaT o6opKBaHe np11 onpe,n:en~HeTo Ha
HaXO)l;KI1Te. Tiopa,n:11 TOBa np11 aHaJII13a Ha ,n:e6eJIT-
CKI1~ MaTep11an I.JJ;e ce np11,n:op)l(aMe K'bM onl1ca-

HIDITa Ha nopsooTKp11saTeM A. Megaw.

Tip11HQI1TIHO OCHOBHI1Te qepT11 Ha Zeuxippus ca
CJie)l;HI1Te: MHOrO 3,n:paB qepBeH 'i11pen; <lJI1HI1 CTeHI1
11 BHI1MaTeJIHO 113TO'iBaHe; npoCTeHOBI1)l;HO CTOJiqe;
6necTai.JJ;a 3,n:pasa ma3ypa. Tio-roJI~MaTa qacT OT
HaXO)l;KI1Te Ca MaJIKI1 6mo,n:a C pa3H006pa3HI1 npo-
<lJI1JII1 Ha ycTI1eTo. BoTpewHocrra Ha KYTII1Te e no-
Kp11Ta C TIJI'bTHa 6HJia aHro6a, KO~TO TIOH~Kora 113-
JII13a 11 OT B'bHWHaTa CTpaHa Ha CTeHI1Te KaTO e311Q11.
OT BoTpewHaTa cTpaHa co,n:oseTe ca yKpaceHI1 c
B) 4>11HO spH3BaHe 11n11 pyneT11paHe. II3nl1'iaHI1 ca c
Tp11HOrl1 (Megaw, Armstrong, Hatcher 2003, 91-
100).
Cnope,n: Knacl1<lJI1KaQ11~Ta Ha A. Megaw, Kepa-
.I
MI1KaTa Zeuxippus ce pa3,n:en~ s ,n:se KaTerop1111.
06p. 10 ,. EbflzapcKO czpar/Jumo " TiopBaTa 11Ma MOHOXpOMHa rJia3ypa, a BTOpaTa e C
np116aseH11 QBeTHI1 HIOaHCI1 K'bM Bp~3aHaTa yKpaca
Ha HeMHOTo pa3npocTpaHeHI1e - Cesepo113TO'iHa (3eJieHI1 11JII1 )l('bJITO-Ka<lJHB11). TiopBaTa KaTerOp11~ Ce
TpaKI1H. Tio,n:o6Ho Ha on11caH11Te s JI11TepazypaTa no,n:pa3,n:eM cnope,n: ma3ypaTa: Ia - KpeMaso6Hna;
cn,n:ose, Haxo,n:KI1Te OT Kpenocrra Ha .1J:e6eJIT ca 113- Is - opaH)I(eso-Ka<P~sa; Ic - 3eneHa. C ome,n: Ha
TO'iBaHI1 OT )l;06pe npe'ii1CTeHa rJII1Ha, KO~TO CJie)l; Ta311 KJiac11<lJI1KaQIDI Tp~6sa ,n:a ce oT6ene)l(l1, qe
orransaHeTo e C'bC cseTJIOKepeMI1JJ:eH u:s~T. BoTpew- s .lJ:e6enT He ca ycTaHoseHI1 o6pa3U:11 Ha KaTero-
HaTa TIOB'bpXHOCT e fl0Kp11Ta C TIJI'bTeH CJIOM 6HJia p11H I. <l>parMeHTI1Te, C K011TO pa3TIOJiaraMe, OTrO-
aHro6a, a yKpacaTa ce cse)l(,n:a ,n:o xop1130HTaJIH11 sap~T Ha on11caH11eTo Ha KnacoseTe Ia 11 Ic . .lJ:a-
fl05ICI1 OT B'bJIH006pa3H11 Jli1H1111, Bp~3aH11 C rpe6eH.

c I''! w6)
I1oKp11BHaTa ma3ypa e s raMaTa Ha )l('bJITOTO. KaK-

~
TO seqe 6e CTIOMeHaTO, B flOCJie)l;HI1Te rO)l;I1HI1 KJia-
CbT 6e OTII1CaH KaTO xapaKTepeH 3a KepaM11'iH11H
KOMTIJieKC Ha CeJII1I.JJ;aTa OT )l;HeWHI1Te IOrOI13TO'iHI1 a)
6nnrapcKM 3eM11. Beqe e yTsop,n:eHo cTaHOB11I.JJ;eTo,
'!e TI1TI'bT e c MecTeH npo113xo,n:. Cnope,n: E. Eop11cos
rrpe,n:nonaraeM u;eHnp 3a npo113BOJJ:CTBOTO MY e
Cn11seH, KOeTo He 113KJIIO'iBa B'b3MO)I(HOCTTa 3a
113pa6oTKa Ha no,n:o6Ha KepaMI1Ka 11 s ,n:pyr11 ceni1-
I.l.(a OT paiioHa . .lJ:aHHI1Te OT apxeonorl1'ieCKI1Te
rrpoyqsaHI1H TIOCTaBHT XpOHOJIOri1~Ta Ha T11Tia B
r)
paMK11Te Ha nep11o,n:a OT Kpa~ Ha XI s. ,n:o XIII B.

"=ID
(Eopuco6 2002, 192- 204).

2.5. ,Zeuxippus Ware" (o6p. 11)

II,n:eHTI1<lJ11u;11paH npe3 1968 r. np11 pa3KOTIK11Te •••
••
Ha6aHI1TeHaZeuxippus sKoHcTaHTI1Honon (Megaw
06p. 11 ,.ieuxippus Ware"

171
THpaT ce B nepwop;a OT HaqaJIOTO Ha XIII p;o 3. qEPBEHOrJIHHEHA
HaqaJIOTO Ha XIV B. (Megaw, Armstrong, Hatch- rJIA3HPAHA KEPAMHKA
er 2003, 91). BonpeKH u,eJieHacoqeHHTe p;wpeHIDI C PHCYBAHA YKPACA
Ha npoH3BO)J;CTBeHHTe u,eHTpose 3a Zeuxippus H
MHO)I(eCTBOTO CneKTpaJIHH aHaJIH3H Ha rJIHHH OT 3.1. PucyBaua auro6ua yKpaca (o6p. 13, 14)
paiioHa Ha TpaKIDI, KoHcTaHTHHonoJI H fopu,IDI,
B ,z:.t:e6eJIT ce cpelll,aT p;se pa3JIHqHH no xpo-
BCe Olll,e He e JIOKaJIH3HpaH nopBOH3TOqlfK. IlpHe-
HOJIOriDI H npOH3XO)J; KepaMJfqHlf KaTeropHH, qiDITO
Ma ce, qe KJiac I e npoH3Be)l(p;aH Ha MHoro MecTa B
nop;ma3ypHa yKpaca e H3n'hJIHeHa c aHro6a.
li3TOqHoTo Cpep;w3eMHOMopwe, B liTaJIIDI H qepHo-
Ep;HaTa MO)I(e p;a 6op;e OTHeCeHa K'hM KOpHHT-
MopweTO p;o HaqaJIOTO Ha XIV B. (Megaw, Arm-
CKOTO npOH3BO)J;CTBO. Ilpep;CTaBeHH Ca )J;BaTa KO-
strong, Hatcher 2003, 91).
pHHTCKH CTHJia ,Dotted slip-painted" H ,Linear
slip-painted" (Morgan 1942, 95-103). Cop;oseTe
2.6. ConyucKa MouoxpoMua
Ca H3TOqBaHH OT cpHHO npeC51Ta qepBeHa rJIHHa,
crpa<JluTo KepaMHKa (o6p. 12)
K051TO CJiep; onaJIBaHeTO HMa 51pKoqepBeH li,B51T.
Cop;oseTe, KOHTO onpep;eJI.SIMe KaTo cOJI}'HCKO BoTpernHaTa nosopXHOCT e yKpac51BaHa c pwcyH-
npOH3BO)J;CTBO, Ce OTJIJfqasaT C TBbp)J;, C He3Haqlf- Ka (,Linear slip-painted") ( o6p. 13 6-p;) HJIH Toq-
TeJIHH npHMeCH, )J;06pe H3neqeH qwpen C T'bMHO- KH (,Dotted slip-painted") ( o6p. 13 a) oT 651Jia aH-
opaH)I(eB HJIH opaH)I(eBo-qepseH IJ,B51T. BoTpeumaTa ro6a. AHro6HIDIT pa3TBop e 6HJI meT, npw KOeTo
nOBbpXHOCT Ha C'h)J;OBeTe e nOKpHTa C 651Jia aH- p;eKopau,H51Ta npwp;o6wsa noqTH peJiecpeH xapaKTep.
ro6a, K051TO MO)I(e p;a ce BH)J;H H no ropHaTa qacT Bopxy pwcyHKaTa e noJiaraH nJI'hTeH cJioii 6e3-
Ha eKcTepwopa (qecTo HaHeceHa KaTo yKpaca). u,seTHa HJIH 6Jie)J;O)I('bJITa ma3ypa. BoHrnHaTa no-
BoTpernHocTTa Ha 6mop;aTa e noKpHTa c xapaK- B'hpXHOCT e nOKpHBaHa CaMO C 6e3IJ,BeTHa rJia3ypa
TepHa 3JiaTHCTO)I('bJITa 6JieCT51Ill,a ma3ypa. Cop;ose- HJIH c pa3pep;eHa 651Jia aHro6a H 6e3u,BeTHa rJia-
Te ca H3nHqaHH C TpHHOrH, KOeTO e BH)J;HO OT 3a- 3ypa. 0TKpHTH ca H3KJIIQqHTeJIHO cpparMeHTH OT
na3eHHTe 6eJie3H no )J;'hHaTa. Bp513aHaTa yKpaca e
cpHHO HaHeCeHa H HMa xapaKTep Ha JIHHeeH HJIH
CTHJIH3HpaH paCTHTeJieH opHaMeHT. BcwqKw OT-

c
KpHTH cpparMeHTH Ca OT 6mop;a. IlpOH3BO)J;CTBOTO Ha
CoJiyH e p;o6pe npoyqeHo H ce p;aTwpa B'hB BTopaTa
noJIOBHHa Ha XIII H B XIV B. (Papanikola-Bakirt-
zi 1999, 188-189). BHOCHa COJIYHCKa npop;yKIJ,IDI e
' 6)
ycTaHoBeHa B Ere51, KoHcTaHTHHonoJI, IlepraMoH,
KopHHT H liTaJIH51 (Vroom 2005, 115).

a)
~ B) r)

\ f!
6)

~)
B)

•••
••
06p. 12. Co!lyfiCKO czpaifJumo
••
•·~
06p. 13. Pucy6aHu c 6JIJla aHzo6a Cb006e

172
 nmpoKo orBopeHH 6mo,D,a. Ilpn ,Linear slip-paint-
ed" pncyBaHHTe MOTHBH CHITHO HaTIOMIDIT OpHa-
MeHTHKara Ha crpacpnro KepaMHKara. OcHOBHH
eneMeHrH Ha yKpacara ca cnwpann, pa3BO,ll, H
ll,pyrH CHITHO CTHITH3HpaHH paCTHTenHH MOTHBH.
Hanoll,o6HBaHKH crnna Ha crpacpnTO yKpacara, B
, ~
)
H51KOH cnyqan Te Ca BKmoqeHH BXOpH30HTanHH cppH-
30Be. fpynara e c no,D,qepraHo nyKC03eH xapaKTep H
5lBHO BHCOKO :QeHeHa, KaKTO TIO)J,CKa3Ba HanHqHeTO
a)
'~ 6)

·-
Ha ell,HH cpparMeHr cnc cne,D,H or nonpaBKa.
1-
Haxo,D,KHre or ,[(e6enr HaMwpar pe,D,H:Qa napa-
Lr
nenii Ha repnropH51ra Ha :QenH51 Bn3aHTHHCKH B)
·e
CB51T - B KoHcraHTHHonon (Stevenson 1947, 50,
1,
r.
I-
I-
pl. 2012, pl. 25/12), Te6wc (Armstrong 1989, pl.
3/1-10, pl. 711-13, pl. 912, 4-5, pl. 101 1-11),
Cnapra (Dawkins, Droop 1910-11, 27, pl. XVIII),
'\ fJ
E¢ec (Parman 1989, fig.14), ArnHa (Franz 1938,
f-
A8, 24, 25) H IIepraMOH (Spieser 1996, 18, Taf
ro
59/571-573). B ManKH KOnnqecrBa T03H BH)J,
p.
nyKC03Ha KepaMHKa Ce OTKpHBa B rpa,D,OBeTe OT
3-
CeBepHa ,[(o6py,D,)l(a - ,[(nHore:QII51 (Barnea 1967,
0-
fig. 147/8-10, 13-15) H Hycpnpy (Baraschi!Da-
pa
mian 1993, 245, fig. 18/ 291-293, fig. 21/ 292).
a-
,I:(arwpoBKara Ha pncyBaHnre c aHro6a C'h,ll,OBe
or
mpBoHaqanHo e onpe,D,eneHa B XI B. (Morgan
1942, 95-103). Cnope,D, no-HOBHTe H3cne,D,BaHH51
T5l e peBH3HpaHa H ce orHaC51 K'hM XII B. (Sanders
1995, 240-242). KopiiHTCKH51T npoH3XO,ll, noHe Ha
•••
••
06p. 14. Pucy6aHu c 6ww aHzo6a CbiJo6e
qacr OT HaXO,ll,KHTe He,D,BYCMHCneHO Ce )J,0Ka3Ba OT
OTKpHTH nonycpa6pHKaTH B KopHHT (Sanders 1999,
161, fig.6) H aHanH3H Ha mwHara (Megaw, Jones 3.2. Pucysaua ma3ypua yKpaca (o6p. 15)
6)
1982, 238-239). fpynara e npe,D,craBeHa B ,[(e6enr or cpparMeHTH
Bropara rpyna C'h,D,OBe c aHro6Ha yKpaca or ,[(e- OT MaCHBHH 6mo,D,a, H3pa6oreHH OT CBeTnoqepBeHa
6enr ca H3pa6oreHH or cpwHo npeqncreHa H ona- ,D,o6pe npeqncreHa H H3neqeHa mHHa. l(Hnara
neHa ThMHoqepBeHa mnHa ( o6p. 14). <l>parMeHrnre TIOBbpXHOCT Ha C'b)J,OBere e TIOKpHra C TIIT'bTHa 65lna
ca or ThHKocreHHH 6mo,D,a. AHro6Hara pncyHKa e aHro6a. Or Bnrpenmara crpaHa e HaHeceH c nmpoKa
nono)l(eHa HanpaBo Bnpxy qnpena. OpHaMeHTHTe qeTKa pacrwreneH nnn He6pe)l(eH reoMerpwqeH
ca npecnqai.QH ce KpnroBe nnn KpnroBe, 3annnHeHH opHaMeHr c Kacp51Ba HnH Kacp51Ba H 3eneHa ma3ypHa
c roqKn. IloKpHBHara ma3ypa e c KacpeHHKaB nnw 6o51, Ha,D, KOHTO e nocraBeH cpnH cnoii 6necr51I.Qa
3eneHHKaB orreH'bK. Ha T03H eran Ha npoyqBaHII51 ma3ypa c neK )l('bnreHHKaB orreH'hK. Haqanoro
r) Haxo,D,KHre or ,[(e6enr rpy,D,HO Morar ,D,a ce o6Bnp- Ha T03H THTI yKpaca ce CBbp3Ba C OTIHTHTe Ha Ko-
)!(ar CIDIKOe KOHKpeTHO npOH3BO)J,CTBO. ,[(arHpaHeTO pHHT ,D,a HMHTHpa KOHCTaHTHHOTIOITCKOTO npOH3-
e C'hl:QO raKa npo6neMHO, Karo ce HMa npe,D,BH,D,, qe BO,ll,CTBO Ha 6enomwHeHa KepaMHKa. Cnope,D, Ch.
npe3 nepno,D,a cne,D, XIII B. pa3nnqHn KepaMnqHn Morgan MecrHoro npoH3BO,D,CTBO Ha T03H BH,ll,
IIIKOnii Ha repwropwnre Ha EanKaHnre, Mana qepBeHOriTHHeHH C'b,ll,OBe e 3anoqHanO B Kpa51 Ha
A3H51 w KpwM H3nomBar C'hl.QH51 Mero,D, 3a yKpaca X B. (Morgan 1942, 72). IIo-K'bCHHre auanH3H Ha
(PoMaHttyK 2003, 26-34; Vroom 2005, 124-125; G. Sanders npe:QH3Hpar ,D,arwpoBKara H orHaCHT
Dark 2001, 140-142). <l>parMeHTH c H,D,eHrnqHa nnpBnre Haxo,D,KH K'hM nocne,D,Hara qerBnpr Ha
yKpaca ce cpei.Qar He caMo no Kpaii6pe)l(nero XI B. (Sanders 1995, 244). Cnope,D, cmnoBHTe
Ha qepHO MOpe, HO II B'bB BbTpeiiiHOCTTa Ha 6nn- oco6eHocrw Ha pncyBaHara yKpaca B KopHHT ca
rapCKHTe 3eMH5. ornwqeHH ner or,D,enHH rpynw, KOHTO ce pa3npo-

173
 B 3aKJJIOI.JeHI1e MoraT .n:a ce HarrpaB51T H51KOJIKO
113BO,iJ.a:
1. Crrope.n: .n:ocnrrHHJI Hl1 KepaMI1I.JeH MaTe-
p11an 11 OIII1CaHHJITa B ilHBeHTapH11Te KHI1fl1 OT

....
pa3KOIIKI1Te Ha Kperrocrra rrpe3 1980-1981 r. ma-

~ ~ ~~~
311paHaTa Tparre3Ha KepaMI1K3 .LJ:OMI1H11pa B KOJII1-
I.JeCTBeHO OTHOIUeHI1e ( <t>aKT, KOHTO MO)!(e .n:a ce
0651CHI1 CbC CIIeU,11<PI1LJHHJI IIbpB11I.JeH IIO.LJ:60p Ha
a) 6)
HaXO.LJ:KI1Te);

•••
••
2. )l,aT11paHeTO Ha KepaMI1KaTa e B rpaHI1li,I1Te
Ha rrep11o.n:a OT XI .n:o rrnpBaTa rroJIOBI1Ha Ha XIV B.,
06p. 15. PucyeaHu c 21/a3ypHu 6ou CbOoee KaTO H3H-MHOro6pOHHI1 ca H3XO.LJ:KI1Te, KOI1TO M0f3T
.n:a ce OTHecaT K'bM XII 11 XIII B.;
cTpammaT OT XI .n:o XIII B. (Morgan 1942, 72- 3. HaJII1LJI1eTO Ha roJI51MO KOJII1I.JeCTBO BHOC .n:o-
83). Ha6mo.n:eHmna Ha Ch. Morgan rroKa:maT, qe Ka3Ba lliHpOKI1 Thpf0BCKI1 KOHTaKTI1, KOI1TO CeJII1-
e.LJ:I1HCTBeHO IIbpBaTa rpyrra e 113li,51JIO IIpO.LJ:YKT Ha ll.\eTO e IIOMbp)!(aJIO C pa3JII1LJHI1 Bl13aHTI1HCKI1
KOp11HTCKOTO rrpo113BO.LJ:CTBO. B ocTaHaJII1Te CTI1- IIp0113BO.LJ:CTBeHI1 U,eHTpOBe ( Bep051THO qpe3 IIOCpe.n:-
JIOBI1 11 XpOHOJIOfi1LJeCKH cep1111 IIp11CbCTBa 3HaLJI1- HI1LJeCTBOTo Ha KoHcTaHTI1Horron);
TeJieH rrpou,eHT HaXO.LJ:KI1, KOI1TO ce OTJII1I.JaBaT 4. ilHTeH311BHI1 ThprOBCKI1 KOHT3KTI1 Ca IIO.D:.LJ:bp-
OT MeCTHI1Te rpbHLJapCKI1 113.LJ:eJII151 11 ce IIp11eMaT )!(3HI1 11 C IIp0113BO.LJ:CTBeH U,eHThp OT Tep11TOp1151T3
3a BHOC. TexHOJIOri1I.JHI1Te 6ene311 11 yKpacaTa Ha Ha CeBepo113TOI.JHa TpaKHJI (Bepo51THO Cni1BeH);
qacT oT <PparMeHTI1Te B )l,e6eJIT ce .n:o6JIH:>KaBa .n:o 5. Ha T0311 eTarr Ha rrpoyLJBaHI151 He ca ycTa-
xapaKTep11CTI1KI1Te Ha MeCTHOTO KOp11HTCKO IIp0113- HOBeHI1 .LJ:3HHI1 3a MeCTHO IIp0113BO.LJ:CTBO.
BO.LJ:CTBO.

QHTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA rapHH, XXI, 2004-2005, 101- 113.

Mai1:cypa)1,3e 1954: 3. Mai1:cypa,L~3e. fpy3HHCKa» xy-
liopucos 2002: E. Eop11cos. KepaMI1Ka 11 KepaMI1LJHO ,LIO)f(eCTBenna» KepaMI1Ka XI- XIII BB. (Anro611poBanna51
rrpoM3BO.L\CTBO rrpe3 XI- XII B. oT TepMTopwna na ,L~Hern­ KepaMHKa .lJ:MaHI1CH). T6wnwcw, 1954.
na I0roM3TO'IHa Ennrapw1. - ,Mapm..la-l13TOK" Apxeo- MaKaposa 1967: T. MaKaposa. IToni1BHaH nocy,L~a.
norrr'ieCKM rrpoylfBaHIUI, 6, Pa,L~neso, 2002. lh HCTOpHH KepaMI1'ieCKOro HMIIOpTa H IIp0113BO,LICTBa
)l;aMHHOB 1984: CT. .lJ:aM»HOB. ITpOYlfBaHH»Ta B ,L~peBneM: Pyc11. - Apxeonor1151 CCCP. CBO.LI apxeonom-
.D:e6em - rrepecrreKTHBH 11 rrpo6neM11 . B: - ITporpaMa 3a 'leCKMX HCTOLJHHKOB E1 - 38. MocKBa, 1967.
nay'IHI1113CJJe,L~BaHI1» ,CTpaH,[I)f(a-CaKap" BTOpH HHTep- ManoJioBa 2000a: M. ManonoBa. KnM B'hnpoca 3a
.L\HCI.\11IIJJI1Hapen CHMII03HYM - 1980. ManKo Tnpnoso, pa3npocTPanen11eTo na 6enorn11nenaTa Bl13aHTHHCKa
1984, II, 2. TParre3na KepaMHKa B 6nnrapcKHTe 3eMI1 OT Kpa51 na VIII
lliKopnnJI 1885: X. 11 K. illKopmtn.lliiKOJJKO 6eJJe)f(- .L\O Kpa» na XII B.- Apxeonorrr51, XLI, 2000, 1- 2, 1- 15.
KH Bnpxy apxeonorl1lfeCKI1Te 113Cne,L~san1151 B TpaKI1». ManoJiosa 20006: M . ManonoBa. JlyKco3na Kepa-
6
ITJJOB,LIHB, 1885,26. MHKa B 6nnrapcKHTe 3eMI1 rrpe3 Bl13aHTI1HCKOTO BJJa,L\11-
.lJ:pa,..esa 1984: U:. .LJ:pa)f(esa. Crpa<lJI1TO KepaMI1Ka qecTBO (XI- XII B.) . .lJ:HcepTal.\11513a npMC'h)f(,LiaHe na HaYlf-
OT cpe,L~noseKOBHM» .D:e6em. B:- CTpaH,[I)f(aHcKo-caKap-
E
HO-o6pa30BaTeJJHa crenen ,.L\OKTop". Co<lJ1151, 2000.
cKM c6opn11K, ManKo Tnpnoso, 1984, II, 2, 94- 98. Osl.!apos,Xa)J,)I(HeBa 1992: H. 0B'IapoB,.D:. Xa,LI)f(11e-
)l;pa,..esa 1992: U: . .LJ:pa)f(eBa. MacTepcKa» no npo- Ba. Cpe,L~HOBeKOBHHHT ManacT11pa B rp. Knp,LI)f(aJJH - uen-
113BO.L\CTBY ,crpa<lJ11TO" KepaMI1KI1 113 Co3onn». In: Gu- Thp na apx11errMCKOIIHHTa AxpM.L\OC (XI- XIVB.) . (Pa3-
ze1ev, V. (ed.). Bulgaria Pontica Medii Aevi. III. Nesse- KOIIKH 11 rrpoyqsaHI1» XXIV). Co<lJI151, 1992.
bre, 27- 31 Mai 1985. Sofia, 1992,293- 302. PoManlfyK 2003: A . PoMan'iyK. fna3yposanna»
3aJieccKaH 1988: B. 3aneccKa51. CBH311 cpe,L~nose­ rrocy,L~a II03,L~HeBI13aHTHHCKoro Xepcona. ITopTOBhiH
KOBHoro Xepconeca c C11p11ei1: 11 Manoi1: A311eM: B X- paM:on. EKaTepHn6ypr, 2003.
XII BB. In: BocTo'inoe Cpe,L~H3eMHOMOpbe H KaBKa3 IV- UleJIKOBHHKOB 1957: E. illenKOBHHKOB. IToni1BHa»
XVI BB. JienHnrpa.L~ , 1988, 93- 104. KepaMHKa na pacKorroK ropo,L~a AHH. EpeBan, 1957.
KocTosa, ManoJiosa-Boi1:KoBa 2005: Kp. KocTOBa, HKo6con 1979: A. 51Ko6con. KepaM11Ka H KepaMH-
M. ManonoBa~Boi1:KoBa. Cpe,LIHOBeKOBHa KepaMI1Ka OT 'leCKoe npoH3BO.L\CTBO cpe.L~H9BeKoBoi1: TaBpMKe. JleHHH-
Axrorron. - l13BeCTH» na My3eHTe OT IOroH3TO'IHa Eon- rpa,L~, 1979.

174
 Armstrong 1989: P. Armstrong. Some Byzantine Peduto 1993: P. Peduto. Ceramica Bizantina dalla
0
and Later Settlements in Eastern Phokis. - ABSA 84, Campania. In: La ceramica nel mondo Bizantino tra XI e
1989, 1-42. XV secolo e i suoi rapporti con l'Italia. Atti del Seminar-
Baraschi, Damian 1993: S. Baraschi, 0. Damian. io, Certosa di Pontignano (Siena), 11- 13 marzo 1991.
Considerations sur Ia ceramique emaillee de Nufaru. - Firenze, 1993, 93- 99.
l- DACIA XXXVII, Bucarest. 1993, 237- 278 . Peschlow, Sismanoglu 1977-1978: Urs. Peschlow,
[- Barnea 1967: I. Bamea. Ceramica de import. In: Di- G . Sismanoglu. Byzantinische Keramik aus Istanbul.
:e nogetia I. Bucurest. 1967, 229- 276. Ein Fundkomplex bei der Irinenkirche. - Istanbuler Mit-
la Cimbuleva 1980: J. Cimbuleva. Vases a glac;:ure en teilungen. Deutches archaologisches Institut (Tubingen)
argil blanche de Nessebre (IX e- XIII e s.). - In: Vene- 27- 28, 1977- 1978, 363-414.
dikov (ed.) Nessebre, 1980, II, Sofia, 202- 253. Sanders 1995: G . Sanders. Byzantine Glazed Pot-
re
Dark 2001: K. Dark. Byzantine Pottery. Tempus tery at Corinth to c. 1125. A thesis submitted to the Fac-
L,
Publishing Inc., 2001. ulty of Arts of the University of Birmingham for the de-
Dowkins, Droop 1911: R. Dowkins, J. Droop. Byz- gree of Doctor ofPhilosophy. Birmingham, 1995.
antine Pottery from Sparta. - Annual of the British Sanders 2000: G . Sanders. New Relative and Abso-
0- School of Athens XVII, 1911, 23- 28. lute Chronologies for 9th to 13'h Century Glazed Wares
lf- Ebersolt 1910: J. Ebersolt. Catalogue des poteries at Corinth: Methododlogy and Social Conclusions. In:
ill byzantines et anatolienes du Musee de Constantinople. Byzans als Raum. Zu Methoden und Inhalten den Isto-
,!1,- Paris, 1910. rischen Geographie des osterlichen Mittelmeerraumes
Frantz 1938: A. Frantz. Middle Byzantine Pottery in (eds. Kl. Bleke, Fr. Hildt, J. Koder, P. Sustal). Wien,
Athens. - Hesperia 7, 1938, 2, 429-466. 2000, 153- 173.
p-
Hayes 1992: J. Hayes. The Pottery. In: Excavations Spieser 1996: J. Spieser. Die Byzantinische Keramik
Ta
at Sarac;:hane in Istanbul. Vol. II. Princeton, 1992. aus der Stadtgrabung von Pergamon. In: Pergaminische
Megaw 1968: A. Megaw. Zeuxippus Ware. - Annu- Forschungen. Band. 9. Herausgegeben im Auftrag des
ra- al of the British School of Athens, Institut of Classical Instituts von Wolfgang Radt. Berlin- New York, 1996.
Studies, 63, London, 1968, 67- 89. Stevenson 1947: R . Stevenson. The Pottery. In: The
Megaw, Jones 1982: A. Megaw, R. Jones. Specto- Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors. First Report
graphic Analyses of Byzantine and Allied Pottery. - Jah- 1935-1938. Oxford, 1947,29- 63.
rbuch der ostrreichen Byzantinistik, Actes du XIV Con- Vroom 2005: J. Vroom. Byzantine to Modem Pot-
gres International d' Etudes Byzantines. Vienne, 1982, tery in the Aegean. Bijleveld, 2005 .
557- 585 .
xy-
Megaw, Armstrong, Hatcher 2003: A. Megaw, P.
f!aJI
Armstrong, H. Hatcher. Zeuxippus Ware: an Analytical liEJIEJKKII
Approach to the Question of Provenance. In: VIle Con-
ma. gres International sur Ia Ceramique Medievale en Medi- 1
TBa .lJ:aHHJ1Te Ca B3eTJ1 OT .lJ:HeBHJ1Ka Ha npOy1IBaHI1JITa
terranee. Thessaloniki, 11- 16 Octobre 1999. Actes. Ed- Ha .n-p CT. .lJ:aMJIHOB.
)fl1-
ites parCh. Bakirtzis. Athenes 2003, 91 - 100. 2
.lJ:aHHHTe Ca B3eTJ1 OT I1HBeHTapHaTa KHHra Ha
Morgan 1942: Ch. Morgan. The Byzantine Pottery. MOHeTHTe OT KpenOCTTa.
1 3a
In: Excavations at Corinth. Vol. XL Cambridge Mass., 3
T11noseTe ca 113TIHCaHH c Bb3IIpHeTHTe B cnel.(Hanl1-
icKa
1942. 311paHHTe 113CJle,nBaHJ1JI HaJ1MeHOBaHI1JI. KJJacJ1(t>11Ka-
VIII
Papanikola-Bakirtzi 1999: D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi. 1.(11JITa cne.nsa Ta311 Ha J. Hayes 11 K.Dark.
15.
Byzantine Glazed Ceramics. The Art of Sgraffito. Ath- 4
KnacJ1(t>HKal.(HJITa cne)l,Ba cxeMaTa Ha J. Vroom. 3a
epa-
ens, 1999. ,[Ia Ce J136erHaT HeTOIJ:HOCTI1, BCeKJ1 KJlaC e YTIOMeHaT C
1)),11-
Parman 1989: E. Parman. The Pottery from St. John' s sapHaHTHHTe c11 HMeHa. Vroom, J. Op. cit.
ayq-
Basilica at Ethesos. In: Recherches sur Ia ceramique Byz- 5
Heny6n11KysaH11 MaTep11an11 OT pa3KonKHTe Ha
antine.- BCH Suppl. XVIII, 1989, 277- 289. Bna,neTencKaTa l.(bpKsa BbB BenHKH IIpecnaB.
KHe-
ueH-
Pa3-

>aMI1-
:HI1H-

175
MEDIAEVAL CERAMICS FROM
THE STRONGHOLD AT THE VILLAGE OF DEBELT

Maria MANOLLOVA-VOIKOVA,
Krassimira KOSTOVA, Tsonya DRAZHEVA

The ceramic complex of the mediaeval stronghold highly fragmented state impede the analytical
at the village of Debelt comprises all principal typification of the finds.
categories characteristic for the Byzantine urban
and civic culture from the period 1tth-l41h c. 2. The principal share of ceramic articles consists
Unfortunately the strongly fragmented condition of of glazed dining dishes. Their dating is assigned
the finds does not allow their grouping into typology- to the period within the chronological boundaries
based orders and the ceramic articles are classified between the beginning of 11th and the end of 14th c.
in accordance with their technological features 3. In the ceramic complex is available a large
and ornamentation. The lack of reliable complexes amount of objects distinguished by their luxurious
in the stratigraphic environment necessitates the character.
determination of the ceramics' dating to be done on
the grounds of parallels and analogies. 4. The ceramic articles bear testimony about
the broad commercial contacts, which the
Conclusions: settlement maintained with the major Byzantine
1. Among the ceramic articles from the exploration cities (probably through the mediation of the
of the stronghold is isolated a small number of Constantinople marketplace).
vessels worked out on a manual potter's wheel 5. Ceramics that could be attributed to the period
which could be accepted as earlier than the after 14th c. has not been uncovered and is probably
beginning of 11th c. The scanty amount and their not available in the complex.

176
 CPE,II;HOBEKOBEH HEKPOIIOJI
B 3EMJIH:m;ETO HA C. MOrHJIA,
OliJIACT .HMliOJI

Cme~aHEAKnPPAKHEB,HRuRHHHEB

I1pe3 2004 r. B paMKMTe Ha CIIaCMTeJIHM ap- Ha qaCTMqHO )'HMIJJ:O)I(aBaHe MO)I(e Aa Ce CB'bp)l(e

xeOJIOfMqeCKM rrpoyqBaHIDI Ha HaArp06Ha MOfMJia C'bC CbBpeMeHHaTa erroxa, KOfaTO e IIOCTaBeH
B M. roneMIDI KaiipHK B 3eMJIMIJJ:eTO Ha c. MorMJia, TpMaHrynaqHMHT 3HaK, rrpM KoeTo qacTMqHo e yHM-
.51M6oncKa o6nacT, 6e WIJIOCTHO rrpoyqeH M cpeA- IJJ:O)I(eH rpo6 ,NQ 2. ,lJ;on6oqMHaTa Ha rrorpe6BaHe
HOBeKoBeH HeKporron. HeKporronoT ce C'bCTOM OT B HeKporrona ce Kone6ae Me)l(ey 0,50-0,75 M OT
15 rpo6a 1, pa3IIOJIO)I(eHM B M3TOqHaTa IIOJIOBMHa Ha rroBopxHocrra Ha MorMJIHIDI HacMrr. BorrpeKM
MOfMJIHIDI HaC Mil Ha HaArp06Ha MOfMJia, HaTpyrraHa cpaBmnenHo MaJIKIDI 6poii Ha rpo6oBeTe ce Ha-
B rrepMOAa Ha paHHaTa 6poH30Ba erroxa ( o6p. 1). 6JIIOAaBaT M3BeCTHM pa3JIMqMH B o<t>opMJieHMeTO
ITpaKTMKaTa Aa ce M3IIOJ13BaT HaArp06HMTe MO- Ha rpo6HMTe CbOpb)l(eHIDI. ManKO IIOBeqe OT IIOJIO-
rMJIM KaTO MHCTO 3a IIOrpe6BaHe rrpe3 cpeAHOBe- BMHaTa (53 %) Ca KaMepM OT IIJIOqeCTM KaM'bHM.
KOBMeTO e qecTO cpeiJJ:aHO HBJieHMe B perMOHa, HO (28 %) ca o6MKHOBeHM qeTM-
,IJ;pyra rpyrra rpo6oBe
M B TpaKMH KaTO U.HJIO(TaH'leea-BacUJleea 1991, pHorDJIHM MJIM JieKO TparreQOBMAHM HMM C'bC 3a06-
93; EaKbpihcuee 2005, 151). JieHM 'brJIM. CneABaiJJ:aTa rpyrra e OT rpo6oBe B HMM
ITpoyqeHMTe rpo6oBe ca pa3IIOJIO)I(eHM paBHO- C MapKMpaHe OT KaM'bHM IIpM KpaKaTa Ha IIOrpe-
MepHo, KaTO He 6e perMCTpHpaH cnyqail: OT 3a- 6aHMH (13 %). ilpM eAMH OT rpo60BeTe HMaTa e C
CT'biiBaHe M pa3pyrnasaHe. EAMHCTBeHMHT cnyqaii .NQ 3. Como
IIOAJIO)I(Ka OT rrnocKM KaM'bHM - rpo6

06p. 1. 0614a CHUMKa Ha pa3nO!IO:J/CeHuemo Ha 'lacm om cpeoH06eK06HWI HeKpono!l 6 Ce6epoU3mO'IHUJI ceKmop Ha M02U!Iama

177
TaKa CaMO B e.D,I1H Ce OTKpHXa 11 OCTaHKI1 OT ,ll,bpBeH
KOB'ler- rpo6 N2 16. np11 nosetieTO oT rpo6oseTe
ce Ha6mo.D,asa OTKnoHeHI1e OT nocoKaTa 113TOK-
3ana.D,, HO 6pmn Ha OTKnOHeHI1Te rpo6oBe B nocoKa
103-Cil 11 C3-1011 e notiTI1 paseH - C'hOTBeTHO
40% H 33%. OcmHani1Te 'leT11p11 rpo6a ca TO'lHO
Op11eHT11paHI1. 0THOCHO xapaKTepHCTI1KaTa Ha no-
rpe6anHI151. p11ryan s HeKponona MO)Ke .D,a ce Ka-
)Ke, qe OTKnOHeHlf51.Ta OT Xp11CTI15l.HCKlf51. KaHOH Ca 06p. 2. 06e!fU om 2po6 N! 4
He3Ha'li1TenHI1. no OTHOllleHI1e nOnO)KeHI1eTO Ha
)l,OllHI1Te KpaHHI1:QI1 np11 67 o/o Te ca B H3n'bHaTO CTaseHlf51. HeKponon ca o6eu,HTe, o6IJ..(o 5 6poR
nono)KeHI1e, np11 13% ca np116paH11 B KoneHeTe, B 4 rpo6a. npasH snetiaTneHHe, qe .D,Be o6eu,11
KaTo np11 e.D,11H OT rpo6oseTe - N27 - .D,eCHlf51.T ca OTKPHTH caMo B e.D,I1H OT ,ll,eTCKHTe rpo6oBe -
KpaK e 113n'bHaT, a neBI15l.T e CBI1T. np11 13% He 6e B N2 4, a .D,pyri1Te 3 rpo6a (N2 1, 3 11 16), B KOI1TO ca
C'hCTORHI1e .D,a ce onpe.D,enH. norpe6aHI1 Bb3pacTHHTe, ce OTKpHBa caMO no e.D,Ha
no OTHOllleHI1e nOllO)KeHI1eTO Ha po:u;eTe Ce o6eu,a. ToBa MO)Ke .D,a ce o6RCHH c <jJaKTa, qe npe3
Ha6mo.D,aBaT tieTHp11 Bap11aHTa. np11 40 % OT rpo- cpe.D,HOBeKOBI1eTO Bb3paCTHI1Te )KeHH Ca HOCenl1
6oseTe 11 .D,BeTe po:u;e ca nocmseHI1 Bopxy KopeM- CaMO no e.D,Ha o6eu,a OT nRBaTa 11Jll1 )l,RCHaTa CTpaHa,
HaTa o6nacT. npH 20% Te ca CBI1TI1 11 nocTaseHI1 a .D,eBOMKHTe 11 MOMI1'leHU,aTa ca HOCenl1 no .D,Be 11
Bbpxy rop.D,11Te. np11 13% )l,RCHaTa poKa e Bbpxy noBetie (Tamee 1985, 13 7).
KOpeMa, a llRBaTa Bbpxy cna611HI1Te. np11 7% )l,51.C- BcH'lKH OTKp11TI1 s HeKponona o6eu,H npH-
HaTa poKa e noCTaBeHa B'hpxy rop.D,11Te, a nRBaTa- Ha.D,ne)KaT K'hM Haii-pa3npocTpaHeHlf51. npe3 cpe.D,-
sopxy KopeMa. np11 Tp11 OT rpo6oBeTe (20%), oc- HOBeKOBHeTo Tl1n - Te npe.D,CTaBnRBaT Kporna
HOBHO Ha C'bBCeM ManKI1 .D,e:u;a, nOllO)KeHI1eTO Ha 11Jll1 enl1nCOBI1.D,Ha OTBOpeHa xanKa, tieCTO C'hC
rOpH11Te KpaHHI1:Qlf He MO)Ka )l,a Ce ycTaHOBI1. 3acnnsaiJ..(I1 ce Kpa11IJ..(a ( o6p.2). l13pa60TeHH ca
BoB Bb3pacTOBO OTHOllleHI1e C'hOTHOllleHI1eTo OT ThH'hK 6pOH30B Ten - Tl1n I no faTes (Tamee
Me)Key .D,e:u;a 11 B'h3pacTHI1 npH norpe6aHI1Te e 1977, 33). MacosoTO npHC'hCTBHe Ha T0311 B11,ll,
notiTI1 pasHo- 53% K'hM 47%. BonpeKI1 qe nl1nc- o6eu,11 s HeKpononi1Te OT IX-XIV B. e np113HaK
Ba aHTpononorl1tiecKo 113cne.D,BaHe, MO)KeM .D,a pa3- 3a TRXHaTa nonynRpHOCT KaTO eBTI1H 11 ,ll,OCT'bneH
.D,enHM norpe6aHI1Te B HeKponona .D,e:u;a Haif-o6- HaKI1T, HO C'biJ..(eBpeMeHHO He MOraT .D,a nocny)KaT
IJ..(O B .D,Be Bb3paCTOBI1 rpynH - nopBaTa )l,O 5 r. 3a npeu,I13Ha .D,aT11posKa Ha apxeonorH'leCKHTe
(67%), a .D,pyraTa Ha.D, 6 r. (33 %). ,[(eneHI1eTO no KOMnneKCI1, B KOI1TO ce OTKp11BaT (Tamee1977, 33;
nonose e OTHOCI1TenHO 11 e 113BbpllleHO no BTO- KaneJZKoea 1989, 48).
p111IHH nonOBI1 6ene311, T.e. Hanl1tii1eTO Ha )KeH- ,[(pyr11RT norpe6aneH HHBeHTap, KOMTO MO)Ke
CKH HaKHTI1 s rpo6oseTe. B TaK'bB cnyqaif B HeKpo- .D,a 6o.D,e npH'llfCJleH K'bM HaKI1THTe, Ca 6pOH30BaTa
nona ca norpe6aHH 33% )KeHI1 11 67% M'b)Ke. rpHsHa 11 oropnHu,aTa, OTKpHTH B rpo6 N2 14.
KaTo u,Rno xapaKTep11CTHKaTa Ha rpo6HI1Te C'hOpb- fp11BHaTa e 113pa6oTeHa OT 6pOH30B Ten C Kpbr-
)KeHlf51. H norpe6anHlf51. p11ryan s HeKponona np11 JlO cetieHI1e, KOHTO B Kpa11IJ..(aTa e o<jJopMeH KaTO na-
c. MorHna He ro oTnl1tiasaT C'biJ..(eCTBeHo OT .D,pyri1- panenenl1ne.D,, 'li111TO CTeHI1 ca yKpaceHH c Haceq-
Te cpe.D,HOBeKOBHI1 HeKpononl1 OT .D,HelllHI1Te 6'hn- KI1 qpe3 BpR3BaHe. TotieH napanen Ha MeTanHaTa
rapCKH 3eMH. rp11BHa He Hl1 e lf3BeCTeH ( 06p. 3).
npeu,l1311paHe Ha xpoHonorlf51.Ta s cnyqaR MO)Ke OropnHu,aTa e C'hcTaBeHa OT 84 M'hHHCTa c pa3-
.D,a Ce 113Bbplll11 Ha 6a3aTa Ha OTKp11Tlf51. B 7 OT rp0- nl1tiHa <jJopMa H u,BRT (o6p. 4). Cpe.D, M'hHI1CTaTa,
6oseTe (46%) 11HBeHTap. Toif BKlliO'lBa npe.D,I1 BCH'l- KaTo .D,aT11paiJ..( eneMeHT MO)KeM .D,a cnoMeHeM Ha-
KO HaKHTI1 3a rnasa 11 TRnO, yKpallleHlf51. K'bM 06- nl1tiHeTo Ha T.Hap. np11IJ..(I1nHaTI1 Tpo6HtiKI1 OT
neKnOTO, Harpb,ll,HI1 KpbCTOBe. 11 B T0311 cnyqaif Ce CI1HhO cnKno. Cnope.D, HRKOH H3cne.D,osaTenl1 Te
nOTB'bp)K.D,aBa ycTaHOBeHlf51.T If Ha .D,pyrl1 MeCTa <jJaKT, 113'le3BaT OT HaHI13HTe K'hM KpaR Ha XI seK (Tamee
qe Haif-6oraT 11HBeHTap C'b,ll,bp)KaT .D,eTCKHTe rpo- 1977, 37).
6oBe, a C'biJ..(O TaKa - qe B CllO)KHO ycTpOeHI1Te rpo6- B C'hiJ..(lf51. rpo6 N2 14 ce OTKp11xa 11 4 6poR Me-
HI1 Cb0pb)KeHlf51. He ce OTKpHBaT HaXO,ll,KH (Tamee TanHI1 anni1KaU,HH, 113pa6oTeHI1 OT npecosaHH
1977, 30; Eopucoe1982, 49; Borisov 1989, 348). Bbpxy MaTpHu,a Kp'brn':f cpe6opH11 nnO'lKlf OT T'bHKa
Haif-MaCOBlf51.T norpe6aneH 11HBeHTap OT npe.D,- naMapHHa ( o6p. 5). nnotiKI1Te Bnocne.D,CTBI1e ca

178
 .

06p. 3. Epomo6a 2pU6Ha om 2po6 M 14

rro3naTeHH. Bnpxy JIHu;esaTa qacT Ha rmoqKHTe e

H3o6pa3eHa oceMJibqHa po3eTa c .n.e6en 6op.n.10p,
Bbpxy Koiho HMa .n.ynqHU:H 3a npmrmsaHe. AHano-
rHqHH llO BH,ll. H pa3MepH ll03JiaTeHH anJIHKal(HH Ca
OTKpHBaHH CpaBHHTeJIHO pH,ll.KO- H TO ,ll.OCera CaMO 06p. 4. 02bp!lu!Ja om 2po6 M 14
B HeKponoJIHTe OT XI seK B IInHcKa (l(oH'teea-
IIemKoea 1984, 188, o6p. 4, 9; AHmOHOBa, Bum!lfl-
1-1061985, 69, ma6Jl. 9;/fuMumpoe1995, 49)H0.D.np-
IJ,H (l(oH'leea-IIemKoea 1993, 138, ma6fl. Ill).
0TKpHBaHeTO Ha Te311 anJII1Kal(HI1 B rOpHaTa qaCT
Ha rbp,ll.HTe, llO-TOqHo OKOJIO paMeHeTe 11 BpaTa, 11

K HaJII1ql1eTO Ha JJ:ynq11U:11Te IIO THXHaTa nepH<jlep11H

H rrpe.n.nonara, qe Te ca ce np11rrmsan11 KbM KOCTIOMa.

I1 TO HaM-BepOHTHO OKOJIO ,l].eKOJITeTO ( o6p. 6).
~T
re Cnope.n. npoyqsaTeJIHTe Ha Te3H HeKpononH
8,. OTKp11BaHeTO Ha llO,ll.06HI1 allJII1Kal(HH ll0Ka3Ba, qe B
Cesepo113TOqHa Ennrap11H no TOBa speMe e HaJIHU:e

Ke ep,Ha ,Mo.n.a" B o6neKJIOTO, pa3JIHqasaru:a ce .n.o

a H3BeCTHa CTeneH OT Ta3H Ha HaCeJieHHeTO IO)!(HO
OT CTapa nnaHHHa (l(oH'leea-IIemKoea 1993, 138;

r- /{UMumpoe1995,: 49). Cnope.n.B. rpHropos, KOMTO

Ia- OTHOBO H3CJie,l].Ba allJI11Kal(I1HTe OT HeKpOllOJia
q- rrp11 lbmqHaTa nopTa BbB BnHIIIHHH rpa.n. Ha
IIn11CKa, Te ca qacT OT noqeJIHHK (Fpuzopoe 2003,
30). B Harrri1H cnyqaH: o6aqe Te cnc cHrypHocT
rip11Ha,l].Jie)!(aT KbM yKpacaTa Ha KOCTIOMa.

a, ne3CllOpHO HaM-fOJIHM HHTepec npe,ll.CTaBJIHBaT

a- OTKp11TI1Te B ,ll.Ba OT ,l].eTCKI1Te rpo6ose (.N<:>7 11 .N<:> 8)

OT Harpb,ll.HH KpbCTOBe. llnpB11HT OT THX e 113pa6oTeH

Te OT 6pOH3 H npHHa,l].Jie)!(H KbM rpynaTa Ha llJIOCKMTe 06p. 5. llo3Jlameuu anJtuKa!JUU om 2po6 M 14

eP,I1HI1qHH KpbcTqeTa C pa3III11peHH H 3a06JieHI1 B
Kpamu;aTa paMeHe, KOI1TO Ca H3llbJIHeHH C ,llTMqe Cysoposo, BapHeHCKO (l(oH'leea-IIemKoea 1992a,
OKo". B cpe.n.aTa Ha KpncTa e 3ana3eHo Kpnmo 317, o6p. 3z). BnnpeKH qe noseqeTo OT T03H THn

rHe3,ll.O 3a IIOCTaBHHe Ha llOJIYCKbiiOU:eHeH KaMbK KpbCTOBe Ca 6e3 apXeOJIOfl1qeCKH KOHTeKCT.

111111 u:seTHO CThKJIO ( o6p. 7). Hai1-6JII13bK aHanor 0TKpHTHTe IIpH apxeOJIOrMqeCKH pa3KOllKH ,ll.aBaT

Ha OTKpHTHH KpbCT np0113X0)!(,ll.a OT M.KaneTO, C. OCHOBaHMe Ha aBTOpMTe ,l].a fl1 ,ll.aT11paT B nepMO,ll.a

179
 06p. 6. Tpo6 M 14 - iJemaun

KpaH Ha X M nbpBHTe )J.eCeTMneTMH Ha XI B. KbM .LJ.HCHOTO paMo maBa c KpbcTaT HMM6. HaqM-
(/{OH'le6a-flemK06a 1992a, 317). 0TKpHTMHT B HbT Ha M306pa3HBaHe He ,lJ.aBa Bb3MO)I(HOCT )J.a Ce
rpo6 N2 7 KpbcT e c e)J.HO oTqyneHo paMo, KOeTo e BM.LJ.M nMQeTo Ha XpHcToc. Toil: e M3o6pa3eH ron,
noKa3aTen Haii-BepoHTHO 3a .LJ.bnraTa MY ynoTpe6a. KaTo no THnoTo qpe3 TPM TOqKM ca npe.LJ.a)J.eHM
BTOpHHT KpbCT, OTKPMT B rpo6 N2 8, e H3pa- HeroBMTe paHM, npenacaH e c nepHCOMa. PbQeTe
6oTeH OT OnOBO M e M)J.eaJIHO 3ana3eH ( o6p. 8-9). ca KbCM, ,lJ.naHMTe MY ca o6bpHaTM M npe.D.a.D.eHM
Toil: npe.LJ.CTaBJIHBa M3KmoqMTenHo MHTepeceH na- HeecTeCTBeHo roneMM. Ha.D. maBaTa Ha XpHcToc
MeTHMK Ha xpHCTMHHCKOTO M3KYCTBO. KpbCTbT e HCHO Ca M306pa3eHM CnbHQeTO M nyHaTa, KOMTO
e)J.MHMqeH, HO C M306pa)l(eHMH M OT )J.BeTe CTpaHM. Ca CBbp3aHM C )J.bra, nOKa3Bai.Qa CMHHaTa Ha )J.eHH
KpbCTbT MMa cpaBHMTenHo roneMM 3a T03M TMn M HOI.QTa. llo.D. KpaKaTa Ha XpHcToc e M3o6pa3eHa
naMeTHM:QM pa3MepH. BepTHKaJIHOTO paMo e noqTM maBa, XOpH30HTaJIHO pa3nOnO)I(eHa. rnaBaTa e npe-
paBHO no lliHpHHa, HO B )J.OnHMH M rOpHHH KpaH )J.a)J.eHa )J.eTaHnHO - cpaBHMTenHO KpbrJIO nMQe,
nnaBHO ce pa3lllHpHBa. ,1J;BaTa MY KpaH 3aBbplllBaT KbCa KOCa, HOC, MYCTaQM, KbCa, neKO 3aOCTpeHa
CbC 3a06JIHHe noqTM c<t>epHqHo. rope M)J.Ony MMa no
)J.Ba KpbrJIM, CMMeTpHqHO pa3nOnO)I(eHM H3paCTbKa
c pene<t>Ha nbnKa B cpe.LJ.aTa. XopH30HTanHoTo
paMO e KbCO, paBHO M Ce pa3)J.BOHBa OT no )J.Ba
KpbrJIM H3paCTbKa KaTO Te3M Ha BepTHKanHOTO pa-
MO. Cu;eHMTe M oT .D.BeTe cTpaHM Ha KpbCTa ca M3-
nbnHeHM B .LJ.bn6oK pene<P. B ropHaTa qacT Ha Bep-
TMKaJIHOTO paMO e npHnOeHa ManKa xanKa.
Ha nMQeBaTa qacT e M3o6pa3eHa cu;eHaTa ,Pa3-
IIHTMe XpHcToBo". ITo OTHOllleHMe Ha nbnHoTaTa
Ha cxeMaTa MO)I(e .D.a ce cnopH (BMeea 1981, 78-
79; ,!{01-t'leea-llemKoea, Ama1-1acoe 1997, 293).
KpbCThT, Ha KOHTO e pa3nbHaT XpHCTOC, He e npe-
06p. 7. EpoH3o·e Kpbcm om zpo6 M 7
.D.a.D.eH. XpHcToc e npe.LJ.a)J.eH c neKo HaKJioHeHa

180
 06p. 8. 0flo6eH Kpbcm om zpo6 NP 8 - flUIJ e 06p. 9. 0Jlo6eH Kpbcm om zpo6 NP 8 - onaKu

6pa,na 11 Kponm oqH. Koea, AmaHacoe 1997, 297). ITo OTHOUieHHe Ha

Ha o6paTHaTa cTpaHa e H3o6pa3eHa M'b)KKa ,naTHpOBKaTa Ha KpbCTa Ce OIIHpaMe Ha ~aKTa, qe
~Hrypa B OpaHTHa CIJ,eHa. JlHIJ,eTO e KpbrJIOBaTO - XpHcToc e H3o6pa3eH o6neqeH B nepHCOMa, KOH-
.n;eTaHnHO ca H306pa3eHH KOCaTa, HOC'hT, MYCTaiJ,HTe TO CIIOpe,n HHKOH aBTOpH ce IIOHBRBa cne,n X BeK
11 KbCaTa ocTpa 6pa,na. ITpaBH sneqaTneHHe romiMa- (Bblleea 1981, 77; /(OHLteea-IlemKoea 1992a,
ra npHnHKa c maBaTa, H3o6pa3eHa no,n Pa3IDITHeTo. 264-265). ):(pyr ~aKT, noTBbp)K)J;aBaiiJ, no,no6Ha
CseTeiJ,bT e o6neqeH B ,npexa 6e3 pnKaBH c H3o6pa- ,naTHpOBKa, e H H3o6pa)KeHHeTo Ha cseTeu,. OT
3eH Ha rnp,nHTe KpbcT, HCHO ce BH)K,na, qe e npenacaH OTKpHTHTe B apxeonOrHqeCKHTe KOMIIneKCH Ha-
c enHpenTapHH. ITpaBH sneqaTneHHe como TaKa H rpb)J;HH KpbCTOBe C H306pa)KeHHH Ha CBeTIJ,H HMa
nHncaTa Ha HHM6. Ha,n masaTa e H3o6pa3eH ronHM H3BeCTHH ocHoBaHHH ,na ce npe,nnonara, qe Te ce
Kpnr c ToqKa B cpe,naTa - CHMBOnH3Hpam XpHcToc OTHaCRT KbM X 11 HaH-K'hCHO K'hM HaqanoTo Ha
Karo ,cBeTnHHaTa Ha cseTa". TaKa npe,na,neHa, cu,e- XI BeK (j{oHtteea-IlemKoea, AmaHacoe 1997, 287).
Hara HH ,nasa ocHoBaHHe ,na npe,nnonaraMe, qe To- l1JnO)KeHHTe )J;OTYK ,naHHH IIOKa3BaT, qe npoy-
sa e H3o6pa)KeHHe Ha HHKOH OT cseTu,HTe. ToqeH qeHHHT Cpe,nHOBeKOBeH HeKpOIIOn BbpXy MOrHnaTa
aHanor Ha OTKPHTHH B rpo6 ]VQ 8 onoseH KpncT B M. foneMHH KaHpRK e H3KmOqHTenHO HHTepeceH,
HHMa. HanHqHeTo Ha ,nse cu,eHH B o6HKHOBeH Ha- a MHO)KeCTBOTO napanenH c HeKpononHTe OT Ce-
rpn,neH KpbCT ro npaBH 6nH3bK ));0 KpbCTOBeTe sepoH3TOqHa EonrapHH HH IIOKa3BaT, qe 6nnrap-
penHKBapHH. OT ,npyra cTpaHa, 3a IIbpBH IIbT ce CKHHT eTHHqeCKH IIpOH3XO)J; Ha IIOrpe6aHHTe He
c6nnCKBaMe c H3o6pa)KeHHe Ha masa B H03eTe Ha 6y,n11 HHKaKBO CbMHeHHe. ITo OTHOUieHHe Ha ,naTH-
XpHCTOC, KOHTO BepORTHO CHMBOnH3Hpa fonroTa. posKaTa, OIIHpaHKH Ce Ha MaTepHaJIHTe npe,nH
~bn6oKHRT pene~ H ,neTai1nHoTo npe,naBaHe Ha BCHqKO OT rpo6 ]VQ 14 H rpo6 ]VQ 8, CqJ1TaMe, qe
CQeHHTe IIOKa3Ba, qe TOBa IIpOH3Be,neHHe Ha XpHC- HeKpOIIOn'bT MO)Ke ,na 6o,ne ,naTHpaH B IIbpBaTa IIO-
THHHCKOTO H3KYCTBO BepORTHO Ce CBbp3Ba C H3TOq- nOBHHa Ha XI BeK.
HHTe npoBHHIJ,HH Ha BH3aHTHH (j{oHLteea-Ilem-

181
 IJ:HTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA CTeua ua IIn11cKa. - B: C6opH11K s naMeT ua npo4>.
CTauqo BaKJI11uos. Co<PIDI, 1984, 181-191.
AuTouosa, BnTJUIHOB 1985: B. AuTouosa, CT. BI1T- ,lJ:OH'IeBa-IIeTKOBa 1992a: fl. ,lJ:ouqesa-IIeTKOBa.
mmos. IIn11cKa. 3arra,L~ua KperrocTua cTeua - ceKTop Ce- ,ll:sa uarp'b,LIHI1 Kp'bCTa OT HaQ110HaJIHHH apxeonomqecKI1
sep (apxeonorwieCKI1 pa3KOIIK11 rrpe3 1973-1975 r.). - My3ei1. fo,L(I1IIIHHK ua HaQ110HanmtH apxeonor11qecK11
B: IIn11cKa-IIpecnas, 4, 1985, 181- 91. My3ei1, VIII, 1992, Co<PIDI, 261- 267.
liaKbpiJ.:lKHeB 2005: CT. EaK'bp,LI:>Imes. Crrac11Tenu11 ,lJ:OH'IeBa-IIeTKOBa 19926: fl. ,lJ:ouqesa-IIeTKOBa.
apxeonor11qecK11 pa3KOIIKI1 ua Mor11neu ueKporron s M. KpbcTose-euKOJIIII10HH c e311qecK1111 epeT11qu11 eneMeH-
C1>6es 6a11p, c. ,Z:Wa)l(eso, o6ll.uma TyH,L()I(a. - Apxeo- TI1. - vl3seCTI1H Ha HcTOp11qeCKI1 My3ei1-KJOCTeH,L(I1JI,
nomqecKI1 OTKp11TIDI 11 pa3KOIIKI1 rrpe3 2004 r. Co<PIDI, IV, 1992,315-325.
2005, 150-152. ,ll:OH'IeBa-IIeTKOBa 1993: n. ,lJ:ouqesa-IIeTKOBa. Cpe,LI-
liopucos 1982: E. Eop11cos. Cpe,L~uoseKOBHOTO ce- HOBeKOBeH HeKponon rrp11 c. O,Libpl\11, ,ll:o6p11qKo (rrpe,L1-
nmue 11 HeKpOIIOJI B'bpxy CeJII11l\HaTa MOfi1Jia ,[(0 C. ,lJ:H,L(0- sap11Tenuo C'b061l\eHI1e).- ,ll:o6pYJ!,)I(a, 10, 1993, 138.
80.- Expeditio THRACICA, 3, 1982,49. ,ll:ou'leBa-IIeTKOBa, ATaHaCOB 1997: n. ,ll:ouqesa-
B'hJiesa 1981: IO. B1>nesa. Cpe,LIHOBeKOBHI1 Kp'bCTO- IIeTKOBa, f. ATaHaCOB. Kp1>CTOBe-eHKOJIIII10HI1 OT llly-
se eHKOJIIII10HI1 OT Hau11ouanuaTa xy,Lio)l(eCTBeHa rane- MeHCKI1H My3ei1. - fo,L(I11IIHI1K ua HaQI10HaJIHI1H apxeo-
p11H. - ApxeonoriDI, 1981, 1-2, 72-86. nomqecKI1 My3ei1, X, 1997, Co<PIDI, 284- 300.
faTes 1977: II. faTes. HaKI1TI1 OT rrorpe6euiDI OT KaneJIKOBa 1989: K. KarrenKosa. HaK11TI1 OT Cpe,L1-
XI-XII s. - Apxeonorm1, 1977, 1, 30-46. uoseKOBHI1H ueKporron Kpaw CHMeouosrpa,LI. - Apxeo-
faTes 1985: II. faTes. Cpe,L~uoseKosuo ceJII11l\e 11 ue- noriDI, 1989, I, 48-56.
Kporron OT XII s. Kpaw c. Kosaqeso, IIa.Jap,L1)1(11IIIKI1 OK- Tauqesa-BacuJiesa 1991: Cpe,L~uoseKosuo ceJII11l\e
pbr.- Pa.JKOIIKI1 11 npoyqsau11H, XII, Co<PIDI, 1985. 11 ueKponon s1>pxy pa3BaJII1HI1Te ua AHTI1qHIDI rpa,LI Ka-
fpuropOB 2003: B. fp11r0p0B. IIp11HOC K'bM npoyqsa- 611ne. - Ka611ne, 2, 1982, 93.
HeTO ua cTapo6'bnrapcKaTa ,L(I1a,L(eMa (VIII-XI s). - Borisov 1989: B. Borisov. Djadovo, 1. Mediaeval Set-
ApxeonomH, 2003, 1, 29- 38. tlement and Necropolis (ll'h- J2th c.). Tokyo, 1989,323.
,lJ:HMHTpOB 1995: 51. ,ll:11M11TpOB. I.I;bpKBa 11 HeKpOIIOJI
B'bB B1>TpeiiiHI1H rpa,LI ua IIn11cKa (Kp. ua X- XI). - B: I>EJIEJKKJI
C6. IInHcKa-IIpecnas, 7, 1995,42-70 1 06!liHliT 6poii Ha rpo6oseTe OT 6poH30BaTa enoxa 11
,ll:OH'IeBa-IIeTKOBa 1984: n. ,ll:ouqesa-IIeTKOBa. He- CpeP.HOBeKOBHeTo B MorHJJaTa e 30. HoMepal\Hl!Ta e nocTaseHa
KpOIIOJI IIpH JO)I(HIDI CeKTOp Ha 3aiia,L(HaTa KpeiiOCTHa cnope,ll. pe,ll.a Ha Tl!XHOTO OTKpHBaHe.

A MEDIAEVAL NECROPOLIS ON THE FARMING LAND

OF THE VILLAGE OF MOGILLA, YAMBOL DISTRICT

Stephen BACKURDJIEV, Ilija ILIJEV

G
In 2004 within the frames of salvage archaeological from the period of the Early-Bronze Age and can p
research of a tumulus mound in the ,Gollemyat be attributed to the first half of 11th c. The multiple 0
Kairyak", locality situated on the farming land parallels with necropolises from Northeast Bulgaria
of the village of Mogilla, Yambol District, was indicate that the Bulgarian ethnical descent of the 9
thoroughly investigated a mediaeval necropolis buried deceased arouses no suspicions and the p
consisting of 15 tomb-graves. They are localized in origin of the tomb-graves is beyond any doubt. 9
the eastern half of the tumulus mound embankment

.M

182
 BH3AHTHHCKATA TEMA TPAKIDI H HOAHOTIOJI
H BbTIPOCbT 3A CEBEPOH3TQqHHTE libJirAPCKH 3EMH
B KPAJI HA X-TibPBHTE rO,IJ;HHH HA XI B.
BaJlepu HOTOB

3a BH3aHTHHCKara reMa TpaKIDI H HoaHorron Mara TpaKIDI H HoaHorron cnr.u.ecrsysa Haii-o6-

3HaeM or Taktikon Scorialensis(Taktikon Oiko- r.u.o B rrepHo,n:a 971- 986 r.; 6) YrrpaBHTenHTe caB
nomides - Oikonomides 1972), a cnw.o H or 11 cne,n:HHR pe.n: - rrporocrrarapHHTe neoH CapaKH-
(12?) rreqara Ha rpHMa (LfeTHpHMa?) HeiiHH crpa- Horryn, Teo<PaH, CraspaKHH H rrocne,n:eH HHKH<l>op
Te3H (flopOaHoe 1993, 128-132). 51CHO e, ':le TOBa KcH<l>Hii.
e repHTOpHanHo o6e,n:HHeHHe Ha crapara reMa OcseH Ha IIHCMeHHTe H3BOpH H nereH,n:HTe Ha
TpaKIDI 1 H C'h3,n:a.n:eHara cne.n: ycrreumara 3a BH- BH3aHTHHCKHTe IIe':laTH, KOMeHTapHHTe H H3BO.ll:HTe
3aHTHR soeHHa KaMrraHIDI Ha HMrreparop HoaH Ha aBTOpHTe ce OCHOBaBaT H Ha ycrrelliHH, IIOIDIKO-
ll,HMHCXH (969- 976) reMa HoaHorron2 . TeMara Ha- ra He,n:oraM ycrrelliHH norHLfeCKH pa3Cb)K.z:t:eHIDI4 •
BHpHo e BKniD':!Bana 3eMHTe Ha IDr H cesep or li3- Tpy,n:HOCTHTe 3a OKOH':IaTenHoro H3RCHRBaHe Ha
TO':!Ha Crapa rrnaHHHa - or 6nH3KHTe OKOnHOCTH rrpo6neMa ca rrocoLfeHH Hese,n:H'h)K ( CmoUMeHoe
Ha cronHu;ara aa HMrrepHRTa KoHcraHTHHorron .n:o 1988, 40; Eo:JICulloe 2004, 78). II HaHCTHHa, HanHLf-
971 r.) CTOnHQa Ha
OKOnHOCTHTe Ha 6!1BlllaTa ( CJJe,n: HHTe H3BOpH II03BOnRBaT pa3nH':IHH Bb3M0)KH0CTH
IlnpBOTO 6nnrapcKo u;apcrso Ilpecnas (Eo:JICulloe 3a speMeTo Ha cnr.u.ecrsysaHe Ha reMara TpaKHH H
1988, 24; CmoUMeHoe 1988, 51 u 6e.n. 108). HoaHonon H rrocne.n:osarenHocrra Ha yrrpasneHHe
liMa pa3nH':IHH MHeHHR 3a BpeMeTO (a) Ha Cb- Ha CTpaTe3HTe, HO IDIKOH MHeHIDI Ca HerrpHeMnH-
lll,eCTByBaHeTO Ha reMara TpaKIDI H HoaHorron H 3a BH.
nocne.n:osarenHocrra (6) Ha yrrpasneHHe Ha crpa- Bn3MO)KHOcrra TpaKHR H HoaHorron .n:a e rrnp-
Te3HTe3. sara C'h3,n:a,n:eHa or HoaH l.J;HMHCXH reMa ( caMo
• IfBaH bO)KHnOB (£OJICUJl08 1988, 22 (£.2) , 24- If. bO)KHnOB) e IIOCTpOeHa OCHOBHO Ha norHKaTa, ':le
26): a) 971- 976 r. - ow.e ,cne.n: 3aBna,n:HBaHeTo aa rrpoMeHHTe ca o6snp3aHH c nocne.n:osarenHocrra
6nnrapcKHH rrpecroneH rpa.n: BenHKH Ilpecnas (11 Ha 3aBna,n:HBaHeTo Ha or.n:enHH 6nnrapcKH o6nacrH 5 .
npeHMeHysaHero MY B HoaHorron) HMrreparopnT CMRTaM, KaKTo rrpHeMaT rrpo':lee II. Hop,n:aHOB
(HoaH l.J;HMHCX11) C'h3,n:an CTpaTerHRTa TpaKIDI H (HopoaHoe 1993, 117, 134- 137) H)],. CTOHMeHOB
HoaHorron"; 6) IlporocrrarapHHTe Teo<l>aH, HHKH- ( CmouMeHoe 1988, 48) , qe rro-sepoRTHO, soeHHoa.n:-
<Pop KcH<l>Hii (,yrrpasneHHero Ha rrnpBHTe .n:saMa MHHHCTpaTHBHHTe rrpOMeHH Ca rrpaBeHH He B XO.z:t:a,
e 6Hno cpaBHHTenHO KpaTKOTpaiiao") 11 neoH Ca- a cne.n: KpaH Ha soeHHHTe .n:eiicTBIDI ( asrycr 971 r.).
paKHHOrryn - rrocne,n:eH (,rro-rrpo.n:nn)KHTeneH TaKa xHrrore3ara MH 3a rrocne.n:osarenHocrra Ha
cpoK"). rrpoMeHHTe e B cne,n:HIDI pe.n:.
• )],. CTOHMeHOB (CmoUMeHoe 1988, 51): a)
972/3- 974/5 r. - e,n:HH OT apryMeHTHTe e ,n:aTH-
,ll;OPOCTOJI
pOBKaTa Ha Taktikon Scorialensis ,K'hM ro,n:HHHTe
972-973"; 6) IlpnB yrrpaBHTen e rrporocrrarap11ii Ilnpsara crpareriDI, KORTO e opraHH311paHa or
JieoH CapaKHHorryn, cne,n:BaT rrporocrrarap1111Te HoaH l.J;HMHCXH rrpe,n:11 orrrnryBaHero MY K'hM Ilpe-
CraspaKHH (BCH':IKH asropH ce cnrnacRBaT, ':le ':!ere- cnas rrpe3 asrycr 971 r., a orraM K'hM KoHcTaHTH-
Hero Ha rreqara Ha T03H o<l>Hu:ep e HecHrypHo) H Teo- Horron, e ,Zl,opocron (rrpes3eTHRT 6nnrapcKH .n:y-
<PaH H ,rrocne,n:HIDIT no speMe crparer 6Hn HMrre- HaBCKH rpa,n: )J,pnCTbp, Ha KOHTO e Bb3CTaHOBeHO
paropcKH rrporocrrarapHii HHKH<l>op KcH<l>Hii. craporo HMe). CHrypHHRT yrrpaBHTen Ha crpa-
• II. Hop.n:aaos (Hopoa~toe 1993, 117 (npu Ko- reriDITa )J,opocron e neoH CapaKHHOIIyJJ, KaKTO
MeHmapa 3a meMa /{opocmoll), 128- 132): a) Te- e 0603Ha':leHO Bbpxy ,n:Ba rrpOH3X0)K.z:t:aW.H OT Ilpe-

183
cnaB ITeqaTa (HopoaHoe 1993, 117-119). )J;anH e (HoaHoiTon) caiTpomciTaTapHHTe: HoaH (HopoaHoe
ITnpBIDIT Ha:maqeH crpaTer HJIH He, e 6e3 oco6eHo 1993, 146-147, Ng 291-297), H3BeCTeH ITO 7 ITeqaTa
3HaqeHHe B cnyqaH. OT IlpecnaB; KaTaKanoH HJIH IleThp (HopoaHoe,
B Taktikon Scorialensis HHMa cTpaTeriDI )J;o- 1993, 134-135-NQ 252-258). IlpOTOCITaTapHH
pocTon, a e H3ITHCaHa ~QLOTQa<; ()J;pncThp ). 3a .n:a HoaH (H3ITHCaH Kai OTQUTTJYO<; Ih:go{)A.a~a<;) Ha-
ITpHMHpH ITPOTHBopeqHeTo, qe JleoH CapaKHHOITyn BHpHo e cTpaTer Ha 6HBrnaTa 6nnrapcKa CTOJIH.Qa
e 6Hn H cTpaTer Ha )J;opocToJI, II. BmKHJIOB ITpHeMa, He Be,n:Hara cne.n: 971 r., a ITpe3 XI B., cne.n: TpaH.-
qe TOR e ITocne,n:HHHT yiTpaBHTen Ha TeMaTa TpaKIDI HOTO ycTaHOBHBaHe Ha BH3aHTHHCKOTO rOCITO.D:-
HlloaHOITon(Eo.J/Cwzoe1988, 25-26). BTa3HBpn3Ka CTBO, KoraTo cpei.QaMe HMeTo IlpecnaB8. II. nO)I(H-
YMeCTHO e .n:a ce ITPHITOMHH aHaJIHTHqHaTa 6eJie)I(Ka JIOB H3Jiara H ,n:pyrH .ll:OBO.ll:H K'bM e,n:Ha TaKaBa Te3a
Ha )J;. CTOHMeHoB, qe ,KaTo ce HMa ITpe,n:BH,n: Bpe- (Eo.?!Cwzoe 1988, 22-23). I.IJ.o ce oTHacH .n:o KaTa-
MeTo Ha C'bi.QeCTByBaHe Ha a,n:MHHHCTpaTHBHaTa KanoH, qeTeHeTO e HeCHrypHO.
ype.n:6a, HeoTpa3eHa B TaKTHKOHa [Taktikon Sco- OI.Qe Hei.Qo. CMHTaM, qe ITO BpeMe Ha o6ca,n:aTa
rialensis], TO ITepHo,n:nT Ha HeroBoTo C'b3,n:aBaHe Ha )J;pnCThp T.Hap. a,n:MHHHCTpaTHBHa Crpa,n:a Ha
MO)I(e ,n:a Ce CTeCHH K'bM ro,n:HHHTe 972-973"6 • C cTpaTentHTa B IIpecnaB (B Te3H Mece.QH Beqe Hoa-
.n:pyrH .D:YMH, HaBHpHo K'bM 971 r. TeMa TpaKHH H HOITon) He <l>YHK.QHOHHpa KaTO .QeHThp, K'b,n:eTO
HoaHOITOJI He e Cni.QeCTByBana. IIHaqe 6H cne,n:Bano ITpHCTHra KOpeCITOH,n:eH.QH51 9. IIHaqe HOpMaJIHO 6H
B Taktikon Scorialensis .n:a 6n.n:e H3ITHCaHa TeMa 6HJIO TaM ,n:a HMa ITeqaTH Ha HMITepaTOp lloaH IJ;H-
)J;opOCTOJI7. MHCXH H Ha HHKOH OT H3BeCTHHTe OT xpOHHKHTe
lliMa C'bMHeHHe, qe JleoH CapaKHHOITyn e JIH- JIH.Qa - yqaCTHH.QH B'bB BOeHHaTa eKCITe,n:H.QHH.
.QeTo, KOeTO Ce ITOJI3Ba C Haif-rOJIHMO .ll:OBepHe OT B IToxo.n:a yqacTBaT MarHCThpnT Bap.n:a CKJIHp,
CTpaHa Ha HMITepaTop HoaH ll;HMHCXH H KOeTo pn- .n:pyHrapiDIT JleoH, ITapaKHMOMeHnT BacHJIHH,
KOBO.D:H HOBHTe 3eMH. HaiT'bJIHO e B'b3MO)I(H0 Ha Hero ITpoe,n:npnT BacHnHif, Teo.n:op oT MHCTHH, CTpaTo-
,n:a e B'b3JIO)I(eHO H ,n:a rH (pe)opraHH3Hpa, 3a KOeTO ITe,n:apxnT IleThp, MarHcThpnT HoaH - CHH Ha Po-
MO)I(e ,n:a Ce C'b.ll:H ITO ITOCTOHHHO ITpOMeHHI.QHTe MaH KypKya, AHeMa- CHH Ha KpHTCKHH.Qap, ITaTpH-
ce THTJIH H TOITOHHMH. Ha ,n:Ba ITeqaTa JleoH Capa- .QHHT PoMaH - CHH Ha HMITepaTop KoHCTaHTHH (Leo
KHHOITyn e cTpaTer Ha )J;opocTon. CaMOTO HMe Ha Diacon., 245-276; loan. Scylit.-Geor. Cedr., 198-
CTpaTerHHTa ITOKa3Ba, qe CTaBa .D:YMa 3a BpeMeTO 340). Cpe.n: orpoMHara KOJieK.QHH oT 552 ITeqaTa
HeiTocpe,n:cTBeHo cne.n: 3aBna,n:HBaHeTo, ITpe,n:H Bpn- HHMa TeXHH ITeqaTH. Pa36Hpa ce, HeOTKpHBaHeTo
I.QaHeTo Ha oqeBH,n:Ho Beqe YTBnp,n:HJIOTO ce 6nn- (JIHITCaTa) Ha H3BOpH He e .11:0Ka3aTeJICTBO, HO HaH-
rapcKo HMe )J;pncThp. Ilpe,n:H TOBa JleoH CapaKH- MaJIKO 03a,n:aqaBa.
HOITYJI e ,n:oMeCTHK Ha 3aiTa,n:HHTe HKaHaTH H CTpaTeriDI HoaHoiTon e C'b3,n:a,n:eHa cne.n: KpaH Ha
yqacTBa B'bB BOeHHaTa KaMITaHHH cpei.Qy KHH3 CBe- BoifHaTa. HaiTnJIHO e B'b3MO)I(HO TOBa .n:a e cTaHano
TocnaB KaTo KOMaH,n:Hp Ha qacrra, HaMHpai.Qa ce ITpH 3aBpbi.QaHeTO Ha HMITepaTopa OT )J;pnCThp ,B
Ha rapHH30H B eBpoiTeifcKaTa qacT Ha BH3aHTIDI 3eMHTe Ha poMeHTe", KoraTo TOR B3eMa cnc ce6e
(HopoaHoe1993, 95, 168-174). cH ITJieHeHIDI 6nnrapCKH .u;ap BopHc II. CHryp-
HHHT HeHH yiTpaBHTeJI (MO)I(e 6H ITbpBHHT) e ITpOTO-
HOAHOIIOJI CITaTapHH IleThp, ITO-K'bCHO CTpaTer Ha )J;pnCThp.

Cne.n: ITpeB3eMaHeTo Ha IlpecnaB ( 5 aiTpHn

HOAHOIIOJI II )J;OPOCTOJI
971 r.) HoaH ll;HMHCXH ocTaBH rapHH30HH B 6HB-
rnaTa CTOJIH.Qa Ha 6nnrapHTe (HaHMeHyBaHa Beqe Cne.n: H3BeCTHO BpeMe )J;opocTon e o6e,n:HHeH
HoaHoiTon) H B ITpeB3eTHTe KpeiTOCTH ITO IT'bTH K'bM c HoaHOITOJI H ITpnB crpaTer ITaK e JleoH Capa-
)J;pncThp. IlpH o6ca,n:aTa Ha )J;pncThp Te ca ITOBH- KHHOITyn, KaKTO JIHqH OT 19 HerOBH ITeqaTa (A£WV
KaHH Ha ITOMOI.Q. ToBa HaHCTHHa 03HaqaBa, qe LagaKL v6JtouA-o<; ~aOLALKo<; JtgooTooJta{)agLO<;
HMa KOOp,n:HHa.QIDI, KOHTO CITOpe,n: MeH MO)I(e ,n:a ce Kai OTQUTTJYO<; 'lwawouJt6A£W<; ~ogooT6A-ou -
OITpe,n:eJIH KaTO BOeHHOTaKTHqecKa, HO e,n:Ba JIH e flopoaHoe 1993, 136-137, M 259-277). KaTo ce
H a,n:MHHHCTpaTHBHa (peopraHH3a.QIDI, CTHrai.Qa .11:0 HMa ITpe,n:BH.ll:, qe TeMaTa C ITO-BHCOK paHr 06HK-
C'b3,n:aBaHe Ha TeMH OT CTpaTerHqecKO 3HaqeHHe). HOBeHO ce H3ITHCBa HaKpaH, TO BepOHTHO TOH pe-
II3Ka3aHH Ca ITpOTHBOpeqHBH ITpe,n:ITOJIO)I(eHHH, 3H.D:Hpa B ,n:yHaBCKHH rpa,n:, KOeTO 06HCHHBa H ro-
qe 3a KpaTKOTO BpeMe Me)l(,n:y ITpeB3eMaHeTO H JIHMOTO KOJIHqeCTBO HerOBH ITeqaTH, OTKpHTH B
KpaH Ha o6ca,n:aTa Ha )J;pncThp Haqeno Ha IlpecnaB IIpecnaB 10 •

184
 ,Ll;P'bCT'bP ,B 6508 r., 13 HH,[(HKT (1000 r.), HMIIepaTOp'bT
H3IIpaTHJI CHJIHa BOHCKa cper.u;y 6nJirapCKHTe Kpe-
Cne.n: 972 r. Ha .n:yHaBCKIUI rpa.n: e B'b3BnpHaTo
TIOCTH orraThK XeMyc no.n: npe.n:BO.L(HTencTBOTO
HMeTo ,Ll;pncThp (~QLO'tQa~) H ce o6oco6}!Ba cTpa-
Ha naTpwu:wH: Teo.n:opoKaH H Ha npoTocnaTapwH:
TefH}l c TOBa HMe, KaKTo e nocoqeHo B Taktikon
HHKH<I_:>op KcwQ:>wH:. PoMeiicKaTa BOHCKa npeB3ena
Scorialensis H KaKTo Hee.n:HoKpaTHO e cnoMeHaTo foneMH}l H ManKH}l IIpecnaB, KaKTo H IlnwcKa H
HMeTo Ha rpa.n:a y HoaH CKnnwu:a H HoaH 3oHapa
ce BnpHana HeBpe.n:nMa H no6e.n:oHOCHa". HoaH
6 ~ogoo't6A.ou, o Kai ~QLO'TQU. Bn3MO)I(eH cTpa- 3oHapa: ,ToM: (nMnepaTop BacwnwH: II) npeB3eJI
Ter Ha ,Ll;pncThp B TOBa BpeMe e IleThp, npe.n:w TOBa qpe3 BOeHaqanHHU:H H BenHKH H Mann IIpecnaB,
ynpaBHTen Ha HoaHonon (HopoaHo6 1993, 117-
H IlnwcKa". Te3H TeKcToBe BC'biiJ:HOCT ca e.n:nH-
119, N2 218- 219). CTBeHHTe H3BOpH, KOHTO ,[(aBaT OCHOBaHHe ,[(a Ce
TBnp.n:w, qe .n:op)l(aBaTa Ha CaMYHJI ce pa3rnHp}lBa
TPAKIDI H HOAHOIIOJI H B CeBepOH3TOqHa IIOCOKa. ,Ll;pyr H3BOp e T.Hap.
,3anHCKa Ha fOTCKH}l TOIIapx" (= ,AHOHHM'bT Ha
B cne.n:Bar.u;HTe ro.n:HHH e 6wna H3BnprneHa HO- Xa3e"), Bnpxy KOHTO HMa HaTpynaHa orpoMHa
Ba a,[(MHHHCTpaTHBHa IIpOM}lHa. 0T,[(eJIHHTe CTpa- JIHTeparypa. B He}! ce roBopw 3a noryBaHe Ha
TerHH TpaKH}l H HoaHonon ca o6e.n:nHeHH B e.n:Ha e,[(HH BH3aHTHHCKH CaHOBHHK TIO p. ,[(Heii'bp H 3a
a,[(MHHHCTpaTHBHa e,[(I-IHHU:a (O'tQU'tTJYO~ 0gQ.KTJ~ C'b6HTH}l, KOHTO fO KapaT ,[(a ce o6npHe K'bM u;a-
Kai 'IawoUJt6A.£co~). 06oco6}lBaHeTO Ha TpaKH}l pyBaii.(H}l Ha ceBep oT p. ,[(yHaB. ll. oO)I(HJIOB,
H HoaHonon e npo.n:HKTYBaHo BepO}lTHO OT OT,[(eAA- KOHTO ce 3aHHMa HaH-06CTOHHO C T03H HeCHrypeH
HeTo Ha ,[(opOCTOJI (Beqe ,Ll;pnCThp- ~QlO'tQU~) OT .L(OKYMeHT, CM}!Ta, qe ,u;apyBaii.(H}IT OTB'b,[( ,[(yHaB"
o6e.n:nHeHaTa TeMa HoaHonon H ,[(opocmn. e CaMywn H TOBa CTaHOBnru:e 6e HaJIO)I(eHo B 6nn-
0THOCHO pe.n:a Ha ynpaBHTeJIHTe Ha TeMaTa rapcKaTa HCTOpHOrpa<I_:>H}l (EOJICUJl06 1979, 125-
IIpHeMaM TIOCJie,[(OBaTeJIHOCTTa, KaKTO e H3JIO)I(eHa 126; HcmopUR Ha Ebll2apuR 1981, 401-402; H.
OT I1. Hop.n:aHOB. IlnpBH}IT cTpaTer e C'biiJ:H}IT JieoH EoJICUJZ06 2004, 75). AKo T03H .n:oKYMeHT H3o6ru:o e
CapaKHHonyn cnope.n: meeT HeroBH neqaTa OT cTpa- Mepo,[(aBeH, a3 CTIO,[(eAAM OT,[(aBHa H3pa3eHOTO MHe-
TerH}!Ta B IIpecnaB H e.n:HH OT KOJieKQH}!Ta Ha EpMH- HHe Ha B. TnnKoBa-3awMoBa, qe no.n: T03H He}lceH
Ta)l(a. Cne.n:BaT Teo<l_:>aH, CTaBpaiGill (HecwrypeH) H BJia,[(eTeJI (,u:apyBaii.(H}IT OTB'b,[( ,[(yHaB") IIO-CKOpO
HwKHQ:>op KcwQ:>wH: (HopoaHo61993, 128- 132). Tp}l6Ba ,[(a ce pa36Hpa pyCKH KH513 (TbnK06a-
MHCJI}l, qe TeMaTa TpaKH}l H HoaHonon HaB}lpHo JauM06a 1976, 44- 51). TyK He ce cnwpaM Ha
e e,[(HO OT HaH-TpaHHHTe <l_:>opMHpOBaHH}l (3a TOBa H norpernHaTa Te3a, qe CaMyHJI npwcne,[(HHHJI
3a HnKHQ:>op KcwQ:>wH: BH)I( no-.n:ony). (B'b3CTaHOBHJI 6nJirapcKaTa BJiaCT) H (B) 3eMHTe Ha
.n:ocKopornHaTa 0TBnMyHaBCKa EonrapH}l. ,[(opw
He}ICHO e .n:oKora npO.L('bJI)I(aBa CTa6wnHocrra Ha .n:a ce npweMe, qe ,3anwcKa(Ta) ... " e aBTeHTHqHo
BH3aHTHHCKOTO ynpaBJieHHe B HOBHTe TepHTOpHH. C'bqHHeHHe, TO OCTaBa TB'bp,[(e CaMOTHO H BJIH3a B
D'bJirapCKaTa HCTOpHorpa<I_:>H}l or.u;e OT BpeMeTO Ha npOTHBOpeqwe C BCHqKH .n:pyrH CBe,[(eHH}l 3a npe-
B. 3naTapcKH H II. MyTa<l_:>qneB npweMa, qe TH}l 3e- ,[(OCTaB}lHeTO Ha Te3H 3eMH Ha neqeHe3HTe, MOII.(Ta
MH ca OTBOIOBaHH OT KOMHTOTIYJIHTe HaqeJIO C'bC Ha pycKHTe KH}l3e, B'b3MO)I(HOCTHTe Ha Bw3aHTH}l
CaMyHn, a PYMnHCKaTa cne.n:Ba Hai1-o6ru:o JIHHH}!Ta, ,[(a KOHTp01IHpa YCTHeTO H ,[(OJIHOTO TeqeHHe Ha p.
qe Bw3aHTH}l 3anaJBa BJIH}IHHe Ha ,[(onHH}l ,[(yHaB. ,[(yHaB.
KaKTo Beqe oT6eJI}l3ax, qecTo pa3C'b)l(,[(eHH}!Ta ca Heo6}ICHHMO e cnru:o TaKa 3ar.u;o npw ynopHTOTO
qncTo norwqecKH H rpy.n:Ho HaMwpaT no.n:Kpena B noBTap}lHe KaK noxo.n:nT Ha HHKHQ:>op KcwQ:>wH: H
liCTOpHqecKHTe H3BOpH 11 • Teo.n:opoKaH B'b3CTaHOBHJI Bnacrra Ha Bw3aHTH}l
3a ,OTTia,[(aHe" HJIH ,OTM}!TaHe" Ha TIOKOpeHH- B CeBepoH3TOqHa l>nnrapH}l c ocBo6o)l(,[(eHHeTo
Te CeBepHa H CeBepoH3ToqHa EnnrapH}l oT BH- Ha foneMH}l H ManKH}l IlpecnaB H IlnwcKa ce npo-
3aHTHHCKO BJIH}IHHe B IIOCJie,[(HHTe ,[(eCeTHJieTH}l nycKa e,[(HO Ba)I(HO 06CT0}lTeJICTBO - H3BOpHTe HH-
Ha X B. IDIMa .n:pyrw CBe.n:eHH}l ocBeH ,H3HeHa.L(Ba- Il.(O He Ka3BaT 3a ,Ll;pnCThp, T.e . .L(yHaBCKH}lT rpa,[( e
ru:aTa" cnope.n: H}IKOH H3CJie,[(OBaTeJIH (HopOaH06 B'bB BH3aHTHHCKH pnu;e 12 •
1993, 145) 6eJie)I(Ka Ha HoaH CKHnwu:a H HoaH Cnc cwrypHOCT BH3aHTHHCKaTa BJiacT Ha.n: ce-
3oHapa 3a noxo.n:a Ha naTpHU:HH Teo.n:opoKaH BepoH3TOqHnTe 6nnrapCKH 3eMH e CTa6HJIHa H
H npoTocnaTapwH: HwKn<l_:>op KcwQ:>wH: B 1000 r. cne.n: CMnprra Ha HoaH L(HMHCXH (976 r.) 13 • E.n:Ha
Ha ceBep OT CTapa nnaHHHa. HoaH CKwnwu:a: OT XHTIOTe3HTe 3a ,[(aTHpOBKaTa Ha e,[(HH Ha,[(TIHC Ha

185
rpbU:KH OT CHJIHCTpa 3a cTpowTeJICTBO Ha U:bpKBa Tera llEY<ic; se'1e e B yrroTpe6a (ffopoa1-1oe 1995,
e 3a 976-981 r. (TOeCT rpa,D;bT e BH3aHTHHCKH - 76-77). Crrope,n: MeH BCH'IKO TOBa e B rro,n:Kpena
Salamon 1971, 487--496), a aHOHHMHIDIT rrepcwii- Ha CTaHOBHll.(eTO, '1e MaKap BH3aHTHHU:HTe p:a ca
CKH reorpa<j:JcKH TpaKTaT OT 982 r. cbo6masa, '1e 3ary6HJIH KOHTpOJia Hap: HHKOH 3eMH Ha cesep OT
rrpoBHHU:IDI ,Eyp,n:)l(aH" e, qacT OT BH3aHTHH H rrJia- CTapa rrJiaHHHa, KaKTo JIH'1H OT KpaTKaTa 6eJie)l(Ka
ma ,n:aH'bK Ha BH3aHTHHCKIDI HMIIepaTOp" (14um. no 3a noxo,n:a OT 1000 r., TO H CaMyHJI He e ycrrHJI ,n:a
CmoUMeHoe1988, 54). Bb3CTaHOBH HaTibJIHO TepHTOpHaJIHHH 06XBaT Ha
lliKOJIKO IIe'1aTa OT CTpaTeriDITa B flpecJiaB llbpBOTo 6bJirapcKo u:apCTBO. He e cJiy'1aiiHo, qe
IIOKa3BaT (crropep: TeXHHH H3,D;aTeJI) Oll.(e IIO-KaTe- noxo,n:HTe, B KOHTO JIH'1HO HMrrepaTop BacHJIHH II
rOpH'1HO ,D;OKOra CJie,n: 971 r. T03H U:eHThp e ,n:eHCTBaJI ce aHra)l(Hpa, ca B 3arra,n:Ha H cesep03ana,n:Ha rro-
aKTHBHO H 3eMHTe ca IIO,[( BH3aHTHHCKH KOHTpOJI. coKa. C'hmo TaKa CHH'hT Ha u:ap fleThp - PoMaH
_asa OT THX ca Ha CTe<j:laH KoHTOCTe<j:laH H ,n:sa ca (He3aBHCHMO OT HeHCHOTHTe OKOJIO HerOBaTa Cb,[(-
Ha JleoH MeJIHCHH (ffopoa1-1oe 1993, M 159-160, 6a), cJie,n: 6HrCTBOTO MY OT BH3aHTHHCKH rrJieH
161-162). Te3H cse,n:eHIDI HaMHpaT rroTBbp)l(,n:eHHe (976 r.) e u;ap Ha 6bJirapHTe, MaKap H HOMHHaJieH,
H B xpoHHKHTe. CTasa,n:YMa3a BH3aHTHHCKH II'hJIKO- H e ocTaBeH ,n:a yrrpaBJIHBa CKorrHe - rpa,n:,
BOP:U:H OT BpeMeTO Ha IIOXO,D;HTe Ha HMIIepaTOp Ba- ,D;aJie'1eH OT CTapHTe 6'hJirapCKH CTOJIHU:H H 3a
CHJIHH II cpemy CaMyHJI. CTe<j:JaH KoHTOCTe<j:JaH e ,n:HeiiiHHTe rrpe,n:cTaBH. Haii-nocJie, Ba)l(HO e ,n:a ce
06BHHeH H KaTO maBeH BHHOBHHK 3a nopa)l(eHHeTO oT6eJie)l(H, qe 3a KpaH Ha X - Ha'1aJIOTO Ha XI B.
rrpH TpaHHOBH spaTa (986 r.). Cnope,n: H. Hop,n:aHoB Ha6mo,n:aBaMe MHOrO IIpHMepH Ha CaMOCTOHTeJIHH
HMa IDIKOJIKO Bb3MO)l(H0CTH 3a OIIpep:eJIHHe Ha peiiieHHH Ha MeCTHHTe BJiaCTH 1\ KaKBHTO HH Ce
eTaiiHTe B KapHepaTa Ha ,D;BaMaTa BH3aHTHHCKH CTpyBa, '1e e HMaJIO B 3eMHTe OKOJIO flpecJiaB, H
II'hJIKOBO,D;U:H (flopOal-106 1993, 88-90), HO II0'1TH Te BepOHTHO Ca rrpe,n:H3BHKaJIH IIOXO,D;a OT 1000 r.
CHrypHO e, 'le OTKpHBaHeTO Ha TeXHH IIe'1aTH B HeKoMeHTHpaH OT HCTOPHU:HTe <j:laKT HarrpHMep
flpecJiaB e e,D;HO OT IIOCJie,D;HHTe CBH,D;eTeJICTBa ITO e rrpOH3BO,[(CTBOTO Ha pa3IIpOCTpaHeHHTe HaH-Be-
,D;aTa 3a Cbll.(eCTByBaHeTO Ha ap:pecaT ( CTpaTer HJIH '1e B CesepoH3T0'1Ha obJirapHH JieTH HMHTaU:HH
,n:pyr) B 6HBIIIaTa 6bJirapCKa CTOJIHU:a H Ce OTHaCH Ha BH3aHTHHCKHTe aHOHHMHH <j:loJIHCH KJiac A
3a speMeTo cJie,n: rropa)l(eHHeTo B rrpoxo,n:a rrpH (969-1 028). To3H He,n:oKpaii H3HCHeH <j:leHoMeH
TpaHHOBH spaTa - cJie,n:osaTeJIHO ,n:o 987-988 r. ,MHHa" rrpe3 p:aTHpOBKa B TpeTaTa '1eTBbpT Ha
TIDI 3eMH ca BH3aHTHHCKH. XI B. (ffopoaHoe1980, 9; JOpyKoea, IleHLtee1990,
TaKa TeMaTa TpaKHH H HoaHorroJI HaBHpHo C'h- 190), ,n:oKaTo Haxo,n:KHTe OT KpenocTHTe CKana 11
mecTsysa ,n:o 987-988 r., KaKBOTO e rrpe,n:rroJio- O,n:bpU:H He no3BOJIHxa ,n:aTHpaHeTo cneu;HaJIHO
)l(eHHeTo H Ha H. Hop,n:aHOB. Hemo rrose'1e. Crrope,n: Ha MaJIKHTe MO,D;YJIH (THII ,3JiaTapwu:a") rrpe,n:H
MeH TeMaTa, MaKap H HOMHHaJIHO, Cbll.(eCTByBa IIbpBHTe ,n:eceTHJieTHH Ha Cbli.(OTO CTOJieTHe (flo-
H B rrocJie,n:HOTO ,n:eceTHJieTHe Ha X B. Y,n:a'1HO e moe 1998, 130-134; Ilapywee 1999, 132-133;
rrpe,n:rroJIO)l(eHHeTo Ha H. Hop,n:aHoB, MaKap H B 6e- Kopu2upa1-1omo M1-1e1-1ue Ha B!l. IleHLtee- IleHLtee
Jie)l(Ka rro,n: JIHHHH, '1e rrpe3 1000 r. HHKH<j:lop KcH- 2000, 40-48). llpbB PYM'hHCKHHT HYMH3MaT E.
<j:JHii e cTpaTer Ha TeMa TpaKHH H HoaHorroJI (He3a- OberHinder-Tamoveanu o6'hpHa BHHMaHHe (c'hmo
BHCHMO '1e HHKOH OT TepHTOpHHTe Ha TeMaTa Ca B 6eJie)l(Ka ITO,[( JIMHHH), '1e Te3M MOHeTM MO)l(e 6H
H3BbH KOHTpOJI) H B Ka'1eCTBOTO CH Ha TaK'bB, 3aep:- Ca IIp0113BO,[(CTBO OT BpeMeTO Ha BbCTaHMeTO Ha
15
HOc naTpHU:HH Teo,n:opoKaH, e B rroxo,n: 3a ocso6o)l(- KOMHTO IIYJIMTe •
,n:eHHe Ha 3eMHTe Ha cesep oT CTapa rrJiaHHHa, KOH- Ba)l(HO e C'hli.(O TaKa ,n:a ce oT6eJie)l(M, qe 3a pa3-
TO Ca H '1aCT OT TI0,[('1HHeHaTa HeMy TeMa. _apyraTa JIMKa OT OIIMCBaHeTO Ha IIOXO,[(MTe Ha IOr, Kb,D;eTO ce
,6aHaJIHa" Bb3MO)l(H0CT, KaKTO Ka3Ba Cbli.(HHT aB- CIIOMeHaBa ep:Ba JIM He BCeKM ynpaBMTeJI Ha 06JiaCT
TOp, e ,n:a cTasa P:YMa 3a 6ama H CHH (ffopoa1-1oe HJIM KperrocT, TO 3a rroxo,n:a Ha cesep OT XeMyc He
1993, 132, 6en. 3). CTapaTa 6'hJirapcKa CTOJIHU:a ce cnoMeHasaT TaKMBa- TYK CHKaiii He e MMaJio Ca-
K'hM 1000 r. ce HapH'1a HoaHorroJI (?) HJIH no He MYifJIOBM BOHBO,D;M.
e B HMeTO Ha TeMaTa. lliMa HHli.(O CMyll.(aBali.(O B HHKOJIKO 6eJie)l(KM H 3a HMKM<j:lop KcM<j:JHii.
crroMeHasaHeTo y HoaH CKHJIHU:a H HoaH 3oHapa flpMeMa ce, 'le HMKH<j:lop KcM<j:JHii yrrpaBJIHBa TeMa
Ha ,n:pyrH HMeHa - BeJIHKH H ManH flpecJiaB, ThH TpaKHH 11 HoaHorroJI K'hM 986-988 r. (H3KJII0'1eHMe
KaTO Te IIHIIIaT Cb'1HHeHHHTa CH, CbOTBeTHO B cpe- H. oO)l(MJIOB-npe3 971 r. 11 cJie,n:samM (?)), T.e. rrpe,n:M
,n:aTa Ha XI B. H B Ha'1aJIOTO Ha XII B., KOraTo errH- IIOBTOpHOTO rrpeB3eM~He Ha H3T0'1H06'hJirapCKMTe

186
3eM11 OT Bl13aHTI1HU,I1Te. QHJiaTa ITOCTpOHKa 11.[\Ba KcH<jlHH e e,D.HH OT Hai1-aKTHBHHTe IT'hJIKOBO,D.u,H
OT Bb3IIp11eTOTO MHeHI1e, qe ITp11 IIOXO.[\a OT 1000 r. Ha BacHJIHH II s 6nnrapcKHTe 3eMH H yqacTsa B
ua cesep oT CTapa nnaHI1Ha cTpaTeri1H TpaKHH ITpeB3eMaHeTO Ha pe,D.HIJ,a rpa,D.OBe If KpeiiOCTlf.
11 HoaHoiTon seqe He cnmecTsysa. ,[J;an11 e TaKa? Ilpe3 1019 r. MY e nopnqaHo ,D.a pa3pyUJH If H3paBHH
Crrope.L\ HoaR CKI1JII1u,a npe3 1003 r. HHKH<jlop cnc 3eMHTa BCifqKif KpeiTOCTH B CepBHH If CocK.
Kc11<)_)11i1 e cTpaTer Ha <I>11n11nonon: ,Bns <I>11n11rro- Ilpe3 1022 r. e cTpaTer Ha AHaTOJIHK, Kb,D.eTO Jae,D.-
non II'hK nocTaBI1JI 3a cTpaTer npoTocnaTap11H H11- HO c naTpHU,HH HHKH<jlop <t>oKa yqacTsa s Jaro-
KI1<jlop Kc11<jl11i1, ITOHe)l(e Teo,L:\opoKaH ce orrern11n sop cpemy HMnepaTopa, a cne,D. Heycnexa e 6Hn no-
no cTapocT" 16 • AKo np11eMeM MHeHlf51Ta Ha no- ma.L\eH ,3apa,D.H 3acnyrHTe MY B'hB soi1HaTa cpemy
seqeTo aBTOp11, TO 113JII13a, qe OT 986-988 r. ,L:\0 6nnrapHTe". YMHpa Me)l(.[\y 1028-1034 r.
1003 r. (noseqe OT 15 r0.[\11H11) 11MITepaTOpCKlf51T TpH6sa ,L:\a ce JanHTaMe Ha KOJIKO ro,L:\HHH 6H MO-
IIpOTOCIIaTap11H 11 ynpaBI1TeJI Ha 3Haqi1Ma Tep11- ron ,L:\a 6n,L:\e npe3 986 r. ITPH noJIO)l(eHHe, qe ITpe3
TOpli51, o6xsamama 3eMI1 OT ITO.L\CTbiiHTe Ha KoH- 1014 r. HMa Qllf3HqecKHTe CHJIH ,D.a ornasH Tpy,D.eH
CTaHTI1HOITOJI .L\O p. ,[J;yHaB, He e 611n noBI1UJeH. B npexo,D. npe3 ITJiaHHHaTa, npe3 1016 r. e aKTHBeH
11CTOp1151Ta Ha HoaH CKI1JII1u,a H11K11<jlop Kc11<)_)11i1 IIbJIKOBO,L:\eiJ, - yqaCTHlfK B MHOrO ITOXO,[J.lf, npe3
3aeMa Ba)l(HO M51CTO KaTO TaJiaHTJilfB ITbJIKOBO.[\eiJ, 10 19 cnmo noeMa Ba)l(Hlf 3a,D.aqlf ITO ITpes3eMaHe
ua 11MITepaTopa, KoMyTo ce B'h3JiaraT cneu,11anH11 Ha KpenocTH, a ITpe3 1022 r. npe,D.npHeMa HHHIJ,Ha-
MI1CI111. Ha H51KOI1 OT T51X Clf CTpysa .[\a ce o6np- THBa 3a 3arosop cpemy HMnepaTopa. HanpHMep
He BH11MaHI1e. Ilpe3 1014 r. B 611TKaTa np11 Eena- aKo npe3 1014 r. e Ha 50 r., TO ITpe3 1000 r. e Ha
CI1u,a OTHaqano CaMyl1n ycii51sa ,L:\a oT6nncHe Bl1- 36 r. (HopManHo), HO ITpe3 986 r. If ITo-paHo (KoraTo
3aHTI1HCKHTe aTaKI1, a ,l1MnepaTopnT 611n seqe ciTope,D. HHKOH yiTpaBJI51Ba TpaKlf51 H HoaHonon -
113ry611n Ha,L:\e)l(,L:\a 3a npeMHHasaHe, KoraTo H11KI1- TeMa OT no,D.CTbiTHTe ITPH KoHcTaHTHHonon ,D.O
tl>op KC11QllfH, Ha3HaqeH OT Hero ITO TOBa BpeMe 3a ,L:\OJIHOTO TeqeHHe Hap. ,[l;yHaB) 6H CJie,D.BaJIO ,D.a e 22-
CTpaTer Ha <l>HJII1IIOITOJI (?), ro CKJIOHHJI .[\a OCTaHe ro,D.HilleH MJia,D.e)l( (!). B Ta3H Bpb3Ka me ITpHIIOMH51,
TaM ... J1 TbH KaTO B3eJI CBOI1Te BOHHI1IJ,lf, BbpHaJI ce qe cnope,D. ,CTpaTerHKOH" Ha HMnepaTOp MaspH-
11 Jao611KOJII1JI HaM11pamaTa ce Ha ror oT Kn11,L:\110H KHH K'hM BH3aHTHHCKOTO soeHHO cncnosHe ce npe,D.-
TBbp,L:\e BI1COKa IIJiaHI1Ha, ... , 11 KaTO MlfHaJI ITpe3 51B51BaT pe,D. lf3lfCKBaHlf51, e.[\HO OT KOHTO e npe,D.eJIHa
CTpbMHI1 If HeiTpOXO,L:\lfMI1 MeCTa, Ha 29 IOHI1, 12 Bn3pacT oKono 40 ro,D.HHH. TaKosa orpaHHqeHHe
11H,[J.I1KT, BHe3aiiHO ce IIOKa3aJI OT BI1COqlfHaTa B cpemaMe If H51KOJIKO CTOJieTlf51 IIO-KbCHO B TpaKTaTa,
rnp6a Ha 6nnrap11Te. YnnaUJeHI1 OT BHe3aiTHOTO MY npHnHcBaH Ha HMnepaTop HHKH<jlop II <t>oKa (Kyll-
noHBHBaHe, Te y,D.apHnl1 Ha 6H" 17 . 3a Ta311 yciTenma Ma, 1979, 65).
aKIJ,lf51 e IIOBI1UleH B paHra Ha ITaTp11U,11HTe - lloaH TaKa npocne,D.eHa KapHepaTa Ha HHKH<jlop KcH-
CKI1JII1u,a: ,l1MnepaTopnT... , 113ITpaTI1JI B o6nacrra QlHH IIO-CKOpO IIOMara, a He 3aTpy,D.H51Ba peUle-
ua MnrneH sowcKa Haqeno c ITaTpHU,I1H H11K11<jlop Hlf51Ta Ha BbiipOCHTe OTHOCHO BH3aHTlfHCKaTa TeMa
11 KoHcTaHTI1H ,[1;11oreH, KOHTO CTaHan cTpaTer Ha TpaKHH H HoaHonon.
ConyH cne,D. BoTaHI1aT". Ilpe3 1016 r. H11K11<jlop

IJ.HTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA Bl13aHTI151 IX-XV B. Co<lJ1151, 1997, 101 (KaTenaHCTBO 11

~yKcTBO Ha TiapHCTPI10H npe3 XI B.).
limKHJIOB 1979: I1. EmK11noB. AHOHI1MbT Ha XaJe. Hopt~,auos 1980: I1. Hop~aHOB. PauHH ¢opM11 Ha
obnrap1151 11 Bl13aHTI1ll Ha .[l;onHI1 .[l;yHaB B Kpall Ha MOHeTHO npOH3BO~CTBO (XI-XII B.) B 6onrapCKI1Te
X BeK. Co<lJI1ll, 1979. 3eMH.- HYM113MaTHKa, 2, 1980.
JiO)KHJIOB 1988: I1. EmKI1JIOB. Eene)J(Klf Bbpxy Bl13aH- Hopt~,auos 1993: I1. Hop~aHoB. Tie'iaTHTe OT cTpa-
mi1cKaTa a~MHHHCTpauiDI B CeBepo113TO'iHa Eonrap11ll TemHa B TipecnaB. Co<lJHll, 1993.
971-1000.- B: C6opH11K B 'iecT Ha aKa~eMI1K Xp11cTo Hopt~,auos 1995: I1. Hop~aHOB. I1MeTo Ha TipecnaB
Xp11cTOB. Co<lJIDI, 1988, 18-27. B nl1cMeHHTe 113TO'iHI1l(l1. - Tinl1cKa-TipecnaB, 7, 1995,
JiO)KHJIOB, rw3eJieB 1999: I1. 00)!(11JJOB, B. fl03eJJeB. 71-80.
l1cTopiD1 Ha Cpe~HoBeKOBHa Eonrap1151 VII-XIV B. Co- HoTOB 1998: B. HoTOB. Tie'iaTH H MOHeTH. - B: B.
¢11ll, 1999. HOTOB, r. ATaHaCOB. CKana. KpeiiOCT OT X-XI B. ~0 c.
liO)KUJIOB, rw3eJieB 2004: I1. OO)J(lfJIOB, B. fl03eJJeB. Kna~eHl(l1, TepBencKo. Co<lJI151, 1998, 125-134.
l1cTopiD1 Ha .[l;o6py~)J(a. T. 2. Ben11Ko TopHoBo, 2004, Ky'IMa 1979: B. Ky'!Ma. BH3aHTHHCKHe BOeHHhre
78-81. TpaKTaThi VI-X BB. KaK .11cTop11qecKHi1 11CTOqHI1K. -
BacuJieBCKH 1997: T. Bac11neBCKI1. Eonrap11ll 11 BH3aHTI1HCKI1H BpeMeHHI1K, 40, 1979, 49-75.

187
 OcTporopcKn 1952: r. OcTJ)oropcKu. IlocTaHaK cKaTa a.nMHHHCTpaun» B Cesepon3TO'IHa obnrapm~. HMa
TeMa Xena.na 11 IlenonoHe3. - 3PB11, I, 1952, 65. nocseTeHa 3Ha'IHTeJJHa mneparypa: Oikonomides 1972;
Ilapymes 1999: B. IlapyweB. MonHB.l(OBYJIH 11 MO- EoJICWI06 1988, 18- 2 7; Jordanov, Tiipkova-Zaimova
HeTu. - B: n. ,l(OH'IeBa-IleTKOBa, n. HHHOB, B . Ilapy- 1988, 119- 126; CmoUMeH06 1988, 39- 66; HopoaH06
weB. O.nbpi..IH. Cenm.1.1e oT IlbpBoTo 6bnrapcKo uapcTBo. 1993; J1cmopUR Ha J{o6pyoJ!Ca 2004, 78- 81 .
3
ToM 1. Co¢m1., 1999, 132- 133. TyK ce cn11paM Ha MHeHH»Ta caMo Ha 6bnrapcKHTe
Ileu'leB 2000: Bn. IleH'IeB. PaHHH 6bnrapcKH HMH- aBTOpH. Te OT CBO» CTpaHa KOpeKTHO ca H3nOJ13BaJIH 11
TaunH Ha BH3aHTHHCKH MOHeTH, HaMepeHH npH apxeOJIO- UHTHpaJI11 qy)l(.l(HTe MHeHHH.
4
fH'IeCKHTe pa3KOnKH B CnnHCTJ)a. - HyMH3MaTHKa 11 nomqecKI1Te KOHCTPYKLIHI1 ca noseqe y 11. Eo-
c¢parucTHKa, VII, 2000, 2, 40-48. )I(HJJOB. B)l(. HanpHMep y 11. OO)I(HJIOB: ,npoMeHwTe
CTOHMeuos 1988: ,l(. CTOHMeHOB. BpeMeHHa BH- ca CJJe.l(BaJIH JJOfHKaTa, KOHTO He MO)I(e ,!(a 6b.l(e npe-
3aHTHHCKa BOeHHa a.l(MHHHCTpaum~. B 6bnrapCKHTe 3eMH He6perBaHa npH BOeHHOa,l(MHHHCTpaTHBHOTO .l(eJieHHe
(971 - 987 /989). - rcY -
Hay'IeH ueHTbp 3a CJiaB~HO­ Ha e.nHa cTpaHa" u Ha .npyrw MecTa. - oO)I(HJJOB 1988,
BH3aHTHHCKH npoy'IBaHWI. , 11BaH ,l(yfiqeB", TOM 82 (2). 24; Cbwm~.T. ,l(o6py.n)l(a npe3 paHHOTO cpe.nHoBeKo-
Co¢m~. ,
1988, 39- 66. BI1e.- B: 11cTOp11» Ha ,l(o6py.n)l(a 2004, 75 H CJJ. nom-
TbnKoBa-3anMOBa 1976: B . TbnKOBa-3anMOBa. 'IeCKHTe pa3Cb)l(.l(eHH» ce ocnopsaT Hanp11Mep oT ,l(.
,l(OJIHH ,l(yHaB - rpaHH'·IHa 30Ha Ha BH3aHTHllCKWI. 3alla.l(. CTOHMeHoB - B)l(. CTOI1MeHoB 1988, 6en. 140.
5
Co<Pu~, 1976. Cne.n cTaTH»Ta ,Eene)I(KH Bbpxy. .. " CbwaTa.naTwpos-
:U:seTKOB 1992: E. U:BeTKOB. KnJO'IKaTa oT6paHu- Ka Ha BpeMeTO H nOCJJe,l(OBaTeJJHOCTTa Ha ynpaBHTeJIHTe
TenHa JIHHH~ Ha uap CaMyun OT 1014 ro.nnHa - Hay'IHH Ha TeMa TpaKI1» 11 HoaHonon e 3aCTbneHa OT 11. oO)I(H-
nOCTH)I(eHml, np06JJeMH H HOBH .l(aHHH. - IlpHHOCH KbM JJOB w B: obnrapCKH~T anoKannncHc (976- 1018). -
6bnrapcKaTa apxeonorm~.. Co¢m~., 1992, 87- 91. OOJICUJI06, no3eJle61999, 309; EOJICUJI06 2004, 75.
6
IOpyKosa, Ileu'leB 1990: H. IOpyKosa, Bn. IleH'IeB. CmoUMeHoB 1988, 50. IlbpBoHa'iaJIHaTa .naTuposKa
obnrapcKu cpe.nHoBeKOBHH ne'IaTH 11 MOHeTH. Co¢11~, Ha Taktikon Scorialensis B 975- 979, snocne.ncTBHe e
1990. KOp11r11paHa oT N. Oikonomides B 971 - 97 5: - TMK06a-
De thematibus: Constantin Porphyrogenitus. De 3aUM06a 1976, 38 u 6eJI. 11 .
thematibus. Bonnae, 1840. 7
,l(pyraTa Bb3MO)I(HOCT npe.nnonara, qe c~HaTa Ha
loan. Scylit.-Geor. Cedr.: loannes Scylitzes- Geor- wMeHaTa Ha rpa.noseTe e KpaTKOTJ)ailHa (caMo 3a H»KOJI-
gius Cedrenus . Historia. 1, - fpbi..IKH H3Bopu 3a 6bnrap- KO Meceua (?).
8
CKaTa ucTopm~. , 6. Co¢m~. , 1965 11. Hop.naHOB .nonycKa .nse Bb3MO)I(HOCTH 3a Bpe-
Jordanov, Tiipkova-Zaimova 1988: I. Jordanov et MeTo, KoraTO HoaH e 6wn cTpaTer Ha IlpecnaB: Heno-
V . Tapkova-Zaimova. Quelques nouvelles donnes sur cpe.ncTBeHo cne.n 3aBJJaMBaHeTo MY npe3 anpun 971 r.
! ' administration byzantine au Bas Danube (X•-xr• s.). - wnw cne.n 1000 r. - B)l(: ifopoaH06 1993, 146-147,
In: Geographie historique du monde mediterraneen. Par- Ng 291- 297.
9
is, 1988, 119- 126. 11. Hop.naHoB .nonycKa HoaR - CTpaTer Ha IlpecnaB,
Oberlander-Tiirnoveanu 1983: E. Oberlander- .na yqacTBa B o6ca.naTa Ha ,l(pbcTbp w .na nwwe .no CBOH
Tarnoveanu. Un atelier monetaire Byzantin inconnu de no.n'lwHeH B IlpecnaB (?) - Hop.naHOB 1993, 16, 147.
10
la deuxieme moitie du Xle siecle dans le theme de Paris- TeMaTa ,l(opocTon e c no-BwcoK paRr 11 ce H3nwcBa
trion.- RESEE, 21, 1983, 3. BTopa cne.n HoaHonon. 3a TOBa B)l(: BacuneBcKH 1997,
Leo Diacon.: Leo Diaconus. His to ria Libri X, - fpbu- 101 (KaTenaHCTBO w .nyKCTBO Ha Ilap11CTp110H npe3 XI B.).
KH H3BOpH 3a 6bnrapcKaTa ucTopu~, 5. Co¢m~., 1964. l1. Hop.naHoB npaBI1JIHO .nonycKa, qe B TOBa CH Ka'IeCTBO
Oikonomides 1972: N. Oikonomides. Les listes de fleOH pe3H.l(Hpa B ,l(pbCTbp, HO nbK C~Ta, qe rJiaBHWI.T
preseance byzantine des IXe et Xe siecles. Paris, 1972. rpa.n e HoaHonon. B)l(: 11. HopoaHo61993, 117.
11
Salamon 1971: M. Salamon. Some Notes on aa In- E.nwH OT Hail-cnonyqnuBnTe aHaJJI13H Ha T03H
scription from medieval Silistra.- RESEE, IX, 3, 1971, nepwo.n e HanpaBwJI l1. oO)I(HJIOB. Cnony'IJJHB, HO ca-
487-496. MO B qacrra, OTHac»wa ce .no Ha'Ianmne .nencTBH» Ha
KOMHTonyJIHTe 11 nocJie.l(BaJIHTe Ha CaMYHJJ KaTO CaMO-
.l(bp)l(aBeH (KaKTO e Hape'IeH B OHTOJJCKWI. Ha.l(nHC) BJia-
JiEJIElKKH ,l(eTeJI. - B)f(. EoJICU!l06. Eb!l2apcKuRm anOKQJluncuc
(976-1018) . - 11. EoJICUJI06, B. T103eJle6. 2004, 312-
1
IlbpBaTa TeMa Ha EanKaHcKWI. nonyOCTJ)OB, KO~To 324.
12
e Cb3.na.neHa cnope.n KoHcTaHTHH Ilop¢HporeHeT (De Iloxo.nbT npe3 1000 r. e no cywa. AKo HMaUie
thematibus, 44, 16; 45, 18) OT KoHcTaHTHH IV BbB sna.neHm~. Ha 6bnrapwTe no p. ,l(yHaB 11 Kpail6pe)I(HeTO
speMeHaTa, cne.n KaTo 6bnrapHTe ca npeMHHanu ,l(yHaB, Ha l.JepHo Mope, TO 6w cne.nsano, KaKTo e o611'IailHaTa
Has~pHo oKono 680 r. B)l(. KpaTKHTe 6eJJe)I(KH u npe- BH3aHTHllCKa npaKTHKa, .!(a yqaCTBa H <!>JJOTbT.
13
npaTKH y: Ocmpo2opcKu 1952, 65. l1. Eo)I(HJJOB cbwq npHeMa, qe eBeHryaJIHOTO
2 Ha BbnpOCHTe OTHOCHO npoMeHHTe Ha BH3aHTHll- ,ocBo6o)l(.naBaHe" Ha cesepon3TO'IHHTe 6bnrapcKH 3e-

188
MH ce OTHaCH CJie,n: 986 r., HaM-KbCHO KbM JIHTOTO Ha dant Ia revolte des comitopulot'.
16
990 r. -11. Eo:J/Cu!loe1979, 125. CTpaTer Ha Cl>MJIMnonon He e noHM)!(eHMe. TiaTpH-
14
HeKa np11noMHHM 3a .IJ:OIIIJI11Te oT KoHcTaHIJ:I1H HoT UMH Teo.n:opoKaH e CTPaTer Ha <l>MJIMnonon npe,n:11 HM-
.u,pyrHTe KpenOCTH, HaM11pall.(l1 Ce OTBb.IJ: liCTbp, KOI1TO KHcpop KcHcpHii. Cnope.n: M3BopHTe e Ha nbpao MHCTO
rroHCKaJII1 npOIIIKa OT MoaH ll;11MI1CXI1 11 ce npe,n:asanH KaTo llbJIKoso.n:eu np11 noxo.n:a Ha ceaep OT CTapa nna-
c yKpenneHMHTa npe3 971 r.; Ja csa,n:aTa Me)!(,n:y Ca- HMHa. B Te3M ro,n:MHM <l>MJIMnonon e ueHTbp Ja .IJ:MC-
MYHJI H 6paT MY ApoH, Koiho BO.IJ:I1JI nperosopH Ja JIOKai..(MH Ha aoiicKMTe np11 noxo,n:MTe cpell.(y CaMyMJI.
MHp c Baci1JII1M II; Ja 6paTa 11 CHHa Ha KpaKpa, KOHTO KaTo ce MMa npe,n:BM.D: nO-KbCHOTO M3.IJ:MraHe Ha Kc11qmii
npe.u,anH Ha Baci1JIHH II TiepHHK H oll.(e 35 KpenocTI1. B nbpsocTeneHeH llbJIKoso.n:eu Ha BacHJIMM II, HanbJIHO
B cne.n:sall.(I1Te .n:eceTI1JieTMH 6yHTOBeTe Ha OT,n:eJIHI1 rpa- eCTeCTBeHO e ,n:a e CTpaTer Ha <l>MJIOllOllOJI.
17
.u,oae 11 o6nacTI1 ca qecTo HBJieHMe. 06XO.IJ:HMHT llJiaHMHCKM npeXO.IJ: Ha OTpH,n:a HaqeJIO
15
E. Oberliinder-Tiirnoveanu 1983, note 6: ,les c HHKHcpop KcHcpHii e npo,n:bJI)!(MJI 3-4 ,n:eHa. B)!(:
emissions anepigraphiques des foles anonymes classes IJ;seTKOB 1992, 87- 91 11 nocoqeHaTa TaM JIMTeparypa.
A-1etA-2 ont ete frapees par les autorites bulgares pen-

THE BYZANTINE THEMA OF THRACE AND IOANOPILIS

AND THE QUESTION ABOUT THE NORTHEASTERN BULGARIAN
LANDS AT THE END OF 10TH_THE FIRST YEARS OF 11TH C.

Valeri YOTTOV

The author believes that the establishment of The thema of Thrace and Ioanopolis was probably
Thrace and Ioanopolis as the first thema founded one of the most enduring and long-lasting
by John Tsimischi (969-976) is a remote possibility formations which kept on existing till 987-988.
based only on the ungrounded point of view that Moreover, it preserved its nominal existence in
the occurring at that time events were related to the last decade of 1Olh c. when the domain was
the particular sequence in the conquering of the governed by Nichiphoros Xyphios. What a lot of
separate Bulgarian domains during the campaign authors describe and make reference to as ,the
against prince Svetoslav (945-972). The facts speak annexation of the Northeastern Bulgarian lands
in favour of the circumstance that the military and to the State of Samuel" is based upon the excerpts
administrative reforms were not accomplished in from two passages in the writings of two authors
the course of the battlefield activities but actually both referring to the year 1000 and the campaign
after they were put to an end, i. e. in August 971. of Theodorochan and Nichiphoros Xyphios to the
north of the Balkan Mountains.
The thema of Thrace and Ioanopolis is among the
latest established themae (terminus ante quem - It's inexplicable why the incessant repetition of
975) preceded by the already existing Dorostol, the statement that the liberation of Preslav Major
Ioaopolis and the common thema ofloanopolis and and Preslav Minor along with Pliska reinforces the
Dororstol. conclusion that this campaign led to the restoration
of the Byzantine domination in Northeast Bulgaria,
Regarding the succession of strategists at the head leaving out of consideration the important
of the thema ofThrace and Ioanopolis the author's circumstance that none of these sources make
standpoint is in agreement with the consecution mention of Drustar and pointing to the fact that it
suggested by J. Jordanov, according to which was still a Byzantine dominion.
the first to rule there was the same governor
and strategist Leon Sarachinopolus, followed
by Theophanos, Staurakios (not positive) and
Nichiphoros Xyphios.

189
 3
)l;EMOrPA<I>CKH TIPOMEHH
1
B CEBEPOH3TQqHA TPAKIUI TIPE3 XI- XII B. q
(no apxeoJioru'leCKH ,ZJ;auuu) J

Eopuc If. EOPHCOB

M
61
H
CJ
IIpe,ll,H IIOBeqe OT 20 rO)J,HHH IIpH rry6JIHKyBa- HH3ai.I,HH Ha rrpoyqeHHTe CeJIHlll,a, KOHTO IIOKa3a T(

HeTO Ha OCHOBHHTe pe3yJITaTH OT pa3KOIIKHTe Ha KaTeropHqHo, qe rrpe3 BTopaTa qeTBopT Ha XI B. E

cpe,ll,HOBeKOBHOTO ceJIHJ.J.I,e )J,O c. fJ:H,ll,OBo, HoBo- ce Ha6JIIO)J,aBa pH3KO yBeJIHqaBaHe Ha 6poH Ha ce-
3aropcKo, B'b3 OCHOBa Ha OTKpHTHTe C'bOpo)J(eHHH JIHlll,aTa BCJie)J,CTBHe Ha MHrpau:HoHHa B'bJIHa oT Ce- ce
H HaMepeHHTe apXeOJIOrHqeCKH MaTepHaJIH H Ha BepHa K'bM IO)J(Ha EoJirapHH (Borisov 2001, 141- B
aHaJIH3a Ha HaJIHqHJiTe )J,OTOraBa )J,aHHH 3a pa3- 148). )I(

BHTHeTO Ha CeJIHI.I.I,HaTa Mpe)J(a Ha TepHTOpHHTa Ha Me)J()J,yBpeMeHHO rrpoyqBaHHHTa Ha TepHTO- TQ

)J,Henma EoJirapHH, H3Ka3ax rrpe,ll,IIOJIO)J(eHHeTo, qe pHHTa Ha CeBepHa EoJirapHH H fl:o6py,ll,)Ka rroTBop- 33
CeJIHlll,aTa )J,O ~)J,OBO H TOBa Bopxy TpaKHHCKHH )J,Hxa HanmTe rrpe,ll,IIOJIO)KeHHH H rroKaJaxa, qe rrpe3 )f(
rpa,ll, CeBTOIIOJIHC ca B'b3HHKHaJIH Ha HOBH, Heo6H- rropBaTa IIOJIOBHHa Ha XI B. rro-roJIHMaTa qacT oT c
TaBaHH rrpe3 Cpe)J,HOBeKOBHeTo rrpe,ll,H TOBa MecTa, cpe)J,HOBeKOBHHTe CeJIHlll,a Ca HarrycHaTH 3aBH- M(
BoB BTopaTa qeTBopT Ha XI B., H qe ca 3aceJieHH HarH, a e)J,Ha qacT OT HaCeJieHHeTO HM MHrpHpa Ha c
OT HaCeJieHHe, rrpeceJIHJIO Ce OT TepHTOpHHTa Ha ror (Ammwcoe 1991, 75-89; 1992, 13-30; 1996, II~

CeBepHa EomapHH (Borisov 1989, 381-383). OT- 3- 30; 2001, 185-214; ,[JoH'Ieea-IlemKoea 2005,
ToraBa )J,Ocera, 6Jiaro,ll,apeHHe Ha lll,aCTJIHBa cJiy- 63-72). Cll
qaii:HocT, HMaX B'b3MO)J(HOCT )J,a IIpOBe)J,a pe,ll,OBHH B TaKoB cJiyqaii:, 3a )J,a rrpocJie)J,HM HacnrrHJIHTe B

HJIH crracHTeJIHH rrpoyqBaHHH Ha rroBeqe oT )J,eceT )J,eMorpa<jJcKH rrpoMeHH Ha TepHTOpHHTa Ha CeBe- OD

ceJIHlll,a, BCHqKHTe pa3IIOJIO)J(eHH B CeBepOH3TOqHa poH3ToqHa TpaKHH rrpe3 X I -XII B., KOeTO e H u:ema CI
TpaKHH (H3TOqHaTa qacT Ha ropHOTpaKHHCKaTa HH- Ha HaCTOHlll,aTa CTaTHH, e He06XO)J,HMO HaH- Harrpe,ll, II'b

3HHa) - KpeiiOCTTa )J,O C. J1cKpHI.I,a, roJI'b60BCKO, )J,a 06opHeM BHHMaHHe Ha C'b6HTHHTa H rrpOI.I,eCHTe, 6Il
H ceJIHlll,aTa Kpaii c . KapaHOBO H Co)J,HeBo, Ho- rrpoTeKJIH B )J,HeiiiHHTe ceBepHo6oJirapcKH 3eMH H H

B03aropcKo, 3HaMeHOCei.I,, rJie)J,aqeBo-1, 2 H 3, rrpe,ll,H3BHKaJIH MHrpai.I,HHTa Ha HaCeJieHHe OT CeBep JIH

rHrrCOBO, II. rpa,ll,ei.I, H TpoHHOBo-romMa fl:eTe- Ha ror. Me

JIHHa, Pa)J,HeBcKo, H KpYM, fl:HMHTpoBrpa,ll,cKo (Eo- CJI

pucoe 1993, 130-145; Weu!leea 1995, 243-287; 96

Eopucoe 1994, 101-109; Weu!leea 1998, 93- J1 TaKa, CJie)J, ,3JiaTHHH BeK" b'bJirapHH H3IIa)J,Ha- CJII

112; Eopucoe 1997, 129-183; Eopucoe 2003a, Jia B )J,'bJI60Ka KpH3a, KOHTO 3aBopiiiHJia C rra)J,aHeTO Hal
227-234; Eopucoe, Weu!leea 2003a, 196-203; "if rro)J, BH3aHTHHCKa BJiacT. Ha 5.IV.971 r. cJie)J, no.

Eopucoe 20036, 291-294; WeU!leea 2003, 135- )J,'bJira H yrropHTa BOHHa BH3aHTHHCKHHT HMIIepa- OT

137; Eopucoe, Weufleea 20036, 137), - KaKTO H TOp floaH l.J,HMHCXH pa3rpOMHJI pyCK0-6oJirapCKH- Ha

)J,a o6pa60TH MaCOBHH KepaMHqeH MaTepHaJI OT Te 06e)J,HHeHH CHJIH H rrpeB3eJI CTOJIHI.I,aTa IIpeCJiaB, HH
ceJIHlll,aTa )J,O c. E3epo H AceHoBeu:, HoB03aropcKo, KaTo rrJieHHJI 6oJirapCKHHT u:ap EopHc II. OrryK 96!

HOT ceJIHlll,eTo Kpaii rp. Jiro6HMeu: (Eopucoe 2002). HaTaT'bK BOHHaTarrpO,ll,'bJI)KHJia Olll,e HHKOJIKO MeCei.I,a qe

B pe3yJITaT Ha TOBa cTaHa B'b3MO)J(HO orrpe,ll,emHeTo H CJie)J, 6HTKaTa Kpaii: fl:poCT'bp Ha 24.VII.971 r. 3a HaJ

Ha eTaiiHTe B pa3BHTHeTO Ha CeJIHlll,HaTa Mpe)J(a KpaTKOBpeMe6HJiaOKYIIHpaHai.I,HJiaCeBepOH3TOqHa 3a

(Eopucoe 199 7, 13 0-13 9) rrpe3 rrepHo)J,a Ha BH3aH- EoJirapHH. IIocJie)J,BaJIO TPHYM<jJaJIHO IIIeCTBHe B ,II
THHCKOTO BJia)J,HqecTBO B 6oJirapCKHTe 3eMH, a H CTOJIHI.I,aTa KoHcTaHTHHorroJI, K'b)J,eTo H:oaH l.J,H- qe

rrpe3 U:HJIOTO Cpe,ll,HOBeKOBHe. IIo-KoCHO Ha 6a- MHCXH OTBeJI 6oJirapcKHH u:ap EopHc II H 6paT MY epe
3aTa Ha KOMIIJieKCHHH aHaJIH3 Ha KepaMHqHHH H PoMaH H OTHeJI 3Hai.I,HTe H~ 6oJirapcKOTO u:apcKo rHI'

HYMH3MaTHqHHH MaTepHaJI 6e HarrpaBeHa CHHxpo- )J,OCTOHHCTBO. To3H CHMBOJIHqeH aKT 03HaqaBaJI

190
3a BM3aHTJUI KpaH: Ha 6bmapcKoTo IJ,apcTBO. OT Kpe110CTMTe, KOMTO OIJ,eJieJIM MJIM 6MJIM Bb3CTaHO-
T03M MOMeHT HaTaTbK TepMTOpM51Ta Ha obJirapM51 BeHM cneJJ, BTopoTo 3aBJI51)1,51BaHe Ha JJ,HeiUHa Ce-
craHana qacT OT BM3aHTMMCKara MM11epM51. B 3aB- BepHa obmapM51 11pe3 1000 r. EJJ,Ha qacT OT T51X ca
naJJ,eHMTe 3eMM 6MJia BbBe)J,eHa BM3aHTMMCKa BOeH- pa3110JIO)I(eHM 110 qepHOMOpCKOTO Kpaif6pe)I(Me -
HOa)J,MMHMCTpaTMBHa opraHM3aiJ,M51. BapHa, oaJI'lMK, KaBapHa M KanMaKpa, JJ,pyra qacT
Me)I(JJ,yBpeMeHHO ome 11pe3 969 r. B IOro3al1a)J,- ca 110 ,[(yHaB- BeTpeH, TyTpaKaH, AI111MapM51, .[(pbc-
mne 6bJirapCKM 3eMM ce OTIJ,ei1MJIM 'leTMpMMaTa Thp, IlaKyiOn nyH: Coape, XnpcoBo, ,[(MHoreiJ,M51,
6paT51 KOMMTOI1YJIM .[(aBM)J,, AapoH, MoH:ceH: M Ca- McaK'la M Hy<Pnpy, a TpeTM ca pa3110JIO)I(eHM BbB
MYMJI, KOMTO 110BeJIM 6op6a 3a Bb3CTaHOB51BaHe Ha BbTpeiUHocrra- IJ;ap AceH, CKaJia, CpeJJ,MIIJ,e, BbJI-
6nnrapcKaTaJJ,bp)l(aBa. Bb3110JI3BaifKM ce OTBOMHaTa HapM, EenoBeiJ,, PyH:Ho I M II, OJJ,bpli,M, 0KopiU,
Ha BM3aHTM51 cpeiiJ,y apa6MTe M Me)I(JJ,yoco6MIJ,MTe 3aBeT, EanMK M JJ,pyrM, Kb)J,eTo c11opeJJ, H51KOM
cneJJ, CMbpTTa Ha HoaH lJ;MMMCXM, 3a KpaTKO BpeMe aBTOpM 6MJIM HaCTaHeHM BM3aHTMMCKM rapHM30HM
re yc11eJIM JJ,a 11pMCbe)J,MH51T IJ,51Jia CeBepoM3TO'lHa (AmaHaco6 2001, 191). C11opeJJ, JJ,pym aBTOpM o6a-
EnnrapM51, IO)I(Ha MaKeJJ,OHM51 M TecaJIM51. qe JIMI1CBaT )J,OCTaTb'lHO CMrypHM )J,aHHM 3a HaJIM-
Ilpe3 976 r. o6aqe Ha BM3aHTMMCKM51 11peCTOJI 'lMeTO Ha BOMCKOBM eJJ,MHMIJ,M. TaKa MJIM MHa'le,
Ce M3Ka'lMJI MJia)J,M51T M aM6MIJ,M03eH MM11epaTOp o6aqe B C110MeHaTMTe Kpe110CTM B Ha'laJIOTO Ha XI
BacMJIMM II, KOMTO 3a KpaTKO BpeMe ycMJI JJ,a cno- B. p513KO Ce yBeJIM'IaBa 6p051T Ha aHOHMMHMTe <Po-
)1(11 Kpaif Ha Me)I()J,yOC06MIJ,MTe M JJ,a o6e)J,MHM apMC- JIMCM OT KJiaC A-2 (976-1 023), HapaCTBa JJ,eJibT
TOKpali,M51Ta OKOJIO ce6e CM M KOMTO CM 110CTaBMJI Ha BHOCHaTa BM3aHTMMCKa KepaMMKa, 11051B51BaT Ce
3a IJ,eJI OKOH'laTeJIHO JJ,a 110KOpM 6bJirapCKaTa )J,bp- HOBM TMI10Be HaKMTM, a Ha pe)J,MIJ,a MeCTa Ce cpe-
)l(aBa. OTTyK HaTaTbK cb6MTM51Ta ca M3BeCTHM. Ilo- IIJ,aT M MOJIMBJJ,OBYJIM (.[(pbcTbp, CKana, OJJ,bpli,M,
cneJJ,BaJI 42-rO)J,MIUeH 11epMO)J, Ha )l(eCTOKM 6MTKM EaJI'lMK, BeTpeH M JJ,p.).
Me)I(JJ,y obJirapM51 M BM3aHTM51, KOMTO B KpaH:Ha IlpM 110XO)J,MTe Ha CBeTocnaB M HoaH lJ;MMMC-
cMeTKa 3aBbpiUMJI c 110KOp51BaHeTo Ha EnnrapM51 XM B 11epMO)J,a 968-971 r. CeJIMIIJ,HaTa Mpe)l(a OT
rrpe3 1018 r. TepMTOpM51Ta Ha .[(o6pyJJ,)I(a M JJ,HeiUHa CeBepOM3-
IlbpBM51T yJJ,ap B pa3BMTMeTO Ha CeJIMIIJ,HaTa TO'lHa obJirapM51 110CTpaJJ,ana, eJJ,Ha qacT OT cenM-
CI1CTeMa B CeBepoM3TO'lHa obJirapM51 M B qacTHOCT IIJ,aTa M Kpe110CTMTe 6MJIM Hal1yCHaTM 3aBMHarM,
s ,[(o6pyJJ,)I(a 6MJI HaHeceH o6aqe )J,OCTa 11o-paHo - a JJ,pyra '!aCT 6MJIM Bb3CTaHOBeHI1 M )I(MBOTbT B
OII.J,e 110 BpeMe Ha 110XO)J,a Ha pyCKO-Bap51)1(KM51 KH513 T51X 11pOJJ,bJI)I(MJI. Bee 11aK o6aqe Te3M Cb6MTM51 He
CBeTocnaB 11pe3 968-969 r., KoraTo MHoro ceJIMIIJ,a, 11peJJ,M3BMKaJIM rOJI51Ma MMrpali,MOHHa BbJIHa OT
flbK M Kpe110CTM 110CTpaJJ,aJIM M rOJI51Ma '!aCT OT T51X ceBep Ha IOr.
6MJIM Hal1yCHaTM. Ilp51KO CBM)J,eTeJICTBO 3a TOBa Ca BTopM, m6eneH yJJ,ap B pa3BMTMeTo Ha ce-
11 JJ,aHHMTe OT apxeOJIOrM'leCKMTe pa3KOI1KM Ha ro- JIMIIJ,HaTa Mpe)l(a B 3eMMTe Ha JJ,HeiUHa CeBepHa
MM 6poif CeJIMIIJ,a M Kpe110CTM B 11pOCTpaHCTBOTO EbnrapM51 M ,ll,o6pyJJ,)I(a HaHeCJIM 11e'leHe)I(KMTe Ha-
Me)I()J,y IlpecJiaB M .[(pbCTbp, Kb)J,eTO ca ycTaHOBeHM IUeCTBM51 OT 11bpBaTa 110JIOBMHa Ha XI B. IlpM Koe
CJie)J,M OT 110)1(apM, MapKMpalll,M Cb6MTM51Ta OT TO'lHO OT HaiUeCTBM51Ta- 11pe3 1027, 1032, 1034,
968-971 r. B T51X He ce cpeiiJ,aT MaTepMaJIM oT 110- 1035, 1036 MJIM 1048 r . - ca 3arMHaJIM ceJIMIIJ,aTa
cneJJ,HaTa 'leTBbpT Ha X M Ha'laJIOTO Ha XI B. (Ama- M JJ,aJIM TOBa e cTaHaJio HaBe)J,Hb)l(, e MHoro TPYJJ,HO
Haco6 2001, 191). TaKa B peJJ,MIJ,a ceJIMII.J,a, pa3- JJ,a ce oTroBopM. C11opeJJ, H51KOM aBTOpM rOJI51MaTa
rroJIO)I(eHM Ha 11bT51 IlpeCJiaB-.[(pbCTbp, a 11 BCTpaHM 11peceJIHM'lecKa BbJIHa e cTaHana 110 BpeMe Ha
or Hero (Iloi1MHa, HoBa qepHa, BeTpeH, ceJIMIIJ,eTo HaiUeCTBI151Ta OT 1032 r. (AmaHQC06 2001, 193),
HaJJ, aHTM'lHM51 KaCTeJI 5hpyc M JJ,p.) JIMI1CBaT aHO- c11opeJJ, JJ,pym - OT 1034 r. (TbnK06a-3auMo6a
HMMHM MOHeTM OT KJiaC A-1, Ce'leHM B 11epMO)J,a 1976, 72-75), a TpeTM 5I CBbp3BaT C 11epMO)J,a 1032-
969-976 r., KOeTO ce 11pMeMa KaTO CBM)J,eTeJICTBO, 1036 r. (Diaconu 1970, 47-49). Haif-rOJI51MOTO
qe He Ca 6MJIM 06MTaBaHM, a )I(MTeJIMTe MM Ca rM 11e'leHe)I(KO HaiUecTBMe o6aqe 3ai10'lHaJio 11pe3
Hal1yCHaJIM (j{oH<te6a-llemKo6a 2005, 64). B11po'IeM 1048 r., KoraTO c11opeJJ, HoaH CKMJIMIJ,a 800 000
3a Te3M Cb6MTM51 OTKpMBaMe CBM)J,eTeJICTBa M B 11e'leHerM Ha'leno c T11pax 11peMMHaJIM 3aMpb3HaJIM51
,IlOBeCTh BpeMeHHhiX JieT", Kb)J,eTO e OT6eJI513aHO, ,[(yHaB M 110)J,Jl0)1(HJIM Ha 011YCTOIUeHMe He CaMO
qe CBeTocJiaB 11peB3eJI 80 Kpe110CTM (lloBecmb CeBepHa obJirapM51, HO M TpaKM51 M MaKeJJ,OHM51, a
6peMeHHbzx Hem 1950, 301). HaceneHMeTo Ha 3a- OT)J,eJIHM 0Tp51)J,M )J,OCTMrHaJIM )J,OpM )1,0 CTOJIMIJ,aTa
rMHaJIMTe CeJIMIIJ,a ce CbCpeJJ,OTO'lMJIO rJiaBHO B KoHcTaHTMHOI10JI (3llamapcKu·1972, 91).

191
 CJie,n: Ta:m ,n:aTa )I(HBOTbT npo,n:'bJI)I(HJI caMo r.u:a ca 6HJIH 3aceJieHH OTHOBO no speMe Ha roJIH-
B HHKOH KpenOCTH KpaH ,[(yHaB I1 qepHO MOpe - MaTa MHrpaiJ;HOHHa B'bJIHa OT CeBep Ha IOr, I1JII1 Ca
BeTpeH, ,[(pncTbp, TyrpaKaH, ITaKyiOJI Jiyii Coape, npo,n:'hJI)I(HJIH )I(HBOTa CH 6e3 npeK'hCBaHe. Tpy.n:-
,[(HHoreu;HH, Hy<l>npy, Xnpcoso, Mcal<'la, KarmaK- Hocrra H)J;Ba OT 06CTOHTeJICTBOTO, qe B noseqeTO OT
pa, BapHa 11 HHKOH .n:pyrH. ToqHo no TOBa speMe THX He e ycTaHOBeH C'bC CHrypHOCT XHaryc Me)I()J;y
3arHHaJIH 3aBHHarH ceJIHr.u;aTa Kpaii ceJiaTa ITo- KYJITYPHHTe nJiacToBe npe,n:H 11 cJie,n: neqeHe)I(KHTe
nHHa, Qap AceH, fapsaH 11 MannK ITpecJiaseu:, HarnecTBHH. OT .n;pyra CTpaHa, pe,n:Hu;a ceJIHr.u;a 11
CHJIHCTpeHcKo; O.n;npu;H 11 KJia,n:eHu;H, ,[(o6pHqKo; Ha TepHTOpi1HTa Ha ,n:HernHa IO)I(Ha o'bJirapi1H no-
Xnpcoso, lllYMeHcKo; KpHBHHa, PyceHcKo; fHreH, CTpa,n:aJIH no BpeMe Ha HHKOH OT neqeHe)I(KHTe
ITJieseHcKo, KaKTo 11 KpenocTHTe Kpaii Me3.n;pa, HarnecTBHH. ITo TOBa speMe 3arHBaT 3aBHHarH
CKana, PyiiHo, KJia,n:eHU:H, XYMa, Pa3rpa,n:cKo, Kpenocrra ,XHcapH" B XacKoso (Anao:JICoB 1997,
BpnB, CTapo ceJio 11 JlHJIHqe, BpaqaHcKo, 11 or.u:e 275) 11 ceJIHI.IJ;eTo Kpaii c. Cn.n;Heso, HoBo3aropcKo
MHOrO, MHOrO ,n:pyrH. ITo BpeMe Ha Te3I1 HallleCTBHH (llleU!leea 1998, 102-104). fpa,n:'bT Ha XHcapJibKa
3arHHaJIH scHqKHTe 6 KpenocTH OKOJIO rp. Mc- B CJIHBeH 6HJI npes3eT OT neqeHerHTe 11 H3BeCTHO
nepHx, KOHTO 6HJII1 06HTaBaHI1 no BpeMeTO Ha ITnp- BpeMe OCTaHaJI B THXHO BJia,n:eHHe, a 6nJirapCKOTO
BOTO 6nJirapcKo u:apCTBO, B TyrpaKaHcKo oT 16 paH- HaceJieHHe 3a H3BeCTHO speMe ro HanycHaJIO.
Hocpe,n:HoBeKOBHH CeJIHI.IJ;a OIJ;eJIHJIO CaMO e,n:HO. CsH,n:eTeJICTBO 3a neqeHe)I(KOTO HarnecTBHe Ha
Cnr.u;aTa yqacT cno,n:eJIHJia 11 OKOJIHocrra Ha nnp- XHcapJinKa B CJIHBeH ca 11 neqeHe)I(KaTa KepaMHKa
saTa 6nJirapcKa CTOJIHIJ;a IlJIHCKa, K'b)J;eTO OT 56 Ce- (KOTJIH C BbTpelllHH ynm I1 TeH)J;)I(epH) I1 e,n:Ha
JIHI.IJ;a ou;eJieJIH caMo TPH (Cmmtee 2004, 42-43). KOJieKTHBHa MOHeTHa HaXO)J;Ka, B KOHTO HaH-K'bC-
OnycTOlllHTeJIHHTe neqeHe)I(KH HarnecTBI1H HHTe MOHeTH Ce OTHaCHT K'bM KJiaC A-2, 3, T. e.
npHHY.ll:HJIH ou:eJij{JIOTO HaceJieHHe .n:a TbpcH cna- K'bM nepHO)J;a 976-1030/35 r. (Il.{epeea U Op. 2002,
ceHHe Ha IOr, KOeTO npe,n:H3BI1KaJIO MaCOBa MHrpa- 121). ITo speMe Ha neqeHe)I(KHTe HarnecTBI1H
U:HOHHa B'bJIHa. E,n:Ha qacT oT HaceJieHHeTo ce nocTpa,n:anH 11 ceJIHI.IJ;eTo Ha,n: Kapacypa, KaKTo 11
3aCeJIHJIO B eCTeCTBeHO 3ai.IJ;HTeHHTe npe,n:nJiaHHH- pe,n:Hu;a KpenocTH 11 ceJIHr.u;a B li3TOqHopo.n;oncKaTa
CKH I1 nJiaHHHCKH paHOHH, K'b)J;eTO TOqHO no TOBa o6JiacT (Anao:JICOB 1973, 135-159, 1997, 134, 171).
BpeMe 6HJII1 B'b3CTaHOBeHI1 pe,n:Hu;a KpenOCTH, I130C- ,[(OKOJIKO Te3I1 CeJIHI.IJ;a OT TepHTOpi1HTa Ha )J;HelllHa
TaBeHI1 B KpaH Ha VI HJIH HaqaJioTo Ha VII B. ,[(py- IO)I(Ha n'bJirapi1H ca nocTpa,n:anH no speMe Ha
ra qacT OT HaceJieHHeTo HaMepHJIO cnaceHHe B neqeHe)I(KHTe HarnecTBI1H 11 ,n:aJIH ca 6I11IH 3aceJieHH
paBHHHHTe Ha 10r OT BanKaHa, K'b,n:eTo ce Ha6JIIO,n:a- OT HOBO)J;OlllJIOTO OT cesep HaCeJieHHe, I1JII1 B THX e
sa I1CTI1HCKI1 6YM B pa3BI1TI1eTO Ha CeJIHI.IJ;HaTa Mpe- ocTaHano cTapoTo 6nJirapcKo HaceJieHHe, 3aceJieHo
)l(a. E,n:Ha qacT OT ceJIHI.IJ;aTa B'b3HHKHaJIH Ha HOBH, or.u:e npe3 BTopaTa noJIOBHHa Ha IX B., He e C'bBCeM
Heo6HTaBaHH no-paHo npe3 Cpe,n:HoseKOBHeTo HCHO. CHrypHo e o6aqe, qe K'bM KpM Ha nnpBaTa
MeCTa. KnM THX Ce OTHaCHT CeJIHI.IJ;aTa Bnpxy Tpa- noJIOBHHa Ha XI B. rncToTaTa Ha ceJIHI.IJ;HaTa Mpe)l(a
KI1HCKI1H rpa.n: CesTonoJIHC, B qaruaTa Ha H3. ,Ko- Ha 10r OT naJIKaHa ce yseJIHqHJia MHoro.
npHHKa", Kpaii c. Kosaqeso, ITa3ap,n:)I(HlllKO, .n:o c. Tpy,n:Ho e .n;a ce oTrosopH 11 Ha Bnnpoca Hase,n:H'b)l(
,[(H,n:oso 11 E3epo, Hoso3aropcKo, fnJI'h6oso, Ca. JIM e CTaHaJIO TOBa 3aCeJIBaHe, I1JII1 MHrpaiJ;HOHHa-
KHpHJIOBO, Mn.n;peu:, 3JiaTHa JlHsa.n;a, qHpnaHcKo, Ta B'bJIHa e 6HJia HeKOJIKOKpaTHa. AKo H3XO)I()J;aMe
Jli06HMeU: I1 ,n:pyrH, HHKOH OT KOHTO Ca IJ;HJIOCTHO OT H3cJie,n:saHI1HTa, 3aCHrar.u;H CesepoH3ToqHa
H3CJie,n:saHH qpe3 apxeoJiorHqecKH pa3KOnKH. Cn- o'bJirapi1H 11 ,[(o6py,n:)l(a, TO Ta3H npeceJIHHqecKa
r.u;ecTsysaT 11 pe,n:Hu;a ceJIHr.u;a, o6HTasaHH npe3 B'bJIHa e 6HJia HaH-MaJIKO ,n:ByKpaTHa- no BpeMe Ha
XI-XII B., KOHTO B'b3HHKHaJIH or.u;e npe3 BTopaTa HarneCTBI1HTa OT 1034-1036 r. (AmaHQC08 2001,
noJIOBHHa Ha IX B. KnM Ta3H rpyna ce OTHaCHT 193-194), a cnope.n: MeH Haii-seqe oT 1048 r. Tosa
cpe,n:HoBeKOBHaTa KoHcTaHU:HH, Kpenocrra Kpaii Ce nOTBbp)I()J;aBa I1 OT KOMnJieKCHHH aHaJII13 Ha Ma-
c. McKpHu;a, fnJI'b6oscKo, 11 ceJIHI.IJ;aTa Kpaii ceJia- COBHH KepaMHqeH 11 HYMH3MaTHqeH MaTepHan OT
Ta KapaHoBo, Hos03aropcKo, Pa,n:Heso- U:PB, fJie- apxeoJiorHqecKHTe npoyqsaHI1H Ha pe,n:Hu;a ceJIHr.u;a
,n:aqeso-3, 3HaMeHoceu: 11 IToJICKH fpa.n:eu:, Pa.n:- B IOrOH3TOqHa o'bJirapHH. ITo TOBa speMe pH3KO ce
HeBcKo, CeJIHI.IJ;eTO Ha)J; aHTJ1qHaTa n'bTHa CTaHIJ;I1H yseJIHqasa ,n:eJI'bT Ha BHOCHaTa KepaMHKa, KaKTO I1
Kapacypa, XapMaHJIH 11 .n;p. 3a C'b)l(aJieHHe ,n:aH- Ha MeCTHaTa KepaMHKa, pa60TeHa Ha KpaqHO rpbH-
HHTe OT apxeoJiorHqecKHTe pa3KOnKH .n;ocera He qapCKO KOJieJio. Bcnr.u;HOCT sapHaU:HHTe B C'bOT-
,n:aBaT HCeH OTrOBOp Ha Bbnpoca )J;aJIH I1 Te3I1 CeJIH- HorneHHHTa Ha KepaM~KaTa Ha pbqHo I1 KpaqHo

192
Koneno B OT,n:enmne cenHma no,n:CKa3Ba, qe Te He ca peceHHe OT 23 .IX.l 063 r. flo,n: pyHHHTe Ha KynaTa ca
6HnH 3aceneHH e,n:HoBpeMeHHO. TaKa B cenHmeTo HaMepeHH HHKOilKO cpparMeHTa OT Cpe,n:HOBeKOBHa
Kpaii c. 3HaMeHoce~ H B Kpenocrra ,n:o c. 11cKpH~a, KepaMHKa, nOBeqeTO OT KOHTO npHHa,n:ne)l(aT Ha
KOHTO KaTO I.VlilO B'h3HHKBaT Oll.(e B cpe,n:aTa Ha e,n:HH H C'hll.(H co,n:. ToBa o6cTOHTencTBO e OT H3-
IX B., C'hOTHOIIIeHHeTo Ha ,n:BaTa BH,n:a KepaMHKa KniOqHTenHa Ba)I(HOCT 3a HaqanHaTa ,n:aTa Ha
e C'hOTBeTHO 44,05:54,85% B noma Ha KpaqHOTO cpe,n:HoBeKOBHOTO cenHme, ome noBeqe qe no.n:
Koneno B nopBOTO cenHme H 32,87:66,77% B pyHHHTe Ha paHHOBH3aHTHHCKaTa Kyna nHncBa
HcKpH~a. B cenHmaTa Kpaii Jli06HMe~, ,ll;H,n:OBO cpe,li;HOBeKOBeH KynrypeH nnaCT, KOeTO KaTerOpHq-
H llonCKH rpa,n:e~ C'hOTHOIIIeHHHTa noqTH He Ce HO nOKa3Ba, qe CeilHJ.l.(eTO e B'h3HHKHanO ManKO
pa3nHqaBaT - B nopBOTO TO e 26,82:73,07%, B'hB npe,n:H 1063 r., 3a ,n:a He ce HacnoHT Bee ome Kynzyp-
BTOpOT0-25,75:74,15%, aBrpeTOT0-24,86:75,1% HH OTnaraHHH. liMeHHO TOBa 06CTO~ITenCTBO e e,n:HO
(Eopucoe 2002, 81-84, o6p. 62). B cnyqaH noqTH OT ,li;OKa3aTeilCTBaTa, qe cenHJ.l.(eTO ,li;O C. ,ll;H,li;OBO e
e,L~HaKBHTe C'hOTHOIIIeHHH cnope,n: HaC Ca CBH,ll;e- B'h3HHKHano Haii-BepoHTHO cne.n: 1048 r. (Borisov
TeilCTBO 3a e,n:HoBpeMeHHOTO HM B'h3HHKBaHe. TyK 1989, 378-379), KOraTO BepOHTHO Ca B'h3HHKHanH
o6aqe He 6HBa ,n:a 3a6paBHMe, qe CeilHJ.l.(eTO ,li;O fl. H Te3H ,n:o E3epo, Jli06HMe~, CeBTononHc H pe,n:H~a
fpa.ne~ B'h3HHKBa KaKTO 3HaMeHOCe~ H licKpH~a ,n:pym.
O~e no BpeMeTO Ha flopBOTO 6onrapCKO ~apCTBO. OcBeH MacoBoTo npecenBaHe Ha 6onrapcKo
B T03H CMHC'hn 6H Morno ,n:a ce ,n:onycHe, qe no HaceneHHe OT CeBep Ha lOr H nOHBaTa Ha HOBH Cpe,n:-
BpeMe Ha HaiiieCTBHHTa TOBa CeilHJ.l.(e e 6HnO H30C- HOBeKOBHH CeilHJ.l.(a, Ha TepHTOpHHTa Ha ,li;HeUIHa
TaBeHO H noqTH Be,n:Hara cne.n: TOBa 3aceneHo OT IO)I(Ha EonrapHH ca ycTaHoBeHH H pe,n:H~a ,n:aHHH
MHrpHpano oT ceBep HaceneHHe. ToBa 6H o6HCHHno 3a eTHO,ll;eMorpacpCKH npoMeHH, 3a KOHTO CBH-
C'hBCeM e,n:HaKBOTO C'hOTHOllleHHe Ha ,li;BaTa BH,ll;a ,n:eTeilCTBaT pe,n:H~a HaXO,li;KH - neqeHe)I(KaTa Ke-
KepaMHKa, HO 3a ronHMO C'h)l(aneHHe e MHoro Tpy,n:- paMHKa B XHcapnoKa B CnHBeH H OKOnHocrra My,
HO .L\OKa3yeMo no apxeonorHqecKH noT. HHKOH arrnHKa~HH OT KOHCKa aMyHH~HH (,ll;H,li;OBO),
3a B'h3HHKBaHeTO Ha cenHJ.l.(aTa K'hM KpaH Ha HHKOilKO THna CTpeMeHa, KOHTO Ce CBbp3BaT OT-
rrnpBaTa nonoBHHa Ha XI B. CBH,n:eTenCTBa H Hy- HOBO c neqeHerHTe, HaMepeHH B flepHHK, Xac-
MH3MaTHqHHHT MaTepHan. B cenHmeTo .n:o ,ll;H,n:OBO KOBO H ,ll;H,li;OBO, e,n:HHHqHHHT BTOpHqeH rp06
Haii-paHHHTe MOHeTH ce OTHaCHT K'hM KnacoBe A- C'hC ca6H, CTpeMe H KOHCKa KO)I(a OT Ha,n:rpo6Ha
2 H A-3, ceqeHH B nepHo,n:a 976-1028 r. (Borisov MOrHna B 3eMnHmeTo Ha c. Me,n:HHKapoBo, B paiio-
1989, 369-370,jig. 377). flo,n:o6Ha e H cHzya~HHTa Ha Ha KOMnneKCa ,MapH~a-H3TOK" (£opUC06,
B 3HaMeHOCe~, K'h,ll;eTO Haii-paHHHTe MOHeTH Wei:meea 2000, 247-251). flo-ronHMaTa qacT OT
ca OTHOBO OT KnaC A-2 (976-1025 r.) H KnaC B Te3H HaXO,li;KH BCe Oll.(e He ca CBH,ll;eTeilCTBO 3a
(1030-1040) (Eopucoe 1991, 245-247, o6p. 33 3acenBaHe Ha qy)l(,li;O, BepOHTHO K'hCHO HOMa,li;CKO
a-u). B cenHmeTo Ha,n: CeBTononHc Haii-paHHH HaceneHHe Ha lOr OT oanKaHa, HO npH BCHqKH
ca aHOHHMHHTe cponHcH OT Knac B (1030-1042), cnyqaH MapKHpaT noHe npeMHHaBaHeTo MY npe3
cerieHH no BpeMeTO Ha MHxaHn IV (1 034-1041) Ta3H TepHTOpHH npe3 XI B. B pe,n:H~a perynHpHH
(lfaH20ea 1972, 138; IleHl.lee1984, 137). xpHCTHHHCKH HeKpononH o6aqe ca OTKPHTH, MaKap
KnM ,n:oKa3aTencTBaTa 3a B'h3HHKBaHe Ha cenH- H HerOnHM 6poii rpo60Be, B KOHTO norpe6eHHHTa
~aTa OKono cpe,n:aTa Ha XI B. 6H Moron ,n:a ce no- ca no e3HqecKH norpe6aneH o6pe,n:- B KpornH HMH
coqH H cnyqaHT C'hC CeilHJ.l.(eTO ,li;O C. ,ll;H,li;OBO, C'hC CBHTH KpaKa, B XOKepHO nOilO)I(eHHe HilH n'hK
Koero B'h3HHKBa Bopxy pyHHHTe H ocTaHKHTe Ha c opHeHTa~HH H3TOK-3ana,n: (.ll:H,n:OBO I, KoBaqeBo)
paHHOBH3aHTHHCKa KpenOCT, qHHTO KpenOCTHH H ,n:p. 0TKpHBaHeTO Ha Te3H, MaKap H e,n:HHHqHH
CTeHH B pa3nHqHHTe MceKTopH 6HnH 3ana3eHH Ha e3HqecKHrpo6oBecpe,n:xpHCTHHHCKHTeHeKpOnOnH
pa3nHqHa BHCOqHHa H Ha MeCTa Ca npeH3nOil3BaHH KaTeropHqHO ,li;OKa3Ba MHpHOTO C'h)I(HTeilCTBO Ha
rrpe3 Cpe,n:HoBeKOBHeTo. TaKa )I(HnHme NQ 21 H MeCTHOTO 6onrapCKO HaceneHHe C OT,n:enHH npe,n:-
cTonaHcKoTo noMemeHHe NQ 3 ca 3aneneHH Ha CTaBHTenH Ha ,qy)l(,li;O" HaceneHHe, BepOHTHO no
cpyra 3a B'hHIIIHOTO ilH~e Ha KpenOCTHaTa CTeHa ilHHHHTa Ha CMeCeHHTe 6paKOBe.
(Borisov 1989, 56-57, 71, jigs. 45 a-b, 57 a-b). Mo)l(e 6H 3a HanHqHeTo Ha ,qy)l(,n:o" HaceneHHe
QqeBH,li;HO B Haii-rOnHMa BHCOqHHa e 6Hna 3ana- CBH,ll;eTeilCTBa H KepaMHKaTa C'hC 3ilaTHCTa H qep-
3eHa CeBepOH3TOqHaTa 'hrilOBa Kyna, KOHTO e epH- BeHa aHro6a, qHHTO npOH3XO,ll; H npOH3BO,li;CTBO B
RaTa OKOHqaTenHO no BpeMe Ha rOnHMOTO 3eMeT- 6onrapcKHTe 3eMH B nocne,n:Ho BpeMe ce CB'hp3Ba

193
CbC 3acenemne OKOJIO <l>HJIHnonoJI naBJIH101HH, rpy- Te Ha 3ana,n;HHTe pHQapH npe,n;H3BHKaJIH HOBa H3-
3HHQH H apMeHQH no npoH3xo.n; (Shtereva, Manolo- CeJIHH':IeCKa BbJIHa, T03H n'hT OT IOr Ha CeBep, 3a
va 2004, 71-81). Cnope.n; MeH o6aqe CBbp3BaHeTo KOeTO np~KO CBH.LJ:eTeJICTBaT H pe3yJITaTHTe OT ap-
Ha ,n;BaTa BH,n;a KepaMHKa, pa3npocTpaHeHH npe3 XI- xeOJIOrH':IeCKHTe npoyqBaH~. BnB Bpb3Ka c Te3H
XII B. cbc ceBepHOKaBKa3KO HaceneHHe, ce Hy)l(.n;ae C'h6HT~ HaMepHJIH rH6eJITa CH MHOrO CeJIHill,a,
OT OIIJ,e MHOrO H Ha,n;e)l(.LJ:HH .LJ:OKa3aTeJICTBa. ,n;pyrH 6HJIH opraHH3HpaHO HarryCHaTH 3aBHHarH, a
Cne.n; ,n;eMorpa~CKHTe npoMeHH K'hM Kpa~ Ha <PHJIHnonon H Eepoe 6HJIH ono)l(apeHH Han'hJIHO.
nnpBaTa nonoBHHa Ha XI B. HaCThnHno OTHOCHTeJI- no BpeMe Ha TpeT~ KpbCTOHOCeH noxo.n; 3arHHaJIH
HO CnOKOi:i:cTBHe, BepO~THO nopo,n;eHO OT 06XBaHa- cenm:.u:aTa Kpall: c. KoBa':IeBo, lla3ap,n;)l(HIIIKO (Famee
JI~ BH3aHTHMCKaTa HMnepH~ HKOHOMH':IeCKH 1985, 155), ~.LJ:OBO H E3epo, HoBo3aropcKo, Pa.n;-
pacTe)l( (nmeJlee 2005, 33-44). Mo)l(e 6H TO'IHO Ha HeBo-QPE, 3HaMeHoceQ, fHncoBo, IIoncKH fpa-
T03H HKOHOMH':IeCKH Bb3XO.LJ: ce .LJ:bJI)l(lf HOB~T eTan .n;eQ, fne.n;a':IeBo 1 H 3, Pa.n;HeBcKo, Kpenocrra
B pa3BHTHeTO Ha CeJIHIIJ,HaTa Mpe)l(a OKOJIO cpe,n;aTa Kpaii c. licKpHQa, fnnn60BCKO, KpYM H 5I6nnKo-
Ha XII B., KoraTo ce 3a6en~3Ba H3BecTHO ,poeHe" BO, ,[J:HMHrpOBrpa,n;CKO, H MHOrO ,n;pyrH, 3a KOeTO
Ha CeJIHill,aTa H B'h3HHKBaHe Ha HOBH KBapTaJIH KaTeropH'IHO CBH.LJ:eTeJICTBaT ,n;aHHHTe OT apxeo-
HJIH HanpaBO Ha HOBH CeJIHill,a noKpaM CTapHTe. JIOrH':IeCKHTe npoy':IBaHH~ (£opUC06 200~ noo
CBH,n;erencTBO 3a HapaCTBaHeTo Ha cenaTa e H ne'lam). BnB BCH':IKH ceJIHIIJ,a nocne,n;HHTe MOHenl
no~BaTa Ha HOBH HeKpOnOJIH, KOeTO Ce Ha6mo,n;aBa Ce OTHaC~T KbM Ha':IaJIOTO OT ynpaBJieHHeTO Ha
B ceJIHIQaTa .n;o ,[J:~.n;oBo, KapaHoBo, 3HaMeHoceQ, licaK II AHren H B T~x Han'hJIHO JIHncBaT T. Hap.
II. fpa.n;eQ, Kapacypa, Kpenocrra Kpaii c. licKpHQa 6nJirapCKH HJIH JiaTHHCKH HMHTaQHH, KOHTO Ca
H pe,n;HQa .n;pyrH. To'IHO no TOBa BpeMe B'h3HHKBaT xapaKTepHH 3a Ha':IanoTo Ha XIII B.
cenHIQaTa Kpall: cenaTa fHncoBo H fne.n;a'IeBo, IIoxo,n;'hT Ha KpbCTOHOCQHTe npe)l(JfBeJIH caMo
Pa.n;HeBcKo, AceHOBeQ H o6oco6eH~T KBapTan B OHe3H CeJIHIIJ,a, KOHTO OCTaHaJIH BCrpaHH OT n'hT~
ceJIHIIJ,eTo Kpall: KapaHOBO, HoB03aropcKo, KpYM, HM H ca pa3nOJIO)l(eHM no IO)l(HOTO llO.LJ:HO)l(He Ha
,[J:HMHTpOBrpa,n;CKO, H ,n;p. ,[J:OKa3aTeJICTBO 3a no- Cpe.n;Ha ropa MJIM CTapa nnaHMHa- rpa,n;'hT Ha XM-
K'hCHOTO Bb3HHKBaHe Ha Te3H CeJIHIIJ,a e H yBeJIH- capJibKa B CnMBeH, ceJIHIQeTo Ha,n; TpaKHMCK~
':IeH~T .LJ:~JI Ha KepaMHKaTa Ha Kpa':IHO KOJieJIO, rpa.n; CeBTononHc, AceHoBeQ MKapaHoBo, HoBo3a-
KOMTO .LJ:OCTHra 81,25% B fHnCOBO, 82,46% B ropcKo, H pe,n;HQa ,n;pyrM, KOMTO .LJ:O)l(MBeJIM .LJ:O
AceHoBeQ, 91,61% B KBapTana B KapaHoBo, Ha':IaJIOTO Ha XIII B., KoraTo Bepo~THO no BpeMe Ha
91,61% B fne.n;a'IeBo-1 H 96,2% B KpYM (Eopucoe BOMHHTe Ha Qap Kano~H c JlaTHHCKaTa MMnep~
2002, 80-84, o6p. 62). 6MJIM Cblli,O HanycHaTM (Borisov 2001, 147-148).
fOMM y,n;ap B pa3BHTHeTO Ha CeJIHili,HaTa CnacHJIOTO ce OT 6e3'IHHCTBaTa Ha KpbCTOHoc-
Mpe)l(a H HOBH rOJieMH ,n;eMorpa~CKH npoMeHH QHTe HaceneHHe noThpCHJIO cnaceHMe Ha ceBep, K'h-
B IO)l(H06'hJirapCKHTe 3eMH HaCThnHJIH no Bpe- ,n;eTo Me)l(,n;yBpeMeHHO 6MJIO Bb306HOBeHO 6'hJirap-
Me Ha TpeTH~ KpbcToHoceH noxo.n; OT 1189- CKOTO QapcTBO. HoBaTa MHrpaQMOHHa B'hJIHa
1190 r. lf3BOpHTe CBH,n;eTeJICTBaT, qe H cera BOeH- 6eJie)l(H HOB eTan B pa3BHTHeTO Ha CeJIMIIJ,HaTa Mpe-
HHTe ,n;eMCTBH~ Ce BO,n;eJIH B o6nacrra Me)l(.n:y )l(a B 3eMHTe Ha ,n;HeiiiHa CeBepHa Ennrap~, Kora-
<PHnHnonon H Eepoe. BnnpeKH Bo,n;eHHTe npero- TO Bb3HMKBaT HOBM MJIH Ce B'h306HOB~BaT pe,n;MQa
BopH C BH3aHTHMCKOTO npaBHTeJICTBO H T03H n'hT cTapM cenMIQa H KpenocTH - XoTHMQa, BenHKO-
npeMHHaBaHeTO Ha KpbCTOHOCQHTe 6HJIO Cbnpo- ThpHoBcKo, .~MpaKMaHa" KpaM KaBapHa M .n;p. no
BO,n;eHO C MHOrO KbpBaBH c6JibC'hQH, OT KOHTO T03M Ha':IMH TpeTM~T KpbCTOHoceH noxo.n; ce OKa3aJI
nOCTpa,n;aJIO HaM-MHOrO 6nJirapCKOTO HaCeJieHHe. KaTaCTpO~aJieH 3a pa3BMTHeTO Ha CeJIMili,HaTa Mpe-
Y':IaCTHHK'hT B noxo.n;a AHc6epT, onHcBaMKH c Haii- )l(a B CeBepoM3TO':IHa TpaK~. Cne.n; Hero Q~JiaTa
roneMH llO.LJ:p06HOCTH npeB3eMaHeTO H OnO)l(a- paBHMHHa ':IaCT Ha Ta3M HeMaJIKa TepHTOp~ 3a
p~BaHeTO Ha <PHJIHnonon H Eepoe, TBnp.n;H, qe .LJ:bJirO 6MJia o6e3JIIO,n;eHa, KOeTO Ce nOTBbp)l(,n;aBa M
,Me)l(,n;y <PHnHnonon H KoHcTaHTHHonon He IIJ,e OT ,n;aHHHTe OT apxeOJIOrH':IeCKHTe npoy':IBaHH~.
Ce HaMepH 06HTaTeJI HHTO Ha rpa,n;, HHTO Ha yKpen-
JieHHe" (Ansbert, 283). II HaHCTHHa )l(eCTOKOCTH-

194
 Il,IITIIPAHA JIIITEPATYPA B6onrapcKHTe 3eMH (XI-XII B.). - Kynrypara ua cpe.D.HO-
BeKOBHa Eonrapmi, Co<PHll, 2006, no.D. neqar.
AJia~iKOB 1973: ,n:. Ana,D;:JKOB. Marep11anuara KYJI- JiopucoB, IlleHJieBa 2000: E. EopHCOB, r.lllewJieBa.
rypa ua I0roH3TO'lHa Eonrapllil npe3 IX-XI B.- B: Cna- ApxeonorH'lecKH )J.aHHH 3a K'hCHH HOMa)J.H ua ror or
BliHHTe 11 cpe.D.H3eMHOMopcKllilT CBliT VI-XI BeK, Co<PMll EanKaua.- IlJiucKa-IIpecJiaB. T. 8, 2000, 247-25.
1973, 135-159. JiopucoB, IlleHJieBa 2003a: E. EopHCOB, r. lllew-
AJia~iKOB 1997: ,n:. A.rra)J.)KOB. CenHw:a, naMeTHHU:H, JieBa. E.D.Ha uosoorKpHra KareropHll B crpyKrypara ua
uaxo.D.KM or XacKoBCKMll Kpaw.- XacKoBo, 1997,275. paHHOBH3aHTMHCKaTa CeJIHW:Ha CUCTeMa (Ilpe)J.Bapu-
ATauacoB 1991: f. ArauacoB. Eruo)J.eMorpa<PcKH TeJIHO coo6w:eu11e). - Studia protobulgarica et medi-
npoMeHH B.D:o6py,ll.)Ka (X-XVI B.).- MIIp., 1991,2,75- aevalia europensia. B qecr ua rrpoq,. B. EemeBmteB, B.
89. Topuoso,2003, 196-203.
ATaHaCOB 1992: r. ArauaCOB. IIome)J. K'bM .D:o6py.D.- JiopucoB, IlleuJieBa20036: E. EopHCOB, r.llleHJieBa.
lKaHCKllil .D.yHaBCKH 6pllr or X .D.O XV B. - MIIp., 1992, CnacHTeJIHH npoyqBaHllil ua cpe.D.HOBeKosuo cen11w:e B
8-9, 13-30. M. qeureue .D.epe Kpaw c. Kp)'M, ll:MMMTpoBrpa)J.cKo, no
ATaHaCOB 1996: r. ArauaCOB. ETHO)J.eMorpa<PcKH l1 rpacero ua asroMamcrpana ,Map11u:a" or KM 32+000
eTHOKYJITYPHH npou:ecH no ll:o6py,ll.)KaHCKOTO qepHOMO- .D.O KM. 32+200.- AOP 3a 2002 r. Co<Pllil, 2003, 137.
p11e npe3 Cpe.D.HOBeKOBHeTO.- MIIp., 1996, 2, 3-30. raTeB 1985: II. rareB. Cpe,ll.HOBeKOBHO CeJIHW:e l1
ATauaCOB 2001: r. AraHaCOB. HoB nome)]. K'bM)J.eMO- ueKponoJI or XII B. Kpaw c. Kosaqeso, IIa3ap,ll.)KH!liKO. -
rpa<PcKHTe 11 eTHOKYJITYPHHTe npOMeHH B ll:o6py,ll.)Ka PIT, XII, Co<PHll, 1985, 155.
npe3 Cpe.D.HOBeKOBHero. - B: ¥13cne)J.BaHllil B qecr ua noJeJieB 2005: B. fJ03eJieB. EeJie)KK¥1 Bopxy HCTO-
'lJJ. Kop. npo<Pecop Crpa!liHMMp ll:HMHTpoB, Co<Pllil, pHl!Ta Ha 6oJirapCKHTe 3eMH l1 6oJirapHTe nOJIOBHH
2001, 185-214. croner11e npe.D.H B'hCTaHHeTo ua AceueBU:H ( 1186-
JiopucoB 1991: E. EopHCOB. Cpe,ll.HOBeKOBHO cenH- 1188). - Ilpoq,. )1.. 11. u. Crauqo BaKJIHHOB 11 cpe.D.HOBe-
~e 11 ueKpononH Kpaw c. 3uaMeuoceu:. - ,MapHu:a- Kosuara 6onrapcKa KyJITypa, B. TopHoBo, 2005, 33-44.
113TOK". ApxeonorH'leCKH npoyqBaHHll. T. 1, Co<PHll, ll:OH'IeBa-lleTI>:OBa 2005: n. ll:OH'leBa-IleTKOBa .
1991, 205-306. .D:o6py,ll.)Ka B Kpall ua X-XII B. - EonrapcKHTe 3eMH
JiopucoB 1993: E. EopMcoB. KepaMHKara or cpe.D.- npe3 cpe.D.HOBeKOBHeTo (VII-XVIII s.), Acta Muzei Var-
HOBeKoBuara Kpenocr Kpaw c. llcKpHu:a 11 MliCToro wB naensis, III-2, Bapua, 2005, 63-72.
KepaMH'lHllil KOMnJieKc ua CeBepoM3TO'lHa TpaKllil npe3 3JiaTapcKu 1972: B. 3narapcKH. McropHll ua 6bJI-
XI-XII B.- B: CeBepoH3TO'lHa TpaKllilH BH3aHTHll npe3 rapcKara ,ll.op)KaBa npe3 cpe.D.HHTe BeKoBe. - Co<PHll,
IV-XIV B., Co<Pllil-CJIMBeH, 1993, 130-145. 1972, II, 91.
JiopucoB 1994: E. EopHCOB. CpaBHHTenua xapaK- Tieu'leB 1984: B. IIeu'leB. MoueTHTe or cpe,ll.HOBe-
repHCTHKa Ha KyxHeHCKaTa KepaMHKa OT cpe,ll.HOBe- KOBHOTO ceJIHW:e ua)J. CeBTOnOJIHC. - CeBronoJIHc, 2, Co-
KOBHOTO cen11w:e Kpaw c. KapauoBo, HoB03aropcKo. - <Pllil, 1984, 13 7.
llMIOME, XVII, 1994, 101-109. IIosecTh speMeHHhiX neT. I. MocKBa, 1950, 301.
JiopucoB 1997a: KepaMHKara or cpe,ll.HOBeKoBuoro CTaueB 2004: K. Cranes. MHrpau:llil ua 6onrap11 npe3
cen11w:e Kpaw c. rne)J.a'leso.-,MapHu:a-H3TOK". Apxeono- 30-re r. ua XI B. OT Cesepua Eonrapllil K'hM 3aiia,ll.HHTe
a mqecKH npoyqBaHllil. T. 4, Pa)J.ueso, 1997, 129-183. 6onrapcKH 3eMH. Hos nome)]. K'hM npe.D.HCTOpllilTa ua
:- JiopucoB 19976: OcuoBHhie :nanhi B pa3BHTHH BbCTaHHeTO ua IIerop .D:eAAH.- MHHano, 2004, 3, 42-43.
l- CMCTeMhi noceJieHHH Cesepo-BOCTO'lHOH <l>paKHH B XI- TbnKoBa-3anMoBa 1976: B. TonKOBa-3aHMOBa.
,a XII BB. - IIpo6neMhi cnaBl!HCKOH apxeonomH. Tpy.D.hi VI ll:OJIHH ll:yuaB - rpaHH'lHaTa 30Ha Ha BH3aHTHHCKllil 3a-
)- Me)K)J.yuapo,ll.uoro Kourpecca cnaBl!HCKOH apxeonorHH, na)J.. KoM HCTOpllilra ua cesepoH3TO'lHHTe 6onrapcKH3e-
0
I, MocKBa, 1997, 130-139. MH B Kpall ua X-XII BeK. Co<Pllil, 1976, 72-75.
JiopucoB 2002: KepaMHKa 11 KepaMH'lHO npoH3- qauroBa 1972: H. qaurosa. Cpe.D.HOBeKOBHOTO ceJIH-
JI
BO.D.CTBO npe3 XI-XII B., or repHropHl!Ta ua .D.He!llua w:e Bopxy rpaKHHCKHll rpa.D. CesronoJIHC (XI-XIV B.).
I0roH3TO'lHa Eonrapllil. - MapHu:a-H3TOK. Apxeonom- Co<Pllil, 1972, 138.
ra qecKH npoyqsaHHll, T. 6. IlleHJieBa 1995: r. lllewJieBa. Pa3KOIIKI1 ua cpe,ll.HO-
~a
JiopucoB 2003a: E)J.ua uosa cenHw:ua Kareropllil BeKOBHO CeJIHI.l(e, KpenOCTH HeKpOnOJIH KpaH C. llCKpHU:a,
M or Cpe,ll.HOBeKOBHeTO B 3eMHTe ua )J.He!llua IO)I{Ha EoJI- foJI'h60BCKO, rrpe3 1989-1994 fO)J.MHa (Ilpe,ll.BapHTeJIHO
rapHll.- MMM KrocreH)J.HJI, VIII, 2003, 227~234. coo6w:eu11e). - ,MapHu:a-H3TOK". ApxeonorH'leCKH rrpo-
JiopucoB 20036: P11cysauara ma311paua KepaMHKa yqsaHHll, T.3,Pa)J.ueso, 1995,243-287.
or cpe,ll.HOBeKOBHOTO CeJIHI.l(e BM. fpa,ll.HW:eTO )1.0 C. IloJI- IlleHJieBa 1998: r. lllewJieBa. Cpe,ll.HOBeKOBHa
CKH fpa,ll.eU:, B KOMnJieKCa ,MapHU:a-H3TOK". - I06H- KepaMHKa or c. Co.D.Heso, HosoJaropcKo. - MMIOME,
JJeeH c6opuHK B qecr ua npoq,. Hop)J.aH Hop)J.aHoB, B. XIX, 1998, 93-112.
TbpHoBo,2003,291-294. IlleuJieBa 2003: r.llleHJieBa. CrraCHTeJIHH pa3KOIIKI1
JiopucoB 2006: E. EopucoB. ApxeonomqecKaTa ua cpe.D.HOBeKOBHO ceJIHIIJ:e B 3eMJIHW:eTo ua cenara
Kynrypa npe3 nepHO)J.a Ha BH3aHTHHCKOTO BJia)J.H'leCTBO TpOliHOBO l1 fOJiliMa ll:eTeJIHHa, B KOMnJieKCa ,MapHU:a-

195
H3TOK". - AOP 3a 2002 r., Co<PIDI, 2003, 135- 136. dostthrakien. - Karasura 1, 2001 , Beier&Beran, Weiss-
IIJ;epesa u tl.P· 2002: 11. I.IJ;epesa, Kp. Baqesa, ,n:. bach, 141- 148.
Bna)J.HMHposa-Ana,n::>KOBa. - TyH.na-CnHBeH 1, Co<PIDI, Diaconu 1970: P. Diaconu. Les Petchenegues au
2002, PTI, XXVIII, 121. Bas-Danube. - Bucarest, 1970,47-49.
Ansbert: Historia de expeditione Friderici impera- Shtereva, Manolova 2001: Shtereva 1., M . Manolo-
toris, - flaTHHCKH H3BOpH 3a 6nnrapcKaTa HCTOpiDI, 3. va. About the Problem of the Origin of Slip-Coated Ce-
Cocpllil, 1965. ramics from 11th- 12th Century Bulgaria. - Archaeolo-
Borisov 1989: B. Borisov. Djadovo 1. Mediaeval gia Bulgarica, 2001, V, 3, 57- 63.
Settelment and Necropolis (11th- 12th Century. Tokyo, Wendel 2004: M. Wendel. Bemerkungen zur Mit-
1989. telalterlichen Keramik des 11 und 12 Jh. aus Karasura
Borisov 2001: B. Borisov. Synchronisation der mit- (Stidbulgarien). - Archaeologia Bulgarica, VIII, 2004,
telalterlichen Siedlungen des 11 - 12 Jahrhunderts in Nor- 3, 71 - 81.

DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES
IN NORTHEAST THRACE IN 11™-12TH C.
(based on archaeological data)

Boris D. BORISOV

After the ,Golden Age" Bulgaria lapsed into a deep Kladentsi and Humma, Razgrad area, Vruv, Staro
crisis put to an end by the fall of the state under sello and Lilliache, Vratsa area and plenty of others.
Byzantine domination. During these events the During these invasions perished all six strongholds a
development of the settlement system in Northeast around the town of Isperich; in Toutrackan area q
Bulgaria and Dobroudja in particular suffered a out of the sixteen previously thriving settlements p
0
severe blow causing damages and devastation survived only a single one. The same fate befell
lj
and the most seriously impaired settlements were the environs of the First Bulgarian Capital Pliska,
abandoned by their inhabitants. As evidenced where remained only three out of altogether fifty-
0
by archaeological research a lot of towns and six settlements.
fl
strongholds between Preslav and Druster bear
The devastating Pechenegian invasions compelled ti
traces of fire marking off the events from 968- 971.
In these settlements are not available materials from the surviving population to search for salvation G
the last quarter of 1Oth or the beginning of 11th c., as to the south cauing the formation of a large-scale A
well as the anonymous coins from class A -1 minted migratory wave. As a result of this the expansion 1~

in the period 969- 976, certifying the fact that they of the settlement network to the south of the Balkan K
had been deserted by their inhabitants. Mountains underwent a rapid boost. A part of the
settlements appeared at new sites, like the one above
A second disastrous blow on the settlement network Sevtopolis, by the village of Kovachevo, Pazardjick
ofNortheast Bulgaria and Dobroudja was inflicted area; by the villages of Dyadovo and Ezerro, Nova
by the Pechenegian incursions from the first half of Zagora area; Gullubovo, St. Kirrilovo, Mudrets,
11th c. After these events life went on existing only Zlatna Livada, Chirpan area, near the village of
in a number of strongholds near the Danube and Ljubimets and others. There were a number of
the Black Sea, namely Vetren, Druster, Tutrakan, settlements, inhabited still in 11 th_12'h c., which had
Pakuiul lui Soare, Dinogentsia, Nufuru, Hursovo, sprung into existence still in the second half of 9th c.
Isakcha, Kalliakra, Varna and some others. To this group is attributed the mediaeval Konstantsia,
Simultaneously with that ceased the existence of the stronghold by the village of Iskritsa, Gullubovo
the settlements near Poppina, Czar Assen, Garvan municipality and the settlement near Kranovo,
and Maluck Preslavets, Silistra area, Odurtsi and Nova Zagora area, Radnevo - CRB, Gledachevo
Kladentsi, Dobritch area, Hursovo, Shoumen area, - 3, Znamenosets and Polski Gradets, Radnevo
Krivina, Rousse area, Giggen, Pleven area, as well municipality, the settlemen~ above the antique road
as the strongholds near Mezdra, Skalla, Ruino, station Karrasura, Harmanli area and others.

196
 The origination of the settlements towards the end were en masse deserted by the entire population -
of the first half of 11th c. is certified by the abrupt the settlement near Kovachevo, Pazardjik area,
increase of the import materials - luxury ceramic Dyadovo and Ezero, Nova Zagora area, Radnevo-
articles and adornments, as well as the rapidly CRB, Znamenosets, Gipsovo, Polski Gradets,
expanding share of ceramic objects manufactured Gledachevo 1 and 3, Radnevsko, the stronghold
on a treadle (foot-controlled) potter's wheel along by the village of Iskritsa, Gullubovo municipality,
with the piling-up numismatic material. In the Krum and Yabulkovo, Dimitrovgrad area and many
settlement near Dyadovo the earliest coins are others. In all settlements the latest coins refer to the
referred to classes A-2 and A-3, struck in the period rule of Isak II Angel and provide a good example
976-1028. In Znamenosets the earliest coins are for the total absence of the so-called Bulgarian or
once more attributed to class A-2 (976-1025) and Latin imitations, characteristic for the beginning of
class B (1030-1040). From the settlement above 13th c. The surviving from the crusaders' outrageous
Sevtopolis the earliest coins are the folises from plundering population sought salvation to the north,
class B (1030-1042), minted at the time ofMichail where in the meantime was renovated and restored
IV's rule (1 034- 041 ). the Bulgarian Kingdom.

After the demographic changes about the end of Only those settlements, which remained aside from
the first half of 11th c. settled a relatively peaceful the calamitous path of the looters and were situated
situation evoked by the economic progress diffusing at the south foot of Sredna Gora or the Balkan
the entire Byzantine empire, owing to which began Mountains, lived through the deadly march of the
a new stage in the construction of the settlement 3rct Crusade. Such are the town of Hissarluka in
network around the middle of 12th c. At this time Sliven, the settlement above Sevtopolis,Assenovets
·o
is observed a certain ,swarming" of the towns and Karanovo, Nova Zagora area and a number of
s. others, which lived up to the beginning of 13th c.
and villages and the appearance of new living-
is quarters or virtually brand new settlements in when probably at the time of czar Kaloyan's wars
~a
proximity with the old noes. The increased number with the Latin Empire were also abandoned and
of the new necropolises witnessed in settlements depopulated.
like Dyadovo, Karranovo, Znamenosets, Polski
:a, The new migratory wave designates a new stage
Gradets, Karrasura, the stronghold near the village
y- in the development of the settlement network of
oflskritsa and others is yet another piece of evidence
for the fast-growing number of settlements. At that the lands in present-day Bulgaria, when sprang
time appeared the settlement by the villages of up or were revived and restored a number of old
ed settlements and strongholds - Hotnitsa, Veliko
on Gipsovo and Gledachevo, Radnevo municipality,
Assenovets and the detached autonomous quarter Tumovo area, ,Chirakmanna" by Kavama and
:~.le
in the settlement near Karanovo, Nova Zagora area, others. In this manner the Third Crusade appeared
on
Krum, Dimitrovgrad area, etc. to be catastrophic for the development of the
:an
settlement network of Northeast Thrace. In the
the
Disaster didn't wait to strike again and another ensuing period the whole plain part of this quite
>Ve
pernicious blow on the settlement network, in large territory remained for long denuded and
ick
parallel with new large-scale demographic changes forsaken, a circumstance corroborated by profound
wa took place during the Third Crusaders' Campaign archaeological research.
ets,
from 1189-1190. A lot of towns and strongholds
of
of
had
h e.
:sm,
ovo
)VO,
teVO
leVO
:oad

197
 KOJIEKTHBHA MOHETHA HAXO,IJ;KA
OT BH3AHTHHCKH AHOHHMHH <I>OJIHCH KJIAC A2,
HAMEPEHA ME)K,ll;Y CEJIATA ITJIAHHHHU:A H pynqA,
liYPrACKA OliJIACT

Hzop JIA3APEHKO

Ilpe3 2003 r. B ApxeoJiorHqecKH My3eii-Bap- Bapuamn la (o6p. 1)- 1 6p.

Ha IIOCThiiH KOJieKTHBHa HaXO)J.Ka OT 82 aHOHHM- Temo- 7,77 r; )J.HaMeThp- 26/27 MM
HH BH3aHTHHCKH <PoJIHca KJiac A2 1• Crrope.n. HH<!>op-
MaQHHTa OT IIpHHOCHTeAA HM Te Ca HaMepeHH Ha
IIOAAHa Ha)J, ,[(Be qeiiiMH ITO II'bT51 Me)I()J.y CeJiaTa
IlJiaHHHHQa H Pyrrqa, o6lll,HHa PyeH, I>ypracKa o6-
JiacT. IJpe3 aHTHqHOCTTa H cpe)J.HOBeKOBHeTO B T0-
3H paiioH e MHHaBaJI II'h~ KOHTO rrpecHqa CTapa
rrJiaHHHa. 3a HerosaTa oxpaHa ca 6HJIH H3rpa.n.eHH
06p.l
KpeiiOCTH H rrperpa)J.HH CTeHH, OCTaHKH OT KOHTO
ca 3arra3eHH .n.o .n.Hec (MoM'-tUll06 2001, 236-237,
Bapuamn 3? (o6p. 2)- 1 6p.
242-244).
Temo - 14,65 r; .n.HaMeThp - 32 MM
BcHqKH MOHeTH oT Haxo.n.KaTa ca e.n.HOTHIIHH H
HMaT CJie)J.HOTO OIIHCaHHe:
JI. IC - XC; + €MMA - NOVHA. oiOcT Ha
XpHCTOC c HHM6, TYHHKa H XHMaTHOH, Hacpelll,a.
Ilpe.n. rnp)J.HTe CH .D.bp)f<H esaHreJIHe. B KpncTa Ha
HHM6a H BbpXy IIO)J.Bbp3H51Ta Ha eBaHreJIHeTO HMa
pa3JIHqHH 3HaQH.

Orr. lleTHpHpe.n.os Ha.n.rrHc: 06p. 2

+IhSlJS
XRISTlJS Bapuanm 4 (o6p. 3)- 1 6p.
bASIL€lJ' Temo -13,05 r; )J.HaMeThp- 31,5/33 MM
bASIL€'

Ha.n. H rro.n. Ha.n.rrHca - pa3JIHqHH 3HaQH.

IlpH pa3JIHqmne eMHCHH OT <PoJIHCH KJiac A2
yKpacaTa Ha HHM6a OKOJIO masaTa Ha Hcyc XpHcToc
H esaHreJIHeTo, KOeTo TOM .D.bp)f(H, e pa3JIHqHa. Pa3-
JIHqHH ca H )J.OII'bJIHHTeJIHHTe CHMBOJIH (T.H. TaHHH
3HaQH) Ha.n. H rro.n. qeTHpHpe.n.osH51 Ha.n.rrHc. Te3H
pa3JIHqH51 ce H3IIOJI3BaT IIpH pa3rrpe)J.eJI51HeTO Ha 06p.3

aHOHHMHHTe <PoJIHCH KJiac A2 no sapHaHTH (Bell- Bapuanm 14b (o6p. 4)- 5 6p.
inger 1928, 1-27; Grierson 1973, 645, tab. 24; Temo- 9,20 r; 9,61 r; 9,46 r; 5,59 r; 5,18 r.
1vanisevic 1989, 23). B pa3me)f()J.aHaTa Haxo.n.Ka )J,HaMeThp - 26/27 MM; 27/28,5 MM; 28/29 MM;
HMa <!>OJIHCH OT CJie)J.HHTe BapHaHTH 2 : 26/27 MM; 26/27 MM

198
 Bapl«lllm 24a, 39, 40, 40a tmu 40b? (o6p. 9) - 6 6p.
Temo- 8,16 r ; 14,51 r ; 11 ,81 r; 9,64 r; 8,49 r;
5,18 r.
,LJ;MaMeTbp - 26/29 MM; 28/29 MM; 29/31 MM;
27/28 MM; 26/27 MM; 23/26 MM

06p.4
Bapua11m 15a? (o6p. 5) - 1 6p.
Temo- 5,35 r; ,n;MaMenp - 26/28 MM

06p. 9

Bapua11m 32 (o6p. 10) - 1 6p.

Temo- 7,36 r ; ,n;MaMenp - 27,5 MM
06p. 5

Bapua11m 2, 4, 20 liJIU 24b (o6p. 6) - 1 6p.

Temo - 6,51 r; ,n;MaMenp - 28,5/28 MM

06p.JO

Bapua11m 33 (o6p. 11) - 3 6p.

Temo - 9,59 r; 10,97 r ; 8,40 r.
06p. 6 ,LJ;MaMeTbp - 27/29 MM; 29/31 MM; 27/29 MM

Bapua11m 22, 35 liJIU 41 (o6p. 7) - 7 6p.

Temo- 7,75 r; 9,73 r; 8,81 r ; 7,05 r; 8,64 r;
8,78 r; 8,10 r.
,LJ;MaMeTbp - 26/28 MM; 27/29 MM; 27 MM;
29/32 MM; 27/31 MM; 28/30 MM; 27/28 MM

06p. 11

Bapua11m 38 (o6p. 12) - 1 6p.

Temo - 6,74 r; ,n;MaMenp - 25/24 MM

06p. 7

Bapua11m 24a (o6p. 8) - 1 6p.

Temo -14,33 r; ,n;MaMenp - 22,5/23 MM

06p. 12

Bapua11m 39 liJIU 40 (o6p. 13)- 12 6p.

Temo-7,13 r; 10,32 r; 9,64r; 11,41; 8 r; 7,05 r;
7,20; 7,07 r; 8,12 r; 7,13 r; 7,77r; 6,64 r.
06p. 8 ,LJ;MaMeTbp - 27/28 MM; 28,5/30 MM; 29/30 MM;

199
27/28 MM; 27 MM; 28/27 MM; 25,5/26 MM; 24/29 MM; BapuaHm 45 (o6p. 18) - 3 6p.
24/26 MM 26 MM; 24/26 MM; 25/25,5 MM Terno- 9,08 r; 10,29 r; 6,41 r;
,n:HaMeTbp - 28 MM; 31/27 MM; 27/31 MM

06p.l3

BapuaHm 40a (o6p. 14) - 4 6p.

06p.18
Terno- 10,45 r; 10,49 r; 7,77 r; 8,43 r.
,n:HaMeThp- 26/27 MM; 27/29 MM; 24,5/27,5 MM;
25/28 MM BapuaHm 47 (o6p. 19) - 4 6p.
Terno - 7,93 r; 8,85 r; 4, 72 r; 8,92 r.
.ll:HaMeTbp - 26 MM; 24/28 MM; 27/29 MM; 29/31 MM

06p. 14

BapuaHm 41 (o6p. 15) - 2 6p.

Terno - 7,98 r; 5,31 r; ,n:HaMenp - 28/27 MM; 06p. 19
29/27,5 MM
HeonpeoeneH BapuaHm (o6p. 20, 21)- 26 6p.
rerno - OT 5,30 r .n:o 14,02 r; cpe,n:Ho rerno - 9,25 r.
,n:HaMeTbp - OT 24 MM .D:O 32 MM; cpe,n:eH ,n:Ha-
MeTbp - 28 MM

06p.15

BapuaHm 42 ( o6p. 16) - 1 6p.

Terno - 6,44 r; ,n:HaMeThp - 26 MM
06p. 20

06p.16

BapuaHm 43 (o6p. 17) - 1 6p.

Terno -- 10,53 r ; ,n:HaMeTbp - 28 MM
06p. 21

0TCHqaHeTO Ha aHOHHMHHTe <PoJIHCH KJiaC

A2 3anoqBa npe3 ynpaBJieHHeTo Ha HMnepaTOp
BacHJIHH II (976-1025), HO He e HCHO ,n:oKora e
npo,n:o.JDKHJIO. M. ToMnCoH, C. MopHCbH, B. IfBa-
HHUJeBHq 11 B. IlapyrneB npHeMaT, qe Te ca ce-
06p.l7 qeHH .D:O KpaH Ha ynpaBJieHHeTO Ha HMllepaTOp

200
KoHcTaHTHH VIII (1025- 1028), a <PonHCHTe OT HYMH3MaTH4HHTe KpHTepHH rrpH .n.aTHpaHeTo Ha
cne.n.Barn;IDI rome B ca ceqeHH rrpe3 yrrpaBJieHHeTo CbKpOBHW:eTO. 3aTOBa IIpH yroqiDIBaHe Ha Bpe-
Ha HMrrepaTop PoMaH III Apmp (1028- 1034) MeTO, KoraTo TO e 6HJIO yKpHTO, rro-rrone3HH rn:e
(Thompson 1954, 109- 115; Morrisson 1970, 586- Ca IIHCMeHHTe H3BOpH 3a BapBapCKH HalileCTBIDI Ha
600; Ivanisevic 1989, 19- 40; llapywee 1999, 10r OT p. ,[l,yHaB H rro-KOHKpeTHO B TeMa TpaKH.H 5
132- 134). ,[1,. MeTKan<P pa3.n.em1 <iJonHCHTe rome rrpe3 )J,Ba.n.ecerre H TpH.n.ecerre rO)J,HHH Ha XI B. H
A2 Ha KJiacoBe A2 H A3 H rrnpBoHaqanHo MHCJIH, .n.aTHpOBKHTe Ha rrpoyqeHH apxeonorHqecKH o6eK-
qe KJiac A2 ce ceqe .n.o 1020 r., KJiac A3 - .n.o TH, B KOHTO Ca HaMepeHH aHaJIOfH4HH ITO CbCTaB
1028 r., a <PonHCHTe KJiac B - rrpH HMrrepaTop MOHeTHH HaXO)J,KH.
PoMaH III Apmp (Metcalf 1970, 199- 219). Brro- AHOHHMHHTe <PonHCH KJiac A2 (A2 11 A3) ca
cne)J,CTBHe rrpHeMa, qe <iJonHCHTe KJiac A2 ca ceqeHH HaH-MaCOBO pa3IIpOCTpaHeHHTe MOHeTH OT IIbpBa-
.n.o 1015, a <PonHCHTe A3 - B rrepHo.n.a Me)K.n.y 1015 Ta rronoBHHa Ha XI B. Ha TepHTOpiDITa Ha cpe.n.Ho-
r. H 1030 r. (Metcalf 1979, 44, 57- 58). B MOMeHTa BeKOBHa EnnrapiDI. Ha ceBep OT CTapa rrnaHHHa
pa3,ll,emmeTo Ha <iJonHCHTe KJiac A2 Ha KJiacoBe Te Ce IIO.HB.HBaT CJie)J, IIOBTOpHOTO HaJiaraHe Ha BH-
A2 H A3 11 .n.aTHpOBKaTa Ha <PonHCHTe Knac A3 .n.o 3aHTHHCKaTa BJiacT B T03H paiioH rrpe3 1000 r. Tnii
1028 ~ ce rrpHeMa OT rroBeqeTo PYMnHCKH H OT KaTO Ce OTKpHBaT ByKperreHH CeJIHW:a, pa3IIOJIO)KeHH
IDIKOH 6nnrapcKH yqeHH (Oberliinder-Tarnoveanu )1,0 rJiaBHH IIbTHW:a H Ha CTpaTerHqeCKH MeCTa,
1994- 1995, 71, 74- 76, 83- 85; Custurea 2000, 112; MO)Ke )J,a Ce IIpHeMe, qe TeXHH OCHOBHH IIOJI3BaTeJIH
Miinucu-Adame~teanu 2001, 106- 109, 487- 488; ca 6HJIH BOHHHIJ,HTe OT BH3aHTHHCKHTe rapHH30HH
Poenaru Bordea, Oche~eanu, Popeea 2004, 135- (AmaHacoel999, 40; llapyweel999, 132).
141; Homoe 2004, 322- 323, 329- 330). Crrope.n. ,[l,o MOMeHTa Ca rry6JIHKyBaHH HJIH Cb06rn;eHH
<1>. fpHepCbH OTCH4aHeTO Ha aHOHHMHHTe <iJoJIH- OCeMHa)J,eCeT HaXO)J,KH, CbCTaBeHH CaMO OT aHO-
CH KJiac A2 rrpo,ll,bJI)KaBa .n.o 1030/1035, a <PonH- HHMHH <iJoJIHCH KJiaC A2 (A2 H A3), H TaKHBa, B
CHTe KJiac B ca ceqeHH B rrepHO)J,a 1030/ 1035- KOHTO HMa He3Ha4HTeJieH 6poii <iJonHCH KJiac B,
1042 (?) (Grierson 1973, 639). ToBa MHeHHe ce KOHTO ca HaMepeHH Ha TepHTOpiDITa Ha Cnp6IDI,
IIO)J,)J,bp)Ka OT f. ATaHaCOB (Ammwcoe 1999, 33- EnnrapiDI 11 CeBepHa ,[l,o6py.n.)Ka (PYMnHH.H).
56)3, oT liB. Hop.n.aHoB (HopoaHoe 2000, 137) H OT Cnp6IDI HMa H3BeCTHH qeTHpH KOJieKTHBHH
OT B. lleH4eB (lleH'Jee 2001, 47- 57). r. ATaHaCOB, HaXO)J,KH. Te ca OTKPHTH B MaqBaHcKa MHTpOBHu,a
6e3 .n.a ce aHra)l(Hpa c KpaiiHa .n.aTa 3a OTCH4aHe Ha (2 HaXO)J,KH, Cb,ll,bp)KaiiJ:H CbOTBeTHO 9 6p. H 4 6p.),
aHOHHMHHTe <PonHCH OT Knac A2, rrpe.n.nara 1034 B MopaBa (14 6p.) H B EpaHH4eBo (6 6p.) (HeaHu-
HJIH 1035 f. 3a HaqaJIHa )J,aTa Ha OTCHqaHeTO Ha aHO- weeuli 1997, 133- 134, 6e.n. 15 u 16).
HHMHHTe <iJoJIHCH KJiac B (AmaHaC06 1999, 45). B CeBepHa EnnrapH.H H B CeBepHa ,[l,o6py.n.)Ka
Bn3MO)KHO e .n.a cnrn:ecTByBa xHaryc Me)K,ll,y cnyqaifHo ca HaMepeHH CnKpOBHW:aTa oT c. Ee)Ka-
OTCHqaHeTO Ha aHOHHMHHTe <iJoJIHCH OT KJiaCOBeTe HOBO, JlyKOBHTCKO (OKOJIO 2 Kr) (TepaCUM06 1938,
A2 (A3) H B. AHOHHMHHTe <PonHCH KJiac A2 (A3) 454), OT C. lJ:aB,ll,apU,H (6HBlileTO Jln)KeHe), Jlo-
MO)Ke )J,a Ca ceqeHH )1,0 1028, HO OTCH4aHeTO Ha BelilKO (100 6p.) (FepacUMoel937, 318), OT c. ,[l,o-
aHOHHMHH <PonHCH KJiac B .n.a e 3arroqHaJIO B rre- 6poTHu,a, 0MypTarCKO (18 6p.) (TepaCUM06 }957,
pHo)J,a Me)K)J,y 1030 H 1035 4 H IIO-KOHKpeTHO rrpe3 323), OT OKOJIHOCTHTe Ha llpecJiaB (OKOJIO 20 6p.)
1034/1035 r. (FepacuMoe 1966, 213), OT CHJIHCTpa (41 6p.)
MoHeTH OT orrHcaHaTa Haxo.n.Ka He ca .n.o6pe (TepaCUM06 1965, 249), OT ,[l,eBIDI (888 6p.)
3aiia3eHH H MaKap )J,a ca .HCHH KaTO THII, He e Bb3- (Mup'leel966, 148- 151) HOT c. XopiDI, OKpnr Tyn-
M0)KH0 )J,a ce rrpaB.HT )J,eTaHJIHH Ha6JIIO)J,eHIDI Bbpxy qa, PYMnHIDI (15 6p.) (Miinucu-Adame~teanu 1992,
IIe4aTHTe, C KOHTO Ca OTCeqeHH, HJIH Ha TefJIOBHH.H 51, M 1; Custurea 2000, 162). llpH pa3KOIIKH ca
HM CTaH,ll,apT. BnrrpeKH TOBa MO)Ke )J,a ce Ka)Ke, HaMepeHH )J,BeTe Haxo)J,KH OT Kperrocrra CKana .n.o
qe OCHOBHaTa 4aCT Ca OT eMHCHH, OTCe4eHH CJie)J, c. Kna.n.eHu,H, TepBeJicKo ( e.n.HaTa Cb,ll,bp)Ka 98 6p.
1016/1020, T.e. KbM Kpa.H Ha yrrpaBJieHHeTO Ha <iJonHCH KJiac A2 H 1 <PonHc KJiac B, a BTopaTa e
BacHJIHH II H rrpH HeroBIDI HacJie)J,HHK HJIH Hacne)J,- CbCTaBeHa OT 28 6p. <PonHCH KJiac A2) (Homoe,
HHIJ,H. XoMoreHHIDIT cncTaB Ha Haxo.n.KaTa rro3- AmaHacoe 1998, 130) H OT cpe.n.HoBeKOBHOTO ce-
BOJI.HBa HeiiHoTo YKPHBaHe .n.a 6n.n.e rrocTaBeHo B JIHW:e .n.o c. O.n.npu,H, ,[J,o6pH4KO (7 6p.) (llapywee
fO)J,HHHTe rrpe,li,H OTCHqaHeTO Ha aHOHHMHHTe <iJo- 1999, 134).
JIHCH OT KJiaC B, HO CIIOpOBeTe OKOJIO HaqaJIHaTa B IO)l(Ha EnnrapH.H cnyqaiiHo ca HaMepeHH Ha-
.n.aTa Ha OTCHqaHe Ha <PonHCHTe KJiac B H3KJIIOqBaT xo)J,KHTe OT llJIOB)J,HB (6 6p.) (l{OH'le6 1960, 208),

201
 ...
CwnwcTpa

- 4 a.~.!,~
y~Y.J..'.- O~bPUK
.~i"
y
~><B.,
OOO a~U~apuH
~ e&npeCflaB
e&
IJ.ooH~,I.
e&
A.. ll.o6ponoua

~ ~ Pyn'latnnamtHHL(a
lfEPHO
·y CJ1 11BCII ....

Co~w• a .1. MOPE

JIErEJI)J:A
e - HaceneHO Ml!CTO
.1. - MOHeTHa HaXO,!IKa

Kapma. MoHemHu HaxooKu c aHOHUMHU rjJoJlucu KJ/ac A2 (A2 u A3), yKpumu 6 nepuooa 1026/1027- 1036 2.

,ll,O H3TOqHaTa cTeHa Ha Kpenocrra B XHcapH, neqeHe)I(KI1 HarnecTBIDI. OcHOBHIDIT nl1cMeH 113Bop
IlnOB,ll,I1BCKO ( OKOJIO 3 Kf) (aoH'le6 1960, 207) 11 OT 3a Te311 cn611TIDI e xpOHI1KaTa Ha HoaH CKI1JII1IJ,a.
c. TpoHHOBo, EypracKo (765 6p. <PonHCH Knac A2 OT HeH 3HaeM, qe npe3 1026 r. (11n11 1027 r.) e
11 1 <PonHc Knac B) (lleH'lee 2001, 47-57), a np11 Hana,ll,HaTa Ennrap11H (Scylitzes-Cedrenus, 298).
pa3KOnKH - HaXO,ll,KaTa OT XHcapnnKa np11 CnHBeH CTaBa ,ll,)'Ma 3a TeMa Ennrap11H, KOHTO cne,ll, 10 18 r.
(7 6p.) (BllaOUMUpoea-A;tao:HCoea 2001, 99, 104). BKmoqBa u;HnaTa Tep11TOpiDI Ha CaMyl1noBaTa
B HaXO,ll,KHTe OT Kpenocrra CKana, oT ~eBHH, ,ll,bp)l(aBa 11 np11cne,ll,I1HeHI1Te K'hM BmaHTI1H npe3
oT c. TpoHHOBO, OT cnHBeHcKHH X11capnnK 11 OT 1000 r. 6nnrapcKI1 3eMI1 Me)l(,ll,y qepHo Mope, p.
pai1oHa Ha cenaTa IInaHHHHQa 11 Pynqa HMa K'hCHH ~yHaB 11 CTapa nnaHI1Ha (Jordanov 2003, 134-13 6).
eMHCHH aHOHI1MHH <PonHCH KJiac A2 (onpe,ll,eJIHHH Y,ll,apnT o6aqe e 611n HacoqeH caMo K'hM 3ana,ll,HaTa
11 KaTo A3). ToBa noKa3Ba, qe yKpHBaHeTo HM e cTa- qacT Ha TeMaTa (Diaconu 1970, 39-41; TbnK06a-
Hano, CJie,ll, KaTO OTCJ1qaHeTO Ha T0311 THn MOHeTH 3aUMoea 1976, 72; AmaHacoe1999, 37) 6 • BTopoTo
Beqe e 611JIO 113BbpllleHO, T.e. HaH-paHO OKOJIO neqeHe)I(KO HarnecTBI1e e npe3 1032 r. To311 nnT
1028 r. Tni1 KaTO qacT oT Haxo,ll,KI1Te ca HaMepeHH 611na Hana,ll,HaTa M113HH (Scylitzes-Cedrenus, 299).
B ono)l(apeHH yKpeneHH cen11Il.l,a (CKana, O,ll,npu;H, MH3HH no TOBa BpeMe e qacT oT TeMa EnnrapHH.
X11capnnKa np11 Cni1BeH, XHcapH, IlnOB,ll,HBCKO), QqeBH,ll,HO Hana,ll,eHHeTo e 3acerHano caMo TepH-
np11q11HaTa 3a THXHOTO yKpHBaHe MO)I(e ,ll,a 6n,ll,e TOpiDITa Me)l(,ll,y Crapa nnaHHHa 11 p. ~yHaB 11 3a-
caMo e,ll,Ha - HenpiDITencKo Hana,ll,eHI1e. Cnll.l,aTa TOBa e Ha30BaHa KOHKpeTHO nOCTpa,ll,aJiaTa 06-
np11q11Ha MO)I(e ,ll,a ce npHeMe 11 3a cnKpoBHII.l,aTa, JiaCT, a He QHJiaTa TeMa. TpeTOTO Hana,ll,eHHe e
KOI1TO Ca 3apoBeHH 113BbH HaCeJieHI1 MeCTa, KaK'hB- npe3 1034 r. 0THOBO e 611na 3acemara TeMa Enn-
TO e cnyqaHT c MOHeTHTe OT pai1oHa Ha cenaTa Ilna- rapiDI. IleqeHerHTe ca MI1HaJII1 npe3 MH3IDI 11
HI1HHu;a 11 Pynqa. CTHrHanH ,ll,O ConyH (Scylitzes-Cedrenus, 300).
B HaqanoTo Ha BTopaTa qeTBnpT Ha XI B. eBpo- HarnecTBeH11QHTe BepoHTHO ca ce ,ll,BH)I(I1JIH no
nei1cKaTa qacT Ha Bl13aHTHH e o6eKT Ha nope,ll,Hu;a ,ll,OJII1HHTe Ha peKHTe IlcKnp 11 CTp)'Ma (AmaHacoe

202
1999, 37). 3aTOBa HaXO)J,KHTe C aHOHHMHH <lJOJIHCH Ha HMnepH.SITa 11 BepO.SITHO Ca OCTaHaJIH noHe .LJ.O
KJiac A2, KOHTO ce HaMHpaT B U:eHTpanHa, CeBepHa nponerra. He e H3BecTeH nbT.SIT, no KOHTO Te ca ce
11 B 3ana)J,Ha nbnrapiDI, KaKTo 11 B Cbp6mi, MO)l(e .LJ.a .LJ.BH)l(eJIH oT 113ToqHa TpaKH.SI ( TeMHTe TpaKH.SI 11
ca yKpHTH npe3 1026-1027 r., 1032 r. HJIH 1034 r. MaKe.LJ.OHH.SI) KbM cenHIQaTa c11 Ha ceBep oT p . .lJ:y-
lh6poeHHTe HarnecTBH.SI He ca 3acerHaJIH IOro- HaB, HO H36paHIDIT MaprnpyT MO)l(e 611 e 6HJI TaKbB,
113ToqHa TpaKH.SI 11 He 611xa MOriiH .LJ.a 6b.LJ.aT npH- qe HM e rapaHTHpan HaH-MHoro nJI.SiqKa. AKo .LJ.O
qJ1Ha 3a yKpHBaHeTo Ha HaXO.LJ.KHTe OT paiioHa Ha 1036 r. CeBepoH3ToqHa MI13H.SI He e 611na o6eKT
cenaTa IlnaHHH11Qa 11 Pynqa, oT c. Tpo.SIHOBO, Eyp- Ha Hana)J,eHH.SI 3apa.LJ.H .LJ.06paTa CH yKpeneHOCT
racKo, (:JT XHcapnbKa np11 CnHBeH 11 oT X11cap.SI, OT ceBep 11 TPY.LJ.HaTa CH .LJ.OCTbnHOCT OT 3ana.LJ.,
IlJIOB.ll.HBCKO. Cnope.LJ. MeH Te311 CbKpOBHIQa ca no- norHqHo e neqeHerHTe )J,a ca ce H3TernHJIH Toq-
na.LJ.HaJIH B 3eM.SITa npe3 3HMaTa Ha 1035 r. 7 , KoraTo HO npe3 He.SI. 3aToBa MHCJI.SI, qe Ta3H o6nacT e 6H-
neqeHerHTe ca MHHaJIH no 3aMpb3HaJIIDI .lJ:yHaB 11 na onycTOrneHa npe3 nponerra Ha 1036 r. OT 3a-
ca Hana.LJ.HaJIH MH3IDI, TpaKIDI 11 MaKe.LJ.OHIDI (Scyl- BpbiQaiQHTe ce oT TpaKH.SI neqeHerH, KOHTO ca
itzes-Cedrenus, 300). B cnyqa.SI CKHJIHQa Bepo.SITHO MHHaJIH npe3 npoxO.LJ.HTe Ha I13TOqHa CTapa nna-
e 11Man npe.LJ.BH.LJ. BH3aHTHHCKHTe TeMH TpaKH.SI c HHHa 11 ca HaXJIYJIH B )J,HelliHa .lJ:o6py.LJ.)l(a OT IOr.
u.eHTbp ApKa.LJ.Honon 11 MaKe.LJ.OHIDI c u.eHTbp A.LJ.- CTenHIDIT xapaKTep Ha pene<Pa e no3BOJIHJI Ha Ha-
pHaHonon, HO .LJ.OPH 11 .LJ.a e .LJ.aJI HMeHaTa Ha reo- rnecTBeHHU.HTe )J,a HaBJI.SI3aT Ha lliHpOK <lJpOHT, 6e3
rpa<!JcKH o6nacTH, cBe.LJ.eHHeTo MY naK e e.LJ.HHCTBe- )J,a 6b.LJ.aT Bb3npeii.SITCTBaHH OT npHpO.LJ.HI1 HJIH qo-
HIDIT 3ana3eH nHCMeH 113TOqHJ1K 3a neqeHe)l(KO BelliKH <PaKTopH. ToBa ce e OKa3aJIO <lJaTanHo 3a
HaxnyBaHe B TpaKIDI B nepHO.LJ.a Me)l(.LJ.Y 1026/27 r. HeyKpeneHHTe 11 yKpeneHHTe cenmua B CeBepo-
11 1036 r. H3ToqHa MH3IDI. KpenocTHTe B paiioHa ca 6HJIH
AKo MOHeTHHTe HaXO.LJ.KH oT c. Tpo.SIHOBO, OT c. BTOpH erneJIOH Ha OCHOBHaTa OT6paHHTeJIHa JIHHH.SI
IInaHHH11U.al c. Pynqa, OT XHcapnbKa np11 CnHBeH no p . .lJ:yHaB (AmaHacoe 1999, 39-40) 11 He ca 6HJIH
11 XHcap.SI, IlJIOB.LJ.HBCKO, )J,eHCTBHTeJIHO ca yKpHTH npe.LJ.BH)J,eHH 11 nO)J,rOTBeHH )J,a nOeMaT MaCHpaH
npe3 1035 r., TO Tp.SI6Ba .LJ.a npHeMeM 3a B.SipHO npe.LJ.- Bpa)l(eCKH y.LJ.ap OT IOr. Ilpe)J,nOJIO)l(eHHeTO, qe Ce-
noJio)l(eHHeTo Ha r. ATaHaCOB, qe <PonHCHTe OT JIHIQaTa 11 KpenOCTHTe BbB BbTpelliHOCTTa Ha .lJ:o6-
KJiac B 3anoqBaT .LJ.a ce oTcHqaT npe3 1034 r. HJIH py.LJ.)l(a ca pa3opeHH npe3 nponerra Ha 1036 r. oT
1035 r. qeTHpHTe HaXO.LJ.KH Ca Ce <!JopMHpaJIH Ha neqeHerH, KOHTO ca HaXJiyJIH B o6nacrra OT 10r,
TepHTOpH.SI, KO.SITO e HMaJia HOpMaJIHO CHa6.LJ..SIBaHe e nO-JIOrJ1qHO, OTKOJIKOTO npe.LJ.nOJIO)l(eHHeTO, qe
c MOHeTH, 11 aKo <PonHCHTe oT KJiac B ca 6HJIH Ca CTaHaJIH )l(epTBa Ha neqeHerH, KOHTO H)J,BaT OT
OTCeqeHH H.SIKOJIKO r0)J,HHH npe.LJ.H 1035 r., Te 6e3 ceBep, cne.LJ. KaTO ca npeMHHaJII1 p . .lJ:yHaB. Ilpe3
CbMHeHHe IQ.SIXa )J,a HMaT CepH03HO npHCbCTBHe B nponerra peKaTa e HaH-nbJIHOBO.LJ.Ha 11 TPY.LJ.Ha 3a
CnOMeHaTHTe CbKpOBHIQa. npeMHHaBaHe, a 11 B naca)l(a y CKHJIHQa, B KOHTO
Cxo.LJ.HH.SIT cbcTaB Ha CbKpOBHIQaTa c aHOHHMHH CTaBa .LJ.yMa 3a TpHTe npoJieTHH HallleCTBI1.SI OT
<!JonHcH Knac A2 (A2 11 A3) Ha ceBep 11 Ha 10r OT 1036 r. (Scylitzes-Cedrenus, 300), He ce Ka3Ba, qe
J1.3TOqHa CTapa nJiaHHHa nOCTaB.SI OTHOBO Bbnpoca neqeHerHTe ca MHHaJIH peKaTa, ,D,OKaTo 3a HaxnyBa-
Kora ca 6HJIH pa3opeHI1 11 H30CTaBeHH yKpeneHHTe HH.SITa 11M OT 1027 r., 1032 r., 1034 r. 11 1035 r.
cen11IQa BbB BbTpeumocrra Ha .LJ.Heuma .D:o6py.LJ.)l(a. TOBa 113p11qHO e OT6eJI.SI3aHO. 3aTOBa CnO)J,eJI.SIM
.D:an11 ToBa e CTaHano npe3 1032 r. (llapyUtee1999, MHeHHeTo, qe qacT OT TparHqHHTe 3a BH3aHTIDI
134), npe3 1035 r. (Ammtacoe1999, 37) HJIH npe3 cb6HTH.SI, KOHTO ca ce cnyqHJIH npe3 nponerra Ha
1036 r. (Diaconu 1970, 46-49; AmaHacoe 1999, 103 6 r., ca ce pa3HrpaJIH B .LJ.HernHa .lJ:o6py,D,)l(a,
45-48)? HO MHCJI.SI, qe Te ca npO.LJ.bJI)l(eHHe Ha 311MHaTa
Cry.LJ.bT, KOHTO HoaH CKHJIHQa H3TbKBa KaTo neqeHe)l(Ka KaMnaHIDI OT 1035 r. 11 ca 3anoqHaJIH
npe.LJ.nOCTaBKa 3a neqeHe)l(KOTO HaXJiyBaHe BbB OT TepHTOpH.SI, KO.SITO Ce HaMHpa Ha IOr OT p . .lJ:yHaB,
BH3aHTH.SI npe3 1035 r., 11 rOJI.SIMaTa TepHTOpiDI, MO)l(e 611 .LJ.OpH Ha 10r OT CTapa nnaHHHa.
3acerHaTa OT HarnecTBHeTo, no.LJ.CKa3BaT, qe neqeHe-
ri1Te e)J,Ba JIM ca 6bp3aJIH )J,a HanycHaT npe.LJ.eJIHTe

203
 :QHTHPAHA JIIITEPATYPA MepeHa KpaH: celiO Tp05IHOBO, EypracKo. - 113BeCTM5I Ha
HaiJ,MOHaliHM5I 11CTOp11'IecKM My3eH:, XII, 2001 , 47- 57.
ATauacoB 1999: r . ATaHaCOB. 0TKOra 3arroqBa ceqe- TbnKosa-3auMosa 1970: B. TorrKOBa-3ai1MOBa.
HeTO ua aHOHI1MHMTe Bl13aHTI1HCKI1 ¢olii1CI1 KJiac B 11 ,lJ.oliHI1 ,lJ.yHaB - rpaH11qHa 30Ha Ha Bl13aHTI1HCKI15I 3a-
Kora rreqeuemTe orrycTornaBaT .[l.o6py,n,:>Ka? - Studia rra,!l,. Co¢115I, 1970.
Numismatica, 3-4, 1999, 33- 56. :Qouqes 1960: .[1.. IJ,oHqeB. KolieKTI1BHI1 Haxo,!I,KI1 Ha
BJia,!I,HMHposa-AJia,!I,)KOBa 2001: .[1.. Blia,!I,I1M11poBa- MOHeTM. - ro,!I,I1IllHI1K Ha HapO,!I,HM5I apxeOliOfl1'leCKM
Alia,!I,)!(OBa. MoueTI1 11 MoHeTHa IJ,MpKyliaiJ,I15I ua celii1- My3eH: IlliOB,!I,I1B, IV, 1960,206- 215.
IIJ,eTo B X11caplioKa KpaH: CliMBeR. - Pa3KOIIKI1 Mrrpoyq- Bellinger 1928: A. Bellinger. The Anonymous Byz-
BaHI15I, XXVIII, 2001 , 97- 114. antine Coinage. - Numismatic Notes and Monographs,
repaCHMOB 1937: T. repaCI1MOB. KolieKTI1BHI1 HaXO,!I,- 35. New York, 1928, 1- 27
KI1 ua MOHeTI1 rrpe3 1935 M1936 r. - lbBeCTI15I ua Eomap- Diaconu 1970: P. Diaconu. Les Petchenegues au
CKM5I apxeoliomqecKI1 MHCTI1ryT, XI, 1937,315- 324. Bas- Danube. Bucarest, 1970.
repaCHMOB 1938: T. repaCI1MOB. KolieKTI1BHI1 Ha- Grierson 1973: Ph. Grierson. Catalogue of the Byz-
XO,!I,KM Ha MOHeTI1 rrpe3 1937 11 1938 r. - li3BeCTM5I Ha antine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in
EolirapCKM5I apxeoliOrl1qecKM 11HCTI1ryT, XII, 1938, the Whittemore Collection, vol. III: Leoiii to Nicepho-
450-457. rus III (717- 1081 ), part 2: Basil to Nicephorus III (867-
repaCHMOB 1957: TTepaCI1MOB. KolieKTI1BHI1MOHeT- 1081). Washington, 1973.
HI1 uaxo,!I,KM rrpe3 1955 r. - l:bBeCTM5I ua EolirapcKI15I Custurea 2000: G. Custurea. Circulatia monedei bi-
apxeoliomqecKM 11HCTI1ryT, XXI, 1957, 323- 327. zantine in Dobrogea (sec. IX- XI) . Constanta, 2000.
repaCHMOB 1965: T. repaCMMOB. MoueTHI1 C'hKpo- lvanisevic 1989: V. lvanisevic. Interpretation and
BI1IIJ,a, uaMepeHI1 B Eolirap115I rrpe3 1964 r. - li3BeCTM5I Dating of the Folles of Basil II and Constantine VII -
ua EolirapcKI15I apxeoliOrl1qecKI1 11HCTI1ryT, XXVIII, the class A-2.- In: Zbomik Radova Vizantoloskog Insti-
1965,249- 251. tuta, 27- 28, 1989, 19-40.
repaCHMOB 1966: T. repaCMMOB . MoHeTHI1 C'hKpo- Jordanov 2003: I. Jordanov. Corpus of Byzantine
BI1IIJ,a, uaMepeHM B EolirapM5I rrpe3 1965 r. - l:bsecTM5I Seals from Bulgaria, Vol. 1. Byzantine Seals with Geo-
ua EolirapCKI15I apxeoliorl1qecKM 11HCTI1ryT, XXIX, graphical Names. Sofia, 2003.
1966, 212- 214. Manucu-Adame~teanu 1992: Gh. Manucu-
llsauurnesuli 1993: B. 11BaH11IlleBI1n. Om11IJ,aj Bl1- Adame~teanu . Monede bizantine din colectia Muzeu-
3aHTMjCKI1X ¢olii1Ca XI BeKa ua rrpocTopy IJ,euTpaliuor lui de Istorie ~i Arta al Municipiului Bucure~i. - Revista
EaJIKaHa. - HYM113MaTI1'Iap, 16, 1993, 79- 92. Muzeelor, 3, 1992, 51- 54.
llsauurnesuli 1997: B.l1BaHMrneBI1n. qeT11p11 ocTa- Manucu-Adame~teanu 2001: Gh. Manucu-
Be Bl13aHntjcKor HOBIJ,a 113 3611pKe Hapo,!l,uor My3eja y Adame~teanu . Istoria Dobrogei 'in perioada 969-1204.
Eeorpa,!l,y. - HYM113MaTI1'Iap, 20, 1997, 131- 146. Contributii arheologice ~i numismatice. Bucarest, 2001.
Hop,!l,aHOB 2000: liB. Hop,!l,aHOB. MoueTI1Te 11 rreqa- Metcalf 1970: D. Metcalf. Interpretation of the Byz-
TI1Te OT Illi11CKa (1899-1999). B: Illii1CKa- IlpecJiaB. antine ,Rex Regnantium" Folles of Class ,A". - Numis-
T. 8,2000, 135- 167. matic chronicle, 3'h series, 10, 1970, 199- 219.
HoTOB 2004: B. HoTOB. ApxeoliomqecKM rrp11Hoc11 Metcalf 1979: D. Metcalf. Coinage in South-Europe
K'hM 11CTOp115ITa ua Bapua rrpe3 cpe,!I,HOBeKOBI1eTo (1 ). - (820- 1396). London, 1979.
HYM113MaTI1qHI1 11 c¢pamcTI1'IHI1 rrp11Hoc11 K'hM 11CTO- Morrisson 1970: C. Morrisson. Cathalogue des
p115ITa ua 3arra,!I,HOTO qepHOMOpMe (=Acta musei Var- monnaies byzantines de la Biblitheque Nationale, 2. Par-
naensis II), 2004, 312- 342. is, 1970.
BoTos, ATauacos 1998: B. HoToB, r. ATauacoB. Oberlander-Tarnoveanu 1994-1995: E. Oberlander-
CKaJia. KperrocT OT X- XI BeK ,!I,O c. KJia,!l,eHIJ,I1, Tep- Tiimoveanu. Monede antice ~i bizantine descoperite la
BeliCKO. Co¢115I, 1998. Nuraru (jud. Tulcea) pi'lstrate 'in colectia Muzeului militar
Mupqes 1966: M. M11pqeB. KolieKTI1BHI1 MOHeTHI1 National. - Buletunul Societatii Numizmatice Romiine,
Haxo,!I,KI1. - 113BeCTM5I Ha Hapo,!I,HI15I My3eH: BapHa, 17, LXXXIX- LXXXX, 1994-1995, 71- 85 .
1966, 148- 150. Poenaru Bordea, Oche~eanu, Popeea 2004: G.
MoMquJioB 2001 : .[1.. MoM'll1liOB. IloTHa Mcelii1IIJ,Ha Poenaru Bordea, R. Oche~eanu, A. Popeea. Monnaies
CI1CTeMa Me)!(,!l,y l13TO'IHa CTapa rrliaHI1Ha 11 "EpKeCM5ITa" byzantines du musee de Constanta (Roumanie). Wet-
IV- XIV B. (Bop611IllKI1, PMrnKI1 11 AH:TOCKI1 rrpoxo,!J,). teren, 2004.
BapHa, 2001 . Scylitzes-Cedrenus. Historiarum compendium,- rpoiJ,-
llapyrnes 1999: B. IIapyrneB. Molii1B,!I,OBYlii1 11 KM 113BOpM 3a 6omapcKaTa MCTOp115I, 6. Co¢115I, 1965.
MOHeTM. - B: 0,!1,opll,M. Celii1IIJ,e OT IlopBOTO 6omapcKo Thompson 1954: M. Thompson. The Athenian Ago-
IJ,apcTBO, T. 1. Co¢115!, 1999, 131- 136. ra, 2. Coins. From the Roman Through the Venetian Pe-
lleuqes 2001: B. IleHqeB. KolieKTMBHa HaXO,!I,Ka c riod. Princeton. New Jersey, 1954.
Me,!I,HM BM3aHTI1HCKI1 aHOHI1MHI1 MOHeTI1 oT XI B., Ha-

204
 liEJIEJKKH 1989, 39-41li HsaHlimeslin 1993, 83.
5 B caMOTO Haqarro Ha XI s . KDM TeMa TpaKI1}1 e
1
MoHenue ca 3aBe,D,eHli B'hB cpoH,D, ,HJ'Mli3MaTliKa" rrpe,D,a,D,eHa TepliTOPI1}1 Me)!(,ll,y H3ro~a CTapa rrrraHHHa li
OT liHB. N~ IV 2826 ,ll,O IV 2907 p . .[(yHas (,D,HelliHlire o6rracm Jly,D,oroplie li .[(o6py,ll,)!(a) li
2
BapliaHTliTe Ha MOHeTliTe ca no Grierson 1973, e o6pa3ysaHa TeMa TpaKI1}1li .[(poCT'hp, HO no-KDCHO, rrpe3
645, tab. 24. n'hpBaTa qeTB'hpT HaXI B., OTHOBO liMa CaMOCTO}!TeJIHa TeMa
3 Co~aTa CTaTli}l Ha r. ATaHaCOB e ny6rrliKyBaHa TpaKI1}1, KO}ITO Ha cesep rpa~ coc CTapa rrrraHHHa.
6
c no,D,o6Hli 3amasl1}1 Ha pycm e3liK s Stratum plus li IJ. .[(}IKOHY MliCJili, qe TOBa HameCTBlie He 3aCSITa
Ha cppeHCKH e3liK B Acta musei Vamaensis II. BmK r. ,D,HemHa .[(o6py,D,)!(a, 3amoTo T}l He e qacT OT TeMa Eorrra-
ATaHacos. AHOHliMHhie Bli3aHTliikKlie cporrrrliChi KJiacca pl1}1 (Diaconu 1970, 39-41 ). Ha C'h~OTO MHeHlie e li r.
,B" li HamecTBlie neqeHeros s .[(o6py,D,)!(y 1036 r. - ATaHacos, KOHTO nplieMa, qe no C'h~aTa rrorliKa He e
Stratum plus, 1999, 6, 111- 121; G. Atanasov. De nou- 3acemaTo li Jly,D,oroplieTo (ATaHacos 1999, 37). MaKap
veau pour la date initiale de folles byzantines ano- qe ITplieMaM li,ll,e}!Ta 3a nOCOKaTa Ha HaXJiyBaHeTO, He
nymes classe ,B". - In: AMY, II, 289- 298. TyK ~e 6o,D,e C'hM C'hmaceH c Te3aTa 3a o6xsaTa Ha TeMa Eorrrapl1}1
1..\liTlipaH CaMO 6orrrapCKI1}1T BapliaHT Ha CTaTI1}1Ta My. npe3 30-Te fO,ll,liHli Ha XI B. no TOBa speMe seqe He
4
lbme)!(,ll,a qe B. HsaHlimesliq liMa TaKosa Bli)!(,D,aHe, C'h~ecTsysa TeMaTa TpaKI1}1 li .[(pocnp, a see o~e He e
3a~OTO B'hnpeKli qe CITOpe,D, Hero aHOHliMHliTe cpOJiliCli C'h3,D,a,D,eHa TeMaTa ITaplicTpliOH (llapa,D,yHasoH).
KJiac A2 ca ceqeHli ,D,O 1028 r., nplieMa MHeHlieTo Ha <D. 7
Cnope,D, B. ne~es C'hKpOB~eTO OT c. Tpomoso, Eyp-
fpliepcoH, qe cporrliCliTe KJiac B ca ceqeHli s neplio,D,a raCKO, e YKPHTO no speMe Ha neqeHe)!(KOTO HameCTBlie npe3
1030/35- 1042(?). 3a Te3li ,D,aTliposm Bli)!( Ivanisevic 1034 r:

COIN HOARD OF BYZANTINE ANONIMOUS FOLISES CLASS A2,

UNCOVERED BETWEEN THE VILLAGES OF PLANINITSA
AND ROUPCHA, BOURGAS DISTRICT

Igor LAZARENKO

The article presents the publication of a collective in the winter of 1035, when the Pechenegs crossed
monetary find of 82 anonymous Byzantine folises the frozen Danube and attacked Moesia, Thrace and
class A2, uncovered between the villages of Macedonia. In this case Skillitsa probably had in
Planninitsa and Roupcha, Ruen Municipality, mind the Byzantine thema ofThrace with its centre
Bourgas District. of Arcadiopolis and the theme of Macedonia with
its centre of Adrianopolis. Even if he had rendered
The coins were probably hidden during some of the the names of some geographic areas, this piece of
barbarian invasion to the south of the Danube River information coming from his chronicle is the only
in the second fourth of 11th c. preserved written source about the Pechenegian
invasion of Thrace in the period between 1026/27
At the beginning and the second fourth of 11th c. the
and 1036.
European part of Byzantium suffered a succession
of Pechenegian invasions. The principal written The similar contents of the treasures consisting of
source about these events is the chronicle of John anonymous folises class A2 to the north and south
Skillitsa, in which are registered invasions that of the Eastern Balkan Mountains raises once more
took place in the years 1026 (or 1027), 1032, 1034, the question when were ruined and abandoned the
1035 and 1036. The commented treasure, as well as fortified settlements in the interior of present-day
other three familiar finds composed of folises class Dobroudja. Should this have happened in 1032, in
A2, found on the territory of present-day South 1035 or in 1036?
Bulgaria, by the village of Troyanovo, Bourgas
area, in Hissarluka at Sliven and in Hissarja, The cold, emphasized by John Skillitsa as the
Plovdiv area, were probably buried into the ground basic prerequisite for the Pechenegs' invasion into

205
Byzantium in 1035 and the vast territory inflicted by and its impregnability to the west, it'll be a good
the incursion, suggest that they were not in a haste point to say that the Pechenegs withdrew right
to leave the confines of the empire and had probably through its territory. This makes me believe that the
stayed there till the beginning of spring. The route entire area was devastated in the spring of 1036 by
they chose for their return journey from Eastern the coming from Thrace Pechenegian plunderers
Thrace- the themae ofThrace and Macedonia - to who had used the passes of the Eastern Balkan to
their settlements to the North of the Danube is not pervade the present-day Dobroudja lands from the
well known but it's not hard to presume that they south. This turned out to be fatal for the unfortified
took the path guaranteeing the greatest possible twons and strongholds of Northeast Moesia,
loot. If till 103 6 Northeast Moesia was not a target whose inhabitants were taken aback unprepared to
of assaults due to its good fortification to the north withstand a massive enemy strike from the south.

206
 E)J;HO BH3AHTHHCKO HMIIEPATOPCKO HMEHHE
OT IX-XII B. - A)J;MHHHCTPATHBHIDIT _QEHT'bP
110)1; IIEPIIEPHKOH

HuKonau OBlfAPOB,
J{mmena KOJ{)J(AMAHOBA,
/{uMumbp CTOHMEHOB

Ilpe3 IX B. BbB BM3aHnlii.cKaTa MMrrepMH eTa- ITJieKc 6e3CITOpHo 3aeMa Beqe ITpoyqeHaTa H3:QHJIO
BaT rraMeTHM cn6MTM5I. CTa6MJIM3a:Qmna Ha MKOHO- :QnpKBa. TH e c TPM aiTCH.D.M OT M3TOK, )].Be OT ceBep
MMKaTa If BbHIIIHaTa IIOJIMTMKa )J,OBe)l()J,aT )1,0 :Q5I- H IOr, a H5IKOra Ha)J, He5I Ce e H3BMC5IBaJI rOJI5IM
JIOCTHO yKperrBaHe Ha )J.bp)KaBaTa. IlpaBOCJiaBMeTO KYITOJI. Crpa.D.aTa e c .D.bJI)KMHa 13,5 M H IIIHpoqMHa
ITo6e)K)J.aBa Ha cn6opa rrpe3 843 r. M orryK cJie.D.- 12 M. OT 3aiTa)J. )J.Ba CT1>JI6a o<j_}opM5IT ranepM5I
Ba HeBep05ITeH CKOK B apXMTeKTYPaTa, M306pa3M- ITpe.D. :QeHTpaJIHHH BXO.D., KOMTO e 6HJI yBeHqaH c
TeJIHOTO M3KYCTBO, JIMTeparypaTa. To3M ITpo:Qec MOHyMeHTaJieH <j_}pOHTOH C yKpaca OT BIIHCaH B
ce MJIIOCTpHpa qy.D.eCHO Ha IIepiTepMKOH M rro- Kpbr pa3:Qb<j_}HaJI KpbCT. <!>aca)J,HTe Ha :QbpKBaTa
TOqHo OT e)J.MH o6eKT, KOMTO ce OTKPM B HeroBOTO Ca MHOrO eJieraHTHH - arrCH)J,HTe Ca ITOJIMrOHaJIHM;
ITO)J,HO)Klfe. BbHIIIHOCTTa e )J,eKOpHpaHa CbC CJieiTH apKM If
HoBOOTKpMTMHT apxMTeKTYPeH aHcaM6nJI ce .D.BYCTbiiaJIHM HHIIIH; CTeHHTe Ca H3ITbJIHeHH CbC
HaMMpa Ha neBM5I 6pHr Ha p. IleprrepeiiiKa B MecT- CMeCeHa 3M)J.apM5I - pe.D.yBaiiJ;M Ce II05ICH OT T)'XJia H
Hocrra Krmce 6aiiib (fnaBHaTa :QnpKBa) M B 3eMJIM- 65IJI MJiaH KaMbK.
Ill,eTo Ha .D.HeiiiHOTO c. qmpnMK. CITope.D. OIIJ;e )KlfBM 0JITapHaTa qacT e CMJIHO M3)J,bJI)KeHa If e TpH-
oqeBM.D.:QM caMo )J.orrpe.D.M .D.Ba)J.ecenma ro)J,MHM ca )J,eJIHa C BXO)J,OBe Me)K)J,y OT)J,eJIHMTe qaCTH. liH-
CTbpqaJIIf BMCOKO 3arra3eHM CTeHM If )J.OpM apKM, TepeceH MOMeHT e, qe B TPMTe CBeiiJ;eHH IIOMe-
ITO)], KOMTO )J,e:QaTa CM HrpaeJIM. 3a Cb)l(aJieHMe B IIJ;eHH5I HMa ITO e)J,Ha OJITapHa Maca - )J.peBHa
CO:QMaJIMCTifqeCKMTe BpeMeHa H5IKOM e peiiiMJI Ha paHHOXpMCTH5IHCKa Tpa)J.M:QM5I, CITOpe)J. K05ITO B
y.D.o6HaTa ITOMHa .D.a ce 3acaMT JI035I. TpaKTopMTe e)J,MH )J,eH He Tp5I6Ba )J,a Ce CJIY)Klf )J,Ba IlbTH Ha
pa3pyiiiMJIM 3M.D.OBeTe M pHrOJIBaJIM .D.nJI60KO, YHM- e)J,MH )KepTBeHMK. l(eHTpaJIHaTa OJITapHa Maca e C
Ill,O)KaBaifKM rOMMa qacT OT CTapMHMTe. KoraTO ITpe3 MaCHBeH CTbJI6-KOJIOHa, CTbiTMJia BbpXy KBa)J,paTHa
2001 r. ce 3aiToqHa apxeonorMqecKOTO rrpoyqBaHe, ITJioqa c BHCOK ITepBa3. MHoro .D.06pe e 3arra3eHa
Ha ITOJI5IHaTa H5IMaiiie HMIIJ;O C M3KJIJOqeHMe Ha Ta3H B CeBepHOTO OJITapHO ITOMeiiJ;eHHe, K05ITO 6e
H5IKOJIKO MMaHHpCKM M3KOIIa. Bb3CTaHOBeHa H MOHTHpaHa H3:Q5IJIO. Ilpe3 T03H ITe-
06eKTbT e pa3ITOJIO)l(eH Ha ITbpBaTa He3aJIHBHa pHO)J, OJITapbT Ce e pa3)J.eJI5IJI OT :QeHTpaJIHaTa qacT
Tepaca Ha peKaTa C H3BeCTeH HaKJIOH OT M3TOK Ha Ha xpaMa He C MKOHOCTaC, a C HMCKa )J,eKOpaTMBHa
3arra)J. M )J.06np ITOrJie.D. crrpHMO KpeiTocrra IIep- ITperpa)J.a, rrpaBeHa OCHOBHO OT MpaMOp. IlpH pa3-
ITepMKOH. PeKaTa ITpe)J.CTaBJI5IBa IIOCTOHHeH BO)J,O- KOIIKMTe Ce OTKpHxa <j_}parMeHTM OT TaKaBa rrpe-
H3TOqHHK, HO B OKOJIHOCTTa HMa H OIIJ;e H5IKOJIKO rpa)J,a.
H3Bopa. Te3H .D.a.D.eHOCTM rrpe.D.OITpe.D.eJIHT rrno)J,o- PH.D.bK eneMeHT B .D.eKopaTHBHaTa cxeMa Ha
pO.D.HeTo, a TO e Kapano xopaTa )J.a ce 3aceJIHT TaM :QnpKBaTa e yiTOTPe6aTa Ha 6enomHHeHa pHcyBaHa
B )J,bJI60Ka .D.peBHOCT. 3acera M3CJie)J,BaHM5ITa )J,aBaT KepaMMKa. ToBa ca neHTM M opHaMeHTMpaHM Kepe-
Bb3M0)KHOCT Haif-paHHHTe CJie)J,H OT )KHBOT )J,a Ce MM.D.KM, pa3ITOJIO)l(eHH H5IKOra B OJITapHaTa ITpe-
)J,aTMpaT rrpe3 V-IV B. ITp. Xp. c ITPO.D.bJI)l(HTeJIHOCT rpa)J,a. Te ca M3ITbJIHeHM cnc CJIO)KHa pacTHTeJIHa H
Ha )KHBOTa .D.O XIII B. 0TKpMxa ce HHTepecHM Ha- reoMeTpHqHa yKpaca B 6HJIO, 3eJieHO, CHHhO, qepHO
XO.D.KH, KaTO paHHM cpe6npHH TpaKMMCKM MOHeTH, H OXpa. KepaMHKaTa e C H3KJIJOqHTeJIHO BMCOKO Ka-
cTaryapHa ITJiaCTMKa, KepaMHKa. Ho oiTpe.D.eJieHo qeCTBO H HeCbMHeHO e M3pa6oTeHa B aTeJIMeTaTa
pa3:QBeTbT e B erroxaTa Ha BH3aHTMMCKOTO cpe)J.- Ha KoHcTaHTHHOITOJI.
HOBeKOBMe .. IlO)J.bT Ha :QbpKBaTa e CTapaTeJIHO H3rpa)J,eH OT
rnaBHO M5ICTO B Cb3)J,a)J,eHM5I KbM IX B. KOM- T)'XJIH, KaTO 3a )J,brHTe ·Ha aiTCH)J,HTe Te Ca C ITO-

207
MaJThK cpopMaT. Ilpe,n; omapHaTa qacT e C'h3,n;a,n;eHo )l(eJIH 3a CbXpaiDIBaHeTO Ha CBeiiJ,eHOTO MHpO. MHO-
npeKpacHo M03aeqHo naHo B npoqynrn cnm ,onyc ro6pOHHM ca M OTKpHTMTe 6pOH30BH KpbCTOBe
ceKTMJie". Tosa ca pe,n;ysaiiJ,M ce KBa,n;paTHM M TpM- eHKOJinMOHM C peJiecpHM M BpH3aHM M306pa)l(eHMH.
'hiOJIHM 6eJIM MpaMopHM 6JioKqeTa M qepseHM ryxJIM, Ho HeKa ce BnpHeM K'hM apxHTeKrypaTa Ha pa3-
M3nomsaHM B pa3JIMqHM KOM6MHaQMM. B KpaiiHa KpMBaHMH KOMnJieKC. I0roH3TOqHO OT QbpKBaTa
CMeTKa Ce OcpOpWI KpaCMB KMJIMM C'hC CTMJIM3MpaH ce pa3BMBa roAAMa sepM)I(Ha crpa,n;a. CJie,n; MHoro
KpbCT. Ha,n; Hero, BMCOKO OT KynoJia, Ce e cnyCKaJI npeycTpOHCTBa B OKOHqaTeJIHMH H BM,ll; ce OcpOp-
OrpOMeH 6pOH30B nOJIMJieH C'hC CT'hKJieHM KaH,ll;MJia. WIT ,ll;Be npOCTOpHM 3aJIM C npe,ll;CTaBMTeJieH Xa-
,[l,eTaHJIM OT TOBa npOM3Be,n;eHMe Ha npHJIO)I(HOTO paKTep. Ha H3TOK nnK ce OTKpHBaT TPM MaCMBHM
M3KYCTBO ce OTKpMxa npM pa3KOnKMTe. CaMOCTOHTeJIHM crpa,n;H C npOXO,ll;M noMe)l()l;y MM.
KaTo apxMTeKrypa xpaM'hT ce OTHacH K'hM KOH- Bxo,n;oseTe MM ca cnc CT'hJI6HIIJ,a. OIIJ,e e,n;Ha rpyna
CTaHTMHOnOJICKaTa CTpOHTeJIHa lliKOJia M MO)I(e ,n;a crpa,n;M ce Ha6JIIO,n;asa OT IOr. BcMqKH OTKpMTH
ce ,n;aTMpa B HaqaJioTo Ha IX B. C seKoseTe K'hM ,ll;OCera nOCTpOHKM ca 06MTaBaHM e)l(e,ll;HeBHO.
Hero ce ,n;o6aBHT M ,n;pyrM crpa,n;M, KaTO npe,n;M BCMq- Pa3KpHTMTe ,n;o MoMeHTa crpa,n;M, THXHaTa nJia-
KO e nocTpoeH OT cesep MaJI'hK napaKJIMC. B Hero HHpOBKa H OTHOIIIeHMe K'hM maBHaTa QbpKBa nO-
Ca M3rpa,n;eHM rpo6HMQa M KOCTHMQa 3a BMCOKOnO- CTaBMXa no,n; C'hMHeHMe nnpBOHaqaJIHaTa pa60THa
CTaBeHMTe ,n;yxOBHMQM, npe6HBaBaJIH B TOBa WICTO . xMnoTe3a, qe ce Kacae 3a roJIHM MaHaCTMp. Heo-
Mo)l(e 611 BTOPM napaKJIHC e MMaJIO M OT IOr, K'h,n;eTo 6HqaifHo ce 0Ka3a OTKpMBaHeTO Ha orpOMHa KOJieK-
Ce OTKpM ,ll;By,n;eJIHa crpa,n;a H npaBO'hr'hJIHO nOMe- QMH OJIOBHH neqaTH MOJIMB,ll;OBYJIH, CKpensaJIM HH-
IIJ,eHMe, 3aeTO OT rOJIHMa rp06HHQa OT MpaMOpHM KOra OcpMQMaJIHaTa KOpecnOH)l;eHQMH. IlOHBMXa Ce
nJioqM. BbnpOCH - ,ll;aJIH TOBa e enMCKOnCKO cpe,n;MIIJ,e, MJIH
Kpaii QnpKBaTa M napaKJIHCMTe ce pa3BMBa o6- n'hK e a,n;MHHMCTpaTMBeH QeHT'hp,OTK'h,ll;eTO Ca Ce
IIIMpeH cseTCKM HeKponoJI. IIo-roJIHMaTa qacT oT ynpasJIHBaJIM lf3ToqHHTe Po,n;onM.
rpo6HMTe CbOpb)l(eHMH Ca KaMepM, OcpOpMeHH C 06IIJ,o npH apxeoJiorMqecKMTe pa3KOnKM npe3
KaMeHHM nJioqH. BH)I(,n;a ce pH,n;Ko cpeiiJ,aH npe3 nepMo,n;a 2000-2004 r. 6Hxa HaMepeHH 84 6poH BM-
cpe,n;HOBeKOBMeTO 06Mqaif ,n;a Ce MapKHpa rpo6bT 3aHTMHCKM neqaTM. ITo HeocpHQMaJIHM ,n;aHHH o6aqe
Ha nosnpxHocrra. Tosa ce H3Bnpiiisa qpe3 KaMeH- npe3 90-Te rO,ll;HHM Ha MMHaJIMH BeK MMaHHpHTe Ca
HM CT'bJI6qeTa C ,ll;'bJI60KO BpH3aH KpbCT, nOCTa- M3pOBMJIM Ha,n; 150 MOJIMB,n;osyJia. XpoHoJiomqecKH
BHHM a M3TOqHaTa CTpaHa Ha cnopn)l(eHMeTo. B OTKpHTMTe HaXO,ll;KH Ce pa3nOJiaraT B'hB BpeMeTO OT
npoyqeHMTe Ha,n; 100 rpo6a He ce Ha6JIIO,n;asaT OT- IX ,n;o nnpBaTa noJIOBHHa Ha XII B. Beqe 6e M3Ka3aHo
KJIOHeHMH OT npaBOCJiaBHMH o6pe,n;. 0TKpMXa Ce npe,n;nOJIO)I(eHMeTO, qe Te ca CJie,ll;M OT ,n;eHHOCTTa H
MHO)I(eCTBO 6pOH30BM M KaMeHHM Harpb,ll;HM KpbC- apXHBa Ha a,n;MHHMCTpaTMBHO yqpe)l(,ll;eHMe, K'h,ll;eTO
TOBe. MHoro6poiiHM ca HaKMTMTe - cpe6npHM M ce e M3BnpiiiBaJia ,n;eiiHOCT no ynpasJieHHeTo Ha
6poH30BM BMCYJIKM, npncTeHH, rpHBHH M o6eQH. 06JiaCTTa. 3HaqMTeJIHOTO KOJIMqeCTBO MOJIMB,ll;OBYJIH
OeseR Ha6JIIO,n;eHMHTa Bnpxy QnpKOBHaTa M HH n03BOJIM ,n;a rM rpynMpaMe no BM,ll;OBe, KaKTO e
rpo6HMqHaTa apXHTeKrypa M3KJIIOqMTeJieH MHTe- npMeTO B'hB BH3aHTHHCKaTa CMrMJIOrpacpMH.
peC npe,n;CTaBJIHBa 3HaqMTeJIHMHT 6poif naMeTHMQM l1MnepaTopcKaTa BJiacT e npe,n;cTaBeHa qpe3
Ha npHJIO)I(HOTO M3KYCTBO. Heo6MKHOBeH M YHMKa- e,n;Ha ccpparM,n;MH ( Tecepa) Ha MMnepaTop ArreKCMH I
JieH B CBeTOBHOTO H3KYCTBO e e,n;HH cpe6npeH a)l(y- KOMHMH ( 1081 - 1118) C 6IOCTOBH M306pa)l(eHMH Ha
peH KJIIOq, B M3pa60TBaHeTO Ha KOHTO ca H3nOJI3- MMnepaTOpa M MMneparpMQa J1pHHa. JlHqHaTa HM-
BaHM pa3JIMqHM TeXHHKH. Toii MMa qyneiiJ,o ce nepaTOpCKa KaHQeJiapMR e npe,n;CTaBeHa C 5 MOJIMB-
paMO M n03BOJIHBa no,n;neqaTBaHe C BOC'hK CJie,ll; 3a- ,ll;OByJia Ha qeTHpHMa acMKpMTM, ,ll;OBepHTeJIHH
KJIIOqBaHe Ha KOBqe)l(eTO 3a CK'hnOQeHHOCTM, 3a MMnepaTOpCKH CeKpeTapM, KaTO HHKOH Ca M3n'hJIHH-
KoeTo e 6HJI npe,n;Ha3HaqeH. MHoro MHTepeceH e BaJIM ,n;onnJIHMTeJIHO M ,n;pyrM cJiy)I(6M: Teo,n;op,
06CM,ll;MaHOBHHT neqaT, OTKpHT B npMTBOpa Ha QbpK- aCMKpMT H C'h,ll;MR Ha ,lJ,pyryBMTMR (X- XI B.)
BaTa. Toif e npM3MaTMqeH H c yxo 3a OKaqsaHe. (2n.), AH,n;poHMK, cnaTapoKaH,n;H,n;aT H acHKpHT
Ha no,n;neqaTBaiiJ,aTa nosnpXHOCT MaifcTopnT (X- XI a.), HMKOJiaH TapoHHT, rrpoTocrraTapHif
KaMeHope3 e M3o6pa3HJI apxaHreJI MMxaMJI. Kpnr- M aCMKpHT (XI B.), M MMxaMJI, aCHKpHT (XI- XII
JiaTa cpe6npHa MKOHKa c M3o6pa)l(eHHe Ha ca. Ba- a.). OT MMrrepaTopcKaTa KaHQeJiapHH caM MOJIMB-
CHJIMH sepOHTHO e 6MJia qaCT OT no-rOJIHMa c6op- ,n;osyJIMTe Ha HMrrepaTopCKMR HOTapHH HoaH, KOH-
Ha MKOHa M ce ,n;aTHpa K'hM cpe,n;aTa Ha IX B. TO e 6MJI M C'h,ll;~ Ha XMIIO,ll;pOMa (XI B.), M Ha
HaMepeHMTe CT'hKJieHH H OJIOBHH aMnyJIH ca cJiy- KaHMKJIMH HMKHcpop (X-XI B.), aHTMIIaT M rraTpH-

208
QHH, OTrOBap51II1, 3a MaCTHJIHHQaTa C qepBeHO MaC- or cpe,ll,aTa Ha XI B., Ha KOHTO rrwiiie: ,rocrro)J,w,
THJIO, C KOeTO HMIIepaTOpbT e IIO)J,IlHCBaJI HaH- IIOMaraH Ha CB051 pa6 TeO,ll,Op, OCTHapHH H rrpH-
B3)KHHTe ,ll,OK)'MeHTH. OT 6nw3KOTO o6Kpb)KeHwe MHKHpHH Ha BeCTHapH51". ITO,ll,06eH IIe4aT, HO OT
Ha HMrreparopa ca 6wnw w iloaH, rrporocrrarapww ,ll,pyra MarpwQa e rry6nwKysaH or B. JiopaH B He-
rrpw Xpw30TpHKJIHHH)'Ma, HapeKbJI ce , qoseK rOBH51 KOprryc OT MOJIHB)J,OBYJIH Ha QeHTpanHaTa
(aHrporroc) Ha MOThlli,H51 w CB51T Haiii HMrreparop" a,ll,MHHHcrpaQH51 (r. II). ITo speMe Ha pa3KOIIKHTe
(X-XI B.), Bacwnww MoHax, H3BeCTHH51T IIbJI- rrpe3 2003 r. 6e HaMepeH rreqar Ha HoaH, MOHax,
KOBO,ll,eQ BbB BOHHHTe cpelll,y rre4eHe3HTe OT cpe,ll,a- ,)J,HHKHT ( Cb6Hpaq Ha )J,aHbQH) H 40BeK ( aHTpOIIOC)
Ta Ha XI B., H cesacT reoprw ITaneonor - BH3aH- Ha IIpOTOBeCTHapH51" ( CJie)J, 30-Te--40-Te rO)J,HHH Ha
THHCKH BOeHa4aJIHHK, CbpaTHHK H 6a)J,)KaHaK Ha XI B.).
HMrreparop AneKcww I KoMHHH w cbrrpyr Ha BHyq- U:eHrpanHara apMH51 e rrpe,ll,cTaBeHa c rre4aTHTe
KaTa Ha rrocne,ll,HH51 6bnrapcKw Qap HsaH Bna)J,H- Ha: HwKwQ>op, MarwcThp, seer w ,ll,YK Ha QeJIH51
cnas (1015-1018). EK3aKTopbT Teo,ll,yn (?), rrpo- 3arra)J, (50-re ro,ll,HHH Ha XI s.), CT051JI Haqeno Ha
mcrrarapww, e yqacrsan B HMrrepaTopcKH51 Cb)J, BCH4KH BH3aHTHHCKH BOHCKH, HaMHpalli,H ce Ha
(cpe,ll,ara Ha XIs.). EanKaHCKH51 rronyocTpos, a rrO-KbCHO Ha3Ha4eH 3a
,ZJ;o 3)J,MHHHCTpaTHBHOTO y4pe)K)J,eHHe Ca H3IIpa- ,ll,YK Ha reMa EbnrapwH; KarerraH fpwropww Maspo-
IQaJIH IIHCMa CJIY)KHTeJIH B )J,BOpeQa H rrpHTe)KaTeJIH KaTaKaJIOH, soeHa4aJIHHK, y4aCTBaJI BbB sowHaTa
Ha pa3JIH4HH paHrOBH THTJIH. liJIH51 ,ZJ;errrepoc, HM- cpelll,y rre4eHe3wre rrpe3 1087 r.; EBTHMHwArroKaBK,
rrepaTOpCKH rrporocrraTapww "errw ry reoqmnaKTy rrpOTOCIIaTapHH H eKCKYBHT (BTOpa IIOJIOBHHa Ha
KHTOHy" (rrbpsa rronoswHa Ha XIs.), e H3IIbJIH51BaJI XI B.) or Koprryca Ha eKCKYBHTHTe, HaMwpan ce
)J,Jlb)KHOCT, CBbp3aHa C OXpaHaTa Ha IIOKOHTe Ha B KOHCTaHTHHOIIOJI H rrpeMaXHaT B Ha4aJIOTO Ha
HMIIeparopa H BKJII04Balll,a OTrOBOpHOCTH 33 OXpa- XII B., H AH,ll,pOHHK PyrreHwoc, rrporocrrarapww H
HaTa Ha HerOBH51 rap,L1,epo6 H 4aCTHOTO HMIIepa- TaKCHapX - KOM3H,ll,Hp Ha BOeHHa e)J,HHHQa OT 1000
TOpCKO CbKpOBHIII,e. EscTaTHH e H3IIbJIH51Ban ,ll,YIIIH, BbOpb)KeHH C IIHKH, KOIIH51 H JlbKOBe (BTOpa
)J,Jlb)KHOCTTa Ha OCTHapHH (BpaTap), CBbp3aHa rronoswHa Ha XIs.).
C )J,BOpQOBH51 QepeMOHHaJI (rrbpBa IIOJIOBHHa Ha KbM rrpe,ll,craswrenwre Ha rrpoBHHQwanHaTa
XIs.). HoaH e 6wn peKTop (rrocne,ll,Ha rperwHa Ha BOeHHa a)J,MHHHCTpaQH51 IIpHH3)J,Jie)KaT )J,BaTa MO-
XIs.)- )J,Jib)KHOCT c see OIII,e HeH351CHeH xapaKTep. JIHB)J,OByJia Ha EBTHMHH (?) KcwQ>H51, rrarpHQHH, KO-
PaHrosw THTJIH ca rrpwre)Kasanw KoHcTaHTHH CKH- Mec Ha HMIIepaTOpCKaTa KOHIOIIIH51 H CTpaTer Ha
Q>oc, secrapx (60-Te-70-Te ro,ll,HHH Ha XI B.), Es- ,ll;pyryBHTH51 or cpe,ll,ara Ha XI B. fpa)K)J,aHcKaTa
CTaTHH MwTporronwaHoc, rrpoe,ll,bp (rrocne,ll,Ha a)J,MHHHCTpaQH51 BIIpOBHHQHHTe IIbK e rrpe,ll,CTaBeHa
4eTBbpT Ha XI B.), Bap,ll,a, rrpomrrpoe,ll,bp ( rrocne)J,Ha or TPH rreqaTa: Ha Teo<jmn, npoTOHorapww Ha Te-
4eTBbpT Ha XI s.) H HwKonaw, secT (Kpa51 Ha XI- Ma MaKe,ll,OHH51 or rrbpBaTa rronoswHa Ha IX s.,
Ha4anoro Ha XII s.). liHrepeceH e MOJIHB,ll,OBYJibT Ha HocwQ>, HMrreparopcKw crrarapwH., Cb,ll,H51 (?) w
Ha rrporosecrapxa ,ll;asw)J,, rrpe,ll,craswn ce qpe3 xaprynapwH. Ha MaKe,ll,OHH51 (IX-X s.), w Ha KoH-
cso51 6alll,a rrpororrpoe,ll,bpa KaKHKHH AHHOT, 6ws- CTaHTHH, CIIaTapoKaH)J,H)J,3T H KyMepKHapHH Ha
IIIH51 KH513 Ha BeJIHKa ApMeHH51 rarwK II (Kpa51 Ha ConyH (IX-X s.).
Xl-Haqanoro Ha XII s.). CrreQHaJIHO BHHMaHwe o6pblll,aMe Ha rpyrrara Ha
Cny)K6HTe Ha HMrreparopcKHTe ,ll,OMeHH H QbpKOBHHTe rre4arw, KOHTO Ha6po51BaT 16. Cpe,ll, T51X
4aCTHOTO HMIIepaTOpCKO CbKpOBHIII,e BeCTHapHO- ca oco6eHO Ba)KHH MOJIHB)J,OBYJIHTe Ha eiiHCKOITHTe
Ha Ca rrpe,ll,CTaBeHH OT 4eTHpHMa CBOH CJIY)KH- Ha Axpw,ll,oc: ToMa (rpw or Kpa51 Ha X-Ha4anoro Ha
TeJIH. liMrreparopCKH51T crraTapoKaH,ll,H)J,aT w ,errw XI B.), Teo,ll,op (cpe,ll,ara Ha XIs.) w EscrarwK (,ll,Ba
TOH HKeaKoH" KoHcTaHTHH e yrrpaBJI51BaJI HMrre- or sropara rronoswHa Ha XI B.). KbM T51X Tp516sa
paTopcKHre ,ll,OMeHH KbM Kpa51 Ha X-Haqanoro Ha )J,a ce )J,06aBH H BeJIHKOJieiiHO 3arra3eH MOJIHB)J,OBYJI
XI B. A rrporocrrarapww KoHcTaHTHH MoHoMax e Ha KoHcTaHTHH, errwcKorr Ha Axpw,ll,oc (Kpa.H Ha
6wn Haqeno Ha Ta3H cny)K6a rrpe3 30-Te ro,ll,HHH Ha XI-Haqanoro Ha XII s.), a6coJIIOTHO w,ll,eHTH4eH
XI B., Koraro HMeTo H: ce rrpoMeH51 Ha HKOHOM ,TOH c rry6nwKysaHH51 rrpe,ll,H II04TH 70 ro,ll,HHH or H.
esarOH HKOH". qaCTHOTO HMIIepaTOpCKO CbKpO- MyiiiMOB H HaMwpalll, ce BbB BweHCKH51 Ka6wHeT
BHIII,e ce e yrrpaBJI51Bano oT rrporosecrwapww, KOH- Ha Me)J,aJIHTe. ITo T03H Ha4HH 6necT51Ili,O ce rrony-
TO e HMaJI MHoro IIO,ll,4HHeHH cn~wrenw. BropH51T qw IIOCJie)J,HO IIOTBbp)K,ll,eHHe Ha H3Ka3aHaTa OT HaC
CJie)J, Hero ce e HapH4aJI IIpHMHKHpHH. liMeHHO OIII,e npe,ll,H 20 rO)J,HHH XHIIOTe3a 3a Cblll,eCTByBaHeTO
OT TaKbB CJIY)KHTeJI e IIOJiyqeHO IIHCMO C rreqaT Ha asroKeQ>anHara errwcKOIIH51 Axpw,ll,oc c QeHTbp

209
MaHacnrpa ,CB. HoaR Ilpo.n;poM" Ha Teptnopmna peHHTe 36 OJIOBHH 51.D.pa 3a neqaTH. Bp'h3KHTe II
Ha C'hBpeMeHHHR Knp.lJ.)l(aJIH. ,[(BaTa, OTCTORlUH He- ca 6nnn maBHO C'hC CTOJIHIJ,aTa KoHcTaHTHHonon
.n;aJieq e)J.HH OT .n;pyr rpaH)J.H03HH apXHTeKTYpHH H no-MaJIKO c o6nacTHTe BeJIHKH51 H ,[(paryBHTH51 .
KOMnJieKCa Ce oqepTaBaT KaTO CBeTCKM H .lzyXOBHM KopecnoH.n;eHTHTe II ca 6HJIH npe.n;HMHO CJIY)l(HTeJIH
IJ,eHThp Ha BJiaCTTa B l13TOqHHTe Po.n;onH, KOHTO Ca B HMnepaTopcKaTa KaHIJ,enapM, .n;BopeiJ,a, npn6nn-
KopecnoH.n;HpaJIH O)l(HBeHo noMe)l(.n;y en npe3 X- )l(eHH Ha HMnepaTopa JIHIJ,a, ynpaBHTeJIH Ha HM-
XII. nepaTOpCKHTe )J.OMeHH H JIHqHOTO HMnepaTOpCKO
Cpe.n; IJ,'hpKOBHHTe neqaTH OT KOJieKIJ,MTa ce C'hKpoBnme. ToBa noTB'hp)l(.n;aBa H3Ka3aHoTo Beqe
OTKpHBaT Te3H Ha enHCKOnHTe Ha QJHJIHnOnOJICKaTa npe.n;noJIO)l(eHne 3a npe.n;HMHO rpa)l()J.aHCKM xa-
enapxM BeJIHKM CTe<jJaH (BTopa noJIOBHHa Ha paKTep Ha .n;eMHOCTTa Ha a)J.MHHHCTpaTHBHOTO yq-
XI B.) n npe.n;nonaraeMM fJIHKHTHM (HJIH fnn- pe)l()J.eHHe no.n; IlepnepHKOH H qe TYK Bepo51THO e
Kepnii) (X- XI B.), KaKTO H Ha enHCKOna 6e3 KaTe)J.- 6HJIO HaCTaHeHO MeCTHOTO ynpaBJieHHe Ha HMne-
pa PoMaH (.n;Ba eK3eMnMpa oT XI-XII B.). ITo paTOpCKH .n;oMeH. Bp'h3KHTe c BOeHHHTe Be.n;oMCTBa
BpeMe Ha pa3KOnKHTe npe3 2003 r. n'bK 6eiUe OT- ca cnopa.n;HqHH H ca 6HJIH B'bB Bpb3Ka C BOMHHTe
KpHT neqaT Ha Bacnnnii, ome e.n;nH enncKon Ha cpemy neqeHemTe npe3 50-Te H 80-Te ro.n;HHH H
BeJIHKM (cpe.n;aTa Ha XI B.), OT c'hmaTa MaTpHIJ,a cpemy KYMaHHTe B HaqaJioTo Ha 90-Te ro.n;HHH Ha
KaTo .n;pyr, HaMepeH no C'hlQOTO BpeMe B AKponona XI B. Te He ca 3acerHaJIH npHKO o6nacrra, a no
Ha IIepnepHKOH. K'hM u1x ce npn6aBR nonoBHHKa BC51Ka Bep051THOCT T51 e 6HJia H3TOqHHK Ha pecyp-
Ha neqaT c TeKCT ,rocno.n;n, noMaraii Ha CB051 pa6 CH H BOeHHa nO)J.Kpena 3a 3acerHaTHTe paHOHH Ha
Teo<jJaH, enncKon Ha ,[(pyryBHTM (?)" (cpe.n;aTa Ha <I>nnnnonon H A)J.pnaHonon. Mo)l(e .n;a ce npe.n;-
XI B.). Heo6xo.n;HMO e .n;a ce oT6eJie)l(H H nonoBHHKa noJIO)l(H, qe no BC51Ka Bep051THOCT T03H )J.OMeH e
OT neqaT c npe.n;nonaraeMo qeTeHe ,focno.n;n, no- 6HJI QJOpMHpaH Hj!K'h)J.e K'bM Cpe.n;aTa HJIH npe3
Maraii Ha CB051 pa6 Mnxann, enncKon" (X-XI B.) 6e3 BTopaTa noJIOBHHa Ha X B., a .n;oToraBa o6nacrra
03HaqeHa KaTe.n;pa. B Ta3H rpyna ca H .n;Ba He MHoro e 6nna B TeMa MaKe.n;oHM, 3a KOeTo roBopHT
)J.06pe 3ana3eHH MOJIHB)J.OByJia Ha npe.n;CTaB~TeJIH cnoMeHaTHTe neqaTH Ha npoTOHOTapH51 TeoQ.Jnn
Ha CTOJIHqHaTa I.l,bpKOBHa a)J.MHHHCTpaiJ,M: lloaH, (IX B.) n Ha xaprynapM :H:ocn<P (IX- X B.). 3acera
KYBYKJIHCHM (XI B.), H Mnxann, KYBYKJIHCHM (X- He MO)l(eM .n;a OTrOBOpHM TOqHo Ha B'hnpoca Ka-
XI B.). KyBYKJIHCHHTe ca HMaJIH npHBHJierMTa npn K'bB e 6HJI no xapaKTep T03H )J.OMeH H )J.aJIH e 6HJI
IJ,bpKOBHH npOIJ,eCHH .n;a npe.n;IUeCTBaT naTpHapxa H ynpaBMBaH OT KypaTOp, BaCHJIHK, KTHMaTHH HJIH
.n;a HOC51T HerOBM naCTHpCKH )l(e3'bJI. enncKenTHT. OT Te3H 3eMH ca 6HJIH B3eMaHH HMO-
fpynaTa Ha qaCTHHTe JIHIJ,a e OT 15 MOJIHB)J.OByJia, TH H pa3.n;aBaHH Ha BHCIUH CBeTCKH H .n;yxOBHH
KOHTO C'h.lJ.'hp)l(aT caMo TeXHHTe HMeHa. HanpHMep apHCTOKpaTH. ,[(OKYMeHTaJIHO 3a AxpH)J.OC TOBa e
c nMeTo :H:oaH HMa TPH pa3JIHqHn neqaTa OT XI B. 3aCBH)J.eTeJICTBaHO B THnHKa Ha lJaqKOBCKM MaHaC-
OT BTopaTa noJIOBHHa Ha XI B. ca MOJIHB.lJ.OBYJIHTe THp oT 1089 r. ToraBa BeJIHKMT .n;oMeCTHK Ha 3a-
Ha Teo.n;op, Teo.n;yn (3 n.), ByryMHT, CnMeOH, fpn- na.n;a fpnropnii EaKypnaHH H3.n;eiicTBa OT HMnepa-
ropnii H .n;p. Haii-HHTepecHH ca neqanT Ha Teo.n;opa Topa .n;a MY 6'b.n;aT .n;apeHH .n;Be cena oT o6nacrra
,[(aJiaCHHa (XI B.) OT H3BeCTHM apMeHCKH po.n; ,[(a- Axpn.n;oc.
JiaCHHH, oT KOMTO npoH3JIH3a AHa ,[(aJiacnHa, Maii- KoneKIJ,MTa OT OTKPHTH neqaTH MOJIHB.D.OBYJIH
KaTa Ha HMnepaTop AneKCHM I KoMHHH, H neqa- ca BC'blQHOCT apXHB'bT Ha a)J.MHHHCTpaiJ,MTa OT
ThT Ha feoprH IlaHQJHJIOC (XI- XII B.). l1 )J.BaTa o6nacTHH51 IJ,eHnp no.n; IIepnepHKOH. XapTMTa
MOJIHB)J.OByJia Hj!MaT n03HaTH napaJieJIH. fli060- e H3TMJia, HO ca OIJ,eJieJIH CKpenBalQHTe OJIOBHH
nHTeH e H neqanT Ha ,[(aBH.D. oT IX-X B., KOMTO e neqaTH. Ilo-rOMMaTa qaCT OT HaXO)J.KHTe ce JIOKaJIH-
npe)J.CTaBHJI HMeTO CH nO)]. QJOpMaTa Ha MOHOrpaM 3HpaT B e.n;Ha crpa.n;a, KOHTO oqeBH)J.HO e npe)J.CTaB-
,,[(A,[(". JI51BaJia OCHOBHHRT a)J.MHHHCTpaTHBeH KOpnyc.
lJeTHpH MOJIHB)J.OByJia ca aHOHHMHH CaMO C C6npKaTa e BTopaTa no roneMHHa, OTKpHTa npn
HKOHOrpaQJCKH H306pa)l(eHM H 06HKHOBeHO ce apxeOJIOrnqecKH pa3KOnKH, CJie)J. Ta3H OT CTpaTe-
.n;aTnpaT K'hM XI- XII B. ,[(eceT neqaTa nopa.n;n rH51 IIpecnaB (558 n.) H e no-roMMa oT Ta3H B
H3KJIIOqHTeJIHO JIOIUOTO HM C'bCT051HHe Ca CHen'hJieH KOMepKHapHHTa ,[(e6em (60 n.). Ho .n;oKaTo npn
TeKCT H He MOraT .n;a 6'h)J.aT pa3qeTeHH. neqaTHTe OT IlpecrraB HaM-MHOro6pOHHH ca Te3H
OT Ka3aHoTo .n;oryK ce BH)l()J.a, qe o6nacrra e Ha CJIY)l(HTeJIH B'bB BOeHHaTa a)J.MHHHCTpaiJ,M B
BO)J.eJia TB'bp)J.e O)l(HBeHa KOpecnOH)J.eHIJ,M, K051TO npOBHHI.l,HHTe H· IJ,eHTpaJIHaTa apMH51, a npH Te3H
He e 6HJia e)J.HOCTpaHHa, 3a KOeTO rOBOp51T H HaMe- OT ,[(e6eJIT - Ha CJI~HTeJIH B IJ,eHTpaJIHaTa a)J.MH-

210
HHcrpau.IDI H no-cneu.HanHo Ha noroTeTa Ha re- 6e qaCTI1qHO npoyqeH apXHTeKTYpeH KOMllJieKC ,
HHKa ( OTrOBap5Illl, 3a C'b6HpaHeTO Ha npHXO,LI,HTe C'bCT05IIIJ, Ce OT ll,bpKBa 11 Bep11)1(HI1 Crpa,L1,11 OKOJIO
OT MHTHI1li,I1Te), TO np11 neqaTI1Te OT KJI11Ce 6arun He5I. XpaMoT e o611KHOBeH, MaJioK 11 c ,LI,BycKaTHO
npeo6Jia)J,aBaT MOJII1B,LI,OBYJII1 OT 11MnepaTOpCKaTa noKp11TI1e, HO BoTpernHOCTTa MY 113IJ,5IJIO e 611na
KaHu.enap115I, ynpaBJieHI1e Ha 11MnepaTopcKHTe ,LI,O- ll0Kp11Ta C 1135IIIJ,HI1 CTeHOlli1CI1. 3ana3eHI1Te <i>par-
MeHI1 11 CbKpOBMIIJ,e, 11 OT np116JimKeHI1 Ha BaCI1- MeHTI1 c 11306pa)l(eHI15I Ha qoBernKI1 JII1IJ,a 11 ,L1,pexl1
JieBCa. llOKa3BaT MaHCTOpCKaTa poKa Ha cpe,LI,HOBeKOBHI15I
Ba)I(Ha np11q11Ha 3a C'b3,1J,aBaHeTo Ha a,LI,MHHHCT- xy,LI,O)I(HI1K. HaM:-Bepo5ITHO cTaBa AYMa 3a KJiacl1qec-
paTI1BHI15I IJ,eHT'bp llO)J, Ilepnep11KOH e ,LI,0611B'bT Ha KO CBeTCKO 11MeHI1e, KaKBI1TO ca Olli1CaHI1 B ,LI,OKy-
3JiaTo. CTaBa AYMa 3a YHI1KaJIHI1Te 3JiaTHI1 PYAH11U.11 MeHTI1Te OT XI- XII B.
Ha 2 KM OT Ilepnep11KOH ,LI,O ,LI,HernHOTO c. CTpeMIJ,11. )1{11BOT'bT B a)J,MHHI1CTpaTHBHI15I IJ,eHT'bp llO.ll;
0Ka3Ba Ce, qe Te Ca C'b3)J,a)J,eHI1 OIIJ,e B ,LI,peBHOCTTa, Ilepnep11KOH BHe3anHo npeKoCBa K'bM Haqano-
HO ca ,LI,Opa3pa6oTeHI1 npe3 cpe,LI,HOBeKOBI1eTo. II TO Ha XIII B. ,[(ocera He ca ycTaHoBeHI1 cne.n;11
)J,HeC 3JiaTHI1Te MI1HI1 Ca npOXO)J,I1MI1 Ha 540 M, a oT HaCI1JICTBeHo YHI1Ili,O)I(eHI1e. IlpocTo pe311.LJ;eH-
u.en11 KI1JIOMeTp11 ranep1111 ca 3aTpynaHI1. Mo)l(e U.115ITa Ha o6nacTHI15I ynpaBI1TeJI ce npeMeCTBa
,LI,a ce B'b3CTaHOBI1 u.eJIIDIT npou.ec Ha ,1J,0611Ba Ha Ha .n;pyro M5ICTO nopa.n;11 npeBpoiiJ,aHeTO Ha Axp11-
CKnnou.eHHIDI MeTan. B PYAH11U.11Te ce BJII13a qpe3 ,LI,OC B caMOCT05ITeJIHa TeMa. B caMIDI KpaH: Ha
MHO)I(eCTBO BXO,LI,OBe, BO)J,eiiJ,I1 K'bM XOpH30HTaJIHI1Te XII B. ce C'b3,1J,aBa HOBaTa a,LI,MI1HI1CTpaTI1BHa e,LI,I1-
ranep1111 . ITo 113,1J,oJI6aHI1 BepT11KaJIHI1 KOMI1HI1 e cTa- HI1IJ,a Axp11,LI,OC, OT.LJ;eJII1Jia ce O<i>11U.11aJIHO OT IlJIOB-
BaJIO 113KapBaHeTo Ha py,LI,aTa 11 npoBeTp5IBaHeTo Ha )J,I1BCKaTa o6nacT npe3 1198 r . 3a KpaTKO Bpe-
BbTpelliHOCTTa. ,[(HeC ca 3ana3eHI1 113CI1qaHI15ITa B Me ce Ha6mo.n;aBa 113KJIIOqi1TeJIHO 11HTeH311BHO
CKaJII1Te, K'b)J,eTO Ca 611JII1 MOHT11paHI1 llO,LI,eMHI1Te CTp011TeJICTBO Ha HOBI1 11 B'b3CTaHOB5IBaHe Ha CTa-
ycTpOHCTBa. HaH:-ceTHe B no,LI,HO)I(I1eTo Ha X'bJIMa p11Te rpa,LI,OBe, o<t>opM11Jll1 11H<i>paCTPYKTYPaTa Ha
KpaJi BO,L1,11Te Ha nJiaHI1HCKa peKa Ce OTKp11BaT OTBa- Axp11,1J,oc. OT Bl13aHTI1HCKI1Te 113TOqH11U.11 ce 3Ha5IT
Jli1Te - OCTaT'biJ,I1Te OT npOMI1BaHeTO Ha 3JiaTOTO. TeXHI1Te 11MeHa - MHeaKoc, Ilepnep11KOH, YcTpa,
Hanocne,LI,oK Te311 PYAH11U.H ce CBop3BaT c 11H- E<l>pa11M, Kp11Byc 11 IlaTMOC. IlaK OT Te311 113BO-
TeH311BHI15I )J,0611B Ha 3JiaTO, OpraHI1311paH OT Bl1- p11 cTaBa 5ICHO, qe cpe.n;I1IIJ,eTo Ha BJiacTTa ce yc-
3aHTI1HCKIDI 11MnepaTop AneKCI1H KoMHI1H. Ilpe3 TaHOB5IBa KpaH: .n;HernHIDI rp. Kop.LJ;)I(aJII1. 3ae.n;Ho
1082 r. BaCI1JieBC'bT npaBI1 peq)OpMa Ha 3JiaTHaTa C <i>YHKIJ,I10H11palli,IDI eni1CKOllCKI1 MaHaCT11p TaM
Cl1 e)J,HHI1IJ,a 11 OCe3aTeJIHO llOB,LI,I1ra HeHHOTO C'b- ce o<t>opM5IT HOBIDIT o6nacTeH u.eHT'bp MHeaKoc
,LI,bp)l(aHI1e. T5I nonyqaBa 11 HOBO 11Me - ,xl1nep- 11 yKpeneHaTa pe311)J,eHIJ,I15I Ha apXOHTa KpaH
nepoH" 11JII1 ,nepnepa". He MO)I(e ,LI,a He HanpaBH cerarnHOTO c. B11werpa,L1,.
BneqaTJieHI1e 6JII130CTTa C ll'bJIHOTO Hai1MeHOBaHI1e KpenocTTa Ha Ilepnep11KOH npo.n;oJI)I(aBa 11 npe3
Ha rpa,LI,a - X11nepnepaKI10H . OIIJ,e e no,LI, Bonpoc XIII- XIV B . .n;a 6n,LI,e cpe.n; Hai1-Ba)I(HI1Te TBnp,L1,11HI1.
,LI,aJII1 MOHeTaTa e nonyq11na 11MeTo Ha KpenocTTa, OT ,LI,OKYMeHT Ha BceneHcKaTa naTp11apru115I ce
OKOJIO K05ITO e OTKp11TO 3Haqi1TeJIHO KOJIHqeCTBO 3Hae, qe npe3 1339 r. B Hero 11Ma eni1CKoncKa Ka-
3JiaTo, 11JII1, o6paTHO, KpenocTTa e 611na HapeqeHa Te.n;pa, OT.LJ;eJII1Jia Ce OT aBTOKe<l>anHaTa eni1CKOlli15I
Ha HOBaTa e)J,I1HI1IJ,a. Axp11.LJ;OC. Ilpe3 1343 r. BOHCKI1Te Ha u.ap liBaH
Ilpe3 IX- XII B. IJ,5IJiaTa nno,LI,opo,LI,Ha ,LI,OJII1Ha no)], AneKcaH,LI,np npeB3eMaT rpa,LI,a 11 TaM e HaJHaqeH
I1epnep11KOH e 611na oce5!Ha c MHO)I(eCTBO cBeTCKI1 u.apcKI1 apxoHT, T.e. ynpaBI1TeJI Ha Axp11,1J,oc. 3a
11 ,LI,yxOBHI1 11MeHIDI. Ilpe3 JI5ITOTO Ha 2002 r. Ce KpaTKO BpeMe 06JiaCTTa 11Ma ,LI,BaMa ynpaBI1TeJII1:
HaJIO)I(I1 cnewHaTa HaMeca Ha apxeoJI0311Te 3a npo- Bl13aHTI1HCKI1 - B MHeaKoc, 11 6onrapcKI1 - B Ilepne-
yqBaHe Ha cep1103HO 3aCTparueH OT 11MaH5Ip11Te p11KOH. ManKo no-K'bCHO o6aqe poMei1Te opraHI1-
o6eKT. Ha OKOJIO 2,5 KM 3ana,LI,HO OT Kn11ce 6awo, 311paT KOHTpao<t>aH311Ba 11 113TJiaCKBaT 6oJirap11Te
B 3eMJI11IIJ,eTo Ha cnce,LI,HOTO c. B11coKa nOJI5IHa, Ha ceBep.

211
A BYZANTINE INPERIAL DOMAIN FRO 9TH_ 12TH C.-
THE ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER BELOW PERPERICON

Nicholay OVCHAROV,
Daniella KODJAMANOVA, Dimitar STOYMENOV

The report presents a scientific announcement of a after that of the Preslav Strategy allowing for the
so far unfamiliar Byzanine imperial domain from accomplished comparative analysis in relation to
91h-J2th c. The on-going processes of stabilization office and rank juxtaposed to those of the seals
in the economic and external political structure from Preslav and Debelt.
of this period led purposefully to the large-scale
consolidation of the Byzantine Empire in the An important prerequisite for the establishment of
middle of 9th c. exemplified by a variety of sites, the administrative centre below Perperikon was
one of which is situated at the foot of Perperikon. the yielding of gold from the unique gold mines
localized 2 km off Perperikon by the present-day
The architectural complex was uncovered on the village of Streltsi.
left bank of the Perperikon River in the ,Klisse
Bashu" locality, on location of the farming land of A plentitude of secular and cleric domains were
the village of Chifiick. Central place in the site is scattered throughout the entire fertile Perperikon
occupied by a church thoroughly investigated at valley in the period 91h-J2th c. However, life in
present. Perperikon suddenly ceased its existence towards
the beginning of the 13 1h c. The reason for this
Some of the most intriguing and significant finds - was not some kind of violent intervention but
eighty-four seals, the archive of the adninistrative the transfer of the district governor's residence
district centre below Perperikon, etc. - were to another location. The new center of Mineakos
uncovered in the period 2004-2005. Sixteen church grew near prsent-day Kurdjali to a state of ousting
seals, fifteen molivdul seals of private personalities Perperikon. The formerly thriving district center
and four anonymous ones stand out conspicuously was conquered in 1343 by Ivan Alexander and for
among the rest. The collection is the second largest a short time used to be headed by two governors.

212
 TOKH C MHTOJIOrHIIHH H30JiPA)KEHIDI
OT li'hJirAPCKOTO CPE,IJ;HOBEKOBHE
Cmena J{OHLJEBA

HeoT.n;aBHa KOJieKI.J.IDITa OT H3.n;emui Ha cpe.n;Ho- o6pa3 (IlflemHb06 1997, 71-83; 2005, 124- 130;
BeKOBHOTO MeTaJIOI1JiaCTHqHo H3KycTBO 11pH Cpe.n;- Pletnyov 2005, 75- 86). OT 11poyqBaHeTO Ha ro-
HOBeKOBHHj{ OT.D;eJI Ha My3ej{ B IJ1yMeH Ce 11011bJIHH Jlj{MaTa rpy11a OT TOKH C JibBCKH H306pa)KeHIDI,
c HOBH H HHTepecHH 11pe.n;MeTH. Te ca .n;ol1bJIHeHHe 3a KOHTO CTaHa .D;YMa, ce 0Ka3a, qe THXHOTO MHO-
KbM HaCKOpO 11y6JIHKyBaHHTe 6pOH30BH TOKH C roo6pa3He H HH)J;HBH.D;yaJIHH qepTH ca TOJIKOBa
H306pa)KeHIDI Ha JlbBCKH qmrypH (8 Ha 6poH) OT roJieMH, qe c11ope.n; Hac He e Bb3MO)KHO p;a 6op;aT
CeBepOH3TOqHa EomapHj{ (J{ontte6a 2005, 52- o6xBaHaTH B Te3H rpy11H. Ep;Ho 6op;ern:o I.J:j~JIOCTHO
56). 06eKT Ha HaCTOji.W:OTO 11pOyqBaHe ca HOBH 6 H3CJiep;BaHe Ha BCe 110-HapaCTBa.W:Hj{ 6pOH Ha Te3H
npe.n;MeTa, KOHTO 3a pa31IHKa OT 11bpBHTe 6eJie)KaT naMeTHHU:H MO)Ke 6H rn:e p;a.n;e Bb3MO)KHOCT TOBa
nO-rOJij{MO pa3H006pa3He B CBOjiTa .n;eKOpaU:IDI. pa311pe.n;eJieHHe p;a ce .n;ol1bJIHH H npeU:H3Hpa. Be-
IIoJIOBHHaTa OT Tj{X ca c pa3npocTpaHeHHTe H no- pOHTHO H TO 11aK rn:e e YCJIOBHO, 3a.W:OTO Ce 0Ka3-
3HaTH OTnpe.n;H JibBCKH <jmrypH, KOHTO, MaKap H Ba, qe noqTH BCHKO H306pa)KeHHe HOCH CBOH
p;a ce pa3JIHqaBaT nOMe)K)J;y CH, BCe naK ca CXO)J;HH HH)J;HBH)J;YaJIHH qepTH, onpe.n;eJij{HH KaKTo OT YMe-
B KOMn03HU:HOHHO perneHHe. OcTaHaJiaTa qacT HIDITa Ha MaHCTOpa 3aHaj{TqiDI, TaKa H OT HHTep-
oT rpynaTa 11pep;cTaBj{ peJie<l_>HH H3o6pa)KeHIDI Ha 11peTaU:IDITa Ha YTBbpp;eHHTe Beqe o6pa3H no
1
rpH<l_>OHH H KpHJiaTH KOHe • JIHU:aTa Ha 11pe.n;MeTHTe OT .n;pe6HaTa 11JiaCTHKa.
,ZJ;o MOMeHTa HMa )J;Ba OnHTa 3a KJiaCH<l_>HKaU:Hj{ B HaCTOj{.W:OTO H3JIO)KeHHe pa3p;eJij1Me TOKHTe
Ha T03H BH.D; 11pep;MeTH. IIopBaTa e Ha )l{. A.na.n;)KOB, Ha TPH rpyrrH - c H3o6pa)KeHIDI Ha JibBCKH <l_>HrypH,
KOHTO pa3JJ;eJij1 TOKHTe Ha TpH rpynH cnope.n; BH.D;a Ha rpH<l_>OHH H Ha KpHJiaTH KOHe. IIopBaTa rpy11a
Ha rpaBHpaHHTe 110 JIHU:eBHTe HM 110BbpXHOCTH BKJIIOqBa TpH TOKH, TOqHOTO MeCTOHaXO)K)J;eHHe Ha
<l_>HrypH (Alzao:J/Co61981, 22-27). TyK TOM BKmoqBa KOHTO He HH e H3BeCTHO. lfMaMe CaMO HaH-o6rn:a
H3BeCTHHTe .D;O MOMeHTa nop;o6HH npep;MeTH - HH<l_>opMaU:IDI, qe ca HaMepeHH B CeBepoH3ToqHa
OKOJIO p;eceTHHa Ha 6pOH, nOBeqeTO OT KOHTO ca OT EoJirapiDI H 110-KOHKpeTHO B 6JIH30CT .n;o He11poy-
apxeoJiorHqecKH npoyqBaHHj{ (J{ontte6a-IlemK06a qeHHj{ HanoJIHO 11pOH3BO.D;CTBeH u:eHThp .n;o c. Ha-
1980, 38- 42; MoMttWl06 1991, 27- 49; HHK06a .n;apeBo, ToprOBH.W:KO.
1974, 104, o6p. 36; Ma6poouno6 1959, 232, o6p.
277; Cmantte6 1960, 29- 30, o6p. 36; Muxai:ulo6 ToKa 1. (06p.l, <l_>Hr.l ). TaKaTa e c 11paBObrDJIHa
1963, 9, o6p. 6; /(:JICUH2061968, 227-278, o6p. 13; <l_>opMa, H3Jlj{Ta e OT 6pOH3 H HMa pa3MepH:
Bb:J/Capo6a 1965, 157; Mano6a 1963, 78, o6p. 5; .D;bJI)KHHa- 3,2 CM, illHpHHa- 2,2 CM H p;e6eJIHHa -
Cmantte6 1955, 4- 5). KoM THn A 11011a.D;aT TOKHTe 0,2 eM. Hocern:aTa paMa He e 3al1a3eHa, .n;oKaTo 11pH
c no-rpy6o rpaBHpaHH o6pa3H, KbM THI1 E - Te3H onopHaTa e CbXpaHeHa H OCHOBaTa Ha e3HKa, 11pH-
C JibBCKH H306pa)KeHIDI, 11pe.n;ap;eHH 110-rpH)KJIHBO Kpe11eHa KbM )KeJie3eH .W:H<l_>T, KOj{TO 3ae.D;HO C OCTa-
H peJie<l_>HO, H KbM TpeTHji THI1 B - TOKH C BHCOK HaJIHTe eJieMeHTH, KaTO Ha11pHMep rnapHHpHOTO
peJie<l_> H npeU:H3HO o<l_>opMeHH KpHJiaTH )KHBOTHH. OKaqBaHe Ha TOKaTa, Ca Cbe)J;HHeHH B e.n;HHHO U:HJIO
BTopaTa KJiacH<l_>HKaU:IDI e Ha B. IlJieTHhOB, KOHTO BCJie.D;CTBHe Ha KOp03IDITa Ha .W:H<l_>Ta. JlHU:eBaTa no-
HaH:-o6rn:o m pa3p;eJij1 Ha TPH THna c11opep; yKpa- BbpXHOCT e 3aeTa OT peJie<l_>HO H306pa)KeHHe Ha JibB
caTa HM - C H306pa)KeHHH Ha JlbB, Ha 6opern:H B XO)J; H~BO. 3ap;HHTe KpaHHHU:H Ca npep;ap;eHH B
ce H roHe.W:H ce )KHBOTHH H Ha KpHJiaT KOH. KoM )J;BH)KeHHe, a maBaTa - aH<l_>ac. ,ll;eTaHJIHTe no JIH-
BCeKH THI1 HMa H 110)J;THI10Be, KOHTO Ce 011pe.n;eJij{T u:eTo Ca peaJIHCTHqHo MO,Z:(eJIHpaHH C 110MO.W:Ta Ha
OT npeU:H3HOCTTa, C KOjiTO e H311bJIHeH CaMIDIT pe3eu:. ITo 11op;o6eH HaqHH, HO c HaceqKH e 11pep;-

213
 ([Juz. 1. 06p.J.

cTaBeHa M K03MHaTa Ha :lKMBOTHOTO. KaKTo npM nMncaTa Ha .n;ocTaT'hqHo no.n;o6HM Ha npe.n;cTaBeHMH

ny6nMK)'BaHaTa Beqe TOKa C'hC CXO,ll;HO M306pa- TYK npe.n;MeTM. PeanHo e o6aqe .n;a CMHTaMe, qe
:lKeHMe, TaKa M TYK qmrypaTa Ha :lKMBOTHOTO e no- Te3M HHKOnKO TOKM Ca C no-paHeH npOM3XO,ll; OT
o6eMHa M no-peanMCTMqHa, C nnaBHM M3BMBKM, ocTaHanMTe. HaMepeHaTa B KoHcTaHU:MH TOKa B
cne,n;Ball(M aHaTOMMqHMTe no,n;po6HOCTM OT DinO- cpe.n;a oT IX B. HM onpe.n;enH TOBa BpeMe (AllaibtCoe
TO Ha :lKMBOTHOTO. ITo oqepTaHMeTO Ha TOKaTa MM- I993, o6p. 7, 3).
HaBa paMKa, KOHTO He e 3ana3eHa M3U:HnO M KOHTO
o6xBall(a U:HnOTO M3o6pa3MTenHo none. 06eMHaTa ToKa 2. (06p. 2, ~H.r. 2). TaKaTa e c neKo pa3-
TpaKTOBKa Ha :lKMBOTMHCKaTa ~Mrypa M no,n;qep- nmpHBall(a ce Tpaneu;oBM,n;Ha ~opMa, M3nHTa e OT
TaHOTO ,n;eTaHnM3MpaHe Ha o6pa3a ca CXO,ll;HM C 6pOH3 MMMa pa3MepM: )l;'hn:lKMHa - 2, 7 CM, IIIMpMHa -
npe.n;cTaBeHaTa Beqe TOKa OT CeBepOM3TOqHa n'hn- 2,4 eM, .n;e6enMHa - 0,3 eM. Hocell(aTa M onopHaTa
rapMH (/{01-t'leea 2005, 52, rjJuz.I) M c e.n;Ha .n;pyra paMa He ca 3ana3eHM, caMo qacT OT ropHMH KpaH
OT KoHCTaHU:MH (IlllemHbOB I997, 84, ma6Jl. I, I 0; Ha BTOpaTa. JlMU:eBaTa nOB'hpXHOCT e 3aeTa OT pe-
Pletnyov 2005, 77, fig. I, I 0). THXHOTO BM,ll;MMO ne~HOTO M306pa:lKeHMe Ha n'hBCKa ~Mrypa, qMe-
pa3nMqMe OT OCTaHanMTe no,n;o6HM npe,n;MeTM HM TO THnO e npe,n;a,n;eHO MHOfO CXeMaTMqHo. 3a,n;-
.n;aBa OCHOBaHMe .n;a npe.n;nonaraMe, qe Te ca .n;eno Ha HMTe KpaHHMIJ:M Ca npe,n;cTaBeHM pa3,ll;BOeHM B
HHKOH onMTeH MaHcTop rpaBbop, KOHTO onpe.n;eneHo ,ll;OnHMH KpaH M B ,ll;BM:lKeHMe, rnp6bT e M3BMT, a
e cne.n;Ban Tpa.n;MU:MMTe Ha BM3aHTMHCKMH KYnTYPeH onalllKaTa e 3aocTpeHa B KpM. fnaBaTa e aH~ac,
Kp'hr. Bnnpoc'hT .n;anM Te3M TOKM ca npoM3Be,n;eHM oqepTaHa e oBanHo, 6e3 .n;a ca M3o6pa3eHM YlllMTe.
B HHKOe aTenMe Ha BM3aHTMHCKaTa CTOnMu;a MnM B ITo U:HnoTo THno Ha :lKMBOTHOTO MMa nnMTKM Ha-
HHKOH oT npoBMHU:ManHMTe u;eHTpoBe, K'h,n;eTo ca ceqKM, 3afaTBall(M 3a K03MHaTa My. <f>OH'hT Ha M306-
npaBeHM no.n;o6HM npe.n;MeTM (Davidson I952, 268, pa3MTenHOTO none e rpy6o 3arna.n;eH c pe3eU: M
273, No 22I5), ocTaBa He .n;oKpaH M3HCHeH nopa.n;M paMKa, KOHTO .n;a o6xBall(a noneTo, TYK nMncBa, 3a-

([Juz. 2. 06p.2.

214
ru;oTo cpwrypaTa e pa:moJIO)I(eHa no QHJIOTO npo- TaQH H K03HHa Ca npe~a~eHH C nO-~'bJI60KH HJIH
cTpaHCTBO H CaMOTO oqepTaHHe Ha
~OCTHra ~0 nO-nJIHTKH HaceqKH. <l>OH'hT e ma~KO OcpOpMeH C
npe~MeTa. Ilpe~cTaBeHaTa TOKa ce ~o6JIH)I(aBa pe3eQ H no I.J;HJIOTO H306pa3HTeJIHO none BbpBH
~o T<l3H, HaMepeHa npH CThpMeH (Muxau!loe penecpHa THCHa paMKa. TaKaTa MHoro ce ~o6JIH)I(aBa
1963, 8, o6p. 6) H npH ceBepHaTa KpenocTHa CTe- ~0 Ta3H, HaMepeHa npH CeBepHaTa KpenOCTHa
Ha Ha IIpecnaB (Allao:J/Coe 1981, 22, o6p.1), KaKTo cTeHa B IIpecnaB, H ~o Ta3H OT rpo6a Ha MocTwq,
H ~o ~BeTe TOKH c no~o6HH H3o6pa)l(eHHH oT Ce- onpe~eJieHa oT )K. Ana~)I(OB KaTo THn E ( CmaH'lee
BepoH3ToqHa EonrapHH (!{oH'leea 2005, 52-53, 1955, 4-5; Allao:J/Coe 1981, 23, o6p.3) . .[(o HeH ce
cjJuz. 2-3). Jf3o6pa)l(eHHeTO e CXO~HO ~0 TOBa ~06JIH)I(aBaT H ~Be TOKH, HaMepeHH C'bOTBeTHO B
B'hpxy TOKa, HaMepeHa npH Kpenocrra ,KaneTo" .[(o6pwqKo H CeBepoH3ToqHa E'hnrapHH (IlllemHbOB
B rp. Cpe~eu;, EypracKo (EGll6o!loea-lfeaHoea 1997, 84, ma6Jl. I, 3; Pletnyov 2005, 77, fig. I, 3),
2005, 98, o6p. 7), KaKTO H ~0 TOBa Bbpxy TOKa OT KOHTO Ca Onpe~eJieHH no aHaJIOrHH C TOKaTa OT
KapHo6aTCKaTa KpenOCT ,MapKeJIH" (MoM'lUJl08 KopHHT B X B. Ilo~o6HH Ha THX ca ~Be TOKH OT
1995, 34-3 5). BonpeKH oqeBH~HHTe cxo~cTBa o6aqe YKpaH:Ha (Oplloe 1973, o6p. 1-2). IIpe~cTaBeHaTa
npe~cTaBeHaTa TOKa ce OTJIHqaBa oT nocoqeHHTe TOKa TYKe noqTH H~eHTHqHa Ce~HH OT cnoMeHaTHTe
KaKTO no BH~a Ha rJiaBaTa, TaKa H no nOJIO)I(eHHeTO Beqe npe~MeTH OT CeBepOH3TOqHHTe qacTH Ha
Ha TMOTO, KOeTO TYK e H3QHJIO npe~a~eHO B ~BH­ CTpaHaTa (!{oH'leea 2005, 54, ifJuz. 5). AKo He 6ellle
)I(eHHe, ~OKaTO npH nocoqeHHTe TO e nO-CKOpO CTa- pa3JIHqHeTO B H3BHBKaTa Ha onal.IlKaTa, TO C'bBCeM
THqHO H CaMO 3a~HHTe KpaHHHQH ca B XO~ HaJIHBO. cnOKOHHO MO)I(eXMe ~a TBbp~HM, qe ca H3JieTH B
Ilo-6JIH3KH napaneJIH H306pa)l(eHHeTO HMa C HaMe- e~HH KaJI'hn. IlpHeMJIHBO e o6aqe ~onycKaHeTO,
peHaTa B XepcoH TOKa, K'h~eTo cpwrypaTa Ha JI'hBa qe BepOHTHO TOKHTe ca npOH3Be~eHH B e~HH H
e C'hiiJ;O B ~BH)I(eHHe H no~po6HOCTHTe OT THJIOTO, C'hiiJ;H paHOH, a 3aiiJ;O He H B e~Ha pa60THJIHHI.J;a.
KaTO nOJIO)I(eHHeTO Ha rnaBaTa, H3BHBKaTa Ha rop6a KaTo ce HMa npe~BH~, qe ca HaMepeHH B 6JIH30CT
H onal.IlKaTa, ca MHoro cxo~HH (Lfu'lypoe1991, 99, ~0 He~onpoyqeHHH QeHThp 3a MeTaJIOnJiaCTHKa

o6p. 98). B Ha~apeBo, c'hru;ecTBYBaJI B X B., TO MO)I(eM ~a

npe~nonaraMe, qe Te npoH3XO)I(~aT HMeHHO OT

ToKa 3. (06p.3, cpwr. 3). TaKaTa e c no~qepTaHo TaM. b'b~eiiJ;HTe npoyqBaHHH H pe3yJITaTHTe OT
TpaneQOBH~Ha cpOpMa, OTJIHTa e OT 6pOH3 H e C THX ru;e ~onpHHeCaT He MaJIKO 3a ~OH3HCHHBaHeTO

pa3MepH: ~'hJI)I(HHa- 2,7 CM, I.IlHpHHa- 2,2 CM, ~e- Ha T03H B'hnpoc. Onpe~eJieHo MO)I(e ~a ce TB'hp~H
6eJIHHa - 0,2 eM. Hoceru;aTa paMa He e 3ana3eHa, o6aqe, qe nOCJie~HHTe ~Be TOKH Ca pa3JIHqHH OT
a OT onopHaTa ca 3ana3eHH Kpawru;aTa Ha I.IlapHHp- n'hpBaTa, npe~cTaBeHa TYK, H MoraT ~a ce BKmoqaT
HOTO 3aKpenBaHe, KOHTO ca C ~HaMeTbp 0,3 CM. B OT~eJIHa no~rpyna, no~o6HHTe npe~cTaBHTeJIH
Bopxy nnoqKaTa, KOHTO e oTqyneHa B e~HHHH Ha KOHTO XpOHOJIOrHqeCKH Ce Onpe~eJIHT B MaJIKO
KpaH, e H306pa3eHa JI'hBCKa cpwrypa, KOHTO nOBeqe no-K'hCHO BpeMe - K'hM cpe~aTa Ha X B. Mo)l(e
npwnwqa Ha KOTKa. TH e npe~cTaBeHa cxeMaTHqHo, ~a ce npe~nonara, qe TOBa e BpeMeTo, KoraTo
B xo~ HamBo, c maBa aHcpac H cna6o H3BHT rpb6 MO~aTa ~a ce HOCHT no~o6HH MeTaJIHH yKpaCH e
H onal.IlKa. Ilo~p06HOCTH OT THJIOTO KaTO oqH, MYC- ~ocTaThqHo nonympHa, 3a ~a 3anoqHe THXHOTO

f/Juz. 3. . 06p. 3.

215
HMHTaTHBHO npOH3BO.LJ:CTBO B MeCTaTa Ha T51XHOTO XpHcToc .n:a npeBnpHe ,peB51IIJ:H51 nnB" (.LJ:51Bona)
nnpBOHaqaJIHO pa3npOCTpaHeHHe. B peBHOCTeH XpHCTH51HHH, n'hBbT e CHMBOn Ha ey-
ToKH c H3o6pa~eHH51 Ha n'hBCKH ~HrypH ce XOBHa 6.LJ:HTenHOCT H HenpeKJIOHHOCT. JlbBbT e H3-
cper.u:aT npe3 X B. H cpe.n: BH3aHTHHCKaTa nnacTHKa o6pa~eHHe H Ha cB. eBaHrenHcT MapKo, ThH KaTo
B YHrapH51, HO TYK o6pa3yBaT C'hBCeM ManKa HerOBOTO eBaHrenHe Ha6n51ra Ha u,apCTBeHOCTTa
rpyna (Balint 1991, 109, Abb. 29, Taf XXXIII- H BenHqHeTo Ha XpHCTOc. ,JlnB'hT Ha Hy.n:a", 3a
29). T51XHOTO HaMHpaHe He caMo B 3eMHTe Ha KoroTo cTaBa Bnnpoc H3 U,51nOTO CBer.u;eHo nHcaHHe,
,[(onHH51 .lJ:YHaB, HO H B Mana A3H51, B KopHHT, B ce H3npaB51 B nHqHocrra Ha XpHCToc - ,Mna.n: n'hB
YKpaiiHa H B HeKponona npH rHe3.LJ:OBO, CMoneHCK, e IO.n:a... JlerHan H pa3npocTp51n ce e KaTo n'hB ...
noKa3Ba, qe pa3npocTpaHeHHeTo HM He e caMo no He r.u:e nHncBa CKHnThp OT IO.n:a, HHTO ynpaBHTen
6nnrapcKHTe 3eMH, a B umpOKH51 apean Ha U,51naTa c ~e3nn oTcpe.n: H03eTe My, ,[(oKne .n:oii.n:e CHnoT;
BH3aHTHHCKa Kynrypa. He ca ManKo npHMepHTe li HeMy r.u:e ce noKOp51BaT nneMeHaTa." (Eumue 49:
OT cpe.LJ:HOBeKOBHaTa 6nnrapcKa Kynrypa, Kb.LJ:eTO 9, 1 0). Toil: e ,n'hB'hT, KOHTO e OT IO.n:oBOTO nneMe,
nnBCKaTa ~Hrypa e npe.n:noqHTaH H3o6pa3HTeneH KOHTO e ,[(aBH.LJ:OBH51T KOpeH, npeB'h3MOrHa, 3a .n:a
MOTHB H npHCbCTBa nO.LJ: ~OpMaTa Ha CKynnrypa HnH pa31bpHe KHHraTa H .n:a pa3neqaTa HeiiHHTe ce.n:eM
pene~HO H306pa~eHHe B MHOfO OT npOH3Be.LJ:eHH51Ta neqaTa" (OmKpoeeHue 5:5).
Ha H3KYCTBOTO OT T03H nepHO.LJ:. OT TOBa BpeMe ca E.n:HHo6opcTBOTO c nnBa e ciO~eT oT TPHYM-
n'hBCKHTe CKynnrypH OT IlnHCKa (Moll!l08 1943, ~anHH51 HMnepaTOpCKH li,HK'hn BbB BH3aHTHHCKOTO
69-70, o6p. 138), oT ayna Ha 0MypTar Kpaii c. XaH CBeTCKO H3KYCTBO, Kb.LJ:eTO HMnepaTOpHTe ca cpaB-
KpYM, illYMeHCKO (A1-1m01wea 1961, 151-152, H51BaHH c nnBo6opu,HTe - XepaKnn, CaMCOH H
o6p. 26), KaKTo H n'hBCKHTe rnaBH oT M. ABpa.n:aKa ,[(aBH.LJ: H e H3ThKBaHO CnpaBe.LJ:nHBOTO HM rpa~­
B IIpecnaB (HeaHoea 1948, 28-30, o6p. 22-26). .LJ:aHCKO ynpaBneHHe H BOHHCKa .n:o6necT. TaKHBa
YqacTBa H B KOMn03HU,H51Ta Ha Ma.n:apcKH51 cKaneH pHTOpHqecKH H351BneHH51 KaTo ,HOBH51 AxHn", ,Ho-
pene~ (Mu1-1aeea 1989). ,[(BeTe nnoqH OT CTapa BH51 ,[(aBH.LJ:" HnH ,HOBH51 ConoMoH" no OTHOIUe-
3aropa - Ha n'hB H nnBHu,a c n'hBqe, ca H3pa6oTeHH HHe Ha HMnepaTopa Ha ,HOBH51 PHM" 6HnH Tpa-
B nnocnK pene~, a no.n:po6HOCTHTe no TenaTa ca .LJ:HIJ,HOHHH 3a rpbli,KHTe naHerHpHCTH 01apKeeu~
rpaBHpaHH Bnocne.LJ:CTBHe (MaepOOUHOea 1976, 1975, 238). AHa KoMHHHa HapHqa u,ap AneKceii
89). IJO.LJ:06HH Ha T51X Ca IllH~epHHTe pene~H OT ,HOBH51 XepaKbn" (KoMHUHa 1965, 74). CIO~eTHTe
u,npKBaTa ,CB. lipHHa" B KHeB OT XI B., Kb.LJ:eTo OT HCTOpH51Ta Ha ,[(aBH.LJ: BbpXy cpe6npHHTe Cb.LJ:O-
ca H3o6pa3eHH 6op6a Ha qoBeK c n'hB, XepaK'hn c Be OT KHnnp (610-629 r.) H MHHHaTIOpHTe OT IJa-
nnBa H TPHYM~bT Ha ,[(HOHHC (Ilyl(KO 1988, 288, pH~KH51 ncanTHp (nnpBaTa nonoBHHa Ha X B.)
o6p. 1; 289, o6p. 2-3). .LJ:eMOHCTpHpaT HaMepeHHeTO Ha MaHCTOpHTe .LJ:a
06HqaifHanpaKTHKanpe3Cpe.LJ:HOBeKOBHeTOCTa- npe.n:cTaB51T napanenHTe Me~.n:y ynpaBneHHeTo Ha
Ba nOCTaB51HeTO Ha n'hBCKH ~HrypH npH nOpTHTe 6H6neiicKH51 u,ap H ynpaBneHHeTo Ha CbBpeMeH-
Ha KpenOCTHTe, K051TO ce CBbp3Ba C ~YHKU,H51Ta HHTe BacHneBCH (Grabar 1936, 96-97). KoHHHTe
HM Ha anoTponeH H crpa~H. Ilo.n:o6Ha npaKTHKa CaMO.LJ:bp~U,H, nOpa351BaiiJ:H C KOnHe nbBa, BbpXy

e 06HqaifHa H 3a .n:peBHOH3TOqHOTO H3KYCTBO H ThKaHHTe OT VIII-IX B. OT MY3e51 B JlHOH ca H3.LJ:e-

aHTHqHH51 CB51T. Cnope.n: MaKpo6Hii nnBOBeTe ca nH51 Ha u,apCKHTe pa60THnHHIJ,H, B.LJ:bXHOBeHH Ca
eM6neMa Ha 3eMJITa, ,MaiiKaTa Ha 6oroBeTe", a OT cacaHH.LJ:CKHTe Mo.n:enH H HMaT TPHYM~aneH xa-
.LJ:BOHKa n'hBOBe H306pa351BaT ,rocno.n:ap51 Ha .LJ:BOH- paKTep (Grabar 1936, 59-60, tab/. IX 1). ,IJ;ap51T
HaTa CHna", na3HTen51 Ha BpaTH, nOpTH, CbKpOBH- (MaHYHn KoMHHH), HapeqeH n'hB, yBepeH B CB051Ta
r.u;a HnH ,[(npBOTO Ha ~HBOTa (Kynbp 1993, 122- CHna, pa36Hn BapBapHTe KaTO CTa.LJ:O 6HKOBe H K0-
124). fi3nOmBaHH KaTO qyqypH, qeiUMH HnH 3H" (AKOMUHam 1860, 115). C Hana.n:ar.u: n'hB ce cpaB-
~OHTaHH, n'hBCKHTe rnaBH H306pa351BaT .LJ:peBHOTO H51Ban AH.n:poHHK KoMHHH (AKOMUHam 1860, 329).
CnbHU,e H BO.LJ:aTa, K051TO Ce cnycKa KaTO .n:ap BbpXy Haif-o6r.u;o KaTO BTOpa OCHOBHa rpyna npe.n:MeTH
3eMJITa. IIo.n:o6Ho 3HaqeHHe HMaT nnBCKHTe rnaBH B HaCT051IIJ:OTO H3Cne.n:BaHe MOraT .n:a 6n.LJ:aT 060C0-
rapryH OT MaHaCTHpCKHTe crpa.n:H Ha ABpa.n:aKa 6eHH TOKHTe C H306pa~eHHe Ha rpH~OH H KpHnaT
(Maepoou1-1oea 1976, 100). KOH. Te ca caMo TpH, HO .n:ocTaThqHo Ha 6poii, 3a
CeMaHTHKaTa Ha H3o6pa~eHHeTo B xpHCTH51H- .n:a oqepTa51T qaCT OT f0n5IMOTO pa3H006pa3He Ha
cKaTa Kynrypa e He nO-MaJIKO 6oraTa H pa3H006- MOTHBH H ~OpMH, KOHTO .LJ:aBaT npe.LJ:CTaBa 3a 6o-
pa3Ha. ,[(BOHCTBeH KaTO CHnaTa H Bnacrra Ha raTH51 penepToap Ha MaHCTOpHTe rpaBbOpH, KaKTO

216
H 3a BKyca H npe,ll;IIOYHTaHIDITa Ha 06HKHOBeHJfj{ rOJij{MOTO OKO Ha )KJfBOTHOTO, KOeTO 3aeMa IIOYTH
YOBeK OT Ta3H enoxa. .LJ:o MOMeHTa Ca HaMepeHH 1..1,eJIIDI il: o6eM. OpnOBHj{T KJIIOH e neKo pa3TBopeH.
CaMO Hj{KOJIKO TOKH C H306pa)KeHHe Ha rpmpOHH, IIo.n;po6HOCTHTe no Tj{JIOTO Ha rpncj:JoHa ca rrpe-
BCj{Ka OT KOHTO ce OTJIHYaBa OT OCTaHaJIHTe H CH .n;a.n;eHH C HaCeYKH, KOHTO ca HaHeCeHH C pe3el..l,
HMa cBoH cnei..I,Jf(pHYHH oco6eHOCTH. E.n;HaTa OT CJie)l; OTJIHBaHeTO Ha TOKaTa. <f>OH'hT OKOJIO 11306-
Tj{X e HaMepeHa npn pa3KOIIKH Ha I(apeBel..l, B Top- pa)KeHHeTO e cpaBHHTeJIHO rJia)l;'bK H HMa CJie)l;H
HOBO (lfHK06a 1974, 104, o6p. 3), .n;pyra - IIpH oT .n;orr'hJIHHTeJIHa .n;opa6oTKa. Hai1:-6JIH3KO .n;o pa3-
npoyqBaHIDI Ha cpe.n;HOBeKOBHIDI IIJiaCT Ha)l; aHTHY- me)K)l;aHaTa TOKa ca Te3H, HaMepeHH B cpe.n;Ho-
HIDI rpa.n; EcKyc npH c. fnreH, IIneBeHCKO (Acna- BeKOBHa KoHcTaHI..I,IDI 11 BapHeHcKo, K'h)l;eTo cj:Jn-
pyxoe 1988, 45-47, o6p. 1). Ilo.n;o6HH TOKH ca rypaTa Ha )KJfBOTHOTO e OYepTaHa OT )l;'bJI60KH
HaMepeHH B'hB BapHeHCKO (IlJZemHboe 1997, 87, KaHeJIIOpH, a IIO,ll;p06HOCTHTe IIO Tj{JIQTO Ca npe-
ma6JZ. IV, 32; Pletnyov 2005, 83, jig. IV, 32) H Hai1- )l;a)l;eHH C KOCH HaCeYKH.
o6IIJ,o B CeBepoH3TOYHa n'hnrapiDI (IlJZemHb06
2005, 130, o6p. 4-5). OT IO)KHa EonrapHj{ C'hiiJ,O ToKa 5. (06p. 5, cj:Jnr. 5). TaKaTa He e H3I..I,AAO
HMa )];Be 6pOH30BH TOKH C H306pa)KeHJfj{ Ha rpH- 3aiia3eHa, OTJij{Ta e OT 6pOH3 H HMa pa3MepH Ha
cpOHH - OT c. 0BYapoBo, XacKOBCKO (AJZaOJICoe IIJIOYKaTa: )l;'bJI)KHHa - 2,2 CM, lllHpHHa - 2,4 CM,
1993, 299, o6p. 7, 2) H OT cpe.n;HOBeKOBHIDI rpa.n; .n;e6ennHa - 0,2 cM. HoceiiJ,aTa paMa 11 qacT OT
KoHcTaHI..I,IDI (AllaOJICoe 1993, 299, o6p. 7, 1). IIJIOYKaTa C H306pa)KeHHeTO He Ca 3aiia3eHH, HO
BcHYKH npHBe.n;eHH npnMepn xpoHonornYeCKH II'bK OIIOpHaTa paMa e H31..1,j{JI0 C'hXpaHeHa 3ae)l;HO C
ce onpe.n;eJlj{T B X B., 3aToBa H npe.n;cmBeHHTe TYK e3HKa OT )KeJlj{30. Hei1HaTa cj:JopMa e ennncoBH.n;Ha
rrpe.n;MeTH MoraT .n;a ce orrpe.n;eJij{T B TOBa BpeMe. Te H e C pa3MepH: )l;'bJI)KHHa - 2, 7 CM, lllHpHHa -
Hj{MaT TOYHO MeCTOHaMHpaHe, HO e H3BeCTHO, qe 2,0 CM, .n;e6ennHa - 0,3 CM. Bopxy nJIOYKaTa B
npOH3X0)K)l;aT OT paHOHHTe OKOJIO illYMeH. rro-rrJIHThK penecj:J e rrpe.n;cTaBeHa cj:JnrypaTa Ha
rpHcpOH C JI'bBCKa rJiaBa. 3a C'b)KaJieHHe o6pa3'bT
ToKa 4. (06p.4, cj:Jnr.4). TaKaTa He e Haii'bJIHO e 3ana3eH CaMO )];0 IIOJIOBHHaTa - rrpe.n;HaTa YaCT
3aiia3eHa, OTJlj{Ta e OT 6pOH3, HMa JieKO Tpanei..I,OBH)l;- OT cj:JnrypaTa .n;o KpnnaTa. BorrpeKH TOBa j{CHO ce
Ha cpopMa H pa3MepH: )l;'bJI)KHHa- 3,8 CM, lliHpHHa- BH)K)l;a, qe )KJfBOTHOTO He e CTaTHYHO rrpe.n;a.n;eHO,
2,6 CM, .n;e6ennHa - 0,2 CM. HoceiiJ,aTa paMa e a B )l;BH)I(eHHe. fJiaBaTa e npei..I,H3HO MO)l;eJIHpaHa
H31..1,j{JIO 3arra3eHa, a OT orropHaTa e .n;ocTHrHana .n;o H IIO,ll;p06HOCTHTe KaTO OKO, YlllH H Myl..l,yHa Ca
HaC CaMO ropHaTa YaCT OT rnapHHpHOTO OKaYBaHe. MHoro TOYHO oqepTaHH. IIpe.n;HHTe KpaHHHI..I,H ca
Bopxy IIJIOYKaTa, B rrpaBO'hr'hJIHO none, orpa.n;eHo pa3,1l;BOeHH B )l;OJIHIDI CH KpaH H Ca )l;06JIH)I(eHH
c nnocKa paMKa, e rroMecTeHa penecj:JHaTa cj:Jnrypa .n;o maBaTa, KOeTo C'h3)l;aBa rrpe.n;cTaBaTa 3a roTBe-
Ha KpHJiaTO )KJfBOTHO - rpHcpOH C OpJIOBa rJiaBa. IIJ,O ce 3a CKOK )KJfBOTHO. Ilo I..l,j{JIQTO Tj{JIQ HMa Ha-
06pa3'bT Ha MHTHYHOTO C'biiJ,eCTBO e npe,ll;CTaBeH CeYKH, HaHeCeHH CJie)l; OTJIHBaHeTO Ha TOKaTa.
B )l;BH)I(eHHe HaJlj{BO, B IIpOcpHJI, C B)l;HrHaTH rJiaBa <f>OH'bT e )l;OII'bJIHHTeJIHO 3arJia)l;eH C pe3el..l,, a H306-
H OIIalllKa, Me)K)l;y KOHTO Ca IIOMeCTeHH KpHJiaTa. pa3HTeJIHOTO IIOJie e 06XBaHaTO C Tj{CHa IIJIOCKa
KpaHHHI..I,HTe ca pa3.n;BoeHH B .n;onHaTa cn qacT. paMKa . .LJ:o MOMeHTa Hj{Ma OTKPHT aHanor Ha npe.n;-
rnaBaTa e npe.n;a.n;eHa YMeJIO, KaTO aKI..I,eHT'bT e cTaBeHIDI npe.n;MeT c rro.n;o6Ho H3o6pa)KeHHe B'hpxy

. J ~t; . .<._~~ :·~; ; ; ;· ·.':·1' ;__~~~~~

: ~., I
·.'·' ~
"''
<1.',
--~
·:/.
~~.

f/Juz. 4. D6p. 4.

217
 (/)uz. 5. 06p.5.

TOKa OT TepHTOpiDITa Ha CTPaHaTa HH, HO HMa fJiaBa, KaTO BTOpiDIT THTI e TIO-p51,D,KO cpelll,aH
CXO)J,HH KOMTI03Hll,HH BbpXy ,D,pyrH npe,D,MeTH. (aoH'leea-IlemKoea 1996, 32). Colll,eBpeMeHHO Te
He ca ManKo npHMepHTe, KOHTO ,D,OKa3BaT, qe npe,D,JiaraT H )J,Be pa3JIH':IHH TIOJIO)I(eHIDI Ha TJ!JIOTO.
rpmpoH'hT c opnoBa HJIH JI'hBCKa maBa e npe,D,no- ]{HBOTHOTO Bopxy TibpBaTa TOKa e H306pa3eHO
':IHTaH MOTHB B Cpe,D,HOBeKOBHOTO 6oJirapCKO 113- CTIOKOHHO Kpa':lelll,O H H3TipaBeHO, )J,OKaTO npH
KYCTBO KaKTo no BpeMe Ha IlopBoTo 6onrapcKo BTOpaTa TOKa - rOTBelll,O Ce 3a CKOK H ,D,OpH B CaMIDI
I.J,apcTBO, TaKa H npe3 KocHoTo cpe,D,HOBeKOBHe MY noneT.
(j{01l'le6a-JIemK06a 1996, 13 CJl. ). lf3BeCTHHTe Tpanei.J,OBH.D.HH TOKH c H3o6pa)l(eHIDI Harpw<PoHH
)J,OCera npOH3Be,D,eHH51 Ha KaMeHHaTa TIJiaCTHKa, Ce cpelll,aT H H3B'hH TepHTOpHHTa Ha HaillaTa
MOHYMeHTaJIHaTa apxwTeKTypa H nnacTHKaTa Bopxy CTpaHa, KOeTO ,D,aBa OCHOBaHHe Ha HJ!KOH aBTOpH
,D,bpBO TIOKa3BaT, qe rpH<l>OH'hT e ':leCTO H306pa351BaH ,D,a rH onpe,D,eJI5IT KaTO BH3aHTHHCKH (0pll06 1973,
MOTHB npH Te3H TiaMeTHHI.J,H - rpa<PH':IHHTe pH- 87, o6p. 2-3, 4). J13BeCTHO e, qe MHTOJIOrH':IHHJ!T
CYHI<H OT IlnwcKa (j{oH'leea-IlemKoea 1996, 28), o6pa3 Ha rpw<PoHa e H3BecTeH H nonyMpeH Olll,e B
nno':laTa oT IIpecnaB, BapoBHKOBHHT KanwTeJI oT HpaH H B H3KYCTBOTO Ha AxeMeHH.D.HTe, OTK'h,D,eTo
HoBa 3aropa, MpaMopHIDIT KanwTen H um<PepHaTa npeMHHaBa B cpe,D,HOa3HaTCKOTO H3KYCTBO KaTO
nnoqa OT CTapa 3aropa, ,D,opBeHIDIT caH,D,'hK OT CHMBOJI Ha 060)I(eCTBeHHJ! BJia,D,eTeJI H OTpa)l(eHHe
KaTe,D,panaTa B Tepa':IHHa (aoH'leBa-IlemKoea 1979, Ha KOCMH':IeCKaTa 6op6a Ha ,[l,o6pOTO H 3JIOTO
22-39). lf3o6pa)l(eHHeTO Ha MHTH':IHOTO Cblll,eCT- (VI-IV B. np. Xp.) (Ilyza'leHKoea 1959, 70-84).
BO e npe,D,TIO':IHTaHO H He p51,D,KO Cpelll,aHO H Bopxy l13o6pa)l(eHHeTO MY cTaBa IllHpOKO pa3npocTPa-
MeTaJIHH npe,D,MeTH H yKpaCH, KaTO C'h)J,OBeTe OT HeHo H B H3KYCTBOTO Ha CeBepHoTo 1JepHoMopwe,
CoKpOBHlll,eTO oT Harw ceHT MHKJIOill (MaepoouHoB K'h,D,eTo ce o6oco6HBaT TPH THna rpw<PoHH- opweH-
1959, 131), KonaHHHTe Kpawlll,a OT ABpa,D,aKa, IIpe- TaJICKH HJIH npe,D,HOa3HaTCKH, rpoll,KH H CKHTCKH
cnaB (HeaHoea 1948, 42, o6p. 39), c. IIpecenKa, (IV- III B. np. Xp.) (Ilozpe6oea 1948, 62-67).
lllyMeHcKo (j{oH'leBa-IlemKoea 1996, 16, o6p.2) Ilpe3 AHTH':IHocrra MHoro6poi1HHTe naMeTHHI.J,H c
H HHKOH annwKai.J,HH, KaTo Te3H oT c. O,D,opll,H, rpw<PoHH ca 6wnw Haii-':leCTO ynOTpe6HBaHHTe ano-
,[J,o6pH':IKO (j{oH'leea-IlemKoea 1996, 30, o6p. 15), Tponew. TyK cBoeo6pa3HHHT aHTH':IeH peanH3'hM
OT pa3KOTIKHTe Ha H3TO':IHaTa KpenOCTHa CTeHa B e 6HJI TOJIKOBa rOJI51M, ':le H3TI'hJIHeHIDIT TIO-TaK'hB
IlpeCJiaB ( 06'lap06 1985, 155, o6p. 44), KaKTO HOT y6e,D,HTeneH Ha':IHH o6pa3 Ha rpw<PoHa e 3ano':IBan
KpYMOBO Kane, ToproBHlll,KO (Oe'lapoe 1973, 230, ,D,a npHJIH':Ia Ha HCTHHCKH (JlyzaiJeHK06a 1959,
o6p. 9). He Ha nocne,D,HO MHCTO TpH6Ba ,D,a noco':IHM 83). TpH6Ba ,D,a ce oT6ene)I(H, qe o6pa3bT Ha rpw-
H TIJIO':IKHTe OT 3JiaTHaTa npecJiaBCKa )J,Ha,D,eMa <PoHa C JI'hBCKa fJiaBa npOHHKBa B H3KYCTBOTO Ha
(Tomee 1994, 20). BcH':IKH noco':leHH npwMepw Cpe,D,Ha A3IDI npe3 V-IV B. np. Xp., K'h,D,eTO no-
Ce BMeCTBaT B XpOHOJIOrH':IeCKHTe rpaHHI.J,H OT nyqaBa HKOHOrpa<l>CKO B'hTIJI'blll,eHHe B HJ!KOH
VIII ,D,o X B. HHTepecHoTo npw npe,D,cTaBeHHTe B HOBH H306pa3HTeJIHH BapHaHTH C Ky':leillKO HJIH
HaCTOJ!lll,OTO H3CJie,D,BaHe TOKH e, ':le Te npe,D,JiaraT H KOHeBH)J,HO TIO,D,06He. BTopaTa TOKa C H306pa)l(eHHe
,D,BaTa THna rpw<PoHH - c opnoBa maBa H c JI'hBCKa Ha rpH<l>OH HMa HMeHHO TaK'bB H3pa3. fnaBaTa Ha

218
Cb~eCTBOTO npHJT!fqa nO-CKOpO Ha Kyqe, OTKOJI- I1 nOCJie~HHHT npe~CTaBeH npe~MeT, o6pa3yBa~
KOTO Ha JlbB. QqeBH~HO Te3H BapHaHTH npOHBHBaT CaMOCTOHTeJIHa rpyna, e TOKa C H306pa)KeHHe Ha
onpe~eJieHa YCTOHqHBOCT BbB BpeMeTO, 3a ~a ~0- KpHJiaT KOH, KOHTO Ce HaMHpa B MHOrO ~06p0 Cb-
CTHrHaT ~OpH ~0 cpe~HOBeKOBHaTa enoxa, MaKap CTOHHHe H 3a pa3JIHKa OT OCTaHaJIHTe e e~HHCTBe­

H C nO-pa3JIHqHa HHTepnpeTaiJ,HH H TpaKTOBKa Ha Ha TyK.

o6pa3a. AKo ce cpaBHHBa c o6pa3HTe Ha opena 11
JlbBa, MO)Ke ~aCe TBbp~H, qe rpHQlOHbT o6e~HHHBa T01ca 6. (06p.6, cp11r.6). ToKaTa e 3ana3eHa
3eMHaTa MO~ Ha JibBa 11 He6ecHaTa eHeprHH Ha H3IJ,HJIO, OTJIHTa e OT 6pOH3 H HMa pa3MepH: ~bJI)KH­
opena, KOeTO ro BnHCBa B CHMBOJIHKaTa Ha cnaCH- Ha- 4,7 CM, lllHpHHa- 2,7 CM, ~e6eJIHHa- 0,2 CM.
TeJIHHTe CHJIH (llleeaJlue, Teep6paHm 1995, 225; Hoce~aTa paMa e c He MHOro rOJI51M npaBObrbJieH
EuoepMaH 2003, 82- 83). H3pe3, a npH onopHaTa paMa HMa 3ana3eH MeTan npH
IIo-KbCHO BbB BH3aHTHHCKOTO cBeTcKo H3KYCT- lllapHHpHOTO oKa4BaHe. Bbpxy H3o6pa3HTeJIHOTO
BO o6pa3bT MY BJIH3a B IJ,apcKHTe eM6neMH 11 3a- none Ha nnoqKaTa Ha TOKaTa e npe~cTaBeH BbB
no4Ba ~a OJIHIJ,eTBOpHBa BOHHCKa ~06JieCT H nbJIKO- BHCOK penecp KpHJiaT KOH B Tbp)KeCTBeH XO~ Ha-
B0~4eCKH reHHH. lf3o6pa)KeHHHTa Ha rpHQlOHH JIHBO. lJ,IDiaTa cp11rypa e MHoro npeli,H3HO oqep-
CTaBaT 06HqaHHH 3a HMnepaTOpCKHTe ~pexH, qec- TaHa. BcHqKH no~po6HOCTH no HeH ca 6HJIH npek
TO ce Cpe~aT B ~BOpli,OBaTa )KHBOnHC H no JIYKC03- BapHTeJIHO HaHeCeHH B HeraTHBHaTa CTpaHa Ha
HHTe MeTaJIHH npe~MeTH (J{apKe6U'l 1975, 242). KaJibna, B KOHTO e OTJI51Ta TOKaTa. 3a pa3JIHKa OT
fpHQlOHbT OT cpe~HOBeKOBHaTa eM6JieMaTHKa ~pyrHTe npe~MeTH, npe~cTaBeHH TyK, HHMa cne~H

3aHMCTBa OT CHMBOJIHKaTa Ha JlbBa H Opena, KOeTO OT ~onbJIHHTenHo ~oocpopMHHe c pe3eiJ,. IT03aTa

e pa3~BoeHHe Ha CJibH4eBaTa MY npHpo~a. Toll: Ha KOHH e Thp)KeCTBeHa- H3npaBeHO CnOKOHHO TH-
npHTe)KaBa H 3eMHH, H He6eCHH qepTH H C TOBa JIO, nOB~HrHaT npe~eH KpaK, pa3nepeHH KpHJia -
cTaBa CHMBOJI Ha ~BeTe npHpo~H Ha XpHcToc - ~HCHOTO Ha~ maBaTa, a JI5IBOTO npe~ HeH, H nyc-
60)KeCTBeHaTa H 40BelllKaTa. HaTa onalllKa. Ha~ KOnHTaTa B ~OJIHHH KpaH: Ha
He ca ManKo npHMepHTe Ha no~o6HH Ha Ha- KpaHHHIJ,HTe HMa H3paCTbli,H, KOHTO Ca xapaKTepeH
lllHTe npe~MeTH C H306pa)KeHHe Ha rpHQlOH OT eneMeHT B OnHCaHHeTO Ha MHTHqHHTe KpHJiaTH
TepHTOpHHTa Ha PycHH (Ba2Hep 1964, ma6Jl. 13 KOHe C por Ha rJiaBaTa, HapeqeHH KOpHHneTH H
u noc. Jlum. ). B XepcoH HanpHMep e HaMepeHa OnHCaHH OT KJiaB~HH KJiaB~HaH KaTO ,JieTH~H"
6poH3oBa TOKa oT X B. c H3o6pa)KeHHe Ha rpH- 11 no~o6HH Ha ,KeHTaBpH" (Claud. Claudianus,
cpoH, KOHTO MHOrO Ce ~06JIH)KaBa ~0 HalllHTe TyK 193, 204)2. Mo)Ke ~ace Ka)Ke, qe Ta3H TOKa e HaH:-
KaKTO no Ha4HH Ha H3pa60TKa, TaKa H no CaMaTa npeiJ,H3Ho HanpaBeHa 11 Hali-pH~Ko cpe~a~a ce
rpaBHpOBKa Ha o6pa3a. OT VIII-IX B. e peMbq- (AllaO::>ICoe 1981, 22). IIoneTO OKOJIO cpHrypaTa e
HHHT KpaH:, HaMepeH npH npoyqBaHeTo Ha THraH- 3arna~eHO 11 BKJII04eHO B npaBObrbJIHa paMKa, OT
CKHH HeKpOnOJI (XaJIUK06a 1976, 171, puc.12). KOHTO CJie~ OTJIHBaHeTO Ca pa3JIH4HMH ~OJIHOTO

HacTOH~OTO H3CJie~BaHe HHMa 3a IJ,en ~a noco4H H CTpaHHqHOTO oqepTaHHe Henocpe~CTBeHO ~0

H 0606~11 BCHqKH H3BeCTHH npHMepH C n0~06Ha Hoce~aTa paMa.

OpHaMeHTaiJ,HH, 3aTOBa CH n03BOJIHBaMe ~a nOCO- ,ZJ;o HaCTOH~HH MOMeHT Ca H3BeCTHH HHKOJIKO
q!fM CaMO HHKOH OT THX, KOHTO Ca 6JIH3KH ~0 06Cb)K- TOKH C no~o6eH CIO)KeT. ToBa e 6pOH30BaTa TOKa OT
~aHaTa TeMa. M. KaneTO npH c. O~bpli,H, ,ll;o6pHqKo, HaMepeHa B

l/Juz. 6. 06p. 6.

219
rmacT OT X B. (JJ,oH<Jeea-IlemKoea 1980, 39, o6p. Ha KpHJJaTIUI KOH e He nO-MaJJKO nonyTIJ~pHO H
2). OT C'hlli,IDI nepno,D, e H TOKaTa, OTKpHTa Ha pa3- pa3npOCTpaHeHO, 3a KOeTO rOBOpHT H OTJleTHTe
KonKH Ha IJ;apeBel.l B TnpHOBO (HHKoea 1974, OT 6pOH3 ,D,pbJKKH Ha JKeJle3HH OrHHBa OT Kpa5! Ha
I 04, o6p. 3), KaKTO H Ta3H OT c. Ce,D,nape, Knp,D,JKa- nnpBOTO XHJlH,D,OJleTHe (Tolly6eea 1964, 120, o6p.
nnlicKo (JJ,oH<Jeea-IlemKoea 1996, 76, o6p. 61). 2). 06pa3bT Ha KpHJJaTIUI KOH Ce cpeiiJ,a H BbpXy
IlpH nocne,D,HaTa e HHTepecHo ,D,a ce oT6eneJKH, ThKaHH OT BH3aHTIDI (JJ,oH<Jeea-IlemKoea 1996,
qe Bnpxy 3a,D,HaTa qaCT Ha UITIOTO C noaHCOH e Ha- 80), K'h,D,eTO 3a pa3JJHKa OT HerOBIDI nnpBOHaqaneH
HeCeH Cll'hHqeBIUIT CHMBOTI - Kpnr C TOqKa B J.leH- CaCaHH,D,CKH THn e H306pa3eH no-peanHCTJfqHO,
Thpa. Ilocne,D,HaTa H3BeCTHa TOKa, OTHeceHa cne,D, KaKTo H Bnpxy TOKaTa, npe,D,cTaBeHa ryK. OT Man-
cpe,D,aTa H K'hM Kpa5! Ha X B., ce CbXpaH5!Ba B My3e51 KO no-paHeH nepHO,D, (VIII-IX B.) e KOTiaHHIDIT
B KapHo6aT, HO KOCBeHH CBe,D,eHHH coqaT, qe MHC- Kpali OT TnraHCKHJ! HeKponon, Bnpxy KOHTO HMa
TOTO Ha HaMHpaHeTo He HJ!Kn,D,e oKono UlYMeH H3o6pa3eH KpHnaT KOH H rpn<PoH. OT C'hlli,IDI
(MOM'lUJl06 J99J, 47-49). lhB'hH CTpaHaTa MHOrO HeKpOnOJl npOH3XOJK,D,a H BHCynKa C'hlli,O C KpHJJaT
6nH3KO e H3o6paJKeHHeTo Bnpxy TOKa OT KoHcTaH- KOH B XO,D, HallJ!BO (XaJlUK06a 1976, J7J, puc. 12,
THHonon 1997, 87, ma6fl. IV-3; Pletn-
(JlllemHboe 2; 163, puc. 4, 8). TyK pa36Hpa ce He MOJKeM ,D,a
yov 2005, 83, fig. IV-39) KaKTo no caMHH nnaBeH nocoqHM BcHqKH napanenH H aHanornqHH H3o6-
KOHTYP Ha oqepTaHHeTo Ha <PnrypaTa, TaKa H no paJKeHIDI Ha T03H THn, HO H Ka3aHOTO HH ,D,aBa
nonoJKeHHeTo Ha THJJOTO H KpaliHHJ.lHTe. Pa.JnHKaTa ocHoBaHHe ,D,a cqnTaMe, qe eynThT K'hM KpnnaTIDI
TYK e e,D,HHCTBeHo B HannqneTo Ha H3paCThl.lH Ha,D, KOH e 6HJJ CbXpaHeH H pa3npOCTpaHeH B paHHOTO
KOnHTaTa npH o6pa3a Ha KOHJ!. BHCOKIDIT pene<P cpe,D,HOBeKOBHe no 6nnrapCKHTe 3eMH. IJO,D,06HO
H npel.lH3HaTa H3pa60TKa Ha npe,D,CTaBeHaTa TO- H306paJKeHHe e OTKpHTO Bnpxy 6JJOK OT 3ana,D,HaTa
Ka pH3KO 5I OTTIJfqaBaT OT H3BeCTHHTe ,D,OCera no- KpenOCTHa CTeHa Ha IlJJHCKa, a pHCYHKH Ha KOHe,
,D,06HH naMeTHHJ.lH, OTKpHTH Ha TepHTOpiUITa Ha ThnKysaHH KaTo ,He6ecHH", ca H3BeCTHH oT MnHy-
HamaTa cTpaHa. BcnqKH Te ca no-rpy6o H cxe- CHHCKaTa KOTJlOBHHa (VII-X B.), Kb,D,eTO Bnpxy
MaTnqHo MO,D,ennpaHH 6e3 no,D,qepTaBaHe Ha KpaKaTa Ha HJ!KOH OT THX Ca npe,D,CTaBeHH Cll'hH-
aHaTOMJfqHHTe no,D,p06HOCTH Ha JKHBOTHOTO, a qeBH CHMBOnH (JJ,oH<Jeea-IlemKoea 1996, 75; Bflm-
pHCYH'hK'hT e no-o6o6IIJ,eH H ,D,Opa6oTeH cne,D, OTJlH- KUHa J96J, ]92, o6p. 3). B OCHOBaTa Ha BCJfqKJf
BaHeTO Ha npe,D,MeTa c noMOIIJ,Ta Ha pe3eQ. Bcnq- Te3H H306paJKeHIDI CTOH COnapHaTa CHMBOTIHKa, a
KO TOBa JlHnCBa npH TOKaTa ryK. IJpeQH3HaTa 3HaqeHHeTo H, npeqyneHo npe3 npH3MaTa Ha xpnc-
rpaBHpOBKa Ha o6pa3a H nnaBHHTe npexo,D,H B THJ!HCKaTa 3HaKOBOCT, ,D,06HBa pa3JJJfqHO C'h,D,bp-
no,D,qepTaBaHeTO Ha no,D,p06HOCTHTe OT TJ!JlOTO JKaHHe. ToBa ce noKa3Ba oT ocnenHTenHo 6enHH
Ha <t>nrypaTa H3,D,aBaT pnKaTa Ha MHOrO OnHTeH KOH Ha XpHcToc Bce,D,npJKHTen, OT e,D,Ha cTpaHa,
MaHCTOp, KOHTO no BCJ!Ka BepOHTHOCT e pa60THJl H OT ,anOKanHnTHqHHTe e3,D,aqH" B 0TKpOBeHHeTO
B HJ!KOe aTenHe Ha BH3aHTHHCKaTa CTOJlHQa. bJlH3- Ha CB. HoaH EorocnoB, OT ,D,pyra (OmKp. 6:2-8).
KHTe aHanorHH C IIO,D,06HH npe,D,MeTH OT TaM, 3a 06pa3bT CbqeTaBa BHTaTIHOCTTa H CHTiaTa Ha KOHH C
KOHTO CTaHa ,D,yMa, CaMO nOTBbpJK,D,aBaT e,D,HO npHC'biiJ,aTa Ha nTHQHTe OCB060,D,eHOCT OT 3eMHOTO
no,D,o6Ho npe,D,nonoJKeHHe. BcnqKH H3BeCTHH ,D,O npHTernHHe, KOeTO ro CBbp3Ba C Hey,D,npJKHMIUI
MOMeHTa CXO,D,HH TOKH ( OT yHrapCKH rpo6 npH ,D,YX K'hM BHCHHHTe, o6HTaBaHH OT npeHe6eCHIUI
Kpnen, l:hToqHa <l>paHQIDI; oT Mana A3IDI; ConHH, Eor. KpnnaTIDIT KOH e CHMBOJJ H Ha npaTeHHQHTe
,lJ;anMaQIDI, KoHcTaHTHHonon H MaKpH (IlllemHboe Ha Bora - aHrennTe, KOHTO H3HBJ!BaT HeroBHTe 3a-
1997, 87, ma6fl. IV, 37-41; Pletnyov 2005, 83, KOHH B qoBeiliKaTa HCTOpiDI (3ax. 6:2-6), (0TKp.
fig. IV-37-41) xpoHonornqecKH ce OTHaCHT K'hM 6:2-8) (lllueapoe 1992, 98).
X B., KOeTO HH ,D,aBa OCHOBaHHe ,D,a npe,D,nOnaraMe KpHnaTIUIT KOH e H3pa3 Ha TBOpqeCKOTO B'h06-
nO,D,06Ha ,D,aTHpOBKa H 3a npe,D,CTaBeHaTa TOKa OT paJKeHHe H HerOBOTO ,D,eHCTBHTeTIHO H3BHCHBaHe,
UlYMeHCKO. Ha ,D,YXOBHHTe H cnoco6HH ,D,a H3BHCHT qoBeKa
IloJ!BHn ce B Kpa5! Ha II XHTIJ!,D,oneTHe np. Xp. ,D,06po,D,eTenH, CTOHIIJ,H Ha,D, onaCHOCTTa OT nOKBapa.
B npOH3Be,D,eHIUI Ha HpaHCKOTO H3KYCTBO, o6pa3bT liMeHHO KoraTo HXHan Ilerac, Eenepo<PoHT ycAAn
Ha KpnnaTHJ! KOH ce pa3rrpocTpaH5!Ba B Cpe,D,Ha (llleeaJlue, Teep6paHm 1995,
,D,a no6e,D,H XnMepa
A3IDI, a no-K'hCHO H B naMeTHHQHTe Ha Mana A3IDI 171). TaKa KpHnaTHHT KOH ce npeBpnma B cnnHqeB
H fnpQIDI (o6pa3a Ha Ileraca) (JJ,oH<Jeea-IlemKoea H He6eceH H KaTO OllHQeTBOpeHHe Ha 3aBnpmeHaTa
]980, 40). IJpe3 cpe,D,HOBeKOBHeTO H306pa3HBaHeTO KpacoTa e pe3ynTaT OT Bnacrra Ha ,D,yxa Ha,D, ce-

220
nmaTa. C no)J,o6Ha ceMaHTI1Ka BepoHTHO ce e npeQ113HaTa 113pa6oTKa Ha npe)J,MeTI1Te, TaKa
B'b3np11eMa.rr 11 B paHHocpe)J,HOBeKOBHa Ennrap115I, 11 OT TpaKTOBKaTa Ha CaMI1Te 11306pa)l(eHJ151 no
)J,OKa3aTenCTBO 3a KOeTO Ca OTKp11TI1Te Ha Tep11- n11QeBI1Te 11M noBnpxHOCTI1. Te ca 113pa6oTeHI1
TOp115ITa if npe)J,MeTI1 c 11306pa)l(eHJ151 Ha Kp11naTI1 B'bB BI1COK penecp 11 TaKa C'b3)J,aBaT npe)J,CTaBa 3a
KOHe. o6eMHOCT Ha caMI1Te cp11ryp11. MHoro e BepoHTHO
OT 3Ha'leHI1e 3a BCI1'IKI1 Te311 naMeTH11Q11 ca cn- Te311 )],Be TOKI1 )J,a Ca npo)J,yKT Ha BHOC 11n11 pe3yn-
II.J.O TaKa M5ICTOTO 11 BpeMeTO Ha T5IXHOTO np0113BO)J,- TaT OT ThproBI151 OT no-paHHO BpeMe- KpaH Ha IX-
CTBO 11 pa3npOCTpaHeHI1e. J13Ka3aHOTO MHeHI1e Haqa.rroTo Ha X B. Ilona)J,Ha.JII1 Be)J,H'b)l( Ha Tep11-
3a TeXHJ151 Bl13aHTI1HCKI1 np0113XO)J, OT P. OpnoB Top11HTa Ha CTpaHaTa Hl1, nO)J,06HI1 npe)J,MeTI1
( Op!loe 19 73) e )J,Opa3BI1TO OT )];. lJa.rraHI1, KOHTO cTaBaT o6eKT Ha no)J,pa)l(aHI1e 11 pa3npocTpaHeHI1e.
npe)J,nonara, qe Te311 TOKH, KaKTo 11 H5IKOI1 )J.pyrl1 c BCI1'IKO TOBa e nOKa3aTen 3a T5IXHOTO 5IBHO MeCTHO
11306pa)l(eHI151 Ha pea.JIHI1 11n11 cpaHTaCTI1'IHI1 )l(I1BOT- np0113BO)J,CTBO Bep05ITHO B H5IKOH OT QeHTpOBeTe 3a
HI1 ca np0113Be)l()J,aHI1 He caMo B KoHcTaHTI1Honon, MeTanonnacTI1Ka, KaKBI1TO ca Ha)J,apeBo 11 HoBocen,
HO 11 B H5IKOI1 )J.pym QeHrpOBe (Csal/izny 1954, illYMeHCKO, Hanp11Mep. He cnyqaifHo 11 noBe'leTo
109, tab/. JT;; V). Ilp11Be)J,eHI1Te H5IKOnKO np11Mepa OT TOKJ1Te C He51CeH np0113XO)J,, npe)J,CTaBeHI1 B
B HaCT05III.J.OTO 113nO)l(eHI1e )J,OKa3BaT, qe Te311 npe)J,- HacTOHII.J.OTO 113no)l(eHI1e, ca Haif-o6mo oT paifoHa
MeTI1 He Ca np0113Be)l()J,aHI1 CaMO B CTOni1'IHI1Te aTe- Ha illYMeHCKO. ToBa He 03Ha'laBa o6a'le, qe BCI1'IKI1
nl1eTa, HI1TO CaMO B 6ni13KI1Te Bl13aHTI1HCKI1 QeH- no)J,06HI1 npe)J,MeTI1 ca 611n11 npo113Be)J,eHI1 TYK,
TpOBe. Ha'li1H'bT Ha 113pa60TKa Ha nOBe'leTO OT KOeTO CTaBa 5ICHO OT HaM11paHeTO 11M Ha pa3nl1l{HI1
TOKJ1Te qpe3 )J,On'bnHI1TenHO )J,Opa60TBaHe C nOMOII.J.- MeCTa B CTpaHaTa. Ilp11 BC5IKO e)J,HO nO-TOnHMO Ce-
Ta Ha pe3eQ, KaKTo 11 BI1COKaTa cTeneH Ha cxeMa- ni1II.J.e, K'b)J,eTO C'bC Cl1rypHOCT e 11Ma.JIO TaKI1Ba pa-
TI13aQ1151 Ha 11306pa)l(eHI1eTO Ca nOKa3aTen 3a TOBa. 60TI1nHI1QI1, 11 TO no BCHKa Bep05ITHOCT He e)J,Ha,
IIocTeneHHOTO )J,eKopaTI1BHO onpocTHBaHe Ha cpop- Te311 npe)J,MeTI1 611xa MOrnl1 )J,a 6n)J,aT 113pa6oTeHI1
MaTa 11 OT)J,a.JieqaBaHe OT Tp11113MepHaTa cpopMa Ha no e)J,11H OT n03HaTI1Te Hal{I1HI1 - 11n11 )J,a 6n)J,aT
HarypaTa BO)J,5IT )],0 Hai1BHaTa CTI1nl13aQJ151 Ha xy- OTneTI1 B KaMeHHI1 Ka.JI'bnl1, 11n11 )J,a Ce 113nOn3Ba
)J,O)l(eCTBeHJ151 113pa3, KOlfTO He e xapaKTepeH )J,O cpOpMOB'b'IHa npnCT, B K05ITO npe)J,Bap11TenHO e
TaKaBa CTeneH 3a Bl13aHTI1HCKJ1Te np0113Be)J,eHJ151 OT OTneqaTaHO B HeraTI1B 11306pa)l(eHI1eTO OT H5IKOH
T0311 nep110)J,. B C'bii.J.OTO BpeMe HaM11paHeTo 11 Ha To- TOTOB npe)J,MeT.
KI1 C He)J,OTaM npeQ113Ha 113pa60TKa B npOB11HQ11a.JI- XpoHonorl1'leCKHTe paMKH Ha np0113BO)J,CTBOTO
HI1Te Bl13aHTI1HCKI1 QeHTpOBe npe)J,nonara 11 T5IXHO- 11 pa3npocTpaHeHI1eTo 11M MoraT )J,a 6n)J,aT OTHece-
TO np0113BO)J,CTBO ryK. BepoHTHO BnnpocnT on11pa HI1 K'bM KpaH Ha IX B. 11 Haif-Beqe B X B., KOeTo ce
)J,O YMeHJ151Ta Ha MaiicTopa rpaBhop, KaKTo 11 )J,O um- nOTBbp)l()J,aBa KaKTO OT Cl1rypHO )J,aT11paHI1Te np11-
poKoTo pa3npocTpaHeHI1e Ha T0311 BI1)J, MeTa.JIHI1 Mep11 OT Tep11TOp1151Ta Ha CTpaHaTa Hl1, TaKa 11 OT
yKpaCI1, KOI1TO 3anO'IBaT )J,a Ce np0113Be)l()J,aT Ma- aHa.JIOTI1'IHI1Te naMeTHI1QI1, pa3npOCTpaHeHI1 113-
COBO 11 nOBCeMeCTHO. BCI1'IKO TOBa )J,Onp11HaC51 3a B'bH He51. b'b)J,eii.J.I1Te npoyqBaHI151 11 HaM11paHeTO
nOHI1)l(aBaHe Ka'leCTBOTO Ha CaMJ151 npo)J,yKT 11 )J,O Ha HOBI1 nO)J,06HI1 npe)J,MeTI1 II.J.e )J,Onp11HeCaT 3a
nOCTeneHHOTO CXeMaTI1311paHe Ha 11306pa)l(eHI1eTO, 1135ICH51BaHeTO Ha Te311 11 )J.pyrl1, B'b3HI1KHa.JII1 B
KOeTO p513KO Ce OTnl1'laBa OT no-paHHI1Te o6pa3Q11, xo)J,a Ha 113nO)l(eHI1eTo TeMI1. Ha T0311 eTan MO-
3a KOI1TO CTaHa )J,YMa. )l(eM )J,a TB'bp)J,11M C'bC Cl1rypHOCT, qe TOKI1Te C 11306-
Onpe)J,eneHo MO)l(eM )J,a CM5ITaMe, qe nocne)J,- pa)l(eHJ151 Ha MI1TI1'IHI1 C'bii.J.eCTBa Ca 11HTepeCHO 11
HaTa TOKa C 11306pa)l(eHI1e Ha Kp11naT KOH, KaKTO 11 Op11ri1Ha.JIHO )J,OnnnHeHI1e K'bM npe)J,CTaBI1Te Hl1
nnpBaTa, npe)J,cTaBeHa ryK, ca 113)J,enl15I Ha CTOnl1'l- 3a )J,eKopaTI1BHI151 penepToap no naMeTH11Q11Te Ha
HOTO IOBen11pHo 113KYCTBO. ToBa n11q11 KaKTo oT paHHOCpe)J,HOBeKOBHaTa 6nnrapCKa TOpeBTI1Ka, HO-
CeHKI1 qacT oT )J,yxa 11 BHpBaHJ151Ta Ha Ta311 enoxa.

221
 II;HTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA KoMuuua 1965: A. KoMHHHa. AneKcHa)J,a, MocKsa.
Kynbp 1993: ,n:. Kynnp. HmocTposaHa eHUHKJione-
AKoMunaT 1860: H. AKoMHHaT. Hcropllil, HaqHHaro- )J,llil ua TPa)J,HUHOHHI1Te CI1MBOJII1. Co!}>llil, 1993.
I.UaHCH c uapCTBOBaHllil HoaHHa KoMHHHa, MocKBa, 1860. MaBpO,li.HHOB 1959: H. Maspo)J,HHOB. CTapo6Dnrap-
AJia,li.~OB 1981: )£(. Ana)J,)I(OB. EpoH30BI1TOKI1 C)I(I1BO- CKOTO l13KYCTBO. 113KYCTBOTO Ha TinpBaTa 6DnrapcKa
TI1HCKH 11306pa)l(eHI1H OT paHHOTO cpe)J,HOBeKOBI1e. - )J,bp)J<aBa. T. 1, Co!}>HH, 1959.
Apxeonor11H, 1981,4,22-27. MaBpO,li.HHOBa, B. 1976: B. Maspo)J,I1HOBa. Kymy-
AJia,li.~OB 1993: )!{. AJia)J,)I(OB. ApxeonomqecKu paTa 11 113KYCTBOTO ua TinpsaTa 6nnrapcKa )J,bp)l(asa. -
)J,aHHH Ja cpe)J,HOBeKOBHllil rpa)J, KoHcTaHU11H.- B: C6. B: HcTOpllil ua 6DnrapcKoTo H3o6pa311Tenuo H3KYCTBO.
Tipecnas, T.4, 1993,287-307. T. I, Co!}>HH, 1976.
AuTouosa 1961: B. AHTOHosa. Hosu npoyqsaHllil MauoBa 1963: E. Mauosa. Pa3KOTIK11 ua cpe)J,Hose-
B cTapo6nnrapcKOTO yKpermeHHe np11 c. U:ap KpYM (lla- KOBHa UDPKBa s Knp)J,)I(aJIH.- ApxeonomH, 1963,3,75-83.
TaJiap) npe3 1959 r. - B: H3cJie)J,BaHllil B naMeT Ha K. MuuaeBa 1989: 0. M11uaesa. Ma)J,apCKlliiT KOHHHK.
liiKopn11JI. Co!}>llil, 1961, 131-153. Co!}>llil, 1989.
AcnapyxoB 1988: M. Acnapyxos. TipouJse)J,eHllil Ha MuxauJIOB 1963: C. M11xai1nos. Pa3KOTIKI1 ua rpa)J,H-
paHHOCpe)J,HOBeKOBHaTa IIJiaCTHKa OT cpe)J,HOBeKOBHOTO ll.(eTo np11 c. CTDpMeH.- ApxeonomH, 1963, 3, 5-13.
ceJIHI.L(e npH c. rHreH, JioseuJKa o6JiaCT. - HMC3E, T. MoJIJIOB 1943: H. Monnos. TiormcTBaHllil11npoyqsa-
14, 1988, 45-47. HHH s TinHCKa npe3 1930 11 1931 rO)J,HHa. - HAH, XIV,
JiaJI6oJioBa-HsauoBa 2005: M. Ean6onosa-HsaHo- 1943, 69-72.
sa . .ll:pe6HH MeTaJIHI1 npe)J,MeTH OT KbCHOaHTI1qHaTa 11 MOM'IHJIOB 1991: .IJ:. Mowmnos . .!J:se 6pOH30BI1 TO-
cpe)J,HOBeKOBHa KpenocT ,KaneTO" B rpa)J, Cpe)J,eU, Eyp- KH c )1(11BOTHHCKH H3o6pa)l(eHI1H oT Kapuo6aTCKI1H MY-
racKa o6nacT.- HMIOHE, XXI, 2005, 91-99. Jeii. - ApxeonomH, 1991, 2, 27-49.
Jiu,ll.epMaH 2003: X.E11)J,epMaH PeqHI1K ua CHMBO- MoMqHJIOB 1995: .IJ:. Mowmnos. CTapo6nnrapcKa
JII1Te. Co!}>llil, 2003. TOKa oT Kapuo6aTCKaTa KpenocT ,MapKeJII1". - Apxeono-
Baruep 1964: r. BarHep . .!J:eKopaTHBHOe HCKYCCTBO ri1H, 1995,3,34-45.
B apx11TeKrype Pyc11 X-XIII BeKOB. MocKBa, 1964. 0BqapoB 1973: ,n:. Osqapos. TipecnascKH napanen11
Bb~aposa 1965: )ICBo)i(aposa. CnaBHHCKHH cnasH- B Kpenocrra KpyMOBO Kane np11 Tnprosull.(e. - HHMIII,
H06nnrapcKH CeJIHI.L(a B 6nJirapCKI1Te 3eMI1 OT KpaH Ha VI, 1973,225-236.
VI-XI. Co!}>11H, 1965. 0BqapoB 1985: ,n:. Osqapos. PaJKOTIKI1 11 npoyqsa-
BHTKHua 1961: K.BHTKHHa. HacKaJihHhie mo6pa)l(eHJUI Hllil ua H3ToquaTa CTeua Ha BnTPelliHlU! rpa)J, s Tipecnas
MHHycHHCKOH KOTJIOBHHhi.- MA3, XX, 1961, 189-196. (1970-1976 r.).- TinlicKa-Tipecnas, T. 4, 1985, 132- 160.
roJiy6esa 1964: JI. rony6esa: 0rHI1Ba c 6pOH30BhiM Opnos 1973: P. Opnos. H3o6pa)l{eHJUI3Bipis ua si3au-
pyKoHTKaMI1.- CA,1964, 3, 115-133. THHChKHX npH)I(Kax X CT. - Apxeonorm, 11, 1973, 86-93.
.IJ:apKeBuq 1975: B . .lJ:apKeBHq. CseTcKoe HCCKYCT- llorpe6oBa 1948: H.Tiorpe6osa. rpmpoH B HCKYCCT-
BO BH3aHTI1H. TipoHJBe)J,eHllil BH3aHTI1HCKoro xy)J,o)l(eCT- Be CesepHoro Tip11qepHOMOphH B :moxy Apxai1KI1. -
seHHoro peMecna s BocToqHoii Espone X-XIII. MocK- KCHA, XXII, 1948, 62-67.
sa, 1975. llJieTHbOB 1997: B. TineTHhOB. ToKH c H3o6pa)l(eHllil
.IJ:~HHrOB 1968: r . .lJ:)I(I1HroB. ropO)J,I1ll.(e 3!IOXI1 paR- ua )1(11BOTHI1 oT CesepoH3ToqHa Ennrapllil. - Enox11,
HerO cpe)J,HeseKOBhH y c. CThipMeH s Eonrap1111. - CA, 1997,3-4,71- 83.
1968, 2, 277-288. llieTHbOB 2005: B. ilneTHhoB. 3a )J,aTHpOBKaTa 11 npo-
.IJ:ouqesa-fieTKOBa 1979: JI . .!J:oHqesa-TieTKOBa. rp11- 113XO)J,a Ha TPaneuosi1)J,HHTe TOKH c H3o6pa)l{eHJUI Ha )I(H-
!}>0HbT s 113KycTBOTO ua Cpe)J,HOBeKOBHa EnnrapHH.- BOTHH.- B: C6. Tipo!}>. )J,.I1.H. CTaHqo BaKJIHHoB 11 Cpe)J,HO-
Apxeonorllil, 1979, 4, 22-39. seKOBHaTa 6DJirapcKa eymypa. Co!}>llil, 2005, 124-130.
.IJ:ouqesa-lleTKosa 1980: JI. .!J:oHqesa-TieTKosa. llyraqenKOBa 1959: r. TiyraqeHKOBa. rp11!}>0H BAH-
Kp11naTu KOHe Bnpxy paHHocpe)J,HOBeKOBHI1 naMeTHHUH TJ1qHOM 11 Cpe)J,HeseKOBOM ucKyccTse Cpe)J,Heii A311H. -
OT Ennrap11H.- BeKose, 1980, 3, 38-42. CA, 1959, 2, 70-84.
.IJ:ouqesa-lleTKOBa 1996: JI. .!J:oHqesa-TieTKosa. lly~Ko 1988: B. TiyuKo. liiH!}>epHhi penhe!}> 113 uepK-
MI1TonomqHH H306pa)l(eHHH OT 6nnrapcKOTO cpe)J,HOBe- BI1 Cs. HpHHhi B K11ese.- B: .ll:pesuepyccKoe 11CKyccTBO.
KOBI1e. Co!}>llil, 1996. Xy)J,O)I(eCTBeHaH KYJihTYPa X - XIII B. MocKsa, 1988,
.IJ:ouqeBa 2005: C. .!J:ouqesa. EpoHJOBH TOKH c H3o6pa- 287-292 .
)l(eHHe Ha JibBCKH !}>HrypH oT CesepoHJToqua Ennrapllil. - CTauqeB 1955: C. CTaHqes. Ha)J,rpo6Hlli!T Ha)J,ni1C
B: TiaMeTHHUH, peCTaspaullil, My3el1, 2005, 5-6, 52-56. ua qnpry611JIH MocTHq oT Tipecnas.- B: Ha)J,TIHCbT ua
HBanoBa 1948: B. HsaHosa. PaJKOnKH Ha Aspa)J,aKa qnpry6HJIH MocTHq. Co!}>llil, 1955, 3-42.
s Tipecnas.- PTI, III, 1948, 13-64. Cnuqes 1960: C. CTaHqes. MaTep11an11 oT .!J:sopuo-
HuKoBa 1974: B.HHKOBa. Enaropo)J,Ha naTHHa c Bllil ueHTDP s Tin11cKa. -HAM, XXIII, 1960, 22-65.
noqseH npOH3XO)J, Bnpxy np0113Be)J,eHI1H OT Me)], 11 Me)J,HI1 ToTes 1994: T. ToTe~. TipecnascKOTO CnKpOBI1ll.(e.
cnnaBH.- MTIK, 1974, 2-3, 102-110. lliYMeH, 1994.

222
 XaJiuKooa 1976: E. Xa.IIHKosa. Eorrhllle- THraHCKHH emlekei. - Antik tanulmanyok, 1954, 1- 3.
MOrHJihHHK.- CA, 1976, 2, 158- 178. Grabar 1936: A. Grabar . L'empereur dans l'art
quqypoo 1991: H. l.J:Hqypos. BH3aHTHHCKHHH Xep- byzantin. Paris, 1936.
coH. KaTa.IIor BhiCTaBKH. MocKsa, 1991. Pletnyov 2005: V. Pletnyov. Buckles with Animal
llleBaJIHe, reep6paHT 1995: )1{. llleBa.IIHe, A. reep- Images from Morth-East Bulgaria (9'h-10'h C AD). -
6paHT. Pe'IHHK Ha CHMBOJIHTe. Co<PIDI, 1995. Archaeologia Bulgarica, 2005, 1, 75- 86.
llluoapoo 1992 : H. illHsapos. Pe'IHHK Ha 6u6rre.H.-
CKHTe CHMBOJIH. Co<PHH, 1992. liEJIE)KKH
Balint 1991: C. Balint. Siidllllgam im 10. Jahrhun-
1
dert. - Budapest, 1991 . ToKaTa c H3o6pa)l(eHHe Ha KpHrraT KOH e nocThnHrra
Davidson 1952: G. Davidson. The minor objects. - B Cpe,D,HOB.eKOBHHH <PoH,D, no-paHo - npe3 1985 r., H e c
Corinth. XII. Princeton, 1952. HHB. N2 20213 .
2
Claud. Claudianus: Claudius Claudianus. Camina, - Jla- l13Ka3BaM CBOHTe 6rraro,D,apHOCTH Ha CT.H.C. llaBeJI
THHCKH H3BOpH 3a E'h.lmlpcKaTa HCTOpiDI, 1. Co<PIDI, 1958. feoprHeB 3a nocoqeHHTe napa.IIeJIH s rraTHHCKaTa HCTO-
Csallany 1954: D. Csallany. A bizanci femmuvesseg pHorpa<PIDI.

BUCKLES WITH MYTHOLOGICAL DEPICTIONS

FROM THE BULGARIAN MIDDLE AGES

Stella DONCHEVA

Not long ago the collection of mediaeval metalwork of buckles characterized but not really accurate
pieces of art at the Middle Ages Department of the craftsmanship in the provincial Byzantine centres
Shoumen Museum was replenished by some new suggests their local manufacture. Probably it's
and interesting objects. They appear as supplement largely a matter of the master-engraver's skills and
to the recently published bronze buckles and clasps none-the-less the widespread distribution of this
with lion-figure depictions (8 of them altogether) kind of metal ornaments whose mass production
from regions in Northeast Bulgaria (Doncheva became large-scale and ubiquitous. All these factors
2005, 52- 56). Subject of the present publication led to the deteriorated quality of the products and
are six new objects, displaying greater variety with the gradual schematizing of the depictions acutely
respect to decoration and style. Half of them bear contrasted to the samples from the earlier periods
the widespread and previously familiar lion figures mentioned above.
and although different, they show conspicuous
resemblance regarding the structural pattern. The chronological boundaries of these articles'
The remaining part of the group is presented by production and distribution can be referred to the end
embossed depictions of griffins and winged horses. of 9'h and predominantly the lOth c., corroborated
The reviewed in the present account monuments by securely dated examples from the territory
confirm that this type ofobjects was produced neither of our country, as well as analogous monuments
only in the capital workshops nor in the nearby coming from external sources. The future research
Byzantine centres. The style of workmanship of and discovery of new similar objects will contribute
most buckles additionally worked off by means of largely to the clarification of this and other raised in
a chisel, along with the high degree of the imagery the course of the exploration topics. At this stage
schematization are indicative for the circumstance we have the grounds to positively claim that the
in question. The gradual ornamental simplification buckles or clasps with images of mythical creatures
of the shapes and the deviation from the naturally represent intriguing and original replenishment of
three-dimensional figures bring forth the highly our ideas about the decorative repertory on the
naive stylization of the artistic expression, not so monuments of the Bulgarian mediaeval toreutics as
strongly distinctive for the Byzantine metalwork of a partial embodiment of the spiritual beliefs of the
the period. Simultaneously with that the uncovering period.

223
 IT'b TEIIIECTBHETO
HA MAHYHJI rABAJIA )1;0 BPH3HC

llembp AHTEJIOB

CBe,LJ,eHIDITa 3a rrpHpO,D,HHTe ,LJ,a,LJ,eHOCTH Ha 6nH3- 06HCHeHHH 3a ycTpOHCTBOTO Ha CBeTa, a TaKa Colli,O

KH If ,LJ,aJieqH.If 3eMH, KaKTO M 3a MaHTaJIHTeTa Ha If JIHIICaTa Ha Ha,LJ,e)I()J,HH If 6e30IIaCHH IIoTHill,a Ca

TeXHMTe 06MTaTeJIM Ca Helli,O TMII.IfqHO If qeCTO Cpe- e,LJ,Ha OT maBHHTe rrpHqHHH 3a rropa)I(,LJ,aHeTo Ha
1
Ill,aHO BoB BH3aHTHi:fcKaTa HCTopHorpa<i>HH • Pe,LJ,H- H3KpHBeHH rrpe,D,cTaBH 11. CTPax oT TOBa, KOeTo ce
u,a aBTOpH CIIO)J,eJIHT CXBalll,aHeTO, qe IIpHpO,D,aTa HaMMpa M3BoH BM,LJ,MMMH xopM30HT. BcHKO rroTe-
He e IIpOCTO ecTeCTBeHaTa cpe,D,a, B KOHTO rrpOT.Ifqa IIIeCTBHe, rrpe,D,IIpHeMaHO Ha,LJ,aJieq M3BoH CHryp-
qoBeiiiKaTa HCTOpHH. Crrope,D, THX reorpa<PcKHTe HHTe KpeiiOCTHH CTeHM Ha CeJIHill,eTO, Ce e CqlfTaJIO
YCJIOBMH If OC06eHOCTHTe Ha KJIHMaTa OKa3BaT aK- 3a rrpOHBa Ha OC06eHa CMeJIOCT If rrpe,D,M3BHKaTeJI-
THBHO Bo3,LJ,eHCTBHe Bopxy <PopMHpaHeTO Ha qo- CTBO C Herrpe,D,BH,ll,HMM IIOCJie)J,HIJ,H. Ha Te3M MHC-
BeiiiKOTO rroBe,LJ,eHHe. Pa3Co)I(,D,eHHH B ,LJ,yxa Ha T03M JIM HH HaBe)I(,LJ,aT 3aiia3eHMTe BoB BH3aHTHHCKaTa
CBOeo6pa3eH reorpa<i>CKM ,LJ,eTepMMHH3oM OTKpM- JIMTeparypa pa3Ka3H Ha pa3JI1fqH1f IIoTeiiieCTBe-
BaMe B coqHHeHHHTa Ha ITpoKOIIHH KecapHHCKH, HHIJ,H - HaH-Beqe ,LJ,yxOBHMIJ,H HJIH ,ll,MIIJIOMaTH-
AraTHH MHpHHewcKM, HHKHTa XoHHaT, HMKM<i>op qecKH eMMCapH, KOMTO OIIHCBaT CBOHTe rrpe)I(H-
2
fpMropa, JlaoHMK XanKOKOH,LJ,HJI 11. ,D,p. Ka3aHOTO BHBaHMH, rroryBaHKH rrpe3 Herro3HaTH 3eMH. TyK
OT THX HH y6e)I(,LJ,aBa, qe rrpe3 cpe,D,HOBeKOBHeTO 6MXMe IIOCOqJiJIM HaiipHMep pa3Ka3a Ha BM3aH-
Ha OTHOIIIeHHeTo o6Ill,eCTBo-reorpa<PcKa cpe,D,a He TMHCKMH ,LJ,HIIJIOMaT Teo,D,op MeTOXHT 3a rroryBa-
MO)I(e ,LJ,a Ce rJie,LJ,a KaTO OTHOIIIeHHe Ha ,cy6eKT" HeTO MY ,LJ,O Cop6HH rrpe3 1229 r. J, KaKTo 11. HHTe-
KoM ,o6eKT". Cpe,D,HOBeKOBHMHT qoBeK BColli,HOCT pecHoTo orrMcaHMe Ha HHKH<i>op fp11ropa 3a
e cqHTaJI ce6e cH 3a HeoT,LJ,eJIHMa qacT OT rrpH- rrpeMHHaBaHeTO MY rrpe3 MaKe,LJ,OHHH rrpe3 1324 r. 4
po,D,aTa, KoM KOHTO e H3IIHTBaJI BHHarM OC06eHO B HaCTOHili,OTO coo6Ill,eHMe Ill,e o6opHeM BHHMaHHe
cTpaxorroqHTaHHe 11. pecrreKT. Tow H pa3rJie)I(,LJ,aJI Ha Olll,e e,LJ,HH TaKoB CBOeo6pa3eH IIoTeiiHC, KOHTO
KaTO opraHHThM, Ha,D,apeH C qoBeiiiKH KaqeCTBa, 06Ili,O B3eTO e OCTaHaJI HaCTpaHa OT IIOJie3peHHeTO
crroco6eH ,LJ,a HOCH KaKTo ,LJ,o6pHHH, TaKa 11. ,LJ,a ce Ha H3CJie,LJ,BaqHTe. CTaBa ,LJ,YMa 3a rrHCMOTO Ha Ma-
rHeBH, ,LJ,a HaKa3Ba 11. rrory6Ba. Co,LJ,60BHaTa 3aBH- HYHJI faBaJia ,LJ,o BeJIMKHH xapTo<PHnaKc Ha KoH-
CMMOCT Ha cpe,D,HOBeKOBHHH qoBeK OT 3eMHTa, cTaHTHHorroncKaTa rraTpHapiiiHH, rrHcaHo rrpe3
Bopxy KOHTO Ce e pO,D,HJI If H3pacHaJI, HeroBOTO He- MaH-IOHM 1332 r. 5 B Hero MaHyHJI, qJieTO ,LJ,yxOBHO
Be)l(eCTBO, IIO,D,XpaHBaHO OT HaMBHM peJIMrM03HH MMe e MaTeH, OIIHCBa CBOeTO IIoTeiiieCTBHe rrpe3

' 3a xapaKTepa Ha reorpa<lJcKaTa mnepazypa BbB Bl13aHTIDI BJK. Hunger, H . Die Hochsprachliche Profane Literatur der Byzantiner.
T. II, Munchen, 1978,275 sq.; Eopo.n11H, 0. Pa3B11TI1e reorpa<lJwieccKoi1 MbJCJll1 - B : Kynbrypa Bl13aHTHH, I, M., 1984, c. 432-467.
2
B TOBa OTHOJlleHI1e Bl13aHTI1HCKI1Te aBTOp11 Ce rrpOJIBJ!BaT KaTO IIp11eMHI1l\11 Ha CXBaWaHI1J!, xapaKTepH11 3a pe.11111.1a aHTI1qHI1
aBTOp11. 3a Ta311 TaKa HapeqeHa TeopiDI Ha cpe.naTa BJK Toi1H611, A. v13cne.nsaHI1J! Ha 11CTOpiDITa. T. I, C., 1985, I 06 CJJ. ABTOpbT e
CKeiiTJ1qHO HaCTpOeH K'bM YCHJJHJ!Ta .[Ia ce ThpC11 BJ1Har11 IIpJIKa Bp'b3Ka MelK.[Iy reorpa<lJcKaTa cpe.na 11 IIOBe.[leHqeCKI1Te OC06eHOCTH
Ha qoseKa.
3
Ilocne.[IHo 113.!1aHHe Ha reCTa c rrpeso.na Ha IT. HH:Kos rro.n Hacnos IlocnaHHe Ha Teo.nop MeroXHT .no HHKH<lJop XYMHOC y fl03enes, B
fuBOp11 3a cpe.!IHOBeKOBHaTa HCTOpiDI Ha b'bllrapiDI (VII- XV B.) B aBCTpHHCKHTe pbKOIIHCHH C6HpKH 11 apXHB11. C., 1994 , C. 80-119.
4
Nicephorus Gregoras, Byzantina Historia. flffil1, T. II , C. , 1966, c.148- 149. 11HTepecHH pa3C'blK.[IeHHJI OTHOCHO To sa KaK II'b-
rysamHTe Bl13aHTHH!.IH OTPaJJIBaT cseTa OKono ce6e CH BJK. y Galatariotou, C., Travel and Pereception in Byzantium. - DOP, 1993, 47,
C. 221-243 . 0TqaCTH CIIO.[IeJlJ!M CTaHOBH!lleTO, 113Ka3aHO B CTaTIDITa, qe BCeKH, KOHTO T'bpC11 KOHKpeTHH <lJaKTI1 B'bB Bl13aHTHHCKHTe
II'bTeiiHCI1, me OCTaHe paJoqaposaH. B TJ!X .[10MI1HHpama Cl1 OCTasa e.[IHHCTBeHO eMOl\IDITa OT rrpeJKHBJIHOTO. KoM TOBa MOJKe .[Ia
.[I06aBHM, qe He e 113KJl!QqeHO IIOHJ!KOra, 3a .[Ia Ce ysen11q11 eMOl\HJ!Ta, pa3Ka3'bT .[Ia 6'b.ne IIOyKpaCeH 11 C 113MI1CJJeHH Hema.
5
I111CMOTO e rry6ni1KysaHo s rrpeso.n Ha 11JIHJI l1n11es rro.n Hacnos IlHCMO Ha MaHyHn fas\illa .no BenHKIDI xapTOlPHJJaKc Ha
IJ.ap11rpa.ncKaTa l\'bpKsa OT MaH- IOHH 1332 r. y fi03enes, B. IJ.HT.C'bq., 147- 161 (rro-HaTaT'bK fasana)

224
TpaKIDI AO rpaA Bp11311c (AH. EyHap X11cap ), 3a ,L~;a y qoseiiiKaTa Ayiiia cTpax 11 y)f(ac. 3a MaHy1111 se-
3aeMe OTpe,ll;eHWI 3a Hero M11Tp011011HTeH 11peCT011. mt'lHeTo Ha 11p11pO,ll;aTa, C KOHTO Ce C611bCKBa, He
Tow BCb~HOCT 61111 MI1Tp01101111T HaE<!>ec OT 1329 r., 11pe,L1;113BHKBa HH HaH-Ma11KO Bb3XH~eHHe 111111 11pe-
HO )f(HBee11 B KoHcTaHTHHOI1011, nJi KaTo E<Pec 110- KJIOHeHHe. Ha11poTHB, TOM ,ll;paMaTH'lHO OI1HCBa
11a,ll;Ha11 B rypcKH pnQe. Ha11paseHOTO AOYTO'lHeHHe CBOHTe O'laKBaHHH BCeKH MOMeHT OTHHKb,ll;e ,ll;a
c11ope,L1; Hac e sa)f(HO, nJi KaTo BH)f(,ll;aMe, qe cTasa H3CKO'laT, 110 AYMHTe My, ,pa36oHHHQH 11 qose-
AYMa 3a qoseK, KOHTO e TpH6sano ,L~;a ce 11HIIIH OT Koy6HHQH", KOHTO ,ll;a ce HaXBbpMT Bnpxy Cl1bT-
CBOH CI10KOeH )f(J1BOT B CT01111QaTa 11 ,ll;a 1130CTaBH HHQHTe My. 3a ~acTHe o6aqe Te cpe~aT e,ll;HH
11HTe11eKTyaJIHIDI CH 11piDITe11CKI1 Kpnr, 3a ,ll;a 110eMe ,ll;py)f(eJIIo6eH ,ll;bpBap, KOHTO rH Yl1bTBa, 11 Te CKO-
3a ,.ll:n116oKaTa 11pOBHHQIDI". HerosaTa Cn,ll;6a B TO- po ,ll;OCTHraT AO HHKaKBo ce11o. Pa3Ka3Ba'lnT Ta-
sa OTHOIIIeHHe Hai10MHH )f(HBOTa 11 Ha ,ll;pyrH BHC- Ka 11 He C110MeHaBa HerOBOTO HMe, HHTO OT KaKBa
IIIH cseTCKH 11 AyxOBHH 11HQa, KaTo Teo<P1111aKT Ox- HapO,ll;HOCT Ca 06HTaTe11HTe My, HO 11paBH HHTe-
PHACKH, fpHropHJi AHTHox, ,[(HMHThp XoMaTHaH peCHO Ha611IO,ll;eHHe 3a TexHIDI MaHTaJIHTeT. Tow
11 ,ll;pyrH, KOHTO ,ll;b11rO BpeMe 11peKapBaJII1 113BbH CI10MeHasa, qe MeCTHHTe ,xopa He 6Hxa AHBH, a
KoHcTaHTHHOI1011 11 He11peKnCHaTo HaM11pa1111 110- BO,ll;eXa 3eMe,ll;e11CKI1 Ha'lHH Ha )I(J1BOT, HHTO 3Haexa
BO.ll:H ,ll;a ,01111aKBaT" CBOHTa He3aBH,ll;Ha Cb,L1;6a6 • ,ll;a 11paBHT 31111HH, HHTO MO)I(exa", OCBeH aKO HHKOH
B 11HCMOTO Ha MaHy1111 HMa ,ll;Ba MOMeHTa, KOH- pa360HHHK, 110HBI111 ce OT 611113KIDI ThCTaJiaK, He rH
TO 11pe,ll;CTaBJIHBaT HHTepec 3a Hac. IInpBHHT e HayqH Ha Tosa9. Ka3aHOTO OT MaHy1111 Kopeci10HAH-
CBbp3aH C 01111CaHHeTO Ha 11p11pO,ll;HaTa cpe,ll;a 110 pa Hal1b11HO C e,ll;Ha yTBbp,ll;eHa 11pe,ll;CTaBa BbB BI1-
111>TH KbM BpH3HC, a BTOpiDIT ce OTHacH AO 'lyBcT- 3aHTHHCKaTa HCTOpHOrpa<!>HH O~e OT BpeMeTO Ha
saTa, KOHTO 11pe,ll;H3BHKBa y Hero cpe~aTa MY c IIpoKOI1HH, 'le 3eMe,ll;e11CKHTe Hapo,ll;H, 3a pa311HKa
XOpaTa, 06HTaBa~H pa31111'1HI1 TpaKHHCKHTe Ce11H- OT HOMa,ll;HTe, Ca ,ll;aJieq 110-ypaBHOBeCeHH 110 HpaB,
~a. KaKTo 1111'111 oT HaqanoTo Ha 11HCMOTO, 11npso- MI1p011106HBI1 11 ,ll;06pe HaCTpOeHH KbM qy)l(,ll;eH-
Ha'la11HO MaHy1111 11 11PHAPY)I(asa~HTe ro 11HQa - QHTe. I.IJ.e 11pH110MHHM caMo AYMHTe Ha IIpoKo-
Hoca'lH 11 BnOpb)f(eHa oxpaHa, ce ABH)I(e11 110 11HH 110 OTHOIIIeHHe Ha C11aBHHHTe, KOHTO C110pe,L1;
qepHOMOpCKID111bTKOHCTaHTHHOI1011- ,[(epKOC- MH- Hero He 6111111 H3o6~o ,31111 11 KosapHH". A B cso.H
,ll;IDI-AXTOI1011, HO BI10C11e,ll;CTBHe TOM 61111 H30CTa- ,CTpaTerHKOH" IIces,ll;o-MaspHKHH ~e HaMepH 3a
BeH 11 61111 1136paH 110-KbC 11bT, BO,ll;e~ KbM BbTpeiii- HY)I(HO ,ll;a OT6e11e)f(H, qe Te 6111111 11 H3KJIIO'lHTe11HO
HOCTTa Ha l13TO'lHa TpaKIDI. Tosa c11ope,L1; MaHy1111 rocT011pHeMHH. Y6e)f(,ll;eHHeTo, qe 110MHHbKbT
611110 rpeiiiKa, nJi KaTo ce OKaJa11o, qe HHKOH He B1111He BbpXy HpaBHTe, CI10,ll;eJIHT Cb~O aBTOpH KaTO
1103Hasa ,ll;06pe HOBIDI 11bT. TaKa rpy11aTa, KOHTO HHKHTa XoHHaT, HHKHlPOP fp11ropa, .H:oaH KaHTa-
10
ce CnCTOH11a OT ,L~;eseT AYIIIH, CTHrHana AO e,L~;Ha He- KY3HH 11 ,ll;p.
1103HaTa 1111aHHHa. 3ai10'lHaJIO 6e3KpaHHO 11yTaHe CI10KOHCTBHeTo, KOeTo o6xsaHano MaHy1111
110 pa31111'1HI1 11bTeKH, KOeTO n:1 ,ll;OBe110 ,ll;O OCTaHKH Cpe,ll; Te3H 3eMe,ll;e11QH, 611110 HapyiiieHO CaMO OT o6-
OT HHKaKsa Kpe110CTHa CTeHa. C11ope,L1; MaH)'H11 TH CTOHTe11CTBOTO, qe KOraTO e,ll;HH OT HerOBHTe XOpa
61111a H3rpa,L~;eHa o~e HaspeMeTo, 3a ,ll;a 11pe,L1;11a3Ba 11oceT1111 ce11cKaTa Kpn'lMa, TaM ce HaThKHa11 Ha
poMeHTe oT Hal1a,ll;eHHHTa Ha MH3H 11 CKHTH 7. ITo rpy11a Ce11HHH, KOHTO 1111e1111 Hepa3pe,ll;eHO BHHO 11
BCH'lKO 113rJie)l(,ll;a CTaBa AYMa 3a OCTaHKH OT 113- pa3Ka3BaJII1 pa311aJieHO 3a CBOHTe KpbBO)f(a,ll;HH 110,ll;-
BeCTHaTa CTeHa Ha HM11epaTop AHacTaCHH I, 110- BI131111.
CTpoeHa, 3a ,ll;a 3a~11Tasa KoHcTaHTHHOI1011 11 He- Ha c11e,L1;sa~IDI ,ll;eH, c11e,L1; KaTo 3a sceo6~o o6-
roBHTe OK011HOCTI1 OT HaiiieCTBIDITa Ha BapsapHTe. 11eK'leHHe Ha BCH'lKH Te He 6111111 Hal1a,ll;HaTH OT
CnspeMeHHHQHTe, KaKTo e H3BecTHo, HapeKJIH Ta- HHKOrO, 11bTHT 11M 11pO,ll;b11)1(1111 11pe3 e,ll;Ha MeCT-
311 CTeHa ,11aMeTHHK Ha CTpaX1111BOCTTa" 8. HOCT, KOHTO TaMOIIIHOTO HaCe11eHHe HapH'laJIO C
Pa3Ka3bT 3a 11pe)I(HBeHHTe 11peMe)l(,ll;IDI e THI1H- 12
11aTHHCKOTO Ha3BaHHe CaHTa MapiDI . Cnc csoH
'leH 11p11Mep 3a TOBa, KaK HeH3BeCTHOCTTa 110pa)f(,ll;a CTpaXOBHT BH,ll; -- TeCHH K11HCypH, ThCTH r0p11 11

6 BlK. AHrenos, rr. EbnrapiUI 11 6bnrapHTe B npe)J,CTaBHTe Ha BH3aHTHih.(HTe. c., 1999, c . 24 en.
7 fasana.li,HT.Cbq., 154.
8 Tosa npe)J,nonolKeHHe ce CbiJ.bplKa s KOMeHTapa Ha nHcMoTo y fl03enes, B. li,HT.cbq., 273, 6en.4.
9 fasana.li,HT.Cbq ., 155 .
10 3a Te3H CXBal.l-laHHll Ha BH3aHTHHCKHTe aBTOpH BlK. AHrenoB, Il.li,HT.Cbq., 109 en.
11 rasana. I.l,HT.cbq ., 155.

225
nponaenr - T51 BHylllaBaJia oeo6eH eTpax epe~ Hl151 MY eTI1JI ~a en3~aBa e~I1H 3JIOKo6eH o6pa3 Ha
nnTYBaii.J,MTe. MaHyMJI II.J,e 5I Hapeqe ,npmrneTa M np11po~aTa, TOM npe~noJiara, qe B Te311 rpo6oBe ea
3JIOK06Ha eTpaHa, HaM-OMpa3Ha 3a BeMqKJi xopa". 611JIM norpe6aHM )l(epTBMTe Ha pa360MHI1qeeKI1Te
3a ~a erneTM KpaeKMTe, TOM ~onnJIBa, qe B ,Ta3M Hana~eHM51, e KOMTO 11306MJieTBaJia 06JiaeTTa.
3eM51 He BHpeeJIO HMII.l,O 06Jiaropo~eHO, 3a eMeT- CJie~ MHoro npemTeTBM51 M eTPaxoBe rpynaTa
Ka Ha BeJiqKo ~MBO M HeroeTonpHeMHO, KOeTO OT- Ha MaHyMJI ea enpRJia 3a KpaTKO BpeMe B rpa~
6JI'beKBa qy)I(~OTo". Heii.J,o noBeqe, ,neeHMTe Ha BM3a M HaKpM 6JiaronoJiyqHo eTMrHana ~o u;eJITa
)I(MBeeii.J,MTe TaM nTMIJ;M 6MJIM Tb)I(HM, MO)I(e ~a ee Ha nnTellleeTBI1eTo - rpa~ BpH3Me. TioeJie~BaJIMTe
13
Ka)l(e KaTo ropeKM nJiaq" .li3Ka3aHMTe OT MaHyMJI onl1eaHM51 Ha MaHYMJI 3a M5IeTOTO, Kn~eTo e Tp516-
qyBeTBa HanOMH5IT npoqee no ~yx TBbp~e MHOrO BaJIO ~a 113nbJIH51Ba eBOI1Te eBeii.J,eHMqeeKM 3a~bJI­

BneqaTJieHM51Ta Ha fpHropHM AHTMox, KOMTO 3a )I(eHM51, e Hl1lll,O He npoMeH51T TOHa Ha nMeMOTO.

M3BeeTHO BpeMe npe6MBaBaJI B Co<J.>M51 no nopnKa CBeii.J,eHI1K'hT e M3IJ;5IJIO pa3oqapoBaH OT me~KaTa,
Ha MMnepaTOp MaHYMJI I KoMHMH (1143-1180). B K05ITO ee pa3Kp11Jia npe~ Hero. Cnope~ ~YMMTe
e~HO nMeMO TOM ee onJiaKBa, qe M TaM 3eM51Ta Ha MY )1(11BOThT M HpaBI1Te Ha MeeTHI1Te xopa 6MJII1
6nJirapHTe He pa)l(~aJia HMII.J,O xy6aBo, He ee qyBano HanbJIHO ebi13Mep11MI1 e rpa~a - He3Haqi1TeJIHI1
~a)l(e neeHeTo Ha nTMIJ;MTe. OeBeH BeMqKo ~pyro 11 HeeTpyBaii.J,M HI1II.J,O. II TYK TOM He roBop11 3a
HenpeK'beHaTO BaJI5IJIO ~b)l(~, ThM KaTO MMaJIO eaMO eTHI1qeeKM51 eneTaB Ha HaeeJieHMeTo. Onpe~eJIH
e~MH rO~MllleH ee30H - 3MMaTa, a TOBa KapaJIO eaMo HaKpaTKO )1(11BOTa MY KaTo eKOTOBn~eKI1, Ho-
qoBeK ~a ee qyBeTBa nOTMeHaT 14 • Ma~eKM, eeJieKI1 11 3aHa5J:Tqi1MeKI1 17 . 0HOBa, KOe-
He3aBMeMMO oT <)laKTa, qe B pa3Ka3a Ha Ma- TO ro BneqaTJII1JIO HaM-MHOrO, 611JIO, qe nOBeqeTO
HYMJI qyBeTBaTa oqeBM~Ho npeo6Jia~aBaT Ha~ KOH- )I(MTeJIM no IJ;5IJI ~eH KMeHeJIM B KpbqMaTa M Beqep
KpeTHMTe KapTHHM M onMeaHM51, TOM Bee naK ~aBa TPY~Ho MO)I(eJio ~a ee epeii.J,He Tpe3BeH Mb)l(.
~Be TBbp~e MHTepeeHM eBe~eHM51. llnpBOTO OT T51X CJie~ KaTo ee HaJII1BaJIM e Hepa3pe~eHo BMHO, Koe-
ee OTHae51 ~0 eJiyxa, nyeHaT OT MeeTHM )I(MTeJIM, TO 3a M3ThHqeHI151 BKye Ha MaHyi1JI e npoHBa Ha
qe He~aneq OT T51X KpbeTOeBaJI OTP51~ OT 50 MM3M npoeTOTM51, Te ee BnyeKaJII1 B Heo6y3~aHM M He-
(T.e. 6nJirapH). B T03M <)laKT e~Ba JIM Tp516Ba ~a np11JII1qHI1 TaHu;11, KaTo ee npaBeJII1 no ~YMMTe MY
ee ebMH51BaMe, ThM KaTO eaMOTO nbTYBaHe Ha Ha ,6aKXyeu;l1 M BaKXaHKM". llo BeMqKO 113rJie~a
MaHYMJI npOTMqa B'hB BpeMe, KoraTo 6nJirapH M TYK eTaBa ~YMa 3a Bee oii.J,e )1(11BI1 e311qeeK11 o611qa11,
poMeM Bpa)l(~yBaT B TpaKH51 (T.e. npoJierra Ha KOI1TO MeeTHI1Te )1(11TeJIM npO~bJI)I(aBaJIM ~a noqM-
1331 r.). BepOHTHO eTaBa ~yMa 3a pa3y3HaBaTeJieH TaT. MaHyMJI ee onJiaKBa, qe HMKOM He 6MJI B en-
oTp51~, KOMTO e Tp516Bano ~a eJie~M 3a ~eMeTBM51Ta eTOHHMe ~a o6y3~ae T51XHOTO 6e3Xa6epHe M pa3ryJI.
Ha poMeMTe. ~e npHnOMHMM eaMO, qe B pe3yJITaT Hanpa3HM oeTaHaJIM oni1TI1Te MY ene 3anoBe~ ~a
Ha noeJie~BaJiaTa 6MTKa npH PyeoKaeTpo npe3 r11 en6epe B IJ;bpKBaTa 11 ~a noenylllaT 60)I(MeTO
1332 r. 6nJirapHTe yemBaT ~a eM BnpHaT e~Ha qaeT eJIOBO. ll3Ka3Ba ee Bb3Myii.J,eHI1e, qe HaeeJieHMeTO
OT 3ary6eHMTe B npe~MlllHMTe ~Be rO~MHM 3eMM M HexaeJIO 3a ~yllleBHOTO eM yenBbpllleHeTBaHe M
rpa~oBe B TpaKI151 15 • ,[ijJyroTo eBe~eHMe ee OTHaeH OeTaBaJIO B51pHO Ha eBOMTe H51KOralllHM 0611qa11 18 .
~0 Onl1eaHI1eTO Ha oeo6eHI1 KaMeHHM MOr11JIM, OT- Tp516Ba o6aqe ~a e11 3a~a~eM 11 Bnnpoea ~an11 TOBa
rope e KpbeTOBe, Ha KOI1TO ee HaT'bKHaJII1 nnTe- npeHe6pe)l(eHI1e K'hM u;npKOBHMTe nponoBe~l1 He
llleeTBeHI1IJ;I1Te. He e M3KmoqeHo B eJiyqM Ma- ee e ~bJI)I(aJIO Ha <)laKTa, qe noBeqeTO )I(J1TeJII1 611JIM
HYI1JI ~a roBopH 3a TpaKHMeKM ~OJIMeHI1, KOMTO 6nJirap11, 3a KOMTO rpnu;KaTa JIHTYprM51 eM OeTaBaJia
BnOeJie~eTBI1e BTOpHqHo ea 6MJII1 M3nOJI3BaHM 3a Hepa36paHa M qy~a. ToBa Me~ ~pyrOTo e 6MJia
xp11eTM51HeKI1 rpo6oBe 16 . Pa3611pa ee, B eBOMeTBe- HaBpeMeTO e~Ha OT rJiaBHMTe npHqMHM, KaKTO eoq11

12
YTBbpAeHOTO naTHHCKO Ha3BaHHe Ha MeCTHOCTia llOACKa3Ba, 'le He e H3KniO'IeHO cpeA MeCTHHTe xopa Aa e HMMO H
JacenHHUH, .ll.OlllllH B TpaKID! B peJynTaT Ha KpbCTOHOCHHTe llOXO.ll.H HllH, KOeTO e llO-BepOliTHO, BCneACTBHe Ha llOllOBHHBeKOBHOTO
Cbi.UeCTByBaHe Ha JlaTHHCKaTa HMnepHJI.
IJ IlaK TaM, C. 155- 156.
14
Gregorii Antiochi, Opucula, flffil1, 264.
15
BlK. AHrenos, ,[(. Eonrapo-BHJaHTHiicKH OTHO!lleHHJI npe3 nepHoAa 1331 -1 341 oT 1.1apysaHeTO Ha HsaH AneKcaHAbp. - B:
113 cpeAHOBeKOBHOTO HH MHHMO. C., 1990, C. 405 en.
16
BlK. f103enes, B . ll,HT.Cb'l., 273, 6en.7.
17
rasana.ll,HT.Co'l., 159.
18
IlaK TaM, C. 159.

226
TeoqnmaKT Oxp11,D;CKH, )K11Ten11Te Ha Oxp11.n .na ce BHT .na HaiTa,D;HaT o6nacrra. Tosa Kapano I..I,MOTO
OTHaCHT ITpeHe6pe)K11TenHo K'bM pen11r1103HHTe MY HaceneH11e OT OKOnHOCTTa 3ae,D;HO C ,D;06HThKa H
ITpoiTose.n11 19 • ITOK'biUHHHaTa ITepHO)J;J1qHo ,D;a ThpCH C11rypHOCT
OT pa3Ka3a Ha MaHy11n ce pa3611pa C'hiUO, qe 3a)J; KpeiTOCTH11Te CTeH11 Ha Bp11311C, K011TO o6aqe ce
I..l,apHIUOTO 6e3sep11e BoB Bp11311C ce e ITpe.nano 11 0Ka3Ban11 TeCH11 ,D;a ITp11IOTHT 113ITnarneH11Te XOpa20 •
Ha )K11Beeru11Te TaM cserueH111..1,11, K011TO ciTope.n Ma- Ka3aHoTo .noryK, ITO Moe MHeH11e, e .nocTanqHo
Hy11n ITO HHIUO He ce OTnJ1qaBan11 OT OCTaHan11Te, ,D;a Ce HaiTpaB11 3aKniOqeH11eTO, qe IT11CMOTO Ha
OCBeH ITO o6neKnOTO CH. B KpaH Ha pa3Ka3a CH MaHy11n rasana ITpe.ncTaBnHBa e,D;11H TBop.ne HHTe-
TOH CITOMeHaBa 11 Herua, K011TO MO)Ke 611 ,D;aBaT peceH 113Bop 3a 11CTOp11HTa Ha TpaK11H ITpe3 XIV B.
)J;O 113BeCTHa CTeiTeH OTrOBOp Ha BbiTpOCa K011 Ca He3aB11C11MO qe B OIT11CaH11eTo Ha IT'bTernecTBHeTO
KOpeH11Te Ha TOBa OTqaHHHe, o6xBaHanO )K11TenHTe .no Bp11311c spox B311MaT qyscTBaTa 11 qe ITOHHKora
Ha Bp11311c. KaKTo ce pa3611pa, OT e.nHa CTpaHa, Te KOHKpeTHKaTa OTCThiTBa MHCTO Ha xy,D;O)KeCTBeHaTa
CTpa,D;an11 OT eiTH,D;eMHHTe, KOHTO r11 CITOXO)K,D;anH 11 X11ITep6ona, ITpe,D; HaC e e,D;11H )J;OKYMeHT - pH,D;KO
ceen11 CMopT Hai1:-qecTo cpe.n )KeH11Te 11 .ne1..1,aTa, OT CB11,D;eTenCTBO He CaMO 3a ITp11pO,D;aTa, HO 11 3a
,D;pyra CTpaHa, He 611n11 ITOIUa,D;eH1111 OT ITp11pO,D;H11Te e)Ke,D;HeB11eTO H CTpaXOBeTe Ha 0611KHOBeHOTO Ha-
6e.ncTBHH, K011TO YH11IIJ.O)KaBan11 peKonTaTa. He ceneH11e Be,D;Ha o6naCT, KOHTO qecTO CMeHHna CB011-
Ha ITocne.nHo MHCTO, .no rpa.na HeiTpeK'bCHaTo .no- Te ITOn11T11qecK11 rociTo.nap11.
CTHran11 11 rpeBO)KHH secTH, qe 6onrap11Te ce roT-

THE JOURNEY OF MANUIL GAVALLA TO VRIZIS

Peter ANGELOV

An interesting document about the history of inhabitants of different Thracian settlements.

Southeast Thrace in the second quarter of 14th Prevalent as a whole are the sensations aroused
c. is presented by the letter of the metropolitan by his familiarizing with the unknown rather than
bishop Manuil Gavalla to the Grand Chartophilax specific description of particular events. However,
of the Tsarigrad Patriarchy from May- June 1332. it's not possible to deny that we come upon intriguing
Manuil relates the story about his journey from pieces of evidence, as for instance the second-hand
Constantinople to the town of Vrizis - present- implementation of the Thracian dolmens in the
day Bunar Hissar - where he was inaugurated burial practices of the local population. Besides,
as a metropolitan. Subjected to analyses are two the document gives an account about some features
principal issues ofhis narrative. The first refers to the of the customs, rituals and mentality of the Vrizis'
description of the natural environment and scenery inhabitants, by whose pagan character Manuil
along the way to Vziris, the second is a revelation Gavalla was strongly disappointed.
of the feelings evoked by his encounter with the

19
3a OTHOlllemteTo Ha TeO<lmnaKT KbM 61.nrap11Te B)!(. AHrenos, II., I.(HT.Cb'l., 123 en.
20
fasana. I.(HT.Cb'l., 159-160.

227
 TPAKIUI BbB BH3AHTHHCKATA HCTOPHOrPA<I»IUI
OTXVBEK

BJWOUMUp AHTEJIOB

E,D,HH OT HaH-HHTepecHHTe, HO cpaBHHTenHo BH3aHTIDI, ThH KaTo e H3npaBeH npe,D, e,D,HO eBeH-
CJia6o H3nOJI3BaHH If3BOpH 3a cpe,D,HOBeKOBHaTa ryanHo Cbp60-BH3aHTHHCKO c6JIIf)J(eHH:e. C ~eJI
6nJirapCKa IfCTOpiDI ca CbqHHeHH51Ta Ha BH3aHTifH- ,D,a ro npe,D,OTBpaTH, npe3 1324 r. 6nnrapcKIDIT
CKHTe HCTOpH~H OT XV B. XanKOKOH,LJ,HJI, ,lJ;yKa, BJia,D,eTeJI cKmoqBa ,D,oroBop c AH,D,pOHHK III, no
KpHTOBYJI H ITceB,D,o-C<ppaH~ec, a TaKa Cblli,O If H51- CHJiaTa Ha KOHTO e npH3HaTa 6nnrapcKaTa BJiaCT
KOH KpaTKH BH3aHTHHCKif XpOHifKif. B T51X OTKpH- Ha,D, rpa,D,oBeTe PycoKacTpo, I1oMopHe, AnToc H
BaMe Ba)J(HH cBe,D,eHH51 3a nepHo,D,a Ha BTopaTa KTeHH51, a BH3aHTHH~HTe 3ana3BaT ITnoB,D,HB If Co-
6nnrapcKa ,D,bp)J(aBa, KaKTo If 3a cn6HTH51, cnyqHJIH 3onon.
ce B 6nnrapcKHTe 3eMH npe3 XV B. B ~eHTbpa Ha Cne,D,Balll,oTo CBe,D,eHHe, KOeTo npe,D,cTaBJI51Ba
BHH:MaHH:eTO Ha CnOMeHaTH:Te CbqifHeHH51 CTOif 3a- HHTepec 3a HaC, OTKpHBaMe B XpOHHKaTa Ha
pa)J(,D,aHeTO Ha OCMaHCKaTa ,D,bp)J(aBa H 3aTOBa He- ITceB,D,o-CcppaH~ec . To e CBnp3aHo cnc cn6HTH51Ta,
CJiyqanHO ocMaHCKOTO 3aBoeBaHHe Ha EanKaH- cnyqHJIH ce B caMoTo Haqano Ha ynpaBJieHHeTo Ha
CKH51 nonyocTpoB e nmpoKo oTpa3eHo. KaKTo e ~ap liBaH AneKcaH,D,np (1331- 1371). CTaBa ,D,yMa
H3BeCTHO, TO 3anoqBa OT TpaKH51, Kb,D,eTo pe,D,H~a 3a If36yxHaJIH51 npe3 1331 ~ BOeHeH KOHQJJIHKT
6nnrapcKH rpa,D,oBe, KaTo ITnoB,D,HB, CTapa 3aropa, Me)J(,D,y EnnrapH51 If BH3aHTIDI. ToraBa, KaKTo e H3-
5IM6on If Hece6np, CTaBaT apeHa Ha c6nnC'hK c BeCTHO, Bb3nOJI3BaHKH ce OT aHra)J(HpaHOCTTa Ha
HallleCTBeHH~HTe. J1BaH AJieKCaH,D,bp B noryruaBaHeTO Ha 6yHTa Ha
ITnpBOTO H3BeCTHe, Ha KOeTo me o6npHeM BHH- Bynqo CH Eenayp, o6xBaHan o6nacrra oKono BH,D,HH
MaHHe, ce C'h,D,bp)J(a B cnqHHeHHeTo Ha JiaoHHK Xan- H nopeqH:eTo Ha peKHTe THMOK H MopaBa, BH3aH-
KOKOH,D,HJI. 0TKpHBaMe roB e,D,HH naCa)J(, pa3Ka3Balll, THH~HTe HaxnyBaT B l13TOqHa TpaKIDI. BnnpeKH
3a 3aBOeBaHIDITa Ha OCMaHCKIDI npe,D,BO)J,H:TeJI 3aTpy,D,HeHOTO nOJIO)J(eHH:e, B KOeTO Ce HaMH:pa
OpxaH H 3a HanperHaTHTe OTHOIIIeHH51 Me)J(,D,y ,D,bp)J(aBaTa, liBaH AneKcaH,D,np ycn51Ba ,D,a cn6epe
6nnrapH If BH3aHTHH~H no BpeMeTo Ha ~ap MH- BoncKa If ce oTnpaB51 K'hM AnToc. 3anoqHaJIHTe
xaHJI III illHrnMaH. KaKTo e H3BeCTHO, ome cne,LJ, nperoBopH c HMnepaTOp AH,D,pOHHK III, KOHTO e
H)J,BaHeTO CH Ha npeCTOJia 6nJirapCKH51T BJia,D,eTeJI y6e)J(,D,aBaH OT 6nnrapcKH51 ~ap ,D,a ce orremH OT
npe,D,npHeMa aKTHBHH ,D,encTBH51 B TpaKH51 cpemy 3eMHTe, KOHTO e OKynHpan, He ,D,aBaT pe3yJITaT.
BH3aHTifH~H:Te C ~eJI ,D,a Bb3CTaHOBH 6nJirapcKaTa TaKa ce CTHra ,D,o c6nncnKa Me)J(,D,y 6nnrapH H BH-
BJiaCT Ha,D, pe,D,H:~a rpa,D,OBe, 3aB3eTH OT HMnepiDITa. 3aHTHH~H npH Kpenocrra PycoKacTpo Ha 18 IOJIH
3a KpaTKO BpeMe e OCB060,D,eHa TepHTOpH51Ta Me)J(- 1332 r., 3aBbplllHJI C nopa)J(eHHe 3a BH3aHTifH~H:Te.
,D,y CnHBeH H MeceMBpiDI, a B'hB BH3aHTHHCKH Te3H cn6HTH51 ca npe,D,a,LJ,eHH HaKpaTKO OT ITceB,D,O-
pn~e OCTaBa e,D,HHCTBeHO IJJIOB)J,IfB. QqeBH)J,HO CcppaH~ec, KOHTO ce 3a,D,oBOJI51Ba e,D,HHCTBeHo ,D,a
XanKOKOH,LJ,HJI HMa npe,D,BH,LJ, ToqHo Te3H BOeHHH cnoMeHe, qe ,UMnepamopbm 60106aJl c 6bll2apume
,D,eHCTBIDI, CnOMeHaBaHKH, qe ,e.JlUHCKUme UMnepa- u 3Q6Jla05lll HRKOU mex1-1u Kpenocmu ". CKJIIOqeHH51T
mopu 6UJIU 3aemu oa 60106am C MU3UULfUme 6 CJie,D, 6HTKaTa )J,OrOBOp Me)J(,D,y 6nJirapH If BH3aH-
TlfH~If e xapaKTepH3HpaH OT ITceB,D,o-CcppaH~ec
1
TpaKU5l, KOumo opzaHU3UpaJIU noxoo cpeU{y mRX" •

l13BeCTHO e, qe Bnocne,D,CTBH:e MHxaHJI illHru- KaTO ,20ll5lM Mup" (ctPYJVll !lEYUAYJ). 0T6eJI513Ba ce
MaH e npHHy,D,eH ,D,a npOMeHH nOJIHTHKaTa CH KbM Cblli,O TaKa, qe HMnepaTopnT ,D,aJI 3a )J(eHa Ha ,nbp-

1
Laonici Chalcocondylae. Historiarum Demonstrationes emend. E.Darko. Budapestini, 1922, p. "19.

228
6opoo~-tu5l cu1-1 1-1a 6Jlaoemen5l 1-1a MU3ume" e)J,Ha TO npes3en 0)J.pHH, 6paThT Ha cymaH Mypa)J.,
OT )J.nru:epwTe cw 2 • AsTopnT o6aqe nponycKa )J,a CIOneH:MaH, ce ,omnpa6u!l KbM C/JUJ!unono!l u 20
cnoMeHe, qe cnope)J. nocTHrHaTOTo cnopa3YMeHHe 3Q6JlQ05lJl, npuHyJICOQ6QUKU JICUmenume MY oa npue-
ce npe)J.BH)l()J,a noseqeTo OT KpenocTHTe B ITpw- Mam 1-1e2o6ume yc!l06U5l .. .'' 5• ManKo no-HaTaThK
MopcKa TpaKH~ )J,a ce BnpHaT B npe)J.enwTe Ha XMKOKOH)J,Hfl OTHOBO ce Bporu:a Ha 3aBOeBaTeflHHTe
6onrapcKaTa )J,op)l(aBa. Tp~6sa )J,a ce oT6ene)I(H, )J,eHCTB~ Ha OCMaHI.(HTe, KaTO CllOMeHaBa, qe Te ,ce
qe B C'bqHHeHH~Ta Ha HHKHQlOP rpwropa H HoaH HacmaHu!lu 6 pa6HUHama Jazopa u 6 OKO!lHocmume
KaHTary3HH pa3Ka3'bT 3a Te3H co6HT~ e MHoro 1-ta C/JUJ!unono!l" 6 • I13BeCTHO e, qe cne)J, na)J,aHeTo
no-o6CTOeH, HO oqeBH)J,HO BbllpOCHHTe C'bqHHeHH~ Ha 0)J.pHH ocseH ITnoB)J,HB ca npes3eTH CTapa 3a-
He ca 6wnw )J,OCThnHH Ha ITces)J,o-C<jlpaHI.(ec. ropa H ~KOH )J.pyrw TpaKHHCKH rpa)J.ose. TaKa )J,O
B cnqwHeHHeTo Ha XanKOKOH)J,Hfl ce C'b)J.bp)l(aT HaqanoTo Ha 70-Te rO)J,HHH Ha XIV B. no-ron~MaTa
~KOH HHTepeCHH CBe)J,eH~ 3a llbpBHTe OCMaHCKH qacT OT TpaKH~ seqe ce HaMwpa B ocMaHCKH pol(e.
3asoesaH~ B 6onrapcKHTe 3eMH no speMeTo Ha I13BeCTHH cse)J,eH~ 3a onwcaHHTe OT XanKo-
11saH AneKcaH)J.op. KaKTo e H3BeCTHO, ocMaHI.(HTe KOH)J,Hfl C'b6HTH~ ce C'b)J,bp)l(aT H B XpOHHKaTa Ha
3anoqsaT MacwpaHo HacThnneHHe B TpaKH~ cne)J, ITces)J,o-C<jlpaHI.(ec. HayqasaMe, qe Mypa)J, 3anoq-
npeB3eMaHeTO Ha 0)J.pHH npe3 60-Te rO)J,HHH Ha HM BOHHa c Eonrap~, KaTo ,3aBna)J,~fl MHoro
XIV B. TyK Tp~6sa )J,a HanpaBHM yrosopKaTa, qe qacTH OT He~ H cneqenwn roneMH 6HTKH" 7 • ITo
xpoHonor~Ta Ha ocMaHCKHTe 3aBoesaHH~ B Tpa- BCHqKo H3rfle)I()J,a, qe B cnyqa~ aBTOpbT HMa npe)J,-
K~ e )J,OCTa 06npKaHa H MaflKO C'b6HT~ MOraT )J,a Ce BH)J, TOqHo 3aBOeBaTeflHHTe )J,eHCTBH~ Ha OCMaH-
)J,aTHpaT coc cwrypHocT. Tosa ce )J,'bfl)I(H Ha <jlaKTa, l(HTe B TpaKH~.
qe OCHOBHHTe, a B llOBeqeTO cnyqaH H e)J,HHCTBeHH B coqHHeHHeTo Ha JiaoHHK XanKOKOH)J,Hfl cpe-
H3BOpH Ca OT OCMaHCKH npOH3XO)J,. Te OT CBO~ ru:aMe e)J,HO fli060nHTHO OllHCaHHe Ha npHpO)J,HHTe
CTpaHa Ca C'b3)J,a)J,eHH B e)J,HH llO-K'bCeH nepHO)J,- )J,a)J,eHocTH Ha TpaK~. Pa3Ka3BaliKH 3a 6HTKaTa
XV-XVI B., OTK'b)J,eTo npOH3THqa H He~cHaTa )J,a- npH qepHOMeH Ha 26 cenTeMBpH 1371 r., B KO~­
THpOBKa3. ITopa)J,H Ta3H npwqwHa rO)J,HHaTa, B KO~­ TO C'bi03eHHTe cwnw Ha 6paT~Ta BnnKalliHH H
TO 0)J.pHH na)J,a B OCMaHCKH pol(e, )J,'bflrO BpeMe Ymellla npeThp~BaT nopa)l(eHHe OT ocMaHI.(HTe,
npe)J.H3BHKBa )J,HCKYCHH. TaKa HanpHMep cnope)J, XanKOKOH)J,Hfl cnoMeHaBa, qe 6wnw H3npaTeHH
OCMaHCKHTe aBTOpH npeB3eMaHeTO Ha rpa)J,a e CTa- come)J,saqw KpaH: peKa Teapoc, KO~To ,UMaJlaMHozo
HMO K'bM 1361 r., a B HayKaTa )J,'bflrO BpeMe C'b- 006pa 3Q nue1-1e 600Q, K05lmO JleKy6a pa3JIU'li-IU
:W:eCTByBa MHeHHeTo, qe 0)J.pHH e 3asnaMH OT My- 6ollecmu ... " 8 . ITO)J.06Ho onwcaHHe ce C'b)J.bp)l(a H
pa)J. Henocpe)J,CTBeHo cne)J, H)J,BaHeTo MY Ha BnacT, B coqwHeHHeTo Ha KpHToByn, KOHTO pa3Ka3Ba, qe
T.e. npe3 1362 r. Coru:ecTByBaT o6aqe H3BeCTHH Teapoc ,UMaJla Om!lULtHa u 1-1au-oo6pa 3a nue1-1e
llO)J,aTKH, KOHTO )J,OKa3BaT, qe BH3aHTHHI.(HTe ca 600Q, OC6el-l m06Q 6UJIQ U m6bpoe nOJle31-IQ npu
KOHTponwpanw rpa)J.a noHe )J,O 1366 r. ITopa)J.H TOBa MHozo 6o!lecmu .. .'' 9 • Tp~6sa )J,a ce oT6ene)I(H, qe
Hanocne)J,nK ce Hanara cTaHoswru:eTo, qe 0)J.pHH e Ta3H peKa e cnoMeHaTa oru:e oT Xepo)J.OT, HOe Tpy)J.-
npeB3eTCfle)J,Ta3H)J,aTa,HaH-Bepo~THOnpe31369 r. 4
HO )J,a ce ycTaHOBH KO~ e T~. ITo sc~Ka BepoHTHOCT
Cne)J,oBaTenHo nopBHTe ocMaHCKH 3asoesaH~ B cTaBa )J.YMa 3a H~Koli oT npHTOI.(HTe Ha Mapwl(a.
6onrapcKHTe 3eMH MoraT )J,a ce )J,aTHpaT K'bM Kpa~ J1106onHTHO onwcaHHe Ha caMaTa peKa Mapwl(a
Ha 1369-HaqanoTo Ha 1370 r. OTKpHBaMe y KpHTOByn, KOHTO no)J,qepTaBa HeHHO-
Cnope)J. pa3Ka3a Ha XanKOKOH)J,Hfl, cne)J, Ka- TO Ba)I(HO 3HaqeHHe 3a HKOHOMHqeCKOTO pa3BHTHe

2
Georgios Sphrantzes Memorii, In annexa Pseudo-Phrantzes: Macarie Melissenos Cronica, ed. V. Grecu. Bucuresti, 1966, 180-182.
3a cnopH11Te MOMeHTI1 OKOJIO OCMaHCKI1Te JasoesaHID! B TpaKIDI 8)1(. H11KOB, rr. TypcKOTO JaBJia,!].l!BaHe Ha ObJirap11JI 11
3

Cb.u6aTa Ha nocne.UH11Te llll1wMaHOBf..ll1. (lhseCTIDI Ha 11CTOp114eCKOTO .upy)l(eCTBO s Co<j>11J1, VII- VIII), 1928, 49- 51. AsTOpbT
113KaJBa cTaHOBI1W,eTo, t.Ie O.up11H e Jasna.!(JIH s 1364 r.
4
B)!(. MaTaHos, Xp. , Ml1xHesa, P. OT fan11n0JI11 .uo JlenaHTO. C. , 1988, c. 44; B)!(. cbw,o 11 TIOTIOH.!\)1(11eB, Yis. , Ilasnos, Iln.
Ila.uaHeTo Ha Ebnrap11ll no.u ocMaHcKa snacT (Ilpo6neMI1 Ha nep110.!\113af..II1J!Ta).- BYIC, 1988,4, c. 507.
5
Chalc., p. 29.
6
Ibid., p. 94.
7
Pseudo-Phrantzes, p. 220.
8 Chalc., p. 30; flo BCI1'1KO 113rJie)l(.ua, qe XanKOKOH.!\11JI e nomsan KaTo 113sop Cbl.fi1HeHI1eTo Ha Xepo.uoT, KOHTO npas11 cne.uHoTo

on11caH11e Ha peKa Teapoc: ,3a Teapoc )1(11Beew,I1Te Kpai1 Hero pa3npaBJIT, t.Ie B0.!\11Te MY ca Hai1-neKOBI1TI1, oco6eHo Ja neKysaHe
Ha KpacTa KaKTo 11 np11 xopaTa, TaKa 11 np11 KOHeTe ... " XepO.!\OT, YlcTop11ll, '1 . II. C. 1990, c. 35.
9
Critobul din Imbros, ed.V. Grecu, Bucuresti, 1963, p. 193.

229
Ha penwHa, crroMeHaBaHKH, qe ,,Xe6poc xpa1-1u J-tau- B.JJ:HrHan o6ca,n:aTa Ha Hece6op, Myca ce OTrrpaBHn
pmllU'lHU 8U008e pu6a - n0-20JlJlMa U nO-Ma!lKa, U K'hM 5IM6on, KO,n:eTO Ha 13 <)JeBpyapH 1410 r. pa3-
Oa8a 8b3MO:JICHOCm Ha XOpama, KOUmO :JICU8e5lm rpoMHn H rrneHHn PYMenHHCKH51 6eifnep6ei1: Ca-
Kpau He5l, Oa ce 3aHUMa8am C mbp208U5l, n!la8aUKU py,n:)l(a nama. TBop,n:e HHTepeceH e KpaHT Ha
no HeR KbM 8bmpeumocmma Ha cmpa1-1ama ..." 10. xpoHHKaTa, crrope,n: KOHTO cne.n: Ta3H rro6e,n:a ,Kpe-
Cne,n:Balli,HTe cBe,n:emrn, KOHTO rrpe,n:cTaBmmaT nocmume 8 PyMe.nu5l 3aeoJ-to c Lf5lllama o6Jlacm ce
HHTepec 3a Hac, ca CBop3aHH c HaqanoTo Ha 3a- npeoaRu" 14 •
BOeBaTenHHTe ,n:eHCTBH51 Ha OCMaHI.(HTe 110 6onrap- Brrocne,n:cTBHe Myca rrpe,n:rrpHeMa orrycTOlliH-
CKOTO qepHOMOpCKO Kpaif6pe)I(He B Kpa51 Ha 70-Te TenHH Ha6e3H B 6anKaHCKHTe 3eMH, KaTO OC06eHO
H HaqanoTo Ha 80-Te ro,n:HHH Ha XIV B. OT TeKCTa Te)I(KH ca rrocne,n:HU,HTe 3a cenHII.I,aTa B TpaKH51.
Ha e,n:Ha KpaTKa BH3aHTHHCKa XpOHHKa OT cpe,n:aTa ITo T03H rroBo,n: Ill,e crroMeHeM e,n:HH rraca)l( OT
Ha XV B. HayqaBaMe, qe ,8 zoou1-1ama 6888 C'bqHHeHHeTO Ha ,lJ;yKa, pa3Ka3Balll, 3a )l(eCTOKOCTTa
(1379- 1380) no Be.nuKoeH 6eUte HanaoHama u Ha Myca crrpHMO MeCTHOTO xpHCTH51HCKO Hacene-
11
MeceM8pu5l" . Toif KaTo B TeKcTa e oT6en513aHo ,u HHe. Crrope.n: ,lJ;yKa, Myca Hape,n:Hn ,n:a ce co6epaT Ha
MeceM8pu5l", HarrHcaHOTO B xpOHHKaTa 6H Morno e,n:Ho M51CTO BCHqKH )I(HTenH Ha e,n:Ho ceno B TpaKH51,
,n:a Ce 11pHeMe 3a KOCBeHO CBH,ll;eTenCTBO, qe 110 ,n:a rH 3aBbp)l(aT 3ae,n:Ho c )l(emi:Te H ,n:eu,aTa HM H ,n:a
TOBa BpeMe Ca H3BbpllleHH Harra,n:eHH51 H Ha,ll; ,n:pyrH rH 3aTBOp51T B KOnH6HTe HM. ,}1 oel(a, u pooume.nu,
qepHOMOpCKH rpa,n:OBe. U poOHUHU 3aeOHO C KOllU6ume u l(5lllOmO CeJIO -
OT ,n:pyra KpaTKa xpoHHKa HayqaBaMe 3a BpeMe- 006a85l /fyKa - 6UJlU U320peHU U npe8bpHamu 8
TO, 110 KOeTO OCMaHI.(HTe 3a rrpoB ll'hT rrpeB3eMaT nene.n" 15. Tp516Ba ,n:a ce oT6ene)I(H, qe rrpeKaneHaTa
Hece6op. TeKCT'hT H: macH, qe ,8 zoou1-1ama 6905 )l(eCTOKOCT Ha Myca rrpaBH BrreqaTneHHe ,n:opH Ha
(1396), nemu UHOUKm ( OKTOMBpH?), mypl(Ume OCMaHCKHTe XpOHHCTH, KOHTO He MOraT ,n:a HaMep51T
3a8!laoRXa MeceM8pU5l u npece.nuxa J-tace.neJ-tuemo orrpaB,n:aHHe 3a HeroBHTe ,n:eifcTBH51. HMeHHO 3apa-
Kpau peKa f_(uMoHa" 12. B c'bqHHeHHeTo Ha ,lJ;yKa .JJ:H Te3H 11p051BH Ha Heo6y3,ll;aHa )l(eCTOKOCT B rra-
,TypCKO-BH3aHTHHCKa HCTOpH51" OTKpHBaMe H51KOH MeTTa Ha 6anKaHCKHTe Hapo,n:H Myca ocTaBa KaTO
KOCBeHH CBe,n:eHH51, KOHTO ITOTBbp)l(,ll;aBaT, qe 3a 11pbB CBHperr rnaBope3 (Kece,n:)I(H51).
IT'hT Hece6op rra,n:a B ocMaHCKH pou,e rrpe3 1396 r. Cne,n:Balli,OTO H3BeCTHe, KOeTo rrpe,n:cTaBMBa
ABTOpbT o6aqe l10CTaB51 TOBa C'b6HTHe ManKO rrpe,n:H HHTepec 3a HaC, Ce C'h,ll;bp)l(a B C'hqHHeHHeTO Ha
6HTKaTa rrpH HHKorron Ha 25 cerrTeMBpH 1396 r. B ,lJ;yKa. B e,n:HH KpanK rraca)l(, pa3Ka3Balll, 3a o6ca-
T. Hap. MeceMBpHHCKa xpoHHKa, 6naro,n:apeHHe Ha ,n:aTa Ha MaTIOa3HHCKH51 rpa.n: CHHorre oT cynTaH
K051TO pa3rronaraMe c rro,n:po6HH CBe,n:eHH51 3a HC- MexMe,n: II (1451 - 1481), ce crroMeHaBa, qe cyma-
TOpHHTa Ha Hece6op rrpe3 XIV- XV B., C'hlli,O ce H'hT o6elll,an Ha yrrpaBHTenH Ha CHHorre ,n:a MY rrpe-
rrocoqBa ro,n:HHaTa 6905 (1396- 1397). ,n:ocTaBH , C!>UJlunono!lCKama o6Jlacm" B 3aM51Ha,
B HaqanoTo Ha XV B. 6onrapcKHTe 3eMH, H B aKo ,n:o6poBonHo MY rrpe,n:a,n:e Bnacrra Ha,n: rpa,n:a 16•
qacTHOCT TpaKHH, cTaBaT apeHa Ha pe,n:Hu,a C'h- Ilocne,ll;HOTO CBe,n:eHHe, KOeTO Ill,e CITOMeHeM,
6HTH51, CBbp3aHH C H36yxHanaTa B OCMaHCKaTa OTKpHBaMe y JiaoHHK XanKOKOH.JJ:Hn. B e,n:Ho KpaTKO
,n:op)l(aBa cne.n: 1402 r. Me)l(,n:yoco6Ha 6op6a Me)l(- OllHCaHHe Ha ycTpOHCTBOTO Ha 3aBna,n:eHHTe OT
,n:y CHHOBeTe Ha cynTaH ba513H.JJ: I. Cpe.n: rnaBHHTe OCMaHU,HTe TepHTOpHH 11pH yrrpaBneHHeTO Ha
yqacTHHU,H B Me)l(,n:yoco6Hu,aTa e Myca, a 3a He- MexMe,n: II HayqaBaMe mo6orrHTHH rro,n:po6HOCTH
roBHTe rropBH ,n:eifcTBH51 Ha EanKaHCKH51 rrony- 3a IlnOB.JJ:HB. XanKoKoH,n:Hn pa3Ka3Ba, qe 6HnH
ocTpoB CBH,n:eTencTBa e,n:Ha KpaTKa xpoHHKa. B ,o6oco6e1-1u H5lKOllKO ZO!leMU zpaoa, Kamo CKonue,
He51 ce crroMeHaBa, qe Myca ce ,HaCO'lUJl KbM C!>UJlUnOnOJl U opyzu, KOUmO ce pbK0800eJIU Om
'lepHoMopcKomo Kpau6pe:J~Cue u o6caou!l MeceM- 8UCUtu 80eHa'la!lHUlfU" 17. HarrHcaHoTo OT XanKo-
8pu5l"13. Crrope.n: ,n:pyra KpaTKa xpoHHKa, cne.n: KaTo KOH.JJ:Hn e U,eHHO H MaTIKO H3110TI3BaHO CBH,ll;eTeTICTBO

10
Ibid., p. 193 .
11
Schreiner, P. Die byzantinischen K1einerchroniken. Wien. T. I, 1975- 1979, p. 98.
12
Ibid., S. 214.
13
Schreiner, P. Die byzantinischen ..., S. 215.
14
Ibid., S. 636.
15
Ducas, Istoria turco-bizantina (1341- 1462) ed.V.Grecu, Bucuresti, 1958., p. 125.
16
Ducas, p. 429.
17
Chalc., 276 sq.

230
3a Ba)I(HOTO TIOJIO)I(eHHe, KOeTO 3aeMa IlJIOBAHB B Cb6HTIDI OT HCTOp115ITa Ha 6onrapCKHTe 3eMH npe3
HaJIO)I(eHaTa Ha EanKaHCKIDI nonyocrpoB ocMaHcKa XIV-XV B. ToBa KaTo IJ)IJIO e eAHH cpaBHHTeJIHO
BOeHHOaAMHHHCTpaTHBHa CHCTeMa. cna6o AOKYMeHTHpaH nepHOA 11 pa3rneAaHMTe BM-
OcHOBHIDIT H3BOA, KoiiTo ce Hanara cneA TaKa 3aHTMiicKM MCTOpHqeCKM CbqJ1HeHIDI B rOJI5IMa
HarrpaBeHH5I KpaTbK nperneA, e, qe cBeAeHIDITa 3a CTerreH AOIIpHHaC5IT 3a HerOBOTO IIO-IlbJIHO OC-
TpaKH5I B KbCHOBH3aHTHiicKaTa HCTopHorpa<PIDI ca BeTJI5IBaHe.
cpaBHHTeJIHO OTKbCJieqHH, HO OTJ)a35IBaT Ba)I(HH

THRACE IN THE BYZANTINE HISTORIOGRAPHY

FROM THE 15™ C.

Vladimir ANGELOV

The article dwells upon some interesting pieces to which we come upon multiple references to
of evidence about Thrace, compiled in the Late- the names of Plovdiv, Stara Zagorra, Yambol and
Byzantine historiography from the 1Sth c. Basically Nessebur, as an arena of the decisive clash with the
the attention is focused on political events having Ottoman forces. The principal imposed conclusion
occurred in Thrace in the period from the beginning is that the events are rendered inconsistently despite
of 14th to the middle of 15th c. Predominates the of which the source-based facts allow the creation
information about the progress of the Ottoman of a relatively good notion about history of the
conquest across the Bulgarian lands, in relation Bulgarian lands in the period 14th_ 15th c.

231
 HOBH )J;AHHH 3A
CPE)J;HOBEKOBHATA BAPHEHCKA KPEIIOCT

BaneHmuH JIJIETHbOB

IIpo6neMHTe, CBnp3aHH Cnc cpe)J,HOBeKOBHaTa BpeMeTO MHeHHe, KOeTO He e 3aiiJ;HTeHO, 3aiiJ;OTO

KpenocT Ha BapHa, ca pa3rne)I()J,aHH B IUIKOnKo )J,OToraBa see ome He ca npaBeHH Mama6HH apxeo-
1
cTaTHH Ha An. Ky3eB (Ky3ee 1962, 111; 1972, norw'IeCKH npoyiJBaHlUI Ha yKpenwTenHaTa cwcTe-
67; Ky3ee, T103e.nee 1981, 293 u Cll.), a HHTepnpe- Ma Ha 0)J.eCOC H ca 6HnH H3BeCTHH CaMO )J,aHHHTe
THpaHH B OIIJ;e H51KOnKO ny6nHKaQHH no pa3nH'IHH OT K.lliKOpnHn. An. Ky3eB nO-K'bCHO HHK'b)J,e He 3a-
TeMH, CB'bp3aHH C'bC cpe)J,HOBeKOBHaTa HCTOpH51 CThnBa nO)J,06Ha H)J,e51, ThM KaTO CHryaQlUITa nOCTe-
Ha BapHeHCKO (TbnKoea-3aUMoea 1966, 52-76; neHHO 3anO'IBa )J,a ce H351CH51Ba, nOHe IJaCTH'IHO.
Teopzuee1998-1999, 174, 175). 06IIJ;O B3eTO, )1,0- IIocne)J,HaTa Te3a e CBnp3aHa )J,O H3BeCTHa CTe-
cera C'biiJ;eCTByBaxa TpH OCHOBHH Te3H 3a H3rpa)I(- neH C npe)J,XO)J,HaTa H ThpnH pa3BHTHe - K'bCHOaH-
)J,aHeTO Ha yKpenHTenHaTa CHCTeMa Ha cpe)J,HOBe- TH'IHaTa KpenOCTHa CTeHa He e H3nOn3BaHa Cne)J,
KOBHa BapHa. nnpBHTe )J,ecerwneTlUI Ha VII B. YKpeiiJieHlUITa Ha
Cnope.D. nnpBaTa HacTaHwnwTe ce B paMoHa Ha cpe.D.HOBeKOBHlUI rpa.D. ca cTpoeHH npe3 XI-XII B.,
O.D.ecoc 6nnrapw Ha Acnapyx He ycf151BaT )J,a npe- KoraTo e H3.D.HrHaTa Kpenocrra, npocnmecTByBana
B3eMaT rpa.D.a 11 TOM e B'bB Bna)J,eHHe Ha Bw3aHTlUI )J,O1830 r. (Ky3ee, T103e.nee 1981, 310; llllemHbOB
)J,nnro cne)J, 681 r. qpe3 MOIIJ;HaTa yKpenwTenHa 2002, 104-110). HHMa )J,a ce cnwpaM Ha MHeHHeTo
CHCTeMa H npHCTaHHIIJ;eTO T51 KOHTpOnHpa paMOHa, Ha nonKOBHHK CTe<PaH He.D.eB (Heoee 1968, 77-
6e3 )J,a e H3BeCTHO H )J,a Ce CnOMeHaBa )J,OKOra. 83), KOMTO C'bBCeM npoH3BOnHo HHTepnpeTwpa
ToBa MHeHHe 3aCThnBaT OCHOBHO HCTOpHQHTe, 6e3 HCTOpH'IeCKHTeC'b6HTH51HCM51Ta,'IeK'bCHOaHTH'IHaTa
)J,a Ce B3eMaT nO)J, BHHMaHHe H3Cne)J,BaHH51Ta Ha KpenocT e oT6paiU1Bana rpa.D.a .D.O XV B.
apxeono3HTe (TMKoea-3aUMoea 1966, 52-67). KaKTO cnoMeHax no-rope, pa3KOnKHTe B'bB
BTopaTa Te3a OTCTOHBa H.D.e~ITa, qe O.D.ecoc e BapHa npe3 MHHaJIHH 11 HaCTOHIIJ:lUI BeK pa3Kpwxa
H30CTaBeH, HO KpenocTHHTe MY CTeHH ca 3ana3eHH OT)J,enHH IJaCTH OT K'bCHOaHTH'IHaTa CTeHa, HnH OT
H H3nOn3BaHH OT 6nnrapHTe )1,0 3aBna)J,51BaHeTO HeMHOTO Tpace. nnaro)J,apeHHe Ha TOBa )J,HeC TO
Ha paMoHa cne.D. 971 r. Hanocne)J,nK ce noHBH 11 MO)I(e )J,a ce npocne)J,H cpaBHHTenHo TO'IHO. CTeHaTa
MHeHHeTO, qe CTeHHTe Ha aHTH'IHH51 0)J,eCOC Ce C )J,'bn)I(HHa OKOnO 2,5 KM e orpa)I()J,ana nnOIIJ; nOBe'Ie
HBHBaT ceBepeH <iJopTnocT Ha AcnapyxoBHH Ban, OT 30 xa. 0T6paHaTa Ha nO)J,06HO CbOpn)l(eHHe
KOMTO )J,OCTHran )1,0 nOpTa Ha KpenOCTTa, B MeCT- e H3KJIIO'IHTenHo TPY.D.Ha, KaTo ce HMa npe.D.BH.D.
HOCTTa EHn 6pHr (Teopzuee 1998, 167-170). ToBa He CaMO He06XO)J,HMH51T 6pOM 3aiiJ;HTHHQH, HO H
BC'biiJ;HOCT He e nopTa Ha aHTH'IHaTa KpenOCT, a cpe)J,CTBa 3a nO)J,)J,pb)I(KaTa Ha TaKHBa CnOpn)l(eHlUI.
nopTaTa Ha rypcKaTa KpenocT ,PyciJyK Kanycy" ITo OTKpHTHTe )J,ocera qacTH oT KynwTe 11 cTeHaTa
(lliKopnUJl 1909, 45, 71), pa3nOnO)I(eHa 3ana)J,HO OT IUIMa cpe)J,HOBeKOBHH nonpaBKH, a Ha 3Ha'IHTenHO
)J,HeUJHaTa rapa B TOraBaiiiHaTa MeCTHOCT nHn 6p51r. pa3CT051HHe BbTpeiiiHO OT He51IUIMa cpe)J,HOBeKOBHH
Pa3cTOHHHeTo o6aqe OT TaM .D.O KnCHOaHTHIJHaTa MaTepwanw. BcniiJ;HOCT )J,ocera He ca H3BeCTHH
KpenocT Ha 0)J.ecoc e 6nw3o KHnoMenp. OcHoBeH npHMepwnpe3paHHOTOCpe)J,HOBeKOBHeKpenOCTHTe
)J,OBO.D. 3a Ta3H Te3a e e)J,Ha ny6nwKaQlUI Ha An. Ky3eB Ha 3aBapeHHTe aHTH'IHH rpa)J,OBe )J,a ca 6HnH H3-
OT 1962 r., K'b)J,eTo TOM npaBH npe)J,nono)l(eHHeTo, qe nOJl3BaHH H3QHno no npe)J,Ha3HaiJeHwe.
K'bCHOaHTH'IHaTa KpenOCTHa CTeHa e non3BaHa 3a HaM-KnCHHTe aHTH'IHH MOHeTH, OTKPHTH Ha
3aiiJ;HTa OT MeCTHOTO HaceneHHe )1,0 3aBna)J,51BaHeTO TepwToplUITa Ha O.D.ecoc, ca OT HMnepaTop HpaK-
Ha rpa)J,a OT BH3aHTH51 B Kpa51 Ha X B. (Ky3e8 1962, nHM (610-641), HO )1,0 nnpBHTe IJeTHpH rO)J,HHH
118-119). ToBa o6aiJe e e)J,HO Tpa.D.HQHOHHO 3a Ha HerosoTo ynpasneHwe (613.-614). ToBa Ba)l(-

232
HO yT04HeHHe, KaKTo H HaXO.D:KHTe OT apxeono- BapHa" (Notitae episcope., 153).
rwqecKHTe npoyqsaHHj{ He.[(BYCMHCJieHO nOKa:3BaT, Tpy.n:Ho o6aqe MO)I(eM .n:a npweMeM TBbp.D:eHHeTo
qe npe3 nbpBHTe .n:eceTHJieTHj{ Ha VII s. )I(HBOTbT s Ha HHKOH HCTOpHI.I,H (nbpBaTa Te3a), qe HMnepaTO-
O.n:ecoc 3aMHpa (JlmapeHKO 1998-1999, 166-182; pbT ce HaCO'iHJI c Kopa6wTe cw KbM rpa.n: BapHa,
I!!lemHb06 2002, 104-105). 0TKpHBaT Ce OCTaH- 3all.I,OTO TOM 6HJI see ome BbB BH3aHTHHCKH pbi.J,e, a
KHTe OT OnO)I(apeHH )I(HJIHII.I,a C KbCHOaHTH'iHa Ke- 6bJirapHTe He MOfJIH ,[(a 3aBJia,[(eHT Kpaif6pe)I(HeTO,
paMHKa, H30CTaBeHH H HepeMOHTHpaHH yJIHI.J,H, 3a- .n:opw .n:o speMeTo Ha KoHcTaHTHH V. B TaKbB cny-
TJia'feHH KaHaJIH3ai.J,HH 6e3 CJie,[(H OT nonpaBKH H qaif e.n:sa JIH e HMaJIO npeqKa BOHCKHTe, npe.[(BO)I(,[(a-
Bb3CTaHommaHHj{. ITo Tosa speMe j{BHO npecTasa HH OT HMnepaTopa, .[(a aKOCTHpaT B npHCTaHHII.I,eTO
.n:a <PYHKI.J,HOHHpa H npHcTaHHII.I,eTo Ha O.n:ecoc, 3a- H .n:a ce yKpeiiHT 3a.n: rpa.n:cKHTe cTeHH. OcseH Tosa
II.J,OTO HKOHOMHKaTa Ha paHOHa pyxsa, Hj{Ma npOH3- BH3aHTHHCKHHT rapHH30H, KOHTO e oxpaHjj'BaJI OnH-
BO.[(CTBO Ha cypOBHHH H CTOKH H TbprOBHjJTa CaHaTa KbCHOaHTH'iHa KpenOCTHa CTeHa, TpH6Ba .[(a
cnHpa 3a Hj{KOJIKO BeKa. Tosa ce nOTBbp)l(.[(aBa H e 6wn 3Ha4HTeneH (3a .n:a 3all.I,HTasa Tpace noseq:e
OT nwcMeHHTe H3BOpH. O.n:ecoc ce cnoMeHasa ca- OT 2 KM) H TPY.D:HO 6H .n:onycHan 6bnrapHTe .n:a H3-
MO B Hj{KOH OT enapXHHCKI1Te CnHCbl.I,H Ha IJ;apH- rpa.[(HT 3eMJieH BaJI l0f03ana,[(HO B 6JIH30CT ,[(0
rpa.[(CKaTa naTpHaplllHj{ OT VII-IX s. KaTO HO- rpa.[(CKHTe CTeHH H Henocpe.[(CTBeHO .[(0 aHTH'iHOTO
MHHaJIHa apxwenwcKonHH 3ae.n:Ho c AnwapHj{, npHcTaHHII.I,e. A nbK Ha 6bnrapHTe 3all.l,o HM e 6wn
,n:opocTon, A6pHT, HwKononwc, IIanocTOJIOH (Noti- He06XO,[(HM npOTHBO,[(eCaHTeH BaJI npH YCJIOBHe,
tae episcopal., 147-149). I1o.n:o6Ha e cwTyai.J,HjJTa qe BH3aHTHHCKHHT tPJIOT MO)I(e ,[(a .[(e6apKHpa Ha
H s T. Hap 3eMeonwcaHHe OT PaseHa (VII-VIII 3all.I,HTeHOTO npHCTaHHII.I,e?
s.), Kb.[(eTo O.n:ecoc e nocoqeH cpe.n: rpa.n:oseTe CwrypHo e, qe 3a BH3aHTHHCKHTe xpOHHCTH
Ha cesep oT KoHcTaHTHHonon 3ae.n:Ho c EpwTe, .n:opw npe3 X B. BapHa e HMe Ha peKa, no.n:o6Ho Ha
,n:woHwconon H nH30He (Raven. Anonymi, 392). TH'iHHa (KaM'fHH), cnoMeHaTa oT HMnepamp KoH-
ApxeonorwqecKHTe .n:aHHH coqaT, qe BCH'iKH CTaHTHH VII EarpeHopO.D:HH npw onwcaHHeTo Ha
cnoMeHaTH rpa.n:ose s enapxHj{Ta Ha O.n:ecoc H nbTH Ha pycKHTe TbproBI.J,H .n:o KoHcTaHTHHonon:
cesepHo OT Hero no Kpaif6pe)I(HeTO npe3 VI-VII , ... OT .ll:yHas Te CTHraT .n:o KaHana, OT KoHona- .n:o
B. Ca CnO,[(eJIHJIH Cb.[(6aTa Ha CBOH MHTpOnOJIHTCKH KoHcTaHI.J,HjJ, .n:o peKa BapHa, H OT BapHa OTHBaT
I.J,eHTbp. IIocne.[(HHTe aHTH'iHH MOHeTH, OTKpHTH s .n:o peKa TH'iHHa. BcH'iKO To sa e 6bnrapcKa 3eMH ... "
THX, Ca Ce'feHH no BpeMeTO Ha HMnepaTOpHTe <l>oKa (Canst. Porhyr., 198).
HJIH J1paKJIHH, OTHOBO npe3 nbpBHTe fO.[(HHH OT Cne.n: OKOH'iaTeJIHOTO 3asna.n:HsaHe Ha Cesepo-
HerosoTo ynpasneHHe (613-614/15) (JlmapeHKO H3TO'fHa nbnrapHj{ OT BH3aHTHj{ OKano 1000-aTa
1998-1999, 178-182). fO.[(HHa Hj{MaMe HHKaKBH nHCMeHH ,[(aHHH OT BH-
OT Ha'iaJIOTO Ha IX s. ca H3BeCTHHTe cse.n:eHHj{ 3aHTHHCKHTe XpOHHCTH 3a HaJIHtiHeTO Ha Kpe-
Ha Teo<!JaH l13nose.[(HHK H IIaTpwapx HHKH<lJop, qe nOCT c HMeTo BapHa. TaKasa He e H3BeCTHa Ha
Acnapyx ,,n:ocTHrHan .n:o BapHa, 6JIH30 .n:o O.n:ecoc". reopm Ke.n:pHH H HoaH CKHJIHI.J,a .[(0 cpe.n:aTa Ha
Teo<t>aH onwcsa H noxo.n:a Ha HMnepaTop KoH- seKa, KoraTo e 3asbpllleHa nbpBaTa pe.n:aKI.J,HjJ Ha
CTaHTHH V KonpoHHM npe3 774 r., KOHTO .[(OlllbJI no ,KpaTKa HCTOpHjJ" (1057 r.). Te CnOMeHaBaT HMeTO
Mope .n:o T. Hap. BapHa, HO ce ynnalllHJI H CKJIIO'iHJI BapHa BbB spb3Ka cbc cb6HTHj{Ta oT 1043 r., Ko-
MHp. IIpw nope.n:HoTo CH cnoMeHasaHe Ha BapHa raTo seCTbT KaTOKaJIOH KeKaBMeH pa3rpoMHJI
HHKH<!Jop npocne.n:Hsa pa3MHpHI.I,HTe s 6bnrapcKaTa e.n:Ha pycKa .ll:PY)I(HHa Ha Kpaif6pe)I(HeTO Ha T. Hap .
.[(bp)l(aBa H 3a fO.[(HHaTa 765 OnHCBa y6HHCTBOTO BapHa. Hano)I(HJIO ce e pycHTe .n:a 6b.n:aT cnpeHH OT
Ha KanxaHa BbB BapHa (Chron. Tripertita, 231, ynpaBHTeM Ha TeMa IIapHcTpHoH, KOHTO .[(OlllbJI
274). 3acera o6aqe no HaJIH4HHTe ,[(aHHH OTHOBO 3a I.J,ema OT ,n:pbcTbp (Cecaum., 307-308) . .5IsHo
e MHoro TPY.D:HO .n:a ce onpe.n:enw .n:anw orpoMHOTO e Hjj'MaJIO KOH .n:a rH nocpemHe Ha MHCTO, 3all.l,o-
CeJIHII.I,e (HJIH 6JIH3KO pa3IIOJIO)I(eHH CeJIHII.I,a) no TO e Hjj'MaJio KpenocT H rapHH30H. TaKbB rapHH-
.n:saTa 6pHra Ha IInaHa .n:epe H npwne)l(all.I,HTe MY 30H Ce e nOHBHJI ,[(eCeTHJieTHH nO-KbCHO CIIOpe.[(
HeKpononH BbB sapHeHCKHTe KsapTaJIH Tpollleso, onoseH neqaT, Ha KOHTO ce qeTe: ,AlllOT, aHTHIIaT,
Mna.n:ocT H Bb3pa)l(.[(aHe (Il!lemHb06 1995, 170- naTpHI.I,HH H CTpaTer Ha BapHa". ,n:aTwpaH e OT B.
174) e HOCHJIO HMeTO BapHa. To sa 6w Morna .n:a 3aif6T cne.n: cpe.n:aTa Ha XI B. (Seibt 2003, 253-
6b.[(e H TaKa, 3all.I,OTO HMa e,[(HO MaJIKO nOJI3BaHO 263). Toif He.n:sycMHCJieHo noKa3Ba, q:e no Tosa
cse.n:eHHe oT enapxwifcKHTe cnHCbi.J,H OT IX-X s. speMe, HO cne.n: 1043 r., B~pHa e ce.n:aJIHII.I,e Ha
3a ,apxHenwcKonHj{Ta O.n:ecoc, KOHTO ce HapH'ia cTpaTer, oTrosapHII.I, 3a oxpaHaTa Ha paifoHa, CbC

233
 IIpHcTamm~e

06p. 1. Il!laH Ha BapHeHcKama Kpenocm om XIII- XIV 6. (no All. Ky3e6)

C'bOTBeTHaTa BOeHHa qacT Ha rapHH30H. ,[.(aHHHTe HHKHTa XoHHaT coo6ru;aBa, qe cKopo cne.LJ, TOBa
OT neqaTa C'bBUa.LJ,aT H C DopBOTO CHrypHO CllOMe- (1193 r.) HMnepamp HcaK AHren B'b3CTaHOBHn
HaBaHe Ha BapHa KaTo HaceneHo MHCTO. B H3BecT- CTeHaTa H CnO)I(Hn rapHH30H, BepOHTHO OT 3ana.LJ,HH
HOTO )I(HTHe Ha MOHaXa KHpHn <DHneOT Ce OllHCBa HaeMHH~H. ,[.(eii:CTBIDITaHaHMDepaTopacenOTB'bp)l(-
cn)"'KaTa c po.LJ,eHIDI BoB BapHa apMeHe~, KaTo .LJ,aBaT H OT e.LJ,Ha aHOHHMHa BH3aHTHHCKa XpOHHKa
CBe.LJ,eHHeTO Ce OTHaCH K'bM 60- 70-Te rO.LJ,HHH Ha (Nicetae Chon. , 43; T103e.Jle6 1995, 13). Eop6aTa
XI B. ITo TOBa BpeMe .LJ,o BapHa Beqe .LJ,OCTHraT Kopa- 3a Ba)I(HaTa KpenocT H npHcTaHHru;e 3aBopiiiHna c
6H H BepmiTHO e HManO HHKaKBO DpHCTaHHI.I.J;e, B ycnex 3a 6onrapcKaTa ,ll,op)l(aBa .LJ,eceTHHa ro.LJ,HHH
KOeTO Te aKOCTHpaT, 3ai.I.J;OTO <DHneOT llOC'bBeTBan no-KoCHO. Cne.LJ, TpH.LJ,HeBHa o6ca.LJ,a, Ha 24 MapT
apMeHe~a .LJ,a OTH.LJ,e .LJ,O BapHa no Mope, 3aru;oTo 1201 r. (BenHKa co6oTa) ~ap KanoHH ycmn .LJ,a
HMan ll03HaTH MOpH~H (D03e.Jle61972, 318- 319). npeB3eMe rpa.LJ,a c noMoru;Ta Ha cne~HanHa o6ca.LJ,Ha
IIpe3 XII B. BapHa coc CHrypHOCT e BH3aHTHikKH MaiiiHHa, C KOHTO ,li,OCTHrHan ,li,O ,BHCOqHHaTa Ha
rpa.LJ,, CllOMeHaT MHOroKpaTHO OT apa6CKIDI reorpa<lJ rpa.LJ,CKHTe cTeHH". Cne.LJ, KaTo H36Hn 3aru;HTHH~HTe,
An H,n.pHCH ( 1154 r.) no.LJ, HMeTO EapHac, pa3nono)l(eH co6opHn cTeHHTe H ce BopHan B MH3HH (Nicetae
Ha 6pera Ha Mopero B HaqanoTo Ha DoTH KOM MeranH Chon., 66- 67) . C TOBa ce H3qepnBaT CBe.LJ,eHIDITa 3a
EepecKnaBa (HeoKoe1960, 69, 81, 99). BapHa .LJ,O caMOTO Haqano Ha XIII B., HOe BH.LJ,HO, qe
Cne.LJ, ycneiiiHOTO B'bCTaHHe Ha 6paTHTa AceH 6onrapcKHTe ~ape He ca 3ana3HnH yKpenneHHHTa
H IIenp npe3 1185 r. 6onrapcKHTe Bna.LJ,eTenH Ha- Ha rpa.LJ,a, KaTO HBHO He Ca HManH HaMepeHIDI B Hero
npaBHnH BcHqKo B'b3MO)I(HO .LJ,a OTHeMaT BapHa oT .LJ,a 6o.LJ,e HacTaHeH 6onrapcKH rapHH30H, KOHTO .LJ,a
BH3aHTIDI. OcBeH Ba)l(eH nproBCKH H a.LJ,MHHHCT- KOHTponHpa paii:oHa.
paTHBeH ~eHThp, rpa,ll,'bT HMan H CTpaTerHqecKO KoH KpenocT o6aqe co6apH ~ap KanoHH? ,[.(ocKo-
3HaqeHHe - OTTYK 3anoqBan Haii:-npeKIDIT noT KoM po no.LJ,o6eH Bonpoc He cToeiiie Ha .LJ,HeBeH pe.LJ,, 3aru;o-
BenHKH IIpecnaB H CTOnH~aTa TopHOBO. IIpe3 TO Ce npHeMaiiie, qe TOBa e OllHCaHaTa OT K. illKOp-
1190 r. ~ap AceH I 3a KpaTKO 3aBna.LJ,Hn BapHa, KaTo DHn H An. Ky3eB KpenocT B'!:-3 ocHoBa Ha .LJ,aHHHTe
cTeHHTe H3rne)I(.LJ,a ca 6HnH qacTHqHo co6opeHH. OT CllOMeHH Ha CTapH BapHeH~H, CBe.LJ,eHHHTa Ha

234
 06p. 2. TeuepaJleH flJIGH Ha BapHa om 1879 c mpacemo ua YllUIJume, O'lepma6GUfU KpenocmHama cmeHa (no All. Ky3e6)

pa31mqm1 IIbTeiUeCTBemn.J.H » CHHMKH. TpaceTo Ha rrpe3 1444 r., 3aii.I,OTO BbB <t>peHCKH IIOpTyJiaH OT
HeiiHaTa KpenocTHa cTeHa MO)I(e )J,a ce npocne)J,H KpaH Ha XV B. ce Ka3Ba, qe ,B cpe)J,aTa Ha rpa)J,a
cpaBHHTeJIHO TOqHO. liMaJia e npH6JIH3HTeJIHO 11Ma KpenocT, KOHTO rrp11n11qa Ha Kopa6" (Tooopoea
IIeTObi'bJIHa <t>opMa, oqepTaHa OT CbBpeMeHHHTe 1985, 28).
ynm.J,H , CaH CTe'f:'aHo
.+. ", 8
, -» HOeMBp»" , ,1." "
eHya B HHKOJIKO ny6JII1KaiJ,HI1 An. Ky3eB )J,OCTHra )J,O
» ,IlpecnaB" ( o6p. 1). Kperrocrra e 6wna )J,bJira 113BO)J,a, qe H3BeCTHaTa )J,O 1830 r. KpeiiOCT e e)J,I1H-
6JIH30 200 H IUHpOKa OKOJIO 140M, )J,aTHpaHa Haif- CTBeHOTO yKpenneHHe Ha cpe)J,HOBeKOBHa BapHa,
06II.I,O B rpamn.J,»Te Ha XII-XIV B. 3a Cb)l(aJieHHe CTpoeHo HeH3BeCTHO Kora npe3 XI-XII B., cbc
MHOrO )J,aHHH Ce ry6HT, 3aii.I,OTO KpeiiOCTHaTa CTeHa Cl1rypHOCT npe)J,H 1190 r. Bb3 OCHOBa Ha pa3KOIIKI1
e B3pHBeHa OT OTTerJI}{II.I,HTe Ce pyCKH BOHCKH rrpe3 H Ha6JIIO)J,eHHH Ha H3KOIIHI1 pa60TI1 B CTapaTa qacT
1830 r., a IJ,»Ta)J,eJiaTa e cn6opeHa npe3 1908 r. 3a Ha rpa)J,a mii MHoro )J,06pe oqepTaBa TepHTOpHHTa
cTpOHTeJICTBOTO Ha TnproBcKaTa KaMapa Ha BapHa Ha aHTHqHlfH 0)J,eCOC, B KOHTO Ce OTKp11BaT Cpe)J,-
(Ky3ee1962, 120-124). QqepTaHHHTaHaKperrocrra HOBeKOBHH naMeTHHll,l1 - )l(lfJIHII.I,a, ll,bpKBH 11
)J,06pe ca nwqanH Be)J,Hara cne)J, 0cBo6o)I()J,eHHeTo, ocHOBHO KepaMHKa OT XI-XIV B. - KapT11Ha, KOH-
3aii.I,OTO napiJ,eJIHTe, pa3)J,a)J,eHH 3a 3aCTpOHBaHe TO Ce IIOTBbp)I()J,aBa H OT CbBpeMeHHHTe pa3KOIIKH
CJie)J, Cb6apHHeTO H, Ca IIOKa3aHH Ha IIJiaHa Ha (o6p. 3). Toii npaBH o6aqe 11 e)J,HO Ba)I(HO Ha6JIIO-
rpa)J,a OT 1879 r. ( o6p. 2). CHrypHo e e)J,HHCTBeHo, )J,eHI1e - apxeonorHqecKHTe Haxo)J,KH oT XIII B.
qe Ta311 KpeiiOCT e H3rpa)J,eHa npe)J,I1 OCMaHCKOTO ca He3Haqi1TeJIHI1 » rpa)J,bT, B cpaBHeHI1e c npe)J,-
HaiUeCTBHe. He e 611na cn6opeHa oT Typll,11Te, XO)J,HI1Te 11 CJie)J,Baii.I,HTe BeKOBe, e B Te)I(KO 11KOHO-
3aii.I,OTO rpa)J,bT BepOHTHO Ce e npe)J,aJI, KaKbBTO MI1qeCKO CbCTOHHI1e. Toii HBHO Tpy)J,HO ce CbB3e-
on11T e HanpaBeH npe3 1388 r. rrp» cnyqaH c Arm Ma OT Te)I(KHH y)J,ap, HaHeceH oT IJ,ap KanoHH
rraiUa 11 .51xiUI1 6er (Hewpu 1984, 96). OcBeH TOBa, npe3 120 1 r. IJoqTI1 HHMa MOHeTH 11 <t>parMeHTI1
3a pa3JIHKa OT )J,pyrH OKOJIHI1 KpeiiOCTH, e HMaJia OT BHOCHa Bl13aHTHHCKa KepaMHKa oT XIII B. (Ky-
Ba)I(HO cTpaTerHqecKo 3HaqeHI1e. He e cn6opeHa 3ee, TI03enee 1981, 297). ToBa Ba)l(l1 » 3a Kpaii-
» oT TaTap11Te BbnpeKH pa3rpa6BaHeTo Ha BapHa 6pe)I(HHTe KpenocTH ceBepHo OT BapHa, a H 3a
Ha 2 <PeBpyap11 1399 r. (T103enee 1981, 208-209). 6JIH3KI1Te OKOJIHOCTH. IJpe3 BTOpaTa IIOJIOBHHa
He e pa3pyiUeHa H np» noxo)J,a Ha Bna)J,HCJiaB III Ha BeKa ,ZJ;o6py)J,)I(a cTaBa apeHa Ha HerrpeKbCHaTI1

235
 e,ll,Ba npe3 nocne,ll,HHTe ,ll,eceTHJieT~ Ha XIII s.,
KOraTO paHOH'hT ce BKJIIOqsa aKTHBHO B Thpro-
B~Ta C ilTaJIHaHCKHTe peny6JIHKH, KOHTO CJie,ll,
HHM<PewcK~ ,ll,orosop (1261 r.) c feHya H nocne,ll,-
BaJIHTe ,ll,orosopH c BeHeiJ,H~ (1270 r.) OKOHqa-
TeJIHO o6ce6saT nprosH~Ta B l.JepHo Mope.
BapHa ce npespnll.l,a s masHoTo npHcTaHHll.l,e
(HaH-y,ll,06HOTO, CB'hp3aHO KaKTO H B HOBO speMe
C'hC CypOBHHHTe, ,ll,06HBaHH B .[(o6py,ll,)l(a) Ha 3a-
ropa. IlnpBOTO nprOBCKO CBe,ll,eHHe 3a H3HOC Ha
)I(HTO OT BapHa e oT 1276 r. 3a seHeiJ,HaHeiJ,a IlHeT-
po fpH30HO (llempoe, TI03e.nee1978, 222). fpa,ll,'hT
Ce pa3paCTBa H )I(HJIHll.I,HHTe KBapTaJIH Ca pa3-
nOJIO)I(eHH Bnpxy TepHTOp~Ta cesepHO OT npHCTa-
HHll.l,eTO, B ,ll,HeiiiHaTa fpnl.I,Ka Maxana, K'h,ll,eTO,
KaKTO CnOMeHaX, npH pa3KOnKH Ce OTKpHBa 3HaqH-
TeJIHO KOJIHqecTBO crpa<i>HTO KepaMHKa OT XIV
H cne,ll,Ball.I,HTe seKose. TaM ca H H3BeCTHHTe TPH
cpe,ll,HOBeKoBHH IJ,npKBH OT XIV s.- ,Cs. Teo,ll,op" 2,
06p. 3. flflaH na cpeoHo6eK06Hama Kpenocm Ha BapHa c
,CB. reoprH" H ,CB. ATaHaCHH".
OKO!IHUme K6apmG!Iu (no Alz. KY3e6)
KaKBH ca ocHosaH~Ta ,ll,a c~TaM, qe onHcaHa-
TaTapCKH nOXO,ll,H H rpafie)I<H, ,ll,OBeJIH ,ll,O H36yx- Ta KpenocT e H3rpa,ll,eHa npe3 BTopaTa nonoBHHa
BaHeTO Ha B'hCTaHHeTO Ha ilBaHJIO (1277 r.). IJ:eH- Ha XIII B., KaTo OCHOBHOTO H npe,li,Ha3HaqeHHe e
TpanHaTa BJiaCT, OTCJia6eHa OT HaMeCaTa Ha 6HJJO 3all.I,HTaTa Ha HaH-roAAMOTO 6nJJrapCKO npH-
TaTapHTe, B'hCTaHHeTO H Me)l(,ll,yOC06HIJ,HTe, He e CTaHHll.l,e? IloseqeTO nnTeiiieCTBeHHIJ,H OT XVII-
HMaJia B'h3M0)1(H0CT ,ll,a 3a:liJ,HTaBa KpaJi6pe)I(HeTO. XIX s. H3pHqHo cnoMeHasaT, qe Kpenocrra, KO~­
Bepo~THO nopa,ll,H H36poeHHTe o6cTo~TeJICTBa TO Te BH)I(,ll,aT, e pa3nOJIO)I(eHa Ha CKJIOH B 6JJH30CT
BapHa H perHOH'hT Ha cesep ,ll,O BHqHHa ocTaHaJIH ,ll,O npHcTaHHll.l,eTO. Esn~ l.Jene6H (1656 r.) OT-
s IJ,'hpKOBHO OTHOIIIeHHe H3B'hH TnpHoBcKaTa na- 6emnsa, qe T~ ce HaMHpa Ha Mope~ 6p~r. PycKH
TpHapiii~ H npeMHHaJIH K'hM U:apHrpa,ll,cKaTa. Bap- nneHHHK OT BTopaTa nonoBHHa Ha XVII B. Ka3Ba,
HeHcKaTa MHTPOnon~ H3rJie)l(,ll,a e B'h3CTaHoBeHa qe BapHa e rpa,ll,qe, pa3nOJJO)I(eHo Ha MopeTo.
e,ll,sa K'hM 1285 r., KaTo no TOBa speMe B cnH- Cnope,ll, .[(oMeHHKO CecTHHH (1780 r.) Kpenocrra
C'hl.I,HTe Ha IJ:apHrpa,ll,CKaTa naTpHapiiiH~ e BKJIIO- e pa3noJJO)I(eHa B noJJHTe Ha e,ll,HH X'hJJM. Cnope,ll,
qeHa H Hosoyqpe,ll,eHaTa MHTponon~ Ha BHqHHa BeHIJ,eJJ <PoH Epo~p (1785 r.) Ha,ll, Kpenocrra HMa
(Eo:JICWl06, T103e.nee 2004, 356). Cnope,ll, cse- B'h3BHIIIeHHe, KOeTO ,ll,OMHHHpa Han'hJJHO, H T~ He
,ll,eHHeTo OT ,Hap'hqHHKa 3a nHCaHe Ha nHCMa" Ha MO)I(e ,ll,a 6n,ll,e 3a,ll,np)l(aHa s cnyqaw, qe T03H X'hJJM
U:apHrpa,ll,CKaTa naTpHapiii~Ta oT 1385-1389 r. ce 6n,ll,e npes3eT (o6p. 4). Cnope,ll, enHCKOn AHTOH
npe,ll,nonara, qe B'hB BapHa e npexsnpneHa KaTe,ll,- CTe<l>aHos (1789 r.) e KpenocT, KO~To oT6pa~sa
paTa Ha YHHll.I,O)I(eHaTa THsepHononcKa MHTPO- npHcTaHHll.l,eTo cH. Cnope,ll, MomKe (1837 r.)
nonH~ H 3aTOBa TaM ce OT6eAA3Ba, qe ,BapHa TOBa IJ,HTa,ll,eJJaTa e s HaH-HHCKaTa qacT Ha rpa,ll,a, cno-
e THsepHonon" (T103e.nee1994, 214). Cna6~T KOH- pe,ll, fly~HOBHq (1828 ~) - KpenOCTTa e 6JJH30
Tpon Ha IJ,eHTpaJIHaTa BJiaCT Bnpxy qepHOMOpCKOTO ,ll,O MopeTo (o6p. 5), a Tenn~KOB oT6eAA3Ba, qe e
Kpaw6pe)I(He, noHe s pawoHa Ha BapHa, sepo~THo e OT,ll,eJJeHa OT npHCTaHH[l.l,eTO CaMO OT nO-K'hCHaTa
OCHOBHaTa npHqHHa B 3aJIHBa 6e3npe~TCTBeHO ,ll,a TYPCKa cTeHa ( o6p. 6). TaKa e H3o6pa3eHa Kpe-
aKOCTHpa BH3aHTHHCK~T <PnoT Haqeno c MHxaHJI nocrra H Ha H3BeCTHHTe qepTe)I(H Ha zypcKHTe
fnasa TapxaHHOT no BpeMe Ha noxo,ll,a MY cpell.l,y yKpenneH~ OT XVIII-XIX B. OT Tonorpa<l>cKHTe
llsawno npe3 1278 r. (Man. Philes, 143, 148). Tow KapTH e BH,ll,HO, qe IO)I(HaTa CTeHa Ha Kpenocrra e
npeB3eJI pe,ll,HIJ,a KpenOCTH - faJiaTa, Ilposa,ll,~, Ha ~KOJIKO ,ll,eCeTKH MeTpa OT MOpeTO, noqTH ,ll,O
IleTpHq H Ko3~K. B C'hll.I,OTO speMe MaeyHJI <l>HJI npHCTaHa (cKeAATa) (Ky3e6 1962, 112-117).
He cnoMeHasa, qe BapHa e npes3eTa, a qe e CTaHana Bns scHqKH nocoqeHH nHcMeHH cse,ll,eH~ 3a
CBH,ll,eTeJI Ha nO,ll,BH3HTe Ha npOTOCTpaTOpa. Kpenocrra Oll.l,e OT XIV B. He ce rosopH 3a yKpeneH
IlO,ll,eM B pa3BHTHeTO Ha rpa,ll,a Ce Ha6JIIO,ll,aBa rpa,ll,, a 3a 3aM'hK, KacTeJJ, Ha KOeTo oTrosap~ H

236
 06p. 4. Jl!laH Ha eapHeHcKama Kpenocm npe:J 1786 2. (no EpoHRp)

06p. 5. Jl!laH Ha eapHeHCKama Kpenocm npe:J 1828 2. (no JlyKRH06il'l)

 OT aHTHqHaTa CTeHa I1 rOAAM 6pOH npeH3nOn3BaHH
apXHTeKTYPHH ,n;eTaHnH OT 06II.I,eCTBeHI1 crpa,n;H I1
QnpKBH, cnoeHH c 6Hn xopocaH. CTeHaTa npecHqa
I1 pa3pyiUaBa e,n;Ha aHTHqHa ynHQa, B qHHTO Ka-
Han e HaMepeHa KepaMHKa I1 naMnH, ,D;aTHpaHH B
KpaH Ha VI B. B CTeHaTa ca Brpa,n;eHH KanHTenH
C KpbCTOBe (KeMn<t>epH I1 aKaHTOBH) BepOHTHO OT
HaMHpall.l,aTa Ce Ha6nH30 enHCKOnCKa 6a3HnHKa
Ha O,n;ecoc ( o6p. 8). B cnyqa51 e Ba:>KHO ,n;a ce OT-
6ene:>KH, qe npH C'h6apHHeTO Ha qacT OT CTeHaTa B
xopocaHoBaTa 3aMa3Ka 6Hxa OTKPHTH KepaMHqmi
<t>parMeHTH OT rnpHeTa C <t>HHH Bp513aHH nHHI1I1
I1 qaCTH OT Tpane3HI1 C'h,ll;OBe C xapaKTepHaTa 3a
06p. 6. IlRaH Ha 6apHeHcKama Kpenocm npe:J 1829 z.
XI- XII B. neTHHCTa H pHcyBaHa no,n;rna3ypHa
(no TenRJlK06)
yKpaca. B 3ana,n;HaTa qacT Ha OTKPHTHH yqacThK 6e
nnoll.I,Ta if - oKono 25 ,n;Ka, xapaKTepHa H 3a ,n;pyrH ycTaHOBeHO ,l(On'hnHHTenHO 3a3I1:>K,D;aHe C ,n;pe6HI1
KpenocTH OT XIII- XIV B. B C'hll.I,OTO BpeMe npaBH KaM'hHH, BepOHTHO Ha nopTa HnH nOTepHa.
BneqaTneHHe, qe HHKHTa XoHHaT, no noBo,n; B'hCTa- CTeHaTa e 3ana3eHa npe,n;HMHO B cy6cTpyKQHH,
HHeTo H noxo,n;HTe Ha AceH I, Ha IDIKOnKo n'hTH cHnHo o6pyiUeHa. OT cynepCTpyKQI151Ta ca ocTaHa-
cnoMeHaBa, qe 6nnrapHTe Beqe Hana,n;aT ,n;o6pe nH CaMO OT,D;enHH pe,n;OBe KaM'hHH I1 qaCT OT QOK'hna.
yKpeneHH rpa,n;oBe, a u.ap KanoHH pa3pyumn ,cTe- ToBa MHoro HanoMIDI 3a cno6II.I,eHHeTo Ha XoHHaT
HHTe Ha rpa,n;a" H ,rpa,n;cKHTe cTeHH". OT T03H na- 3a C'h6apHHeTO Ha rpa,D;CKaTa CTeHa ,l(O OCHOBH. 3a
ca:>K MO:>Ke ,n;a ce HanpaBH H3BO,n;a, qe ToraBauma C'h:>KaneHHe ,n;ocera ,n;pyrH yqacThQH OT Ta3H cTeHa
BapHa e 611na H3QHno o6rpa,n;eHa cnc cTeHH, Ka- He ca 3aceqeHH, HO ce Ha,n;HBaMe, npH 3aqecTHnHTe
TO HeC'hMHeHO e HManO I1 pOB (npeO,D;OAAH C'hC I13KOnHI1 pa60TI1 B paHOHa ,n;a nona,n;HeM Ha ,n;pyrH
cneQHanHO nOCTpOeHa Kyna), KaK'hBTO IDIMa OKOnO qacTH oT HeH. KaKBa e OKonHaTa apxeonorHqecKa
cnoMeHaTaTa KpenOCT C I13KnJOqeHHe Ha HaH-Y513- CHTyaQI151?
BHMaTa, CeBepHaTa CTpaHa. Ha OKOnO 50 M IOr03ana,n;HO (B nOCOKa K'hM npH-
Ilpe3 nponerra Ha 2005 r. ceBepHo oT TepMHTe, CTaHHII.I,eTo) ca npoyqeHHTe OT An. Ky3eB :>KHnH-
Ha 200M OTTpaceTo Ha onHcaHaTa no-rope KpenocT, II.I,a C BI13aHTI1HCKa KepaMHKa, CHrypHO ,n;aTHpaHa
6e OTKpHTa Hei13BeCTHa KpenOCTHa CTeHa C nOCOKa B'hB BTopaTa nonoBHHa Ha XI- XII B. 4 lO:>KHO OT
npH6nH3HTenHo H3TOK- 3ana,n; 3 • Pa3KpHTHHT yqac- He.H ca PHMCKHTe TepMH, Kn,n;eTo ca OTKPHTH :>KH-
ThK e c .n;nn:>KHHa oKono 25 M H ,n;e6enHHa Ha 3H,n;a nHII.I,a 3eMnHHKH (/{UMumpoe 1982, 69- 70) H MHO-
1,8 M ( 06p. 7). fpa,n;eHa e OT ,D;HnaHH KaM'hHH, KBa,D;pH ro6poHHH KepaMHqHH cpparMeHTH OT X - XII B.,

~ ...

I ~
200S
......~
[1-\u~CapoeJ

06p. 7. Jl!lGH HG H0600mKpumama cpeOH06eK06HG KpenocmHa cmeHa HG yR. , XaH KpyM "

238
 17.00

5. Pa:1pe3 1-1 6. Pa:Jpe3 2- 2

4. Jhn.1e Ha cTeHaTa oT cesep

06p. 8. C/Jacaoa u pa3pe3 Ha H06oomKpumama cpeiJHo6eK06Ha KpenocmHa cmeHa Ha yR. ,XaH KpyM"

KaKTO H p:eceTI<H BH3aHTHHCKH MOHeTH OT HMIIe- BapHa, ceBepHo oT npwcTaHw:w;eTo. OT PwMCKHTe

paTOp JlbB VI, KoHcTaHTHH VII, H:oaH U:wMwcxw TepMH 3anoqBa HaKJIOH'bT C'bC cpaBHHTeJIHO roJI.siMa
(969-976), aHOHHMHH <PoJIHCH OT pa3JIHqHH KJia- p:eHHBena~H.si Ha 10r K'bM BapHeHcKH.si 3aJIHB 11 c no-
COBe (XI B.) ,IJ;O <PoJIHCH Ha MaH}'MJI I KOMHHH. neK HaKJIOH Ha IOr03anap: 11 ceBepHo. BwcoqwHaTa,
Bo3 ocHoBa Ha p:aHHHTe oT pa3KOIIKHTe Ha ,[.(. ,[.(w- Bopxy KO.siTO e pa3IIOJIO)I(eH o6wTaBaHH.siT npe3 X-
MHTpOB 11 An. Ky3eB, B. HoTOB (Homoe 2004, 312- XII B. paiioH Ha BapHa, C'bBnap:a c onwcaHOTO OT
342) npep:nonara, qe OTKPHTHTe MOHeTHH Haxop:KH EpoH.sip B'h3BHrneHHe, KOeTo p:oMHHHpa Hap: no-
B H.siKOH OT OIIO)I(apeHHTe )I(HJIHII~a Ca CB'bp3aHH K'bCHaTa BapHeHCKa KpeiiOCT.
c neqeHe)I(KOTO HarnecTBHe npe3 1049 r. C neqe- OT npep:CTaBeHHTe IIHCMeHH 11 apxeonomqecKH
HerwTe Ca CB'bp3aHH H H.siKOJIKOTO xapaKTepHH p:aHHH Morar p:a ce HanpaB.siT cne,IJ;HHTe npe,D;BapHTeJIHH
aMyJieTa, KOCTeHH 60HHH TOIIKH (KHCTeHH), KOHTO H3BO,IJ;H 3a cpe,D;HoBeKOBHaTa KpenoCT Ha BapHa:
Hep:ByCMHCJieHO ,IJ;OKa3BaT IIpHC'bCTBHeTO HM Ha CIIO- 1. AHTHqHaTa yKpenwTenHa cwcTeMa Ha Op:e-
MeHaTaTa TepwTopH.si. HaMepeHH ca 11 cpe6opHH coc e H3ocTaBeHa o:w:e npe3 VII B. Bepo.siTHO MO:W:-
aiiJIHKa~HH C HHeJIO, p:aTHpaHH C MOHeTH Ha HoaH HaTa KpeiiOCTHa CTeHa, qaCTHqHO pa3pyrneHa,
II KoMHHH. CBep:eHHeTo Ha HMnepaTop KoHcTaHTHH e IIpOC'h:W:eCTBYBaJia o:w;e H.siKOJIKO BeKa, HO B HH-
VII 3a pycKHTe nproB~H 11 BapHa B H3BeCTHa KaK'bB cnyqaif He e 6wna H3IIOJI3BaHa no npep:-
CTeiieH ce IIOTB'bp)I(,D;aBa OT OTKpHTHTe B paHOHa Ha Ha3HaqeHHe. I1pe3 IX-X B. ocHOBHHTe cenw:w:a ca
TepMHTe cne~w<PwqHH KaMeHHH npernneHH (T. Hap. H3B'bH TepwTopH.siTa Ha Op:ecoc, nop: C'bBpeMeHHHTe
OBpyqKH npernJieHH) 3a BpeTeHO OT BTOpaTa rpeTHHa 3anap:HH KBapTanw Ha BapHa. He e cnyqaeH <PaKTDT,
Ha XI- XII B. c'bc cwrypeH pycKH npoH3XOP: (Homoe qe Hap: T.siX e e,IJ;HH OT Haif-roJieMHTe H3B'bHCTOJIHqHH
2005, 143-150). Te o6aqe MO)I(e p:a ca p:oHeceHH 11 MaHacTwpw Ha ITopBOTO 6onrapcKo ~apcTBO B
OT neqeHerwTe. ToBa 03HaqaBa, qe Bepo.siTHO npe3 MeCTHocrra TeKe Kapaaq (Kpa.si Ha IX- X B.).
X 11 XI B. B paiioHa Ha aHTHqHwTe TepMH e HMaJIO 2. I1pe3 X B. B IOrOH3TOqHaTa qacT Ha Op:e-
CeJiml.l;e, B KOeTO Ce OTKpHBaT MOHeTH, ceqeHH coc, B'bpXy cpaBHHTeJIHO paBHH.si TepeH Ha B'b3BH-
OT BH3aHTHHCKHTe HMIIepaTOpH noqTH ,IJ;O Kpa.si IlleHHeTO Hap: p:peBHOTO IIpHCTaHH:W:e, B paHOHa
Ha XII B. OT paiioHa ca H3BeCTHH MHoro6poiiHH Ha PHMCKHTe TepMH, ce <PopMwpa cenw:w;e. To ce
<PparMeHTH OT BHOCHa BH3aHTHHCKa KepaMHKa C pa3pacTBa npe3 XI B. Bepo.siTHO B'bB Bp'b3Ka c B'b3o6-
pwcyBaHa 11 <PwHa crpa<PwTo YKPaca OT Kpa.si Ha XI- HOB.siBaHeTo Ha p:eHHOCTTa Ha IIpHCTaHH:W:eTO. IJper-
XII B. (MaHO!loea 1998- 1999, 208-225). B C'h:W:OTO Jie,IJ;'bT Ha H3BeCTHHTe MOHeTH OT paHOHa IIOKa3Ba,
BpeMe ,IJ;OCera IIpH H3KOIIHHTe pa60TH JO)I(HO OT qe HaH-MHOro6pOHHH ca <PoJIHCHTe ,IJ;O 40-Te ro-
PHMCKHTe TepMH, IIO CKJIOHa K'bM IIpHCTaHH:W:eTO, ,IJ;HHH Ha XI B. (85 6p.). TexHH.siT 6poH: p.si3KO Ha-
K'b,IJ;eTO e OIIHCaHaTa IIO-rope KpeiiOCT, He Ca OTKpHTH MaJI.siBa CJiep: KJiaC ,C" H OTHOBO ce yBeJIHqaBa OT
KepaMHqHw <PparMeHTH oT X-XII B. Kpa.si Ha 50-Te rop:HHH Ha XI B. p:o KoHcTaHTHH X
Tp.si6Ba p:a o6opHeM BHHMaHwe 11 Ha KoH<Pwry- (1 059- 1067). ToBa pa3npep:eneHHe Ha MOHeTHTe
pa~H.siTa Ha TepeHa. PHMCKHTe TepMH H OKOJIHHTe C'bBIIap:a C neqeHe)I(KHTe HarneCTBH.si OT 1048-
nno:w:w BC'b:W:HOCT ca Haii -BHCOKaTa qacT Ha Op:ecoc- 1053 r . Ha KareH 11 Twpax (/{oHIJeea-IlemKoea

239
2005, 66-67), C ,D,aHHHTe OT neqaTa Ha AIIlOT H CBe- npOCbJJ.J;eCTByBa CJie,D, pe,D,H:Qa npeycTpOHCTBa ,[1,0
,D,eHIUITa OT Ke,D,pHH- CKHJIH:Qa. 1908 r. Ilpe3 XIV B. ceBepHo OT HeH Ha TepHTOpH51Ta
Ilpe,D,nonaraM, qe npe3 BTopaTa nonoBHHa Ha Ha pa3pyllleHaTa BH3aHTHHCKa KpenocT oT XI- XII B.
XI B. OKOJIO ceJIHJJ.J;eTo e H3,D,HrHaTa KpenocTHa CTe- Ce tPOPMHpaT )KHJIHJJ.J;HH KBapTaJIH, H3rpa)K,D,aT Ce
Ha. lhrpa,D,eHa e Ha6bp30 CMaTepHaJIH OT OKOJIHHTe H HOBH :QbpKBH. flpe3 OCMaHCKH51 nepHO,D, B KBap-
crpa,D,H H aHTHqHaTa KpenocT. ToBa BepmrTHO e TaJIHTe ceBepHo oT Kpenocrra npo,D,bJI)KaBa ,D,a )KH-
CTaHaJIO CJie,D, 1043 f., H KaKTO cnoMeHaX - CJie,D, Bee XpHCTH51HCKO HaCeJieHHe H paHOHbT Ce HapHqa
1057 r., KoraTo e 3aBbpllleH TPY,D,bT Ha CKHJIH:Qa. H ,D,OCera rpb:QKaTa MaXaJia.
KaKBa TepHTOpH51 e o6xBaJJ.J;ana Kpenocrra, 3a MO- B Kpa51 HCKaM ,D,a 06bpHa BHHMaHHe Ha e,D,HO
MeHTa e Tpy,D,HO ,D,a ce ycTaHOBH. Cnope,D, pa3no- HHTepeCHO CBe,D,eHHe OT 6paT51 illKopnHJI, CnO-
JIO)KeHHeTo Ha OTKpHTH51 yqaCThK OT He51 MO)Ke ,D,a MeHaTO H OT An. Ky3eB (Ky3e6 1963, 82, 6en. 15),
ce npe,D,nOJIO)KH, qe Bepo51THO e orpa)K,[J,ana Hali- KOeTO MO)Ke ,D,a Ce ThJIKyBa no pa3JIHqHH HaqHHH,
BHCOKaTa qacT Ha aHTHqHH5J rpa,D, - Ha,D, npHCTa- HO e CBbp3aHO C H3rpa)K,D,aHeTO Ha BapHeHCKaTa
HHJJ.J;eTO, OKOJIO PHMCKHTe TepMH. flpe3 60-Te- KpenOCT. flpH Cb6ap51HeTO Ha I..(HTa,D,eJiaTa npe3
70-Te ro,D,HHH Ha XI B. B Kpenocrra e HacTaHeH 1908 r. OT CeBepHaTa KyJia e H3Ba,D,eH fOJI51M KaMbK
rapHH30H Haqeno cbc cTpaTera AIIloT. C Ha,D,nHC Ha CTapoeBpeHCKH, pa3qeTeH OT TOfaBalll-
3. Cne,D, noxo,D,HTe Ha 6'hnrapcKHTe :u.ape AceH I HH51 BapHeHCKH paBHH: ,rocno)Ka XaHHa, ,D,bJJ.J;epH
( 1190) H oco6eHo KanoHH ( 1201) Kpenocrra e Ha rocno)Ka TyBH51". K. lllKopnHJI ro OTHacH K'hM
pa3pyii1eHa H nocTeneHHO rpa,D,bT 3ana,D,a. Ilpe3 XIV HJIH XVI B. flo cnoMeHH Ha paBHHa H Ha
BTopaTa nonoBHHa Ha XIII B., c yKpenBaHeTo Ha CTapH BapHeH:QH, eBpeH B rpa,D,a HaBJIH3aT e,D,Ba
n03H:QHHTe Ha HTaJIHaHCKHTe rpa,D,OBe peny6JIHKH npe3 XVIII B. (lliKopnuJl 1909, 3 7). IlpHC'hCTBHeTO
B 1JepHo Mope, npHcTaHHJJ.J;eTo Ha BapHa ce npe- Ha eBpeH B n'hJirapH51 e ,D,OKYMeHTHpaHo npe,D,H
BpbJJ.J;a B rJiaBeH ThprOBCKH :QeHThp Ha CeBep OT TOBa npe3 XIV B. H no Ta3H npHqHHa cnoMeHaTH51
CTapa nJiaHHHa. rpa,D,bT yKpenBa HKOHOMHqecKH Ha,D,nHc He e H3KJIIOqeHo ,D,a e Brpa,D,eH B KynaTa npH
H 3a 3aJJ.J;HTa Ha npHCTaHHJJ.J;eTO B Henocpe,D,CTBeHa HeHHOTO cTpOHTeJICTBO npe3 XIV B.
6JIH30CT ,D,o Hero e H3rpa,D,eHa HOBa KpenocT. TH

U:HTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA py.D.)f(a B Kpa» ua X- XI B. - AMY, III- 2. EbnrapeKHTe Je-

MH npe3 epe.D.HOBeKOBHeTO (VII- XVIII B.). Bapua, 2005.
IiO'lKHJIOB, r.o3eJieB 2004: HB. Eo)!(}lnOB, B. no- HoTOB 2004: B. HoTOB. ApxeonorH'IeeKH npHHOeH
3eneB. HeTOp11» ua .[(o6py)J)Ka, 2. B . TbpHoBo, 2004. KbM HeTopH»Ta ua Bapua npe3 epe)l.HOBeKOBHeTO (1). -
reoprueB 1998: II. reopmeB. Eene)f(KI1 3a Aenapy- AMY, II, 2001.
XOBH.H Ban np11 0)l.eeoe- Bapua.- HHMB, 34-35 (49- HoTOB 2005: B . HoTOB. ApxeonomqeeKH npHuoeH
50), 1988- 1999, 167 11 en. KbM HeTopH»Ta ua Bapua npe3 epe)l.HOBeKOBHeTo (2) .
rro3eJieB 1981: B. fi03eneB. Cpe)l.HOBeKOBHa Ebnra- .ll:peBHopyeKH BHOe BbB Bapua npe3 XI- XII B. - AMY,
p11.H B eBeTnHHaTa ua HOBH H3BOp11. Co()m», 1981 . III-2, 2002 .
rtoJeJieB 1972: B. flo3eneB. CBe)l.eHH.H 3a 11eTOpH.HTa Kpes 1962: An. Ky3eB. Cpe.D.HOBeKOBHaTa KpenoeT
ua BapHa H AHxHano (IIoMopHe) npe3 XI B. B )f(lfTHeTO ua BapHa. - HBA.[(, XIII, 1962, 111 .
ua KHpHn <l>HneoT.- HEH.[(, XXVIII, 1972. Kpes 1963: An. KyJeB. KopeHHOTO uaeeneHHe ua rpa.D.
rro3eJieB 1994: B. fi03eneB. l13BOpH 3a epe)l.HOBe- Bapua OT XIV .D.O uaqanom ua XIX B. - HBA.[(, XIV, 1963.
KOBHaTa HeTopH» ua EbnrapH.H (VII- XV B.). B aBeTPHH- KyJeB 1972: An. KyJeB. Ome Be)J.Hb)f( 3a sapueueKaTa
eKHTe pbKOnHeHH e6HpKH H apxHBH. Co()m», 1994. epe.D.HoBeKOBHa KpenoCT.- HHMB, VIII (XXIIl), 1972, 67.
rtoJeJies1995:B.fi03eneB.0'1ep~11BbpxyHeTopH.HTa KyJeB, rro3eJieB 1981: An. Ky3eB, B. fi03eneB. Ebn-
ua 6bnrapeKH» CeBepoH3TOK H l.JepuoMopHeTo (Kpa» ua rapeKH epe.D.HOBeKOBHH rpa)l.oBe 11 KpenoeTH. Bapua,
XII- uaqanoTO ua XV B.). Co<)lH.H, 1995. 1981 , 293 Hen.
rro3eJieB 2001: B. fi03eneB. BeHeQHaHeKH )l.OeyMeH- JlaJapeuKo 1998-1999: H. JlaJepeHKO. HYMH3Ma-
TH Ja HCTOpH.HTa ua EbnrapH.H H 6bnrapHTe. Co<)lH.H, 2001. TH'1HH )l.aHHH 3a )l.aTHpaHe ona)f(ap»BaHeTo ua O.D.eeoe
.[(HMHTpOB 1984: E. .[(HMHTpOB. EbnrapH» B epe.D.HO- no BpeMeTO ua HMnepaTop HpaKnHH.- HHMB, 34-35
BeKOBHaTa MopeKa KapTOrpa<)lH.H (XIV- XVII B.). Co<)lH.H, (49- 50), 1998- 1999.
1984. MauOJiosa 1998-1999: M . Mauonosa. PaHHa erpa<)lHTO
.[(HMHTpOB ,LJ:. 1982: .[(. Hn . .ll:HMHTPOB. Bapua H 6nH3- KepaMHKaOTBapHa. HHMB, 34-35 (49- 50), 1998-1999.
KaTa if oKonHoCT npe3 VII- IX B. - HHMB, 18 (33), 1982. He.D.eB 1967: CT. He)l.eB. ITo Ebnpoea 3a epe.D.HOBeKOB-
,LJ:ou'lesa-IIencosa 2005: JI . .[(oH'leBa-IIeTKOBa. .[(o6- uaTa KpenoeT ua rpa.D. BapH.a. - BHC6, XXXVI, 1, 1967.

240
 HeJJ.KOB 1960: E. HeJJ.KOB. EbnrapiDI 11 CbCeJJ.HI1Te M graphia, - JlaTI1HCKI1 113B0p11 3a 6bJirapCKaTa 11CTOpiD1,
3eMH npe3 XII B. CnopeJJ. ,reorpa<lJID!:Ta" Ha lf!l.p11c11. 1. Co<lJIDI, 1958.
Co<P11», 1960. Seibt 2003: W. Seibt. Probleme der historischen Gi-
lleTpOB, n03e.JieB 1978: II. IIerpoB, B. fl03eneB. ographie Bulgariens im spaten 10. Und 11. J. - ein si-
Xp11CTOMaTIDI no 11CTOpiD1 Ha nbliTapiDI, 2. Co<!JIDI, 1978. gillographischer Beitrag. - AMV, II. HYM113MaTI14HI1
llneTHbOB 1995: KoneKTI1B. MaTep11an11 3a KapTaTa 11 c<!JparHCTI14HI1 np11HOCI1 KbM 11CTOp11HTa Hl1 apxeo-
Ha cpeJJ.HOBeKOBHaTa 6bnrapcKa JJ.bp)l(aBa. - IIn11cKa- JIOriDITa Ha 3anaJJ.HOTO l.JepHOMOp11e. BapHa, 2003.
IIpecnas, 7, 1995.
llneTHbOB 2002: B. IIneTHhOB. BapHa npe3 VII- JiEJIEJKKH
X B. - llcTOpH», 2- 3, 2002.
ToJJ.opooa 1985: E. ToJJ.opoBa. KbM 11CTOp11HTa Ha 1
11HTeH311BHI1Te pa3KOnKI1 B 1..\eHTpaJIHaTa 'iaCT Ha
BapHa, Hece6bp 11 Ammano (IIoMop11e) npe3 XV B. - BapHa 3an04BaT oT 60-Te ro)l,I1HH HaCeTHe, KoraTo M.
HHMB, XXI (36), 1985. MJ1pqes 3ano4Ba pa3Kp11BaHeTO Ha P11MCKI1Te TepM11 . .[(o
Tbntcosa-3anMosa1966:B.TbnKOBa-3awMosa.HarneCT- )l,HeC, Bpe3yJITaT Ha Cb6apHHeTO Ha MHOrO CTap11 Crpa)l,1111
BIDII1 eTHI1'leCKI1 npoMeHI1 Ha Eam<aHJITe. Co<lJIDI, 1966. 113KOni1Te 3a HOBI1, ca np0Y4eH11 3Ha411TeJIHI1 Y'iaCThl..\11 OT
llltcopnun 1909: X. 11 K. 111Kopn11n. TypcKI1Te KpenocTHaTa cTeHa 11 pa3ni14HI1 aHTI14HH crpa)l,H, ynHI..\11,
yKpenneHIDI Ha BapHa. - HBA,Z:(, II, 1909. BO)l,ODpOBO)l,H 11 np. Pa3KOnKI1 Ce BOMT H B MOMeHTa.
Cecaum.: Cecaumeni. Strategicon,- fpbi..\KI1113BOp11 2
I.l;bpKBaTa ,CB. Teo)l,op" e 611na pa3nono)l(eHa B
3a 6bnrapcKaTa 11CTOpiD1, 7. Co<lJIDI, 1965. naJieCTpaTa Ha P11MCKHTe TepMH. I1pOY4eHa e OT An.
Chron. Tripertita: Chronographia tripertita, - JlamH- Ky3eB no BpeMe Ha pa3KOnKI1Te Ha TepMHTe npe3 60-Te
CKI1113BOp113a 6bnrapcKaTa 11CTOpiD1, 2. Co<!JIDI, 1960. ro)l,I1HI1 . E11na e MaJIKa, e)l,HOKopa6Ha, rpa)l,eHa c KaMbHI1
Const. Porhyr.: Constantinus Porhyrogenitus. De Ha KaJIOBa CnOHKa. 0KOJ10 HeH e HMaJIO MaJibK HeKpOnOJJ
ceremoniis aulae Byzantinae libri due, - fpbi..\KI1 113BOp11 c 113KJJl04HTeJJHO 6e)l,eH HHBeHTap. Cnope)l, An. Ky3eB
3a 6bnrapcKaTa 11CTOpiD1, 5. Co<lJIDI, 1964. 1..\bpKBaTa no rpa)l,e)l( H CbCTO»HHeTo Ha HeKponona ca
Man. Philes: Manuel Philes, - fpbi..\KI1 113BOp11 3a e)l,HO OT CBI1)l,eTeJICTBaTa 3a 3ana)l,aHeTO Ha BapHa CJie)l,
6bnrapcKaTa 11CTOpiD1, 22. Co<lJIDI, 1980. pa3pymaBaHeTo Ha rpa)l,a OT U:ap Kano»H.
Nicetae Chon.: Nicetae Choniatae. Historia- fpbi..\KI1 3
Pa3KOTIKI1 Ha BapHeHCKIDI apxeonorl14eCKI1 MY3eii c
113BOp11 3a 6bnrapcKaTa 11CTOpiD1, 3. Co<lJIDI, 1983. Hay'ieH pbKOBO)l,HTen An. MliH4eB 11 c Y4acrnero Ha asropa.
Nitate episcop.: Nitatae episcopatuum, - fpbi..\KI1 4
Heny6n11KyBaHH pa3KOnKH Ha BapHeHCKIDI apxeo-
H3BOp11 3a 6bnrapcKaTa 11CTOpiD1, 4. Co<lJIDI, 1961. nom'ieCKH My3eH, pbKOBO)l,eHH OT AJI.Ky3eB CyqacTI1eTO
Raven. Anonymi: Ravennatis Anonymi . Cosmo- Ha B. IIaBnOBa, npe3 1976 r.

NEW DATA ABOUT THE VARNA STRONGHOLD

Valentin PLETNYOV

The article presents some new pieces of evidence a patrician and antipathos (a high-ranking courtier)
received from the excavations of the mediaeval who ruled in the period of the 60-ies and 70-ies of
fortification wall uncovered in 2005. It's built of the 11th c.
ashlar - manually hewn stones pasted with white
mortar - and numerous fragments of antique The stronghold was captured by czar Kaloyan on 24th
architectural details. Its foundations are laid upon March 1201 and was demolished by his warriors.
a 6th_ 7th c. layer. The found remains belong to the After these events the town fell into decay. With
primary mediaeval fortification wall ofVarna, which the development of commercial and trade links
used to encompass the highest part of the town with the Italian republics of Venice and Genoa the
presently in the region of the Roman Thermae. On harbour of Varna underwent a rapid boost and was
location of the site are unearthed various atrifacts vastly expanded. For its protection at the end of
from the 11 th_l3 th c. like coins, ceramic articles and 13th c. in the immediate proximity of the bay at the
adornments. The stronghold was in a process of south foot of the hill was erected a new stronghold.
building in the period of the 60-ies of the 11th c. It It was destroyed by the Russian troops in 1830 but
used to be the residence of a strategist-governor. We its citadel was preserved tilll908.
are familiar with the name of the strategist Ashot,

241
C'bKPAID;EHIDI

AOP ApxeonoiWieCKH OTKpHTilli 11 p33KOIIKI1 11PAHK 113BeCTI1H PyccKoro

BBp Bl13aHTI1HCKHH BpeMeHHI1K apxeonor11qecKoro 11HCTI1ryTa B
BI1C6 BoeHHOI1CTOp11qecKH c6opH11K KoHcTaHTI1Honne
fi1EI1 fpn:QKH 113BOp11 11<I><I> 11CTOp11KO-QmJIOJIOrl1qecKI1 <PaKyJITeT
3a 6nnrapcKaTa 11CTOpilli KCHA KpaTKHe coo6I:QeHI1H 11HCTI1ryTa
fHAMIT fo.n;l1lllHI1K Ha Hapo.n;Hilli apxeonor1111,11ocKBa
apxeonor11qecK11 MY3eH:-l1noB.D;I1B JII1EI1 JlaTI1HCKI1 113BOp11 3a 6nJirapcKaTa
fHA11l1n fo.n;HlllHI1K Ha Hapo.D;Hilli 11CTOpilli
apxeonorHqecKI1 My3ew-l1neBeH 11l1K 11y3el1 11 naMeTHH:QI1 Ha KynrypaTa
fHI111 fo.n;l1lllHHK Ha Ha:u;11oHaJIHilli HEY HoB 6nnrapcKH YHHBepcHTeT
llOJIHTeXHI1qeCKH My3eH Hl111 Hat~I10HaJieH nonHTeXHHqecKH
rrrHE fO.D;I1lllHHK Ha l1JIOB.li;HBCKaTa My3eH
HapO.D;Ha 6H6JIHOTeKa 01111 0Kp'b)l(eH HCTOpHqecKH My3eH
rcY fo.n;l1lllHHK Ha Co<PI1HCKilli PE11 PemoHaneH 6ypracKH MY3eH
YHI1BepcHTeT Pl111 PerHoHaneH HCTOp11qecKH My3eH
3PBI1 36opHHK pa.n;oBa BH3aHTOJIOlllKOr PIT P33KOnKH H npoyqBaHilli
11HCTI1ryTa CA CoBeTcKaH apxeonorilli
11AI1 I13BeCTilli Ha ApxeonorHqecKilli C6HY C6opHHK 3a Hapo.n;HI1 YMOTBopeHilli
HHCTI1TYT npH EAH <I>I1<I> <l>I1JIOCO<i>CKO-HCTOp11qeCKI1 <PaKyJITeT
11EAI1 113BeCTilli Ha EnnrapCKI1H BCH Bulletin de Correspondence
apxeonor11qecK11 HHCTHTYT helenique
111>11 I13BOpH 3a 6nJirapCKaTa 11CTOpilli ABSA Annual of the British School at Athens
111>11,[( I13BeCTilli Ha 6nJirapCKOTO Act. SS. Acta Sanctorum, Bruxellis,
HCTOpHqecKO .n;py)l(eCTBO (1643-1940)
11BA,[( 113BeCTI1H Ha BapHeHcKoTo Acta Arch. Acta Archeologica Academiae
apxeonorHqecKo .n;py)l(eCTBO Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest.
11I1AK 113BeCTilli 11MnepaTOpCKOH Anal. Boll. Analecta Bollandiana, Bruxellis.
apxeOJIOrl1qecKOH KOMI1CCHI1 Arch. Bulg. Archaeologia Bulgarica, Sofia.
1111,[( 113BeCTilli Ha 11cTopHqecKoTo BHG Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca,
.n;py)l(eCTBO 3'd ed., F. Halkin ed., Bruxelles, 1957 .
111111 I13BeCTilli Ha 11CTOp11qeCKI1Jl (=Subsidia Hagiographica, 8a,
11HCTI1ryT np11 EAH Bruxelles, 1957).
111111 113BeCTilli Ha BHG
KlocTeH.D;HJI 11CTOp11qeCKilli My3eH-KJOCTeH.D;HJI DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers. Washington
1111C3E I13BeCTilli Ha My3ei1Te OT Nov. Auct. Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca,
CeBep03ana.n;Ha Ennrapilli Novum Auctarium, F. Halkin ed.,
111110111> I13BeCTilli Ha My3ei1Te OT Bruxelles, 1984. (=Subsidia
IOroH3ToqHa Ennrapilli Hagiographica, 65, Bruxelles, 1984).
11H11B I13BeCTilli Ha Hapo.n;Hilli My3eH- JThS Journal ofTheological Studies
BapHa SBS Studies in Byzantine Sigilography
11H11lll 113BeCTilli Ha Hapo.n;Hilli My3eH- Synax.
lilYMeH Eccl. CP. Synaxarium Ecclesiae
11011BT I13BeCTilli Ha 0Kpn)I(Hilli MY3eH- Constantinopolitanae, ed. H.
BenHKO TnpHOBO Delehaye, Bruxellis, 1902
11l1p 11cTopHqecKH npeme.n; (Acta Sanctorum, Propylaeum ad
Acta SS. Novembris).
yqACTHII:QH B TOMA

Amm-wc Ka.Me1-tapo6 HTIM

H. C. o-p EoHU IlempyHo6a AMMrrp11EAH
OOtf. o-p Eopuc Eopuco6 BTY ,CB. CB. KHpHJI 11 Mero.uHii"
H. c. o-p Ba.!leHmuH Jl!lemHb06 PMM-BapHa
em. H. c. o-p Ba.!lepu Homo6 PMM- BapHa
ooKmopaHm B!laOuMup AHze.rto6 CY ,CB.KrrHMeHT OxpH.UCKH"
OOKmopaHm reopzu J1JlUe6 BTY ,CB. cB. KHpHJI 11 Mero.uHii"
IfaHue.na Koo:J/Ca.MaHo6a PMM-Knp,U:lKaJIH
nporjJ. o.u.H. /fuMumbp 06llapo6 AMMrrp11EAH
/{UMumbp CmouMeH06 PMM-Knp.U:lKaJIH
o-p /fuMllo MoMliUJlo6 MM- KapHo6ar
em. H. C. o-p /{OliKa BllaOUMupo6a-A!laO:J/C06a AMMrrp11EAH
em. H. c. o-p JKu6KO AllaO:J/C06 AMMrrp11EAH
cm.H.c. I em. o.u.H. 116aH HopoaH06 AMM rrpH EAH, QlHJIHaJI Ill}'MeH
H. C. 0-p lfzop Jla3apeHKO PMM-BapHa
lfllU5l lf!lUe6 PMM-51M6oJI
KoHcmaHmUH rocnoOUH06 PemoHaJieH 6ypracKH My3eii
OOtf. O.U.H. KpacUMupa razo6a CY ,CB.KrrHMeHT OxpH.UCKH"
KpacUMupa Kocmo6a lfCTOpHqecKH My3eii-Cpe_ueu;
em. H. C. o-p JllOOMUJl Baza.JIUHCKU AMMrrp11EAH
cm.H.c. o.u.H. Jl100MU!la/{oHlle6a-JlemK06a AMMrrp11EAH
MapuR EaJi60!l06a-116aHo6a McropHqecKH My3eii-Cpe.ueu;
2!l.ac. o-p MapuR MaHO!l06a BCY }:lepHopH3eu; Xpa6np"
MepuPaoe6a McTopHqecKH My3eii-CJIHBeH
cm.H.c.l em. o.u.H. HuKO!lau 06llapo6 AMMrrp11EAH
cm.H.C. 0-p Jla6e.Jl Teopzue6 AMM rrpH EAH, QlHJIHaJI Ill}'MeH
nporjJ. o.u.H. Ilembp AHze.rto6 CY ,CB.KrrHMeHT OxpH.UCKH"
cm.H.c. I.cm. o.u.H. Pauw Pawe6 AMM rrpH EAH, QlHJIHaJI Ill}'MeH
Pocutfa Xpucmo6a lfCTOpHqecKH My3eii-KapHo6aT
H. c. o-p Cme.na /{OHlle6a PMM-Ill}'MeH
CmerjJaH EaKbpO:JICue6 PMM- 51M6oJI
CmoRHKa /fuMo6a ApxeoJiorHqecKH My3eii-Hece6np
H.c. f..JoHR/{pa:JICe6a PemoHaJieH 6ypracKH My3eii
TPAKIDI H XEMHMOHT. IV-XIV BEK TOM 1

KopeKmop 3opl1Ha CTOJIHOBa

OifJopM!IeHue CBeT03apa 5£Hqesa

ISBN 978-954-15-0170-2

KHHrOHJ.ll,aTencTBO 30fPA<l>
9000 BapHa, 6yn. ,KHJIJ Eop11c I" N2 59
Ten./<PaKc 052/600 391
e-mail : [email protected]