Chapter 3.

A World of Regions In search of power

The Global South countries emerging after World War II struggled on separate tracks to find a
Global Divides: The North and the South foreign policy approach that could provide them with the security they lacked. The paths they have
taken fall into four major categories:  
Why Global South?
More favorable than its predecessors, “Third World” or “Developing World”. Jonathan  Nonalignment
Rigg
 National Security
In comparison with “Third World” and “Developing World”, the term Global South
carries more weight in resisting hegemonic forces. Leigh Anne Duck, The Global South Journal  Arms Acquisition
In theory, indeed, it appears to be a less hierarchical – or evolutionary – term than the  Reducing Vulnerability to Environment Disaster
other two. Barbara Poohast
Nonalignment

Geographical Boundaries To avoid being entrapped in another “War”

 Both the United States and the Soviet Union tried to renew their efforts to attract the
• The term should not be taken too literally, with the equator dividing the world in two. uncommitted Global South countries to their own network of allies
Instead, it should be understood in the wider context of globalization – or global  offering economic and military aid as an inducement.
capitalism.  1955, when twenty-nine nonaligned states from Asia and Africa met in Bandung,
• In most cases it then becomes related to an economic division between rich(er) and Indonesia to construct a strategy to combat colonialism.
poor(er) countries. National Security

Distinctions: • Many developing countries felt betrayed and invaded when became the battleground on
which the superpowers conducted covert activities, paramilitary operating, and proxy
Global North countries are wealthy and democratic. wars.
The Global South countries are home to 85 percent of the world’s population but • The large “zone of turmoil” has swept the Global South. Rebellion and anarchy has
possess only 20 percent of the globe’s wealth. spread in many failed states whose government were not strong enough to preserve
“zone of turmoil”, World Bank domestic order.
Global South is not a static concept. “Poverty and conflict are not unrelated; they often reinforce each other.”
With geopolitical shifts, the definition of the Global South may also change; not only Nitin Desai and Jayantha Dhanapala 
with regard to the meaning of the term, but also, with regard to which countries are considered to be UN Under Secretaries
part of the Global South and which are not. This implies that there is not necessarily agreement
about who is part of the Global South and who is not, or about whether it is actually useful to apply Arms Acquisition
• Faced with seemingly endless conflict at home or abroad … acquire modern weapons of
the term in the first place. 
war-including, in some cases (China, India, North Korea, Pakistan), nuclear weapons.
The burden of military spending (measured by the ratio of military expenditures to GNI)
What is global South? is highest among those least able to bear it (SIPRI 2008).
 military spending typically exceeds expenditures on health and education
• As Levander and Mignolo (2013) explain, the important question may NOT be ‘what the
global south is’ but ‘for whom and under what conditions the global south becomes
relevant.’ Reducing Vulnerability to Environment Disaster
• The global south is everywhere, but it is also somewhere, and that somewhere, located at
the intersection of entangled political geographies of dispossession and repossession.
The Global South is vulnerability to natural environmental calamities.
Sparke (2007)
 This has made protecting natural environments another Global South priority.
• The global south is thus both a reality and a provisional work-in-progress… It should not
The Global South remains a set of global actors dominated by the great powers. That
be defined a priori, but rather articulated in the context of provisional and mutable
processes of political praxis (established practice). Lisandro Claudio domination is funnelled in part through the powerful international organizations like the United
• The global south is not a directional designation or a point due south from a fixed north, it Nations and the World Bank that the great powers have created. To understand world politics and
is a symbolic designation meant to capture the semblance of cohesion that emerged when the roots of changes in international affairs, it is important to inspect the impact of these influential
former colonial entities engaged in political projects of decolonization and moved toward IGOs as actors in the global arena.
the realization of a postcolonial international order. Grovogui (2011)
Activities: The South
List down the top 10 poorest countries and describe their country in terms of: number of population. There are many factors that are leading the Asian Region into greater Integration
Income per day and Gross Domestic Product per capita. 1. Trade. The world economy is intertwined with each other whether we like it or not. We
all want or need something from another part of the world, including global trade
Process Questions: facilities. These nations can readily supply each other’s needs.
2. Similar Culture. The cultures of Asia is diverse but they do share many things. This
1. What is the difference between the Third World and the Global South? makes it an easier fit during times of negotiations.
3. Common Goals. The Asian region recognizes the mutual benefit of a slow integration,
2. Why is it that the Global South is considered as a zone of turmoil?
and that is to accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development
3. What are the alternative terms for the global south? and to promote peace.
4. Similar Security Needs. Side from small localized rebels, this association needs only to
ASIAN REGIONALISM contend with foreign-supported terrorist groups which are usually handled well.
What are regions? Challenges to Regionalism
 Regions are group of countries located in the same geographically specified area.  Resurgence of militant nationalism and populism. This involves the conflict between
 Regions can be a combination of two regions. the NATO, the United States, and Vladimir Putin’s Anti-NATO Movement.
 Regions can be a combination of more than one regions organized to regulate and oversee  Continuing Financial Crisis. This continuing crisis in the European Region continues to
flows and policy choices lead the United Kingdom into exiting the European Union.
What is regionalization?
 Conflict between sovereignty and regional stability. The Philippines had a difficulty in
 The process of dividing an are into smaller segments called regions. letting some countries support its condemnation of China’s occupation of the West
 Division of a nation into states or provinces. Philippine Sea because China had given great investments and economic aid to these
 In the economic context regionalization is a management tool countries.
What is regionalism?  Differing visions of regionalism. Developed countries like the US may only see
 Regionalism is created as a sort of counter-globalization regionalism as a tool for political democratization, but developing countries see
 Regional organizations will always prefer regional partners over the rest of the world. regionalism as an obstacle to economic globalization because public inquiry slows down
What is globalization? its implementations.
 The expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-
space and world-time.
How do different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization and regionalization?

ASEAN
Regional Integration – is the process by which two or more nation-states agree to co-operate and
work closely together to achieve peace, stability and wealth.
 Founded o 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the
Philippines.
The entire world is moving towards integration, it is inevitable. In Asia, the Southeast Asian
 Promoted economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the Southeast
Countries have already formed. ASEAN (ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN
Asian region through multilateral cooperation.
NATIONS). This regional power block appears to work fine, the member states fit very well
 “ We the nations and people of Southeast Asia must get together and form by ourselves a
together because of the following factors:
new perspective and a new framework for our region. It is important that individually and
a. Military Defense. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed to jointly we should create a deep awareness that we cannot survive for long as independent
protect Europe from the threat of the Soviet Union, and as a response. The Soviet Union but isolated people unless we also think and act together and unless we prove by deed that
created the Warsaw Pact. we belong to a family of Southeast Asian nations bound together by ties of friendship and
b. Economic Crisis, The ASEAN countries along with China, Japan, and South Korea goodwill and imbued with our own ideals and aspirations and determined to shape our
established an emergency fund that stabilized Asian economies after the ripping effect of own destiny”. He added that, “ with the establishment of ASEAN, we have taken a firm
the Thai economy’s collapse. and a bold step om the road” – Tun Abdul Razak
c. Resources. Countries need to pool their resources together to make themselves more
ASEAN Member Countries
powerful. The organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) rose in power
1. Indonesia
when they took over domestic production and controlled crude oil across the globe.  Capital: Jakarta
d. Protection of Interdependence. The countries under the Non-Alignment Movement  Population: 264 million (2017)
(NAM) refused to side with the capitalists (Western Europe and North America) or the  Type of Government: Democratic Republic
communists (Western Europe).  Government Leader: Joko Widodo (President)
 Currency: Rupiah (0.0037 Php)
2. Thailand 10. Laos
 Capital: Bangkok  Capital: Vientiane
 Population: 69.04 million (2017)  Population: 6.858 million (2017)
 Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy  Type of Government: Communist State
 Government Leaders: MAha Vajiralngkorn (King); Prayut Chan-ocha (Prime  Government Leader: Bounnhang Vorachith (President)
Minister)  Currency: Lao Kip (0.0062 Php)
 Currency: Baht (1.67 Php)
3. Malaysia
 Capital: Kuala Lumpur Process Questions
 Population: 31.62 million (2017) 1. How is regionalism different from and yet a part of globalization?
 Type of Government: Federal Constitutional Monarchy 2. What is the difference between state-to-state regionalism and non-state regionalism?
 Government Leaders: Muhammad V of Kelantan (King); Mahathir Bin Mohamad 3. What triggers various regionalism projects?
(Prime Minister) 4. What are problems encountered by regionalism?
 Currency: Ringgit (12.99 Php) 5. . How countries form regional organizations?
4. Singapore
 Capital: Palau Ujong Module 5. A WORLD OF IDEAS
 Population: 5.612 million (2017)
 Type of Government: Parliamentary Representative Democratic Republic) A. Global Media Cultures
 Government Leaders: Halimah Yacob (President); Lee Hsien Loong (Prime
Minister)  Global Media Cultures explores the relationship between the media, culture, and
 Currency: Singapore dollar (39. 12 Php) globalization. This approaches the past and current challenges concerning
5. Philippines international communication and explores and problematizes the power of media
 Capital: Manila
representations.
 Population: 104.9 million (2017)
 Type of Government: Democratic Republic
 Government Leader: Rodrigo Duterte (President) Globalization and Media: Creating a Global Village (Jack Lule)
 Currency: Philippine Peso
6. Vietnam
 Capital: Hanoi
 Population: 95.54 million (2017)
 Type of Government: Communist
 Government Leader: Nguyen Phu Trong (President and Head of Party); Nguyen
Xuan Phuc (Prime Minister)
 Currency: Vietnamese Dong (0.0023 Php)
7. Cambodia
 Capital: Phnom Penh Partnership of Media & Globalization
 Population: 16.01 million (2017)  Globalization could not occur without media;
 Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy  Globalization & Media act in concert & cohort & have partnered throughout the
 Government Leader: Hun Sen (President and Prime Minister) whole human history.
 Currency: Cambodian riel (0.013 Php)
8. Brunie
But it does not suggest that the media have always been positive & progressive in their influence.
 Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
 Population: 428, 697 million (2017)
 Type of Government: Absolute Monarchy Media
 Government Leader: Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah  It is the plural for medium – a means of conveying something such as a channel of
 Currency: Brunei Dollar (39.11 Php) communication
9. Myanmar  The plural form—media—came into general circulation in the 1920s
 Capital: Naypyidaw  Media is the main means of mass communication (broadcasting, publishing, and the
 Population: 53.37 million (2017) Internet), regarded collectively.
 Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
 Government Leader: Win Myint (President) McLuhan believed that it was not what we said, but the way we said it that mattered most
 Currency: Burmese Kyat (0.034 Php)
  This theory helps to explain why we communicate through more than one medium c. Print
 Media messages carry meanings and representations of the nation, allowing for conversations d. Electronic
that make it sensible to its citizens, articulate its characteristics, and discuss the prospects e. Digital
 Consider the role of media in the imagination and promotion of nation Global Imaginary & Global Village
Example s of Media messages: The most important consequence of communication media for globalization has been—through
MEDIA, the people of the world came to know of the world. For globalization to proceed, people
What do media promote? needed to be able to truly:
 Imagine the world and
When considering media and globalization, we should consider whether or not the  Imagine themselves acting in the world
developments have promoted social justice and equality or have replicated or intensified between Media & Economic Globalization
 Economic and cultural globalization arguably would be impossible without a global
have’s and have-not’s.
commercial media system to promote global markets & to encourage consumer values
(McChesney, 2001)
Horkheimer and Adorno on Culture industries What the New Media can do?
• The logic of industrial production is applied to media production  New media do indeed complicate politics; being mobile, interactive, discursive, &
• Standardization, lowest cost, minimize risk, efficiency, target largest consumer base, participatory—with dramatic political implications
maximize profit  Low cost & ease of posting text, photos, video & music etc., digital media allow for
• Results in formulaic output of questionable taste on both global and local levels possibility of multiple, varied voices & views that can challenge & question those in
power (Shirky, 2008)
The Big 4 Press Agencies
o In the 1980’s, the big four press agencies have provided over 90 per cent of foreign news Process Questions:
printed by the world's newspapers
o The coverage they provide is cheaper and more comprehensive than a sparse network of 1. Explain the importance of media in globalization?
‘own correspondents’. 2. What do you think is the relationship of media and globalization?
1. United Press International (UPI), American-based news agency, one of the
largest proprietary wire services in the world Learning Activity:
 It was created in 1958 upon the merger of the United Press (UP; 1907) with Create a graphic design showing the things that media promotes.
the International News Service (INS)
 UPI and its precursor agencies pioneered in some key areas of news coverage, GLOBLIZATION AND RELIGION
including the wired transmission of news photographs in 1925 Globalization
2. Reuters  Is the networking and expansion of once local products, beliefs, and practices into
universal products, beliefs and practices often through technology.
 When Baron Julius de Reuter in 1828 thought of sending pigeons to carry economic
Religion
intelligence faster than the mail train from Brussels to Aachen, he could not imagine  is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and world views that establishes
that less than 140 years later his successors in the Reuters office in London would be symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and to moral values.
using computers to hook investment brokers into stock market prices Religious Actors - Groups Statistics
 Internationally, among the 'Big Four' Reuters is the most popular  individuals or groups, who act on consistent messages regarding the relationship between
3. The Associated Press religion, politics and society
 religious actors are among the oldest of transnationals – carrying words and praxis across
 The AP was created in 1848 by six New York dailies
vast spaces
 It fought a long battle to break the monopoly of the British Reuters
 After the end of the Second World War, with increasing American economic power, Religions foster great effort to create a global network of believers. Reaching out to people is an
AP expanded not only into Europe and Latin American, but also in East Asia act of “globalization.” Long before the term was coined, religions had already imbibed its essence
4. Agence France Presse through its missionary activities.
 is a Paris-based AFP is the only one which depends on subsidy from the government The efforts of Religions to influence the people in every part of the world is a global ambition.
of its company - usually through official subscriptions by government offices Religions look forward to expanding their clout for spiritual, economic, and political reasons.
Internet and social media allow people to contact each other worldwide and therefore hold forums
 As a result it is often regarded as the voice of the French government
and debates that allow religious ideas to spread.
The media plays an important role in the dissemination of religious ideas. In this respect, a lot of
For our purposes, five time periods usefully capture the study of globalization and media TV channels, radio stations and print media are founded solely for advocating religions.
(Jack Lule, 2012
a. Oral Impacts of Globalization on Religion
b. Script  Religion is being eroded.
  Some religious leaders engage in worldly acts.  The increase of industrialization, urbanization and rationalization would bring
 Religion is being strengthened. about the decrease of religious faith.
 Religion is declining but it has developed new identities of hybridity  Religion would become less important factor in human life of modern society
Impacts of Globalization
 Cultural homogeneity / destruction vs Cultural pluralism and a modern secular system would be a dominant force as theological system
The distinct norms, different cultures and different worshiping ways and practices will be was falling down.
wiped out by globalization which promotes homogeneity.  Religion would eventually vanish from the lives of modern secular society.
Threat to traditions of religions, disintegrate traditional social norms and values by the  Secularization
invasion of consumerism, cyber culture and etc.  Homogenization as Threat for Religions
Human rights are becoming the main issue in global world.
o Homogenization might wipe out cultural diversity
• Status of women
For example: Languages are dying at an alarming rate.
• Ritual killings and human sacrifice
o Friedman suggests that the break-down to only 8 unique civilizations is the
 Conflicts vs Cooperation
result of globalization.
 Internal and external conflicts – multipolar world
 Resurgence of conservative-traditionalist religious movements. These
Rise of Spiritual Market
movements have been often labelled as religious fundamentalism.  new rituals and new gods are being invented in the market where spiritualism is
mixed with capitalism and consumerism
Religious fundamentalism: Spiritual Market
1) Religious phenomenon; religious is very essential as ideology, ethos, goals, leadership of  focusing products, services and marketing strategies on the human need of personal
fundamentalism are founded and built on religious beliefs and practices. well-being
2) A reaction to and cultural changes which are experienced as a dramatic crisis so that it  it sells the idea we have the power of achievement.
differs from traditionalism.
What does religion do to people in the midst of globalization?
3) Defensive reaction which attempts to preserve or restore an idealized or imagined former
 With the globalization of economics and politics, individuals feel insecure
social order which is characterized by a strict patriarchal order and moralism.
 In order for a person to maintain a sense of psychological well-being and avoid anxiety,
he turns to scripture stories
 Creation of extremists and terrorists  Religion provides people the way to inner peace and the sense of personal fulfillment.
 Essentially, all religions teach these shared principles of love, patience, peace, justice  Individuals who feel insecure in the globalized world, in business or personal life, will
and equality. often pray to God for spiritual support
 The phenomenon of globalization of religion has made it easier to transfer the all-  Globalization gives individuals a sense of belonging. People become connected.
embracing message of any religion all over the world. As a result, societies are  Religious groups help them to find themselves in modern times. In the midst of political
becoming less exclusive and more multi-religious. problems, such as loss of ethical values and increased corruption, people find shelter in
 Social reality forces world religious communities to get rid of their exclusive attitudes religion.
and to develop some universal orientations, which should be more accommodating to
the other. Process Question:
 Inter-religious dialogue therefore can be a discourse between two or more religious 1. How do you describe the reactions of some religious movements to globalization? How
organizations for better understanding of the tenets of each religion in order to do others facilitate globalization?
promote peaceful coexistence among the practitioners of such religions.
Learning Activities:
 Thus, interreligious dialogue will be fruitful as people of different religions and faith What Religion are You in?
encounter each other in an atmosphere of freedom and openness for each partner to Direction: Choose two religions, surf the web and research the history of each religion.
listen and understand each other. 1. Then describe the following:
a. The religion’s concept of good
 Spread of Religion vs Secularization b. The religion’s concept of evil
c. The steps needed by a person to become good and prevent himself/herself from
 Information technologies, transportation means, and the becoming evil
 media are deemed important means on which religionists rely in the 3. Conduct a research on religion’s relationship with politics, if any. In what is it engaged in
dissemination of their religious ideas. politics? Why did its leaders decide to be involved in politics?
4. Determine the similarities and differences between the two religion; and
EX: countless websites providing information about religions have been created.   5. Finally, compare the religion’s relationship with politics.
  These complex, globalized production networks require new forms of financial and
producer services to manage them.
THE GLOBAL CITY
WHY STUDY GLOBAL CITIES?
GLOBALITY is the end-state of Globalization. Globalization as Spatial Phenomenon
 Spatial as it occurs in physical spaces.
 A hypothetical condition in which the process of globalization is complete or nearly so, ▪ Foreign investments and capital move through a city
barriers have fallen, and "a new global reality" is emerging. ▪ Companies build skyscrapers
 The term was used in 1998 by author and economist Daniel Yergin in a Newsweek article  Globalization is spatial because what makes it move is the fact that it is based in places. In
that described the end-state of the globalization process, and in his book, Commanding other words, cities act on globalization and globalization acts on cities:
Heights: The Battle for the World Economy. ▪ Los Angeles, home of Hollywood, is where movies are made for global
consumption
 William Safire traces the etymology of “globality” in his book No Uncertain Terms and
▪ Tokyo, headquarters of Sony, the company coordinates the sale of its
identifies a range of citations as far back as 1942, when it was used as a synonym for various electronics goods to branches around the globe
“global.”
 Current use of “globality” as it applies to business – as a description of the current Attributes of Global City
competitive state of world commerce – was not adopted until recently.  SEATS OF ECONOMIC POWER
 The term has been described by William J. Holstein in the New York Times as "a new ▪ New York have the largest stock market in the world
buzzword [that] doesn’t work — it merely describes trends that have been under way for • Tokyo houses the most number of corporate headquarters
• Shanghai plays critical role in the global economic supply
at least two decades under a very similar name."
 CENTERS OF AUTHORITY
GLOBALITY vs. GLOBALISM • Washington DC, not wealthy as New York, but it’s the seat of American Power
 Globalism  a national policy of treating the whole world as a proper sphere for political • Canberra is Australia political capital: home to country’s politicians and
influence. bureaucrats
 Compare with: Imperialism and Internationalism  CENTERS OF POLITICAL INFLUENCE
• Cities that house major International Organizations: UN-New York, EU-
What are GLOBAL CITIES? Brussels
 New global cities have since arisen not only as financial centers but also a producers of  CENTERS OF HIGHER LEARNING AND CULTURE
services that are global in scope
 Global cities are post-industrial The question then becomes how to identify these cities, and perhaps to determine to what extent
 Manufacturing has been scattered across national and global networks they function as global cities specifically, beyond all of the other things that they do simply as cities.
 Turn from “landscapes of production” to “landscapes of consumption”
1. AT Kearney’s list, developed in conjunction with the Chicago Council on Global Affairs.
 Global cities are “brain hubs” and centers of a “knowledge economy”
Global Cities Index uses criteria across five dimensions:
 Economies of scale and concentration are necessary despite the proliferation of
A. Business Activity (headquarters, services firms, capital markets value, number of
communications technology
international conferences, value of goods through ports and airports)
 Network economies and spillover effects include “thick labor markets” in B. Human Capital (size of foreign born population, quality of universities, number of
knowledge workers. international schools, international student population, number of residents with
 Polarization extends to differentiation by human capital (skills and formal college degrees)
education) C. Information Exchange (accessibility of major TV news channels, Internet
presence (basically number of search hits), number of international news bureaus,
Global City?
censorship, and broadband subscriber rate)
 Sociologist Saskia Sassen popularized this term. D. Cultural Experience (number of sporting event, museums, performing arts venues,
 Her The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (1990) has shaped the concepts and culinary establishments, international visitors, and sister city relationships).
methods used to analyze the role of cities and their networks in the contemporary world. E. Political Engagement (number of embassies and consulates, think tanks,
 Sassen’s concept of Global City gives emphasis on the flow of information and capital. international organizations, political conferences)
 Global Cities are major nodes in the interconnected systems of information and money, 2. The Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation in Tokyo
and the wealth that they capture is intimately related to the specialized businesses that published another study called “The Global Power City Index 2011.” This report
facilitate those flows. examined cities in terms of functions demanded by several “actor” types: Manager,
 making sense of urban systems and their global networks
Researcher, Artist, Visitor, and Resident.
 In the age of globalization, the activities of production are scattered on a global basis.
The functional areas were:
 A. Economy (Market Attractiveness, Economic Vitality, Business Environment, Regulations and o Attacks by Zealots of the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant in Paris
Risk)
B. Research and Development (Research Background, Readiness for Accepting and Supporting THE GLOBAL CITY AND THE POOR
Researchers, Research Achievement)  MASSIVE INEQUALITY SITED IN SOME MAJOR CITIES
C. Cultural Interaction (Trendsetting Potential, Accommodation Environment, Resources of o Cities like Mumbai, Manila and Jakarta have gleaming building
alongside massive shanty towns
Attracting Visitors, Dining and Shopping, Volume of Interaction)
 GENTRIFICATION is a phenomenon of driving out the poor in favor of
D. Livability (Working Environment, Cost of Living, Security and Safety, Life Support newer, wealthier residents
Functions) o African-Americans and Immigrants in New York and San Francisco
E. Environment (Ecology, Pollution, Natural Environment) are being forced to move farther away from the economic centers of
F. Accessibility (International Transportation Infrastructure, Inner City Transportation their cities
Infrastructure)
 BANLIEUE
Global Power City top 10: (2016) o A cluster of ethnic enclaves which includes poor Muslim migrants
forced to be out of Paris
1. London 2. New York City 3. Tokyo 4. Paris 5. Singapore 6. Seoul 7. Amsterdam Process Questions:
8. Berlin 9. Hongkong 10. Sydney\
1. While most of us will not be living in global cities, how will our lives be affected by
Another popular ranking is the Economist Intelligence Unit’s Global City Competitiveness them?
Index. They rank cities on a number of domains: 2. Are the contradictions and polarizations in the global city inevitable?
A. Economic Strength (Nominal GDP, per capita GDP, % of households with economic 3. In what sense are cities mediums of globalization?
consumption > $14,000/yr, real GDP growth rate, regional market integration) 4. Why is economic power the most crucial determinant of a global city?
B. Human Capital (population growth, working age population, entrepreneurship and 5. Why is there a lot of inequality in global cities?
risk taking mindset, quality of education, quality of healthcare, hiring of foreign Suggested activities:
nationals) 1. Identify other challenges and threats on global cities. How these threats were managed?
C. Institutional Effectiveness (electoral process and pluralism, local government fiscal
autonomy, taxation, rule of law, government effectiveness) GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
D. Financial Maturity (breadth and depth of financial cluster)
E. Global Appeal (Fortune 500 companies, frequency of international flights, What is demography?
international conferences and conventions, leadership in higher education, renowned  Demography is the study of human populations – their size, composition and distribution
think tanks) across space – and the process through which populations change.
F. Physical Capital (physical infrastructure quality, public transport quality, telecom  The application of population ecology principles to the study of statistical
quality) change in human population.
G. Environment and Natural Hazards (risk of natural disaster, environmental  Births, deaths and migration are the ‘big three’ of demography, jointly producing
governance) population stability or change.
H. Social and Cultural Character (freedom of expression and human rights, openness Why is demography important?
and diversity, crime, cultural vibrancy) Nearly everything is connected to demography
• The greatest threat to mankind's existence is from the unchecked multiplication of his
CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITY own species, especially in the developing countries of Asia and Africa. The uneven
 GLOBAL CITIES CAN BE SITES OF GREAT INEQUALITY AND POVERTY distribution of population in the world has severely affected the fragile ecological balance
o New York and Tokyo can be sustainable because of their density: denser settlements yield in many countries. The unbridled growth of human population has also brought in its
wake problems like unemployment, urbanization, pollution etc.
energy savings; extensive public transportation systems enable people to drive less cutting • Environmental pollution is no doubt the result of rapid population growth and man's mad
carbon emission pursuit to exploit nature ruthlessly to meet the ever growing human necessities and
o Los Angeles meanwhile are urban sprawls, with massive freeways that force residents to comforts.
spend money on cars and gas. • The unprecedented growth of population has adversely affected the per capita income and
o Manila, Bangkok, and Mumbai are dense, their lack of public transportation and the standard of living of the people. Population growth has aggravated the condition of
poverty and hunger in many countries.
government’s inability to regulate car Industries have made them extremely polluted
• Population explosion is the biggest problem which has drawn attention of the all
concerned. As the most urgent need of the time there are several national and international
 TREMENDOUS VIOLENCE CAUSE BY TERROR ATTACKS
policies and programmes developed to tackle the situation.
o 9/11 attack in New York in 2001
World Population Growth What is migration?
• First Billion: 1804 • The movement of people from one place to another for the purpose of taking up residence
• Second Billion : 1927 (123 years) for a certain minimum period, usually across a political or administrative boundary.
• Third Billion : 1960 ( 33 years ) • Why is “a certain minimum period” important in the definition?
• Fourth Billion : 1974 ( 14 years ) • What does taking up residence imply?
• Fifth Billion : 1987 ( 13 years )
• Sixth Billion : 1999 ( 11 years ) Types of Migration
Expansion of Population Education is the need of the day! A. Forced or involuntary Migration
• Population Education in lay man's language is the education about population matters i.e. This is when the government or authorities of a place force people to migrate for a reason.
fertility, mortality, migration, etc.  Jews forced to move from Germany, Poland and other European countries by Hitler's
• But population education is an educational process. It is a desire to help people to Nazi's before and during World War 2. (Genocide).
understand the nature, the causes and consequences of population growth.  Africans forced to travel in cramped conditions on boats across the Atlantic to the United
POPULATION EDUCATION States in the 18th and early 19th century. (The slave trade).
• Population education should not be misunderstood as sex education, family planning,  The original population of Australia were prisoners from the United Kingdom, who were
family welfare project, family life education. But population education is an educational forced to go there, and usually stayed.
programme which studies the population situation in the family, in the community, in the  Asians forced to move out of Uganda by Idi Amin in the 1970's. (Threats of genocide).
B. Impelled Migration (also called reluctant or imposed migration)
nation and in the world. It is a relationship between population change and quality of life
• No one is forced to migrate but due to some push factors such as war, hunger and other
at the micro and macro-level. difficult conditions, people decide to leave.
o Nearly 2 million Vietnamese have migrated to Hong Kong since the end if the
Philippine Demographic Situation Vietnam War in 1975. (Fear of persecution by Communist rebels).
• The population of the Philippines is estimated at 109,746,800 million as of 2020. C. Return Migration
• Philippines's population is equivalent to 1.41% of the total world population. • This involves the voluntary return of migrants to their original place after they outlive
• The Philippines ranks number 13 in the list of countries by population. the reasons for which they left. Often times, young people who move into the cities to
• The population density in the Philippines is 363 people per Km2. work return home when they retire to spend the rest of their lives in the quiet of their
• 47.1% of the population is urban (50,971,408 people in 2019). towns and with old friends and family.
• The median age in the Philippines is 25.7 years. D. Internal migration
• Population situations vary. Different population situations require different policy actions. • This refers to population movement within a country, say for example, within the borders
of Germany.
Japan needs to increase its population E. International Migration
The Philippines needs to limit it. • This describes the movement of people between countries which involves greater
World distances than is the case with internal migration.
• Every day, 250,000 people are added to the world’s population. Between 90 to 100 F. Economic migration is defined as a choice to move to improve the standard of living by
million a year – the equivalent of another Nigeria or Bangladesh each year. gaining a better paid job.
10, 416.7 per hour G. Family Migration
173.61 per minute • Family reunification is a recognized reason forimmigration in many countries because of
3 per second ! the presence of one or more family members in a certain country, therefore, enables the
 The growth of population has been very dramatic rest of the family to immigrate to that country as well.
3 billion in 1960 Migrant Transnationalism
6 billion in 1993 • Migrant Transnationalism refers to a social process characterized by substantively
 World population has doubled in 33 years bifocal consciousness and orientation, as well as regular practices of conducting
• The current population of Asia is 4,471,001,244 as of Sunday, April 30, 2017, based on migrants’ lives across state borders, of living out significant domains of social life both
the latest United Nations estimates. “here” and “there.”
• Asia population is equivalent to 59.69% of the total world population. Transnational Migrants: When "Home" Means More Than One Country
• Asia ranks number 1 among regions of the world (roughly equivalent to "continents"), • The assumption that people will live their lives in one place, according to one set of
ordered by population. national and cultural norms, in countries with impermeable national borders, no longer
• The population density in Asia is 144 per Km2 (370 people per mi2). holds. Rather, in the 21st century, more and more people will belong to two or more
• The total land area is 31,022,549 Km2 (11,977,868 sq. miles) societies at the same time. This is what many researchers refer to as transnational
• 49.3 % of the population is urban (2,209,077,838 people in 2017) migration.
• The median age in Asia is 30.7 years. Drivers of Transnationalism

GLOBAL MIGRATION
 A. The foremost driver of transnationalism has been the development of technologies that development, which seeks to chart a middle path between economic growth and a sustainable
have made transportation and communication infinitely more accessible and development (Boghesi and Vercelli, 2008). The relationship between globalization and
affordable. sustainability is multi-dimensional ---it involves economic, political, and technological aspects.

B. International migrations have become integral to the demographic future of many The continuous production of the world’s natural resources, such as water and fossil fuwl
developed countries. allows humanity to discover and innovate many things. We were able to utilize energy, discover
 fills the demographic gaps created by declining natural populations in most industrialized new technologies, and make advancements in transportation and communication. However, these
countries positive effects of development put our environment at a disadvantage. Climate change accelerated
 Today, migration accounts for 3/5 of population growth in western countries as a whole. and global inequality was not eradicated. This mean that development although beneficial at one
C. Global political transformations and new international legal regimes have weakened the hand, entails cost on the other.
state as the only legitimate source of rights.
Mediating Migration Environmental Degradation
• Education, mass media, migrants
• Family circumstance Development, especially economic development, was hastened by the industrial
• Rising aspirations / individual goals revolution. This is the period in human history that made possible the cycle of efficiency. Efficiency
• Recruitment agencies, brokers, ,middlemen means finding the quickest possible way of producing large amounts of a particular product. This
• State policies and procedures process made buying of goods easier for the people. Then, there is an increased demand. Ultimately,
• Crossborder migration networks there was an increased efficiency. This cycle harms the planet in a number of ways.. for instance,
• Transport and telecommunications industries the earth’s atmosphere is damaged by more carbon emissions form around the world. Another
• Interstate agreements example is the destruction of the coral reefs and marine biodiversity as more and more wastes are
• Demographic changes thrown into the ocean. Many experts do not think that the planet can sustain a growing global
• Global political economic transformations economy. Deforestation, pollution, and climate change will not adjust for us, especially if increases
in living standards lead people to demand more consumer goods like cars, meat and smartphones.
Human Trafficking
Human trafficking, another – often times involuntary – form of migration, is an Harvey (2005) noted that neoliberals, and environmentalists debate the impact of free
important international issue. The UN defines human trafficking as, “the recruitment, transportation, trade on the environment. Environmentalists argue that environmental issues should be given
transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of priority over economic issues (Antonio, 2007). Free trade, though its emphasis on the expansion of
coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability the manufacturing, is associated with the environmental damage. For their part, neoliberals see the
or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having efforts of the environmentalists as serious impediments to trade. Some seek to integrate these
control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation” (UNODC.org) approaches. For instance, ecological modernization theory sees globalization as a process that can
2011 Report: Human Trafficking Statistics both protect and enhance environment (Yearly, 2007).
• Adults and children victims of trafficking around the world: 27 million
• Successful trafficking prosecutions in : 4,239 (7,206 cases) Various efforts are underway to deal with climate change. However, strong resistance on
• Successful prosecutions related to forced labor: 320 (508 cases) the part of the governments and corporations counters these. For instance, the Kyoto Protocol aimed
• Victims identified: 41,210 at a reduction of global carbon emissions, but failed to take off largely because it was not ratified by
• Prevalence of trafficking victims in Central and South Eastern Europe and the United States (Armitage, 2005). However, momentum is being built up in corporate circles in
Commonwealth of Independent States: 4.2 per 1,000 inhabitants dealing with environmental problems.
• Victims of State Imposed Labor: 2.2 million
• Victims of Sexual Exploitation; 4.5 million There are significant challenges involved in implementing various measures such as
• Victims of Labor Exploitation: 14.2 million “Carbon tax” and carbon neutrality” to deal with environmental problems (Ritzer, 2015). It is also
difficult to find alternatives to fossil fuels. For instance, Barrionuevo (2007) stated that the use of
ethanol as an alternatives to gasoline has an attendant set of problems – it is less efficient and it has
ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT led to asn escalation in the price of corn, which currently serves as a major source of ethanol.
Although biofuels themselves produce lower emissions, their extraction and transport contribute
There are some significant downsides to globalize trade and perhaps the strongest argument significantly to total emissions.
against economic globalization is its lack of sustainability or the degree to which the earth’s
resources can be used for our needs, even in the future. Specifically, the development of our world Previous experience in dealing with environmental issues indicates that a global view of
today is using the earth’s resources and the preservation of such sources for the future is called the problem is required. A focus on specific regions, such as Europe, overlooks impacts in other
Sustainable Development. regions, instead of dealing with the causes of global warming, there is some interest in
“technological fixes’ such as geoengineering (Dean, 2007).
In other words, development has to be ensured in and for the future generations. One
significant global response or approach to economic globalization is that of sustainable
B. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
 The demand for food will be 60% greater than it is today and the challenge of food security C. GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
requires the world to feed 9 billion people in 2050 (Breene, 2016). Global food security means
delivering sufficient food to the entire world population. It is, therefore, a priority of all countries, Global citizenship nurtures personal respect and respect for others, wherever they live. It encourages
whether developed or less developed. The security of food also means the sustainability of society individuals to think deeply and critically about what is equitable and just, and what will minimize
such as population growth, climate change, water scarcity and agriculture. Breene (2016) cited the harm to our planet. Exploring global citizenship themes help learners grow more confident in
case of India to show how complex the issue of food secutiry is in relation to other factors. standing up for their beliefs, and more skilled in evaluating the ethics and impact of their decisions.

Agriculture accounts for 18% of the economy’s output and 47% of its workforce. India is the A Global Citizen is someone who:
second biggest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. Yet according to the Food and  is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a world citizen
Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, some 194 million Indians are  respects and values diversity
undernourished, the largest number of hungry people in any single country. An estimated  has an understanding of how the world works
15.2% of the population of India are too malnourished to lead a normal life. A third of the  is outraged by social injustice
world’s malnourished children live in India.  participates in the community at a range of levels, from the local to the global
 is willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place
But perhaps the closest aspect of human life associated with food security is the  takes responsibility for their actions.
environment. The challenges to food security can be traced to the protection of the environment. A
major environmental problem is the destruction of natural habitats, particularly through To be effective Global Citizens, young people need to be flexible, creative and proactive. They need
deforestation (Diamond, 2006). Industrial fishing has contributed to a significant destruction of to be able to solve problems, make decisions, think critically, communicate ideas effectively and
marine life and ecosystems (Goldburg, 2008). Biodiversity and usable farmland have also declined a work well within teams and groups.
rapid pace.
With the interconnected and interdependent nature of our world, the global is not ‘out there’; it is
Another significant environmental challenge is that of the decline in the availability of part of our everyday lives, as we are linked to others on every continent:
fresh water (Conca, 2006). The decline in the water supply because of degradation of soil or
desertification (Glantz, 1977), has transformed what was once considered as public good into a  socially and culturally through the media and telecommunications, and through travel and
privatized commodity. The poorest areas of the globe experience a disproportionate share of water migration
related problems. The problem is further intensified by the consumption of “virtual water”, wherein  economically through trade
people inadvertently use up water from elsewhere in the world through the consumption of water-  environmentally through sharing one planet
intensive products (Ritzer, 2015). The destruction of the water ecosystem may lead to the creation  politically through international relations and systems of regulation
of “climate refugees, people who are forced to migrate due to lack of access to water or due to
flooding” (Ritzer, 2015) The opportunities our fast-changing ‘globalized’ world offers young people are enormous. But so
too are the challenges. Young people are entitled to an education that equips them with the
Pollution through toxic chemicals has had a long-term impact on the environment. The knowledge, skills and values they need in order to embrace the opportunities and challenges they
use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has led to significant industrial pollution(Dinham, 2007). encounter, and to create the kind of world that they want to live in. An education that supports their
Greenhouse gases, gases that trap sunlight and heat in the earth’s atmosphere, contribute greatly to development as Global Citizens.
global warming. In turn, this process causes the melting of the land-based and glacial ice with The active, participatory methods of Education for Global Citizenship and Sustainable Development
potentially catastrophic effects (REvkin, 2008), the possibility of substantial flooding, a reduction in help young people to learn how decisions made by people in other parts of the world affect our
the alkalinity of the oceans, and destruction of existing ecosystems. Ultimately, global warming lives, just as our decisions affect the lives of others.
poses a threat to the global supply of food as well as to human health (Brown, 2007). Furthermore, Education for Global Citizenship and Sustainable Development also promotes pupil participation in
population growth and its attendant increase in consumption intensify ecological problems. The the learning process and in decision-making for the following reasons:
global flow of dangerous debris is another major concern, with electronic waste often dumped in • Everything done in school sends out messages, so we need to exemplify the values we
developing countries. wish to promote. If we wish to affirm beliefs about the equality of all human beings and
the importance of treating everyone fairly and with respect, we need to ensure that
There are different models and agenda pushed by different organizations to address the learning processes, and relationships between pupils and teachers, reflect and reinforce
issue of global food security. One of this is through sustainability. The United Nations has set these values.
ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, and promoting sustainable Education for Global Citizenship and Sustainable Development also promotes pupil participation in
agriculture as the second of its 15 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the year 2030. The the learning process and in decision-making for the following reasons:
World Economic Forum (2010) also addressed their issue through the New Vision for Agriculture  Research shows that in more democratic schools pupils feel more in control of their
(NVA) in 2009 wherein public-private partnerships were established. It has mobilized over $10 learning, and the quality of teaching, learning and behaviour is better.
billion that reached smallholder farmers. The Forum’s initiatives were launched to establish  The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child affirms the right of children to have their
cooperation and encourage exchange of knowledge among farmers, government, civil society, and opinions taken into account on matters that affect them.
the private sector in both regional and national levels (Breene, 2016)
Education for global citizenship deals with issues of global interdependence, diversity of identities
and cultures, sustainable development, peace & conflict and inequities of power, resources &
respect.
These issues are addressed in the classroom through a wide and evolving variety of participatory
teaching and learning methodologies, including structured discussion and debate, role-play, ranking
exercises, and communities of enquiry.
Such active methods are now established as good practice in education, and are not unique to global
citizenship. Curriculum for Excellence has at its core a commitment to improved student
participation in order to develop the four capacities: successful learners, confident individuals,
responsible citizens and effective contributors.
It is crucial to be aware that, far from promoting one set of answers or values or attitudes, education
for global citizenship encourages children and young people to explore, develop and express their
own values and opinions. (Always requiring too that they listen to and respect other people's points
of view.) This is an important step towards children and young people making informed choices as
to how they exercise their own rights and their responsibilities to others.

Activity: Foster Global Citizenship

1. Define a good citizen and have the students share personal stories about when they
exhibited citizenship.
2. Ask the students to interview a veteran, immigrant, or person who lived through the Great
Depression. Together make a list of questions they could ask such as:
a. How do you feel about the China and Philippines diplomacy? 
b. Tell me about your life? 
c. What was a difficult time for you? 
d. What does being a U.S. citizen mean to you? 
Have the children write about or draw what they discovered, report their
findings and post the results on a bulletin board. 
3. Search for local citizens who generously contribute to the good of the community. Thank
or honor them in some way. 
Process Questions:
1. describe what would happen if there were no rules or laws at home, in school, in traffic or
against stealing, attacking, etc. 
2. Discuss why rules are important and define the consequences if they are broken.