CHAPTER –I

1. INTRODUCTON TO SPSS
1.1. OVERVIEW OF SPSS:

SPSS Statistics is a software package used for interactive or batched, statistical analysis. Long

produced by SPSS Inc., it was acquired by IBMin 2009. The current versions (2015) are named IBM SPSS
Statistics. The software name originally stood for Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences (SPSS), reflecting the original market, although the software is now popular in other fields as
well, including the health sciences and marketing.

SPSS is a widely used program for statistical analysis in social science. It is also used by market
researchers, health researchers, survey companies, government, education researchers, marketing
organizations, data miners, and others. The original SPSS manual (Nie, Bent & Hull, 1970) has been
described as one of "sociology's most influential books" for allowing ordinary researchers to do their own
statistical analysis. In addition to statistical analysis, data management (case selection, file reshaping,
creating derived data) and data documentation are features of the base software.

SPSS, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) has been developed by three students at the
University of Stanford (Norman H. Nie, C. Hadlai (Tex) Hull and Dale H. Bent), after graduation N. Nie
moved to the University of Chicago, joined by Hull (National Opinion Research Center). Initially not
meant for distribution outside their home university, the publication of the first Manuel made SPSS widely
known and used. Initially developed for IBM mainframe computers, versions for most other important
mainframe brands (Univac, CDC, Honeywell...,) and later for so-called minicomputers were available.
SPSS Inc. was the founded in 1975. In 2009 IBM acquired SPSS; it is now fully integrated into the IBM
Corporation Business Analytics Software portfolio.

The software was released in its first version in 1968 as the Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences (SPSS) after being developed by Norman H. Nie, Dale H. Bent, and C. Hadlai Hull. Those
principals incorporated as SPSS Inc. in 1975. Early versions of SPSS Statistics were written in Fortranand
designed for batch processing on mainframes, including for example IBM and ICL versions, originally
using punched cards for data and program input. A processing run read a command file of SPSS commands

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and either a raw input file of fixed format data with a single record type, or a 'getfile' of data saved by a
previous run.

To save precious computer time an 'edit' run could be done to check command syntax without
analysing the data. From version 10 (SPSS-X) in 1983, data files could contain multiple record types. Prior
to SPSS 16.0, different versions of SPSS were available for Windows, Mac OS X and UNIX.SPSS
Statistics version 13.0 for Mac OS X was not compatible with Intel-based Macintosh computers, due to
the Rosetta emulation software causing errors in calculations. SPSS Statistics 15.0 for Windows needed a
downloadable hotfix to be installed in order to be compatible with Windows Vista.

From version 16.0 the same version runs under Windows, Mac, and Linux. The graphical user
interface is written in Java. The Mac OS version is provided as a Universal binary, making it fully
compatible with both PowerPC and Intel-based Mac hardware.

1.2. FUNCTIONS OF SPSS:

SPSS offers four programs that assist researchers with their complex data analysis needs.

 Statistics Program: It furnishes a plethora of basic statistical functions like frequencies and cross
tabulation.

 Modeler Program: It enables researchers to build and validate predictive models using advanced
statistical procedures.

 Text Analytics for Surveys Program: It helps survey administrators uncover powerful insights.

 Visualization Designer: It allows researchers to use their data to create a wide variety of visuals
like density charts and radial box plots very easily.

1.3. BENEFITS OF SPSS:

 SPSS is an extremely powerful tool for manipulating and deciphering survey data.

 It makes the process of pulling, manipulating and analyzing data clean and easy.

 It provides countless opportunities for statistical analysis.

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1.4. LIMITATIONS OF SPSS:

The major limitation of SPSS is that a very large data set cannot be analyzed. A researcher often
gets a large data ser in some fields, like insurance where the researcher generally uses SAS or R instead of
SPSS to analyze the data.

2. OPENING OF SPSS

STEPS TO OPEN SPSS:

1. START PROGRAM SPSS.
2. A dialogue box is open in front of SPSS grid listing several options to choose from.
3. The following options will appear in the dialogue box:
a. Run the tutorial.
b. Type in data.
c. Run in Existing Query.
d. Create new query using database wizard.
e. Opening an existing data source.
f. Open another type of file.

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Fig.1.1: OPENING OF SPSS

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 3. DETAILS OF MENU
STEPS TO OPEN FILE MENU:

1) OPEN SPSS FILE NEW

2) A dialogue box in front of file grid will appear.
3) The following options will appear in dialogue box under NEW head.
a) DATA
b) SYNTAX
c) OUTPUT SCRIPT
4) The following options will appear in dialogue box under OPEN head.
a) Data
b) Syntax
c) Output
d) script

screenshot

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Fig.1.2: FILE MENU- NEW OPTION

screenshot

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 Fig.1.3: FILE MENU- OPEN OPTION

4. DETAILS OF VIEW

STEPS TO OPEN DETAILS IN VIEW COLUMN

1) START DISPLAY BAR VIEW
2) A dialogue box will appear and following options will appear.
a) STATUS BAR
b) TOOLBARS
c) MENU EDITORS
d) FONTS
e) GRID LINES
f) CUSTOMIZE VARIABLE VIEW
g) VARIABLES
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 screenshot

Fig.1.4: VIEW MENU

5. DETAILS OF EDIT

STEPS TO EDIT A SPSS FILE

1) START DISPLAY BAR EDIT
2) A dialogue box will appear and following options will appear.
a) COPY
b) INSERT VARIABLE
c) FIND
d) INSERT VARIABLE
e) INSERT CASES
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 f) OPTIONS

screenshot

Fig.1.5: EDIT MENU

6. PREPARATIONS OF QUESTIONNAIRE

A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions (or other types of

prompts) for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. The questionnaire was invented by
the Statistical Society of London in 1838.

Although questionnaires are often designed for statistical analysis of the responses, this is not
always the case.

Questionnaires have advantages over some other types of surveys in that they are cheap, do not
require as much effort from the questioner as verbal or telephone surveys, and often have standardized
answers that make it simple to compile data. However, such standardized answers may frustrate users.
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Questionnaires are also sharply limited by the fact that respondents must be able to read the questions and
respond to them. Thus, for some demographic groups conducting a survey by questionnaire may not be
concrete.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD QUESTIONNAIRE:

 Questionnaire should deal with important or significant topic to create interest among respondents. 
 It should seek only that data which cannot be obtained from other sources.  

 It should be as short as possible but should be comprehensive.  

 It should be attractive.  

 Directions should be clear and complete.  

 It should be represented in good Psychological order proceeding from general to more specific
responses.  

 Double negatives in questions should be avoided.  

 Putting two questions in one question also should be avoided. Every question should seek to obtain
only one specific information  

 It should avoid annoying or embarrassing questions.  

 It should be designed to collect information which can be used subsequently as data for analysis.  

 It should consist of a written list of questions.

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Screenshot

Fig.1.6: QUESTIONNAIRE

7. DATA COLLECTION
Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an
established system, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes. Data
collection is a component of research in all fields of study including physical and social
sciences, humanities, and business. While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate

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and honest collection remains the same. The goal for all data collection is to capture quality evidence that
allows analysis to lead to the formulation of convincing and credible answers to the questions that have
been posed.

7.1. TYPES OF DATA

1) Primary Data – refers to the data that the investigator collects for the very first time. This type of data
has not been collected either by this or any other investigator before. A primary data will provide the
investigator with the most reliable first-hand information about the respondents. The investigator would
have a clear idea about the terminologies uses, the statistical units employed, the research methodology and
the size of the sample. Primary data may either be internal or external to the organization.

2) Secondary Data – refers to the data that the investigator collects from another source. Past investigators
or agents collect data required for their study. The investigator is the first researcher or statistician to collect
this data. Moreover, the investigator does not have a clear idea about the intricacies of the data. There may
be ambiguity in terms of the sample size and sample technique. There may also be unreliability with
respect to the accuracy of the data.

METHODS OF PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION:

a) Direct Personal Investigation

Consists of the collection of data by the investigator in a direct manner. The investigator (or
researcher) is responsible for personally approaching a respondent and investigating the research and gather
appropriate information. In other words, the researcher himself enters the field and solicits data that he
requires to take the research forward. Thus, this method of data collection ensures first-hand information.
This data is all the more reliable for an intensive research. But in an extensive research, this data is
inadequate and proves to be unreliable. This method of collection of data is time-consuming. Hence, it
tends to get handicapped when there is lack of time resource. However, the greatest demerit is that this
method is very subjective in nature and is not suitable for objective based extensive researches.

b) Indirect Oral Interview

Consists of the collection of data by the investigator in an indirect manner. The investigator (or
enumerator) approaches (either by telephonic interviews) an indirect respondent who possesses the

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appropriate information for the research. Thus, this method of data collection ensures first-hand
information because the interviewers can cross-question for the right and appropriate information.

c) Mailed Questionnaire
Consists of mailing a set or series of questions related to the research. The respondent answers the
questionnaire and forwards it back to the investigator after marking his/her responses. This method of
collection of data has proven to be time-saving. It is also a very cost-efficient manner of collecting the
required data. An investigator who has the access to the internet and an email account can undertake this
method of data collection. The researcher can only investigate those respondents who also have access to
the internet and an email account. This remains the only major restriction of this method.

d) Schedules
Scheduling involves a face to face situation with the respondents. In this method of collecting data,
the interviewer questions the respondent according to the questions mentioned in a form. This form is
known as a schedule. This is different than a questionnaire. A questionnaire is personally filled by the
respondents and the interviewer may or may not be physically present. Whereas, the schedule is filled by
the enumerator or interviewer after asking the respondent his/her answer to a specific question. And in
scheduling method of collecting data, the interviewer or enumerator is physically present.

e) Local agencies
In this method, the information is not directly or indirectly collected by either the interviewer of the
enumerator. Instead, the interviewer hires or employs a local agency to work for him/her and help in
gathering appropriate information. These local agents are often known as correspondents as well.
Correspondents are only responsible for gathering accurate and reliable information. They work according
to their preference and adopt different methods to do so.

SECONDARY DATA – SOURCES OF DATA

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 a) Published Sources
There are many national organizations, international agencies and official publications that collect various
statistical data. They collect data related to business, commerce, trade, prices, economy, productions,
services, industries, currency and foreign affairs. They also collect information related to various (internal
and external) socio-economic phenomena and publish them. These publications contain statistical reports of
various kinds. Central Government Official Publication, Publications of Research Institutions, Committee
Reports and International Publications are some published sources of secondary data.

b) Unpublished Sources
Some statistical data are not always a part of publications. Such data are stored by institutions an private
firms. Researchers often make use of these unpublished data in order to make their researches all the more
original.

screenshot

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 FIG: 1.7: DATA VIEW

CHAPTER -II
ANALYSIS OF DATA
Analysis of data plays an important role in the fulfillment of research objectives. Data is
summarized and observed to find patterns or relationships. Data is analyzed using various statistical
techniques requiring substantive theoretical as well as practical knowledge a researcher should first acquire
theoretical as well as practical knowledge and then proceed for data analysis on real data collected. The
techniques would vary depending on the nature of the research (qualitative/ quantitative study). This step of
the research process also includes the interpretation of findings and writing down the results and
conclusions.

TYPES OF ANALYSIS USED:

1. Frequency Distribution.

2. Cross Tabulation & Chi-Square.

3. Arithmetic Mean.

4. Median.

5. Mode.

6. T-test.

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 2.1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Frequency Distribution is a method of displaying the frequency (number of times a particular value
of a variable repeats in the data) of different values of a categorical/ nominal variable in a dataset. It
represents the counts of all outcomes of a variable in a sample. The frequency distribution of variable
can be represented in tabular as well as graphical forms (bar charts, pie charts, etc.)

Frequency distribution is very common and important method for analyzing the nominal
(categorical) and ordinal (ranking) variables in a dataset.

The required procedure is as follows:

Step 1: Click ‘Analyze’ ‘Descriptive Statistics’ ‘Frequencies’

Fig.2.1: OPENING OF FREQUENCY

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Step 2: Next, transfer the variable ‘Education’ to the Variable (s)’ window and click ‘ charts’ as shown in
figure 5.3

Fig.2.2: INSERTING VARIABLES

Step 3: Next, select the type of chart (eg.bar charts) as shown in figure 5.4

Fig.2.3: OPENING OF FREQUENCY CHARTS

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Step 4: Finally, click ‘continue’ and then ‘OK’ . The final SPSS output in the tabular form is shown in table 5.4

Table 5.4 SPSS output

Education

Frequency Percentage Valid Percentage Cumulative

Percentage

valid Below 10th grade 14 28.0 28.0 28.0

High school 16 32.0 32.0 32.0

Intermediate 7 14.0 14.0 14.0

Technical 6 12.0 12.0 12.0

diploma

Degree level 7 14.0 14.0 14.0

Total 50 100.0 100.0 100.0

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 TABLE NO.-2.1 GENDER OF THE RESPONDENTS

S.NO. GENDER NO. OF PERCENTAGE

RESPONDENTS

1. MALE 14 56.0

2. FEMALE 11 44.0

TOTAL 25 100.0

CHART NO. 2.1

INTERPRETATION:

In the above chart, 56% are male respondents and 44% are female.

Hence the male respondents are more than female respondents.

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 TABLE NO.-2.2 SATISFACTION OF AACHI MASALA

S.NO. SATISFACTION NO. OF PERCENTAGE

RESPONDENTS

1. Highly satisfied 10 40.0

2. Satisfied 7 28.0

3. Neutral 3 12.0

4. Not satisfied 5 12.0

5. Highly not satisfied 2 8.0

TOTAL 25 100.0

CHART NO.- 2.2

INTERPRETATION:

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In the above chart 40% respondents are highly satisfied, 28% are satisfied, 12% are neutral, 12% are not
satisfied, 8% are highly not satisfied.

Hence, the mostly respondents are satisfied.

TABLE NO.-2.3 OTHER PRODUCTS

S.NO. PRODUCTS NO. OF PERCENTAGE

RESPONDENTS

1. Aachi masala 6 24.0

2. Aachi edible oil 13 52.0

3. Aachi ghee 2 8.0

4. Aachi pickles 4 16.0

TOTAL 25 100.0

CHART NO.-2.3

INTERPRETATION:

In the above chart, 24%

respondents uses aachi
masala, 52% uses aachi edible
oil, 8% uses aachi ghee, 16%
uses aachi pickles.

It concludes that most of the

respondents uses aachi edible
oil.

TABLE NO.-2.4 BRAND IMAGE

S.NO. IMAGE NO. OF PERCENTAGE

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 RESPONDENTS

1. Highly favourable 5 20.0

2. Favourable 4 16.0

3. Neutral 8 32.0

4. Not favourable 5 20.0

5. Highly not 3 12.0

favourable

TOTAL 25 100.0

CHART NO. 2.4

INTERPRETATION :

In the above chart, 20% respondents are highly favourable, 16% are favourable, 32% are neutral, 20% are
not favourable, 12% are highly not favourable regarding brand image.

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 TABLE NO.-2.5 ADVERTISING IN MARKET

S.NO. IMPORTANCE NO. OF PERCENTAGE

RESPONDENTS

1. Very important 5 20.0

2. Important 8 32.0

3. Less important 4 16.0

4. Not important 8 32.0

TOTAL 25 100.0

CHART NO. 2.5

INTERPRETATION:

From the above chart, 20% respondents thinks advertising is very important, 32% are thinks important,
16% thinks less important, 32% thinks not important.

Mostly respondents thinks advertising is not important.

TABLE NO.- 2.6 IMPACT OF ADVERTISEMENT

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S.NO MEDIA NO. OF PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS

1. Television 5 20.0

2. Newspaper 7 28.0

3. Internet 6 24.0

4. Hoardings 7 28.0

TOTAL 25 100.0

CHART NO.2.6

INTERPRETATION:

From the above chart, impact of advertising is 20% from television, 28% from newspaper, 24% from
internet, 28% from hoardings.

Most impacted advertisement is newspaper and hoardings.

TABLE NO.-2.7 AWARENESS OF AACHI MASALA

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S.NO. AWARENESS NO.OF PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS

1. Newspaper 9 36.0

2. Friends 8 32.0

3. Advertisements 5 20.0

4. relatives 3 12.0

TOTAL 25 100.0

CHART NO.-2.7

INTERPRETATION:

From the above chart, awareness of aachi masala 36% from newspaper, 32% from friends, 20% from
advertisements, 12% from relatives.

Mostly respondents are awared by newspaper and friends.

TABLE NO.-2.8 PROMOTINAL ACTIVITIES ATTRACT YOU MOST

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S.NO. ACTIVITIES NO.OF PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS

1. Offers 2 8.0

2. Discounts 11 44.0

3. Coupons 7 28.0

4. Buy one, get one 5 20.0

TOTAL 25 100.0

CHART NO.- 2.8

INTERPRETATION:

From the above chart, we conclude that promotional activities which attract the respondents most are offers
8%, discounts 44%, coupons 28%, buy one get one 20% .

Most of the respondents are attracted by discounts and coupons.

TABLE NO.-2.9 ACTIVITIES CREATE LONG TERM IMPACT

S.NO. ACTIVITIES NO. OF PERCENTAGE

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 RESPONDENTS

1. Television 5 20.0

2. Newspaper 7 28.0

3. Internet 6 24.0

4. Hoardings 7 28.0

TOTAL 25 100.0

CHART NO.- 2.9

INTERPRETATION:

From the above chart, the activities which created long term impact on respondents are 20% from
television, 28% from newspaper, 24% from internet, 28% from hoardings.

TABLE NO.-2.10 MEDIA EFFECTIVE FOR DIRECT MARKETING

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S.NO MEDIA NO. OF PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS

1. Tele-marketing 6 24.0

2. E-mail 8 32.0

3. Personal selling 8 32.0

4. Others 3 12.0

TOTAL 25 100.0

CHART NO.-2.10

INTERPRETATION:

From the above chart, 24% of media is tele-marketing, 32% is by E-Mail, 32% by personal selling, 12% by
others.

We concluded that media which is effective for disrect marketing is E-Mail and Personal selling.

TABLE NO.-2.11 COMPANY GOT MORE PUBLICITY

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S.NO. COMPANY NO. OF PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS

1. Aachi masala 6 24.0

2. Sakthi masala 11 44.0

3. MDH Masala 2 8.0

4. Everest masala 5 20.0

TOTAL 25 100.0

CHART NO. 2.11

INTERPRETATION:

From the above chart, we got to know that Aachi masala company has 24%, sakthi masala has 44%, 8% of
MDH Masala, 20% of Everest masala.

The company which has got more publicity by respondents are sakthi masala and aachi masala.

2.2. CROSS TABULATION & CHI-SQUARE

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 It is one of the most popular methods of representing the joint frequency distribution of the cases of
two or more nominal variables in the dataset. For example. In the dataset given in the previous section, the
cross tabulation of the variables “gender” and “religion” can be analyzed as given below:

CHI-SQUARE TEST – THE TEST OF ASSOCIATION

It is one of the most popular non-parametric tests. It is used in two cases, which are as follows:

 To test the association between two nominal variables in research.

 To test the difference between expected and observed frequencies of an event.

The process of chi-square test compares the actual observed frequencies with the calculated expected
frequencies of different combinations of nominal variables. The difference between observed and expected
frequencies gives logic of possible association between categorical variables. The chi-squared statistic
compares the observed count in which table cell to the count that would be expected between the row and
column classifications under the assumptions of no association.

Question:-

CODES PROVIDED TO SUB- CATEGORIES

CODES FOR THE VARIABLE ‘LEVEL CODES FOR THE VARIABLE
OF FAMILIARITY WITH THE ‘EDUCATION BACKGROUND’
INTERNET’
1= LOW FAMILIARITY 1= HUMANITIES
2= MEDIUM FAMILIARITY 2=MANAGEMENT
3=HIGH FAMILIARITY 3= TECHNOLOGY
4= IT

Step 1: Click ‘analyze’ ‘descriptive statistics’ ‘Crosstabs…’

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 Fig.2.4: OPENING OF CROSSTAB

Step 2 : Transfer ‘Educational background’ to the ‘Row(s)’ window and ‘Familiarity with the internet’ to
the ‘Column(s)’ window. Click ‘Statistics’.

Fig.2.5: INSERTING VARIABLES

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Step 3: Click ‘Continue’.

Fig.2.6: COMMAND FOR CROSSTAB

Step 4: Click on cell and select ‘observed’ and ‘Expected’. Click ‘Continue’.

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 Fig.2.7: COMMAND FOR CROSSTAB

Step 5: Finally, select ‘OK’. The chi- square test results will appear.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND * FAMILIARITY CROSSTABULATION

Familiarity
S.No Education Low Medium High
Background Familiarity Familiarity Familiarity Total
1. Humanities Count 1 5 7 13
Expected Count 4.4 4.7 3.9 13.0
2. Management Count 6 4 4 14
Expected Count 4.8 5.0 4.2 14.0
3. Technology Count 5 8 3 16
Expected Count 5.4 5.8 4.8 16.0
4. IT Count 5 1 1 7
Expected Count 2.4 2.5 2.1 7.0
Total Count 17 18 15 50
Expected Count 17.0 18.0 15.0 50.0

Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 11.638a 6 .071
Likelihood Ratio 12.101 6 .060
Linear-by-Linear Association 7.034 1 .008
N of Valid Cases 50
a. 9 cells (75.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 2.10.

2.3. ARTHMETIC MEAN

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Arithmetic Mean : Arithmetic mean is commonly known as average. The average of a given set of
numbers is called the arithmetic mean, or simply, the mean of the given numbers.

Thus, the arithmetic mean of a group of observations is defined as …

 = (Sum of observations)/(Number of observations)

x is the symbol of the arithmetic mean.

2.4. MEDIAN

The middle number; found by ordering all data points and picking out the one in the middle (or if there are
two middle numbers, taking the mean of those two numbers).

Example: The median of 444, 111, and 777 is 444 because when the numbers are put in order (1(1left
parenthesis, 1, 444, 7)7)7, right parenthesis, the number 444 is in the middle.

2.5. MODE

The most frequent number—that is, the number that occurs the highest number of times.

Example: The mode of \{4{4left brace, 4, 222, 444, 333, 222, 2\}2}2, right brace is 222 because it occurs

three times, which is more than any other number.

STEPS:
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Step 1: Click ‘analyze’ ‘descriptive statistics’ ‘Frequencies’

Fig.2.6: COMMAND FOR MEAN, MEDIAN & MODE

STEP 2: next, transfer the variable to the ‘variables’ window and click ‘statistics’.

Fig.2.7: COMMAND FOR MEAN, MEDIAN & MODE

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STEP 3: Select the options: ‘Mean’,’Median’,’Mode’ and ‘Quartiles’. Next click CONTINUE and then
OK

Fig.2.8: COMMAND FOR MEAN, MEDIAN & MODE

RESULT OF MEAN, MEDIAN & MODE

Statistics

education background

N Valid 50

Missing 1

Mean 2.3400

Median 2.0000

Mode 3.00

Percentiles 25 1.0000

50 2.0000

75 3.0000

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 2.6. One - Sample T-Test
In many situations, we come across claims made by marketers about their products. For example, a car
manufacturer may claim that the average mileage of a car is, for say, 19.9 kmpl or a business school may
claim that the average package offered to its students is Rs. 12 lakh per annum .A researcher may be
interested in analyzing the truthfulness of these claims. For this analysis, the researcher needs to randomly
pick a small from the population and compare its mean with the claimed population mean. The sample
mean and the population mean may be different from each other. In order to test whether this difference is
statistically significant, we should apply one-sample t-test.

The null hypothesis of one – sample t-test is:

“Ho: there is no significant difference between sample mean and population mean.”

Step 1: Click ‘Analyze’ ‘compare means ‘ ‘One –sample T-test’

This is shown in figure 7.1

Fig.2.9: COMMAND FOR T-TEST

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Step 2: Next, transfer the test variable ‘weight_lost’ to the ‘Test variable(s)’ window and click ‘OK’ as shown in
figure 7.2:

Fig.2.10: COMMAND FOR T-TEST

One-Sample Statistics
Std. Error
N Mean Std. Deviation Mean
how satisfied are you with
aachi masala? 25 2.2000 1.32288 .26458

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 One-Sample Test

Test Value = 0
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference
Mean
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper
how satisfied are you with
aachi masala? 8.315 24 .000 2.20000 1.6539 2.7461

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