Chapter 15

Working Capital and Current Assets Management

Answers to Warm-Up Exercises

E15-1. OC
Answer: ACP  OC  AAI
ACP  120 days  50 days  70 days
CCC  OC  APP
CCC  120 days  30 days  90 days

E15-2. Maximum and minimum seasonal funding requirements

Answer: Fund
Funding
ing requ
requir
irem
emen
entt = cash
cash + inve
invent
ntor
ory
y + acco
accoun
unts
ts rece
receiv
ivab
able
le  acco
accoun
unts
ts paya
payabl
ble
e
Maximum funding requirement  $35,00
,000  $125,00
,000  $70,00
,000  $65,00
,000  $165,00
,000
Minimum funding requirement  $10,00
,000  $55,00
,000  $40,00
,000  $35,00
,000  $70,00
,000

E15-3. EOQ and reorder point

Answer: Use Equation 15.7 to find the EOQ for Mama Leone’s where

S  50,000
O  $250
C  $0.50
EOQ  7,071uni
1units

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322 Gitman • Principles of Managerial Finance, Thirteenth Edition

Reorder point = days of lead time × daily usage

 = 3 days × (50,000 units/250 days) = 600 units

E15-4. Evaluation of change in credit standards

Answer: Step 1: Calculate profit contribution from additional sales
Additional profit contribution  50,000 units  ($30  $20)  $500,000

Step 2: Calculate cost of marginal investment in accounts receivable

(a) Find turnover of accounts receivable
Turnover of AR  365  Average collection period
Under both plans: 365  70  5.2
(b) Find total variable cost of annual sales
Under present plan: ($20  250,000 units)  $5,000,000
Under proposed plan: ($20  300,000 units)  $6,000,000

(c) Find average investment in accounts receivable

Under present plan: $5,000,000  5.2   $961,538
Under proposed plan: $6,000,000  5.2  $1,153,846

Cost of marginal investment in accounts receivable:

Average investment under proposed plan $1,153,846

 Average investment under present plan 961,538
Marginal investment in accounts receivable $ 192,308
 Required return on investment 0.12
Cost of marginal investment in AR $ 23,077

Step 3: Calculate the cost of marginal bad debts

Under the proposed plan: (0.0075  $30/unit  300,000 units) $675,000
Under the present plan: (0.05  $30/unit  250,000 units)   375,000
Cost of marginal bad debts $300,000

Step 4: Determine effect on profits

Additional profit $500,000
Less cost of marginal investment in AR (23,077)
Less cost of marginal bad debts (300,000)
 Net effect on profits $176,923
Based on this analysis, Forrest Fashions should adopt the proposed credit standards.

E15-5. Cash discount plan

Answer: The minimum average collection period after the discount is introduced can be determined
when the net profit from the initiation of the new plan is $0.

Step 1: Calculate profit contribution from additional sales

Additional profit contribution  2,000 units  ($40  $29)  $22,000

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 Chapter 15 Working Capital and Current Assets Management 323

Step 2: Find current turnover of accounts receivable

Average investment presently (without discount)

365
Turnover of AR 
Average collection period
365
Under present plan   5.6
65
Step 3: Determine the average investment presently in AR

($29  35,000)  5.6  $181,250

Step 4: Let X  equal the average investment in accounts receivable after the discount is
introduced. Use the equation below to balance the costs and benefits of introducing
the discount policy.

$0  Additional profit  cost savings from reduced investment in accounts receivable

 cost of cash discount

$0  $22,000  [0.15  ($181,250  X )]  (0.02  0.80  37,000  $40)

Step 5: Solve for the average investment in AR, after the discount is introduced, which will
 balance the equation in Step 4.

$0  $22,000  [0.15  ($181,250  X  )]  (0.02  0.80  37,000  $40)

$0  $22, 000  ($27,187.50  0.15X  )  $23,680
0.15 X   $22, 000  $27,187.50  $23, 680  $25, 507.50
X   $170,050

Step 4: Solve for the new average collection period.

Let T  Turnover of accounts receivable after the discount is introduced

$170,050  ($29  37,000)  T 

T  6.31 turnovers per year
ACP  365  6.31  57.84 days
The cash discount program will be acceptable to Klein’s Tools if the average collection period
is reduced to at least 57.84 days from the current 65 days.

Solutions to Problems
P15-1. CCC
LG 2; Basic
a. OC  Average age of inventories
 Average collection period

 90 days  60 days

 150 days
 b. CCC  Operating cycle  Average payment period

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324 Gitman • Principles of Managerial Finance, Thirteenth Edition

 150 days  30 days

 120 days
c. Resources needed  (total annual outlays  365 days)  CCC
  [$30,000,000  365]  120
  $9,863,013.70
d. Shortening either the AAI or the ACP, lengthening the APP, or a combination of these can
reduce the CCC.

P15-2. Changing CCC

LG 2; Intermediate
a. AAI  365 days  8 times inventory  45 days
OC   AAl  ACP
 45 days  60 days
 105 days
CCC  OC  APP
 105 days  35 days  70 days
 b. Daily cash operating expenditure  total outlays  365 days
   $3,500,000  365
   $9,589
Resources needed  daily expenditure  CCC
   $9,589  70
   $671,230
c. Additional profit  (daily expenditure  reduction in CC)
  financing rate
   ($9,589  20)  0.14
   $26,849

P15-3. Multiple changes in CCC

LG 2; Intermediate
a. AAI    365  6 times inventory  61 days
OC   AAI  ACP
 61 days  45 days
 106 days
CCC  OC  APP
 106 days  30 days
 76 days
Daily financing    $3,000,000  365
   $8,219
Resources needed  Daily financing  CCC
   $8,219  76

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 Chapter 15 Working Capital and Current Assets Management 325

   $624,644
 b. OC  56 days  35 days
 91 days
CCC  91 days  40 days
 51 days
Resources needed    $8,219  51
   $419,169
c. Additional profit  (daily expenditure  reduction in CCC)
  financing rate
   ($8,219  25)  0.13
   $27,780
d. Reject the proposed techniques because costs ($35,000) exceed savings ($27,780).

P15-4. Aggressive versus conservative seasonal funding strategy

LG 2; Intermediate
a.
Total Funds Permanent Seasonal
Month Requirements Requirements Requirements
January $2,000,000 $2,000,000 $ 0
February 2,000,000 2,000,000 0
March 2,000,000 2,000,000 0
April 4,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000
May 6,000,000 2,000,000 4,000,000
June 9,000,000 2,000,000 7,000,000
July 12,000,000 2,000,000 10,000,000
August 14,000,000 2,000,000 12,000,000
September 9,000,000 2,000,000 7,000,000
October 5,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000
 November 4,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000
December 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000

Average permanent requirement   $2,000,000

Average seasonal requirement   $48,000,000  12

   $4,000,000
 b. (1) Under an aggressive strategy, the firm would borrow from $1,000,000 to $12,000,000
according to the seasonal requirement schedule shown in part a at the prevailing short-
term rate. The firm would borrow $2,000,000, or the permanent portion of its requirements,
at the prevailing long-term rate.
(2) Under a conservative strategy, the firm would borrow at the peak need level of
$14,000,000 at the prevailing long-term rate.
c. Aggressive    ($2,000,000  0.17)  ($4,000,000  0.12)

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326 Gitman • Principles of Managerial Finance, Thirteenth Edition

   $340,000  $480,000
   $820,000
Conservative   ($14,000,000  0.17)
   $2,380,000
d. In this case, the large difference in financing costs makes the aggressive strategy more
attractive. Possibly the higher returns warrant higher risks. In general, since the conservative
strategy requires the firm to pay interest on unneeded funds, its cost is higher. Thus, the
aggressive strategy is more profitable but also more risky.

P15-5. EOQ analysis

LG 3: Intermediate

(2  S  O ) (2  1,200,000  $25)

a. (1) EOQ  = = 10,541
C   $0.54
(2  1,200,000  0)
(2) EOQ   0
$0.54
(2  1,200,000  $25)
(3) EOQ  
$0.00
EOQ approaches infinity. This suggests the firm should carry the large inventory to minimize
ordering costs.
 b. The EOQ model is most useful when both carrying costs and ordering costs are present. As
shown in part a, when either of these costs are absent the solution to the model is not realistic.
With zero ordering costs the firm is shown to never place an order. (Assuming the minimum
order size is one, Tiger Corporation would place 2.3 orders per minute.) When carrying costs are
zero the firm would order only when inventory is zero and order as much as possible (infinity).

P15-6. EOQ, reorder point, and safety stock

LG 3; Intermediate

(2  S  O) (2  800  $50)

a. EOQ  = = 200 units
C 2
200 units 800 units 10 days
 b. Average level of inventory  
2 365
 121.92 units

(800 units 10 days) (800 units  5 days)

c. Reorder point    32.88 units
365 days 365 days
d. Change Do Not Change
(2) carrying costs (1) ordering costs — unaffected by how soon one orders
(3) total inventory cost (5) EOQ — a function of cost from reorder point to order size
(4) reorder point
P15-7. Personal finance: Marginal costs
LG 3; Challenge

Jimmy Johnson

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 Chapter 15 Working Capital and Current Assets Management 327

Marginal Cost Analysis

Purchase of V-8 SUV vs. V-6 SUV
V-6 V-8
MSRP $30,260 44,320
Engine (liters) 3.7 5.7
Ownership period in years 5 5
Depreciation over 5 years 17,337 25,531
Financing over 5 years.* 5,171 7,573
Insurance over 5 years 7,546 8,081
Taxes and fees over 5 years 2,179 2,937
Maintenance/repairs over 5 years 5,600 5,600
Total “true” cost for each vehicle over the 5 -year period $37,833 $49,722
Average miles per gallon 19 14
Miles driven per year 15,000 15,000
Cost per gallon of gasoline over the 5-year ownership period 3.15 3.15
Total fuel cost for each vehicle over 5-year ownership period $12,434 $16,875

If Jimmy decides to buy the V-8, he will have to pay Marginal cost $11,889
$11,889 more than the cost of the smaller V-6 SUV Marginal fuel cost 4,441
over the 5 year period. Additionally, Jimmy will spend Total marginal costs $16,330
$4,441 more on fuel for the V-8 SUV. The total
marginal costs over the 5-year period, associated with
 purchasing the V-8 over the V-6, are $16,330.

* Accumulated Finance Charges V-6 V-8

Cost of SUV $30,260.00 $ 44,320
Assumed annual discount rate 5.50% 5.5%
Term of the loan (years) 5 5
 PV  inters factor of the annuity (PVIFA) 4.2703 4.2703
Annual payback to be made over 5 years 7,086.2 $10,378.7
Total interest and principals paid back over 5 years 35,431 $ 51,893
Less: Cost of the SUV 30,280 $ 44,320
Accumulated finance charges
over the entire 5-year period $ 5,171 $ 7,573

e. The true marginal cost of $16,330 is greater than the simple difference between the costs of
the two vehicles.

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328 Gitman • Principles of Managerial Finance, Thirteenth Edition

P15-8. Accounts receivable changes without bad debts

LG 4; Intermediate
a. Current units    $360,000,000  $60  6,000,000 units
Increase    6,000,000  20%  1,200,000 new units
Additional profit contribution    ($60  $55)  1,200,000 units
   $6,000,000
total variable cost of annual sales
 b. Average investment in accounts receivable 
turnover of A/R 
365
Turnover, present plan   6.08
60
365 365
Turnover, proposed plan    5.07
(60 1.2) 72
Marginal investment in AR:
Average investment, proposed plan:
(7,200,000 units*  $55)
  $78,106,509
5.07
Average investment, present plan:
(6,000,000 units  $55)
   54,276,316
6.08
Marginal investment in AR   $23,830,193
*
Total units, proposed plan  existing sales of 6,000,000 units  1,200,000 additional units.

c. Cost of marginal investment in accounts receivable:

Marginal investment in AR $23,830,193
Required return  0.14


Cost of marginal investment in AR $ 3,336,227

d. The additional profitability of $6,000,000 exceeds the additional costs of $3,336,227.
However, one would need estimates of bad debt expenses, clerical costs, and some
information about the uncertainty of the sales forecast prior to adoption of the policy.

P15-9. Accounts receivable changes and bad debts

LG 4; Challenge
a. Bad debts
Proposed plan (60,000  $20  0.04) $48,000
Present plan (50,000  $20  0.02) 20,000
 b. Cost of marginal bad debts $28,000
c. No, since the cost of marginal bad debts exceeds the savings of $3,500.
d. Additional profit contribution from sales:
10,000 additional units  ($20  $15) $50,000
Cost of marginal bad debts (from part b) (28,000)
Savings 3,500
 Net benefit from implementing proposed plan $25,500

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 Chapter 15 Working Capital and Current Assets Management 329

This policy change is recommended because the increase in sales and the savings of $3,500 exceed
the increased bad debt expense.
e. When the additional sales are ignored, the proposed policy is rejected. However, when all the
 benefits are included, the profitability from new sales and savings outweigh the increased
cost of bad debts. Therefore, the policy is recommended.

P15-10. Relaxation of credit standards

LG 4; Challenge
Additional profit contribution from sales  1,000 additional units  ($40  $31) $9,000
Cost of marginal investment in AR:
11,000 units  $31
Average investment, proposed plan    $56,055
365
60
10,000 units  $31
Average investment, present plan    38,219
365
45
Marginal investment in AR $17,836
Required return on investment   0.25
Cost of marginal investment in AR (4,459)
Cost of marginal bad debts:
Bad debts, proposed plan (0.03  $40  11,000 units) $13,200
Bad debts, present plan (0.01  $40  10,000 units) 4,000
Cost of marginal bad debts (9,200)
 Net loss from implementing proposed plan ($ 4,659)
The credit standards should not be relaxed since the proposed plan results in a loss.

P15-11. Initiating a cash discount

LG 5; Challenge
Additional profit contribution from sales  2,000 additional units  ($45  $36) $18,000
Cost of marginal investment in AR:
42,000 units  $36
Average investment, proposed plan    $124,274
365
30
40,000 units  $36
Average investment, present plan    236,713
365
60
Reduced investment in AR $112,439
Required return on investment  0.25

Cost of marginal investment in AR 28,110

Cost of cash discount  (0.02  0.70  $45  42,000 units) (26,460)
 Net profit from implementing proposed plan $ 19,650
Since the net effect would be a gain of $19,650, the project should be accepted.

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330 Gitman • Principles of Managerial Finance, Thirteenth Edition

P15-12. Shortening the credit period

LG 5; Challenge
Reduction in profit contribution from sales   2,000 units  ($56  $45) ($22,000)
Cost of marginal investment in AR:
10,000 units  $45
Average investment, proposed plan    $44,384
365
36
12,000 units  $45
Average investment, present plan    66,576
365
45
Marginal investment in AR $22,192
Required return on investment  0.25

Benefit from reduced

Marginal investment in AR $ 5,548
Cost of marginal bad debts:
Bad debts, proposed plan (0.01  $56  10,000 units) $ 5,600
Bad debts, present plan (0.015  $56  12,000 units) 10,080
Reduction in bad debts 4,480
 Net loss from implementing proposed plan ($11,972)
This proposal is not recommended.

P15-13. Lengthening the credit period

LG 5; Challenge
Preliminary calculations:
($450,000  $345,000)
Contribution margin   0.2333 3
$450,000
Variable cost percentage  1  contribution margin
 1 0.233
   0.767
a. Additional profit contribution from sales:
($510,000  $450,000)  0.23333 contribution margin $14,000
 b. Cost of marginal investment in AR:
$510,000  0.767
Average investment, proposed plan    $64,302
365
60
$450,000  0.767
Average investment, present plan    28,368
365
30
Marginal investment in AR ($35,934)
Required return on investment  0.20

Cost of marginal investment in AR ($ 7,187)

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 Chapter 15 Working Capital and Current Assets Management 331

c. Cost of marginal bad debts:

Bad debts, proposed plan (0.015  $510,000) $7,650
Bad debts, present plan (0.01  $450,000) 4,500
Cost of marginal bad debts (3,150)
d. Net benefit from implementing proposed plan $3,663
The net benefit of lengthening the credit period is a surplus of $3,663; therefore the proposal
is recommended.

P15-14. Float
LG 6; Basic
a. Collection float   2.5  1.5  3.0  7 days
 b. Opportunity cost   $65,000  3.0  0.11  $21,450
The firm should accept the proposal because the savings ($21,450) exceed
the costs ($16,500).

P15-15. Lockbox system

LG 6; Basic
a. Cash made available   $3,240,000  365
   ($8,877/day)  3 days  $26,631


 b. Net benefit    $26,631  0.15  $3,995



The $9,000 cost exceeds $3,995 benefit; therefore, the firm should not accept the lockbox
system.

P15-16. Zero-balance account

LG 6; Basic
Current average balance in disbursement account $420,000
Opportunity cost (12%)  0.12

Current opportunity cost $ 50,400

Zero-balance account
Compensating balance $300,000
Opportunity cost (12%)  0.12

Opportunity cost $ 36,000

 Monthly fee ($1,000  12) 12,000
Total cost $ 48,000
The opportunity cost of the zero-balance account proposal ($48,000) is less than the current
account opportunity cost ($50,400). Therefore, accept the zero-balance proposal.

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332 Gitman • Principles of Managerial Finance, Thirteenth Edition

P15-17. Personal finance: Management of cash balance

LG 6; Intermediate

a. Alexis should transfer her current savings account balances into a liquid
marketable security
Current savings balance $15,000
. Yield on marketable security @ 4.75% $712.50
Interest on savings account balance @ 2.0% ($300.00)
Increase in annual interest earnings $412.50

c. Alexis should transfer monthly the $500 from her checking account to the liquid
marketable security
Monthly transfer $500.00
Yield on marketable security @ 4.75% $ 23.75
Interest on savings balance @ 2.00% ($ 10.00)
Increase in annual earnings on monthly transfers $ 13.75

d. Rather than paying bills so quickly, Alexis should pay bills on their
due dates
Average monthly bills $ 2,000
Total annual bills ($2,000  12) $24,000
Daily purchases (24,000  365 days) $ 65.75
Additional funds invested ($65.75  9) $591.78
Marketable security yield 4.75%
Annual savings from slowing down payments ($591.78  0.0475) $ 28.11

Summary
Increase from investing current balances $412.50
Increase from investing monthly surpluses 13.75
Savings from slowing down payments 28.11
Increase in Alexis’s annual earnings   $454.36

P15-18. Ethics problem

LG 6; Intermediate
Management should point out that what it is doing shows integrity, as it is honest, just, and fair.
The ethics reasoning portrayed in the  Focus on Ethics box could be used.

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 Chapter 15 Working Capital and Current Assets Management 333

Case
Case studies are available on www.myfinancelab.com .

Assessing Roche Publishing Company’s Cash Management Efficiency

Chapter 15’s case involves the evaluation of a furniture manufacturer’s cash management by its treasurer. The
student must calculate the OC, CCC, and resources needed and compare them to industry standards. The cost
of the firm’s current operating inefficiencies is determined and the case also looks at the decision  to relax its
credit standards. Finally, all the variables are consolidated and a recommendation made. To determine the net
 profit or loss from the change in credit standards we must evaluate the four factors that are impacted:
 –  Change in contribution margin
 –  Change in sales discounts
 –  Investment in accounts receivable
 –  Bad-debt expenses
Change in sales volume:
Total contribution margin of annual sales:
Under proposed plan  ($15,000,000  0.20)  $ 3,000,000
Under present plan  ($13,750,000  0.20)   2,750,000

Cash discounts given  ($15,000,000  0.75  0.02)   225,000

Increase in contribution margin  $ 25,000

Investment in accounts receivable:
Turnover of accounts receivable:
Under current plan: 365  ACP  365  60  6.08
Under proposed plan: 365  ACP  365  42  8.69
Average investment in accounts receivable:
Under current plan: $13,750,000 (0.80)  6.08  $11,000,000  6.08  $1,809,211
Under proposed plan: $15,000,000 (0.80)  8.69  $12,000,000  8.69  $1,380,898
Cost of marginal investment in accounts receivable:
Average investment under proposed plan $1,380,898
 Average investment under present plan 1,809,211
Marginal investment in accounts receivable  428,313

 Required return on investment 0.12

Cost of marginal investment in AR $51,398

Cost of marginal bad debts:

Bad debt would remain unchanged as specified in the case.
 Net profits from implementation of new plan:
Additional profit contribution from sales:
($1,250,000  0.20 $250,000
Cost of sales  225,000

Cost of marginal investment in AR:

Average investment under proposed plan $1,380,898
Average investment under present plan 809,211
Marginal investment in AR $428,313
Gain from lower marginal investment in AR
0.12  428,313  51,398
 Net impact from change in credit standards $ 76,398

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