TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

Math 27
Analytic Geometry and Calculus II

Kimberly Hazel B. Camino, MSc

Department of Mathematics, Physics,
and Computer Science

Math 27
Outline

1 Integration formulas

2 Integration by Parts

3 Powers of Trigonometric Functions

4 Trigonometric Substitution

5 Completing the Square

6 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

7 Integration by Other Substitution Techniques

8 Numerical Integration
Review

Elementary
Z
Forms
du = u + C
Z Z
kdu = k du = ku + C, where k is a constant.
Z Z Z
[f (u) ± g (u)] du = f (u) du ± g (u) du
un+1
Z
un du = + C, where n 6= −1.
n+1
Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Math 27
Outline

1 Integration formulas

2 Integration by Parts

3 Powers of Trigonometric Functions

4 Trigonometric Substitution

5 Completing the Square

6 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

7 Integration by Other Substitution Techniques

8 Numerical Integration
Obtaining the Formula for IBP

Differentiation using Product Rule

0 0
Dx [f (x) g (x)] = f (x)g(x) + f (x)g (x)

0 0
Dx [f (x) g (x)] = f (x)g(x) + f (x)g (x)
Z Z Z
0 0
Dx [f (x) g (x)]dx = f (x)g(x)dx + f (x)g (x)dx
Z Z
0 0
f (x) g (x) = f (x)g(x)dx + f (x)g (x)dx
Z Z
0 0
f (x)g (x)dx = f (x) g (x) − f (x)g(x)dx

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Obtaining the Formula for IBP

Z Z
0 0
f (x)g (x)dx = f (x) g (x) − f (x)g(x)dx
0 0
Let u = f (x) and v = g(x). Then du = f (x) and dv = g (x).
So,
Z Z
udv = uv − vdu

Formula for IBP

Z Z
udv = uv − vdu

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Examples

Z
1. x cos xdx
Z
2. e3y ydy
Z
3. x2 sin 3xdx
Z
4. ex cos xdx

Math 27
Outline

1 Integration formulas

2 Integration by Parts

3 Powers of Trigonometric Functions

4 Trigonometric Substitution

5 Completing the Square

6 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

7 Integration by Other Substitution Techniques

8 Numerical Integration
Recall: Derivatives and Integrals of
Trigonometric Functions
Z
Dx (sin u) = cos uDx u ; cos udu = sin u + C
Z
Dx (cos u) = − sin uDx u ; sin udu = − cos u + C
Z
Dx (tan u) = sec2 uDx u ; sec2 udu = tan u + C
Z
Dx (cot u) = − csc2 uDx u ; csc2 udu = − cot u + C
Z
Dx (sec u) = sec u tan uDx u ; sec u tan udu = sec u + C
Dx (csc u) = − csc u cot uDx u ;
Z
csc u cot udu = − csc u + C

Math 27
Recall: Integrals of Trigonometric Functions

Z
tan udu = − ln |cos u| + C = ln |sec u| + C
Z
cot udu = ln |sin u| + C
Z
sec udu = ln |sec u + tan u| + C
Z
csc udu = ln |csc u − cot u| + C

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Powers of Sine and Cosine

Case 1
Z Z
n
sin udu or cosn udu,

where n is a positive odd integer

Factor sin u or cos u. Then to the remaining even powers of sine

or cosine, substitute

sin2 u = 1 − cos2 u or cos2 u = 1 − sin2 u

Math 27
Powers of Sine and Cosine

Case 2
Z Z Z
sinn udu or cosn udu or sinn u cosm udu

where m and n are positive even integers.

Substitute
1 − cos 2u 1 + cos 2u
sin2 u = or/and cos2 u =
2 2

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Powers of Sine and Cosine

Case 3
Z
sinn u cosm udu

where at least one of m and n is a positive odd integer.

Apply Case 1

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Powers of Tangent and Cotangent

Case 1
Z Z
n
tan udu or cotn udu

where n is a positive integer.

Factor tan2 u or cot2 u and substitute

tan2 u = sec2 u − 1 or cot2 u = csc2 u − 1

Math 27
Powers of Tangent, Cotangent, Secant and
Cosecant

Case 2
Z Z
n
sec udu or cscn udu

where n is a positive even integer.

Factor sec2 u or csc2 u and substitute

sec2 u = tan2 u + 1 or csc2 u = cot2 u + 1

Math 27
Powers of Tangent, Cotangent, Secant and
Cosecant

Case 3
Z Z
tann u secm udu or cotn u cscm udu

where m is a positive even integer and n is arbitrary.

Factor sec2 u or csc2 u and to the remaining factors of secant or

cosecant, substitute

sec2 u = tan2 u + 1 or csc2 u = cot2 u + 1.

Math 27
Powers of Tangent, Cotangent, Secant and
Cosecant

Case 4
Z Z
tann u secm udu or cotn u cscm udu

where n is a positive odd integer and m is arbitrary.

Factor sec u tan u or csc u cot u and to the remaining factors of

tangent or cotangent, substitute

tan2 u = sec2 u − 1 or cot2 u = csc2 u − 1.

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Powers of Tangent, Cotangent, Secant and
Cosecant

Case 5
Z Z
n
sec udu or cscn udu

where n is a positive odd integer.

Use Integration by Parts

Math 27
Powers of Tangent, Cotangent, Secant and
Cosecant

Case 6
Z Z
n m
tan u sec udu or cotn u cscm udu

where n is a positive even integer and m is positive odd integer.

Use Integration by Parts

Math 27
Outline

1 Integration formulas

2 Integration by Parts

3 Powers of Trigonometric Functions

4 Trigonometric Substitution

5 Completing the Square

6 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

7 Integration by Other Substitution Techniques

8 Numerical Integration
Outline

1 Integration formulas

2 Integration by Parts

3 Powers of Trigonometric Functions

4 Trigonometric Substitution

5 Completing the Square

6 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

7 Integration by Other Substitution Techniques

8 Numerical Integration
Outline

1 Integration formulas

2 Integration by Parts

3 Powers of Trigonometric Functions

4 Trigonometric Substitution

5 Completing the Square

6 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

7 Integration by Other Substitution Techniques

8 Numerical Integration
Objectives

To express a rational function as a sum of simpler

fractions, called partial fractions
5x − 3 2 3
= +
x2 − 2x − 3 x+1 x−3
Recall: Solving System Of Equations
To integrate rational functions
5x − 3
Z Z Z
2 3
2
dx = dx + dx
x − 2x − 3 x+1 x−3

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Distinct Linear Factors

5x − 3
Z
dx
x2− 2x − 3
Solution:
x2 − 2x − 3 = (x + 1) (x − 3)

5x − 3 A B
= +
x2 − 2x − 3 x+1 x−3
5x − 3 A (x − 3) + B (x + 1)
=
x2 − 2x − 3 (x + 1) (x − 3)
5x − 3 A (x − 3) + B (x + 1)
(x + 1) (x − 3) 2 = (x + 1) (x − 3)
x − 2x − 3 (x + 1) (x − 3)
5x − 3 = A (x − 3) + B (x + 1)
5x − 3 = (A + B) x − 3A + B

Math 27
Distinct Linear Factors

A + B = 5 and − 3A + B = −3
By elimination, A = 2 and B = 3.
So,
5x − 3 A B
= +
x2 − 2x − 3 x+1 x+1
5x − 3 2 3
2
= +
x − 2x − 3 Zx + 1 x − 3Z
5x − 3
Z
2 3
2
dx = dx + dx
x − 2x − 3 x+1 x−3
= 2 ln |x + 1| + 3 ln |x − 3| + C

5x − 3
Z
∴ dx = 2 ln |x + 1| + 3 ln |x − 3| + C
x2 − 2x − 3

Math 27
Repeated Linear Factor

Z
6x + 7
x2 + 4x + 4
Solution:
x2 + 4x + 4 = (x + 2)2

6x + 7 A B
= +
x2 + 4x + 4 x + 2 (x + 2)2

Math 27
Outline

1 Integration formulas

2 Integration by Parts

3 Powers of Trigonometric Functions

4 Trigonometric Substitution

5 Completing the Square

6 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

7 Integration by Other Substitution Techniques

8 Numerical Integration
Outline

1 Integration formulas

2 Integration by Parts

3 Powers of Trigonometric Functions

4 Trigonometric Substitution

5 Completing the Square

6 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

7 Integration by Other Substitution Techniques

8 Numerical Integration
Trapezoidal Rule

Math 27
Trapezoidal Rule

Area of a trapezoid:

y1 − y0 (y0 + y1 ) ∆x
A = y0 ∆x + ∆x =
2 2

Math 27
Multiple Segment Trapezoidal Rule

Adding the area of n trapezoids:

Z b
(y0 + y1 ) ∆x (y1 + y2 ) ∆x (yn−1 + yn ) ∆x
f (x)dx ≈ + +· · ·+
a 2 2 2
b−a
where ∆x = .
n
Math 27
Trapezoidal Rule

If the function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and

the numbers a = x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn−1 , xn = b form a regular
partition of [a, b], then
b
b−a
Z
f (x)dx ≈ [f (x0 ) + 2f (x1 ) + · · · + 2f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )]
a 2n

Math 27
Trapezoidal Rule

Example
Use the trapezoidal rule with n = 8 to estimate
Z 5p
1 + x2 dx.
1

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Trapezoidal Rule

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Trapezoidal Rule

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Simpson’s Rule

Math 27
Simpson’s Rule

Math 27
Simpson’s Rule

If the function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], n is

an even integer, and the numbers a = x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn = b form
a regular partition of [a, b], then

Z b
f (x)dx
a
b−a
≈ [f (x0 ) + 4f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + · · · + 2f (xn−2 ) + 4f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )] .
3n

Math 27
Simpson’s Rule

Example
With n = 6, approximate
Z 4p
x3 + 1 dx.
1

Math 27