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Chapter-3 and Chapter-4 Thermoelectric Effect and Chemical Effect of Current - SA Sir PDF

The document discusses the thermoelectric effect, which refers to generating an electric current from a temperature difference. It explains that when two wires of different materials are joined to form a closed circuit with junctions at different temperatures, a small voltage called thermoemf is generated, causing current flow. This is known as the Seebeck effect. Key terms discussed include thermocouples, which use two dissimilar metals to generate thermoelectricity, and the thermoelectric series, which ranks metals by their ability to produce thermoemf. The document also covers how thermoemf varies with temperature, reaching a maximum at the neutral temperature before decreasing again. Applications of thermoelectric effects are also mentioned.

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94 views30 pages

Chapter-3 and Chapter-4 Thermoelectric Effect and Chemical Effect of Current - SA Sir PDF

The document discusses the thermoelectric effect, which refers to generating an electric current from a temperature difference. It explains that when two wires of different materials are joined to form a closed circuit with junctions at different temperatures, a small voltage called thermoemf is generated, causing current flow. This is known as the Seebeck effect. Key terms discussed include thermocouples, which use two dissimilar metals to generate thermoelectricity, and the thermoelectric series, which ranks metals by their ability to produce thermoemf. The document also covers how thermoemf varies with temperature, reaching a maximum at the neutral temperature before decreasing again. Applications of thermoelectric effects are also mentioned.

Uploaded by

Kim M
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Thermoelectric Effect

Thermoelectric effect
Thermoelectric effect /Chapter-3
Introduction:
We have already discussed about the heating effect of current i.e., when
current flows through a conductor, heat is developed which is Joule’s
effect. In this chapter we study the reverse phenomenon i.e., how the
electric current can be obtained from the heat under conditions.
Thermoelectric effect:
When two wires of different materials are joined end to end to form a
closed circuit whose two junctions are placed at different temperature
then a small emf is developed in that closed circuit and small current
flows through it. This process is called seebeck effect or thermoelectric
effect. The emf thus produced across the junction is called thermoemf
and the current obtained from the thermoemf is called thermoelectric
current.
We generally study three types of effects concerning this effcet:
1. Seebeck effect( or Thermoelectric effect)
2. Peltier effect
3. Thomson effect

Thermocouple:
A couple of wires of dissimilar metals forming a loop whose two
junctions are kept at two different temperatures to produce
thermoelectricity is known as thermocouple. The magnitude of emf
produced and the direction of current depends on the pair of metals
selected from the thermoelectric series and temperature of the
junction. In iron – copper thermocouple, current flows from iron to
copper at the cold junction. The direction of current flow changes if
heating and cooling of the junctions are reversed.
Thermoelectric series:
The series of metals formed by seebeck for making thermocouple is
called thermoelectric series. The greater is the distance in the order of
the elements in the series, the higher will be the value of thermoemf
produced.
The series is:
Sb, Fe, Zn, Ag, Au, Cr, Sn, Pb, Cu, Co, Ni, Bi

Seebeck effect:
When two wires of different materials are joined end to end to form a
closed circuit whose two junctions are placed at different temperature
then a small emf is developed in that closed circuit and small current
flows through it. This process is called seebeck’s effect or thermoelectric
effect. The emf thus produced across the junction is called thermoemf
and the current obtained from the thermoemf is called thermoelectric
current.
Explanation of seebeck effect:
Since the metallic free electrons have different free electron
densities and when they are brought in contact with each
other, the diffusion of the free electrons takes place from
higher electron density to lower electron density and due to
this diffusion of the electrons, the potential is produced at
both the junctions called contact potential. If the temperature
of both junctions is same then the contact potential is same
and no current flows but if the temperature is different then
diffusion takes place so that an emf is developed in the
circuit. This type of potential developed in the circuit due to
difference in the temperature of the junctions is called
thermoemf.
Variation of thermoemf with temperature:
For the explanation of the variation of the thermoemf with
temperature, let us consider the iron-copper thermocouple as given
below.

Fig.(i) Fe-Cu thermocouple to study the variation of thermoemf with temperature


E

ɵc ɵn ɵi
Fig.(ii) Graph of temperature of hot junction versus thermoemf
Let us conside an iron-copper thermocouple whose one junction (A) is
put in oil bath and another junction (B) is put in melting ice as shown in
fig(i). If we increase the temperature of oil bath, after certain time the
temperature of the both junction is same and galvanometer does not
show any deflection and hence no emf(E) is produced. On continuous
increasing the temperature of the oil bath by making cold junction
constant, then the deflection of the galvanometer also increases. This
shows that thermoemf increases until it attains a maximum value and
the temperature at which thermo emf becomes maximum is called
neutral temperature.

Let ɵn be the temperature at which thermoemf becomes maximum. If


we increase the temperature of oil bath beyond the neutral
temperature then the thermoemf starts to decrease and become zero.
Let (ɵi) be the temperature at which thermo emf is zero and this
temperature is called temperature of inversion.
The variation of thermoemf with temperature ɵ is given by
E =  + 12  2
Where α and β are constants whose value depend upon the material of
conductor and temperature difference of two junctions.

Let ɵC be the temperature of the cold junction then,

ɵ i - ɵ n= ɵ n- ɵ C

c + i
n =
or, 2
So the neutral temperature lies between the inversion temperature and
temperature of cold junction
2. Peltier effect:

1
1

1
3. Thomson effect:

1
Application of thermoelectric effect:

1
Short question answer and numericals

2.

3.
4.

5.

6.

7.
Chemical Effect of Current/Chapter-4

Chemical effect of current:


Some important terms:
1
Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis:
Michael Faraday performed a number of experiments of electrolysis and summarized
his conclusions in the following two laws, known as Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.
Experimental verification of Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis:

1
2

2
Relation between electrochemical equivalent Z and chemical
equivalent E of a substance:
Faraday’s constant(F):
Faraday’s constant in terms of Avogadro’s number(NA):
Since,

Short Question Answer & Numericals


1.

2.

3.

4.
Homework
Study the note copy thoroughly and do all the important
short question answer together with the important numerical
problems from Board Exam Questions and V.K. Shrestha’s
Book.

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