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Batch Operating System

The document discusses several types of operating systems: Batch operating systems ran jobs in batches and did not allow for direct user interaction. Time-sharing systems allowed for multiple users to access the system simultaneously through quick switching between programs. Distributed systems used multiple connected processors to distribute jobs and resources across networks. Network operating systems managed sharing of resources like files and printers across local networks. Real-time operating systems ensured tasks were completed within strict time constraints for applications like industrial control and medical imaging.

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Rajeswaranaidu Darsi
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351 views

Batch Operating System

The document discusses several types of operating systems: Batch operating systems ran jobs in batches and did not allow for direct user interaction. Time-sharing systems allowed for multiple users to access the system simultaneously through quick switching between programs. Distributed systems used multiple connected processors to distribute jobs and resources across networks. Network operating systems managed sharing of resources like files and printers across local networks. Real-time operating systems ensured tasks were completed within strict time constraints for applications like industrial control and medical imaging.

Uploaded by

Rajeswaranaidu Darsi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating systems are there from the very first computer generation and they keep evolving with

time.
In this chapter, we will discuss some of the important types of operating systems which are most
commonly used.

Batch Operating System The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer
directly. Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer
operator. To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. The
programmers leave their programs with the operator and the operator then sorts the programs with
similar requirements into batches.

The problems with Batch Systems are as follows:

 Lack of interaction between the user and the job.


 CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O devices is slower than the CPU.
 Difficult to provide the desired priority.

Time-sharing Operating Systems


Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a particular
computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of
multiprogramming. Processor's time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is termed as
time-sharing.

The main difference between Multiprogrammed Batch Systems and Time-Sharing Systems is that in case
of Multiprogrammed batch systems, the objective is to maximize processor use, whereas in Time-
Sharing Systems, the objective is to minimize response time.

Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but the switches occur so frequently.
Thus, the user can receive an immediate response. For example, in a transaction processing, the
processor executes each user program in a short burst or quantum of computation. That is, if n users are
present, then each user can get a time quantum. When the user submits the command, the response
time is in few seconds at most.

The operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with a small
portion of a time. Computer systems that were designed primarily as batch systems have been modified
to time-sharing systems.
Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are as follows:
 Provides the advantage of quick response
 Avoids duplication of software
 Reduces CPU idle time
Disadvantages of Time-sharing operating systems are as follows:
 Problem of reliability
 Question of security and integrity of user programs and data
 Problem of data communication
Distributed Operating System
Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time applications and multiple
users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly.

The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines (such as high-
speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems.
Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function. These processors are referred as sites,
nodes, computers, and so on.

The advantages of distributed systems are as follows:

 With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the resources  available at
another.
 Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
 If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating.
Better service to the customers.
 Reduction of the load on the host computer.
 Reduction of delays in data processing.

Network Operating System


A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server the capability to manage
data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The primary purpose of
the network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in
a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks.

Examples of network operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft
Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD.

The advantages of network operating systems are as follows:

 Centralized servers are highly stable.


 Security is server managed.
 Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated into the system.
 Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems.

The disadvantages of network operating systems are as follows:

 High cost of buying and running a server.


 Dependency on a central location for most operations.
 Regular maintenance and updates are required.
Real-Time Operating System
A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval required to process
and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment. The time taken by the system to
respond to an input and display of required updated information is termed as the response time. So in
this method, the response time is very less as compared to online processing.

Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the operation of a processor or
the flow of data and real-time systems can be used as a control device in a dedicated application. A real-
time operating system must have well-defined, fixed time constraints, otherwise the system will fail. For
example, Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems,
robots, air traffic control systems, etc.

There are two types of real-time operating systems.

Hard real-time systems Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks complete on time. In hard
real-time systems, secondary storage is limited or missing and the data is stored in ROM. In these
systems, virtual memory is almost never found.

Soft real-time systems

Soft real-time systems are less restrictive. A critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks and
retains the priority until it completes. Soft real-time systems have limited utility than hard real-time
systems. For example, multimedia, virtual reality, Advanced Scientific Projects like undersea exploration
and planetary rovers, etc.

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