PROCEEDTNGS OF THE SHORT COURSE ON COASTAL PROTECTION

DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY /30 JUNE-1 JULY 1990

Coastal Protection
Edited by
KRYSTIAN W. PILARCZYK
Rijkswaterstaat, Delft

A. A. BALKEMA l ROTTERDAM l BROOKFIEL

 Coastal Proteclion, Pilarczyk (ed.) ro 1990 Balkema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 6191 1273
Table of contents

Introduction to coastal protectjon

Krystian WPilarczyk
Generai strategy on coastline protection - The Dutch case 15
Cees Louisse & HenkJan Verhagen
Probabilistic design of flood defences 39
JK.Vrijling
Dune and beach erosion and nourishment 99
Jan van de Graaff & MaartenJKoster
Principles and effectiveness of Groynes 121
C.A. Flemming
Static and dynamic stability of loose materials 157
Jentsje Wvan der Meer
Design of seawalls and di.kes- Including overview of revetments 197
Krystian W.Pilarczyk
Placed block revetments 289
Adam Bezuijen, Mark Klein Breteler & André Burger
Asphalt mixtures for revetments of water defences and embankments 327
JAvanHerpen
Maintenance and monitoring of water retaining structures 369
Louis de Quelerij & Ep va n Hijum

Appendixes
Data collection and prediction methods- An overview 405
Krystian WPilarczyk

VII
Hydraulic boundary conditions related t o the design of the Oostersche lde 423
Storm Surge Barrier in the Netherlands - An example of a joint distribution of
waves and surges
J K Vrijling & J Bruinsma
Random seas for design of maritime structures 447
Yoshimi Goda
Dutch research strategy on water defences 483
Krystian WPilarczyk
List of contributors 499

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 Coastal Protection. Pilarczyk (ed.)© 1990 Balkema, Ro/lerdam. ISBN 906191 127 3

Extended table of contents

l IN1RODUCTION TO COASTAL PROTECTION l

K.WPilarczyk
l lntroduction l
1.1 Generai l
1.2 Review of coastal defence methods 3
1.3 Design considerations and methodology 4
1.4 Design process of coastal structures 6
1.5 Structural aspects and design procedure checklist 10
References 13

2 GENERAL STRATEGY ON COASTLINE PROTECTION- THE DUTCH

CASE 15
Cees Louisse & HenkJan Verhagen
l Introduction 15
1.1 The Dutch coast 15
1.2 Legai framework for the coastal defence system 17
1.3 Need fora coastal defence policy in the Netherlands 19
1.4 History 20
1.5 Changes in dune appraisai 20
1.6 Finance 21
1.7 Strategy 21
2 Problem of the coast 22
2.1 Causes of coastal erosion 22
2.2 Impact of sea level rise 24
2.3 Impact of chronic erosion on safety 24
2.4 Impact of chronic erosion on other functions in the dune area 25
2.5 Impact of shoreline retreat on vaiues on the beach 26
3 Alternatives for coastal defence 27
3.1 Withdrawai 27
3.2 Selective erosion contro! 28
3.3 Full erosion control 28
3.4 Seaward expansion 28

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 4 Method of analysis 29
5 Effects of coastal defence alternati ves 30
References 35

3 PROBABILISTIC DESIGN OF FLOOD DEFENCES 39

J K.Vrijling
l Imroduction and historical background 39
1.1 Introduction 39
1.2 Historical background 39
2 Generai design approach 42
3 The storm-surge-barrier 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 The hydraulic boundary conditions 52
3.3 The probabilistic load detennination 54
3.4 Probabilistic design procedures 55
3.5 The fault-tree analysis 58
3.6 Risk analysis of construction and cost 60
3.7 Conclusions 62
4 Probabilistic dike design 62
4.1 Introduction 62
4.2 System description 62
4.3 Failure mechanisms 63
4.4 Risk analysis of the system by means of the fault-tree approach 66
4.5 Evaluation of the probability of failme 68
5 Assessment of risk levels 73
5.1 Generai 73
5.2 Personally acceptable level of risk 73
5.3 Socially acceptable level of risk 76
5.4 A concept of acceptable risk 86
6 Sea-level rise: A probabilistic design problem 89
6.1 Introduction 89
6.2 An economie mode! 89
6.3 Conclusions 95
7 Conclusions 95
References 96

4 DUNE AND BEACH EROSION AND NOURISHMENT 99

Jan vande Graaff& MaartenJKoster
l Introduction 99
2 Causes of coastal erosion 99
2.1 Generai 99
2.2 Loss due to structural erosion 100
2.3 Loss due to a severe storm ( surge) l 04
3 Dune erosion calculation methods l 06
3.1 Introduction 106
3.2 The shape of the expected erosion profile 108

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 3.3 Discrepancy between rea! erosion pro file and expected erosion
pro file 109
3.4 Recipe fora probabilistic calculation l 09
3.5 The probabilistic calculation 11 O
3.6 Safery against severe damage due to inundation 112
3.7 A simpljfied mode! 112
3.8 A more sophisticated time dependent mode! 11 3
3.9 State of the art with respectto the models 114
3 .l O Case studies an d demonstration of the models 114
4 Counter-measures 115
4.1 Genera! 115
4.2 Methods to combat structural erosion 115
4.3 Methods to combat the loss during a severe storm (surge) 118
5 References 120

5 PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTIVENESS OFGROYNES 121

C.AFlemming
l Introduction 121
2 The coastal environment 125
2.1 Topography and bathymetry 125
2.2 Geology and beach classification 127
2.3 Waterleve1 127
2.4 Wave conditions 129
2.5 Nearshore currents 130
2.6 Stability of the foreshore 131
3 Application of groynes in UK experience 133
3.1 Generai objectives 133
3.2 Effects of groynes on beach shape 133
3.3 Effects of groynes and nearshore currents 134
4 Design of groyne layout- UK practice 135
4.1 Beach profiles 135
4.2 Beach pian shape between groynes I 36
4.3 Alongshore drift 136
4.4 Groyne height 136
4.5 Groyne length 137
4.6 Groyne spacing 138
4.7 Inclination of groyne to coastline 139
4.8 Terminai groyne 139
4.9 Downdrift scour 139
4.10 Beach head 140
4.11 Beach nourishment 140
4.12 Maintenance requirements 142
4.13 Design notes related to specific beach and groyne type 142
5 Groynes in coastal engineering - Netherlands experience 145
5.1 Introduction 145
5.2 Hydraulic factors 145

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 5.3 Conclusions 148
6 Detached breakwaters and artificial headlands 149
6.1 lntroduction 149
6.2 Detached breakwaters 149
6.3 Artificial headlands J 50
References 151
Bibliography 154

6 STATIC AND DYNAMIC STABILITY OF LOOSE MATERIALS 157

Jentsje W vander Meer
l Introduction 157
L l Processes involved in coastal protection structures 157
1.2 Classification of coastal structures 159
2 Structural parameters 161
2.1 Structural parameters related to wa ves 161
2.2 Structural parameters related to rock 163
2.3 Structural parameters related to the cross-section 164
2.4 Structural parameters related to the response of the structure 165
3 Introduction to structural response 167
4 Rock armour 1ayers 169
5 Armour layers with concrete units 176
6 Low-crested structures 178
6.1 Reef breakwater (Fig. 17A) 180
6.2 Statically stab1e low-crestedl breakwaters (Fig. 17B) 180
6.3 Submerged breakwaters (Fig. 17C) 182
7 Dynamically stable slopes (benn breakwaters) 182
-: 8 Stepped and composite slopes 185
9 Underlayers and filters 187
10 Toe protection 188
11 Breakwater head 189
12 Longshore transport of coarse materials 191
References 194

7 DESIGN OF SEAWALLS AND DIKES - INCWDING OVERVIEW OF

REVETMENTS 197
Krystian WPilarczyk
l Introduction 197
1.1 Generai 197
1.2 Functions 198
1.3 Starting-points for the design 198
2 Effects of seawalls/dikes on the beach 200
2.1 Generai 200
2.2 Physica1 interactions and consequences 20 l
2.3 Literature review 204
3 Conceptual design 209
3.1 Generai 209

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 3.2 The functionai design 209
3.3 The structurai design 209
4 Design philosophy 2 11
5 Seawail and dike design 214
5.1 Boundary conditions 214
5.1.1 Assessment of the existing situation 214
5.1.2 Hydraulic boundary conditions 214
5.1.3 Geotechnicai conditions 217
5 .1.4 Construction materiais 218
5.2 Shape and height of a seawail/dike 218
5.2.1 Loading zones 218
5.2.2 Wave-structure interaction 220
5.2.3 Dike shape 221
5.2.4 Dike height; wave run-up and overtopping 222
5 .2.4.1 Generai consideration o n the height of a d ike 222
5.2.4.2 Waverun-up 223
5.2.4.3 Wave overtopping 226
5.3 Geotechnical aspects 231
5.3.1 Generai 231
5.3.2 Geotechnicallimit states 233
6 Revetrnents 235
6.1 Generai requirements 235
6.2 Type of revetrnents 235
6.3 Choice of revetrnents 236
6.4 Load-strength concept 236
6.4.1 Generai approach 236
6.4.2 Failure modes and determinant load 238
6.5 Dimensioning 240
6.6 Principles of composition 241
6.7 Subsoil requirements 241

7 Hydraulic stability criteria for materi.als and systems 243

7.1 Generai 243
7.2 Stability criteria for wave attack 244
7.3 Stability criteria for current attack 251
7.4 Fùter constructions 260
7.4.1 Generai 260
7 .4.2 Granular filters 260
7 .4.3 Filter rules 261
7 .4.4 Geotextile filters 262
7 .4.5 Materiais demands 264
7.5 Investigation on grass slopes 264
8 Semi-probabilistic calculation of revetrnents 265
9 Structure related demands 270
9.1 Slope protection 270
9.2 Optimization of slope stability 270

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 9.3 Scour protection 272
9.4 Protection against ovenopping 277
9.5 Joints and transitions 28 1
IO Management and monitoring 282
11 Conclusions and recommendations 283
References 286

8 PLACED BLOCK REVETMENTS 289

Adam Bezuijen, MarkKlein Breteler & André Burger
l Introduction 289
2 Failure mechanisms 290
2.1 Introduction 290
2.2 Overallloading on the revetment 291
2.3 Failure mechanisms for the various components 292
2.3.1 Cover layer 292
2.3.2 Filter layer 293
2.3.3 Subsoil 294
3 Hydraulic boundary conditions 295
3.1 Waveheight 295
3.2 Wave pressures 295
3.3 Wave run-up and wave run-down 297
4 Stability of cover layer 298
4.1 Loading by wave pressures and pore pressures 298
4.2 Uplift and sliding 303
4.2.1 Lifting of blocks 304
4.2.2 Sliding of the cover layer 308
...., 5 Stability of the filter layer 311
5.1 Loading on the filter layer 311
5.2 Internai stability 312
5.3 Filter stability 312
6 Stability of the subsoil 314
7 Permeabilities 319
7 .l Permeability of granular materia! 319
7.2 Permeability of placed blocks 320
7.3 Permeability of geotextiles 323
7.4 Linearized permeabilities 323
7.5 Accuracy of penneability detenninations 324
8 Conclusions 324
References 325

9 ASPHALTMIXTURES FOR REVETMENTS OFWATER DEFENCES AND

EMBANKMENTS 327
JA van H erpen
l Introduction 327
2 Applications 327
3 Hydraulic asphaltic mixtures 330

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 3. I Generai 330
3.2 Asphaltic concrete 333
3.3 Asphaltic mastic 335
3.4 Grouting mortars 33 7
3.5 Open stone asphalt 337
3.6 Lean sand asphalt 339
4 Initial design 339
5 Fina! design 342
5.1 General 342
5.2 The di.ke body 342
5.3 Design on hydraulic uplift pressures 343
5.4 Design of a plate-type asphalt revetment against wave impacts 348
5.5 Design of a surface- or pattem-grouted stone layer against wave
attack 353
5.6 Design of underwater bed protection against hydraulic uplift pressures
caused by waves 355
5.7 Design of an asphalt revetment against currents 356
6 Execution 358
6.1 Genera! aspects 358
6.2 Asphaltic concrete 359
6.3 Mastic 362
6.4 Grouting mortars 363
6.5 Open stone asphalt 363
6.6 Lean sand asphalt 364
6.7 Joints in bituminous revetments 365
References 367

10 MAINTENANCE AND MONITORING OF WATER RETAINING

STRUCfURES 369
Louis de Quelerij & Ep van Hijwn
l l ntroduction 369
2 Management of maintenance 369
2.1 Goal 369
2.2 Actual situation 370
2.3 Inventory of skills 371
2.4 Management scheme 372
2.4.1 Objectives and elements 372
2.4.2 Data-base/register 372
2.4.3 Management policy pian 373
2.4.4 REC-assessment model 374
2.4.5 Annua! budgetestimatè 376
2.4.6 Maintenance plan 377
2.4.7 Annua! account 379
2.4.8 Justification reports 380
3 Management scheme for fiood control in the Netherlands 380
4 Maintenance and monitoring system for di.kes 381
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 4. l Generai conceptions 381
4.2 Set up of safety contro! system 385
4.2. 1 Rough description of d ike elements and boundary conditions 385
4.2.2 Relative strength with respect to ultimate failure 386
4.2.3 Relative importance of deterioration mechanisms 386
4.2.4 Decisive dike sections and dike clusters 388
4.2.5 Damage pattems and failure limits per dike cluster 388
4.2.6 Inspection and monitoring strategy 392
4.2.7 Scheme for repair measures 394
5 Case study Hondsbossche seadike 395
5.1 Project description 395
5.2 Selection of decisive dike sections and clusters 397
5.3 Selection of damage patterns and damage limits 398
5.4 Assessment scheme for inspection an d repair measures 400
5.5 Evaluation 40 l
Acknowledgement 40 1
Literature 40 l

Data collection and prediction methods- An overview 405

Krystian W.Pilarczyk
Hydraulic boundary conditions related to the design of the Oosterschelde 423
Stonn Surge Banier in the Netherlands- An example of ajoint distribution of
waves and surges
J.KVrijling & J.Bruinsma
Random seas for design of maritime structures 447
Yoshimi Goda
Dutch research strategy on water defences 483
Krystian W.Pilarczyk
List of contributors 499

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