1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Initiatives are emerging worldwide to control and regulate the management of sub-
products, residuals and industrial wastes in order to preserve the environment from
contamination. A good solution to the problem of recycling agro industrial residue would
be by burning them in a controlled environment and use the ashes (waste) for more noble
means. Utilization of such wastes as cement and fine aggregate replacement materials
may reduce the cost of concrete production and also minimize the negative environmental
effects with disposal of these wastes.
Sugarcane is one of the major crops grown in over 110 countries and its total
production is over 1500 million tons. After the extraction of all economical sugar from
sugarcane, large fibrous residue is obtained. When bagasse is burnt in the boiler of
cogeneration plant under controlled conditions, reactive amorphous silica is formed due
to the combustion process and is present in the residual ashes known as Sugarcane
Bagasse Ash. This amorphous silica content makes bagasse ash a useful cement
replacement material in concrete. Each ton of sugarcane generates approximately 26% of
bagasse (at a moisture content of 50%) and 0.62% of residual ash. The residue after
combustion presents a chemical composition dominates by silicon dioxide (SiO2). From
the past researches it is found that the bagasse ash consists of the properties of nature
sand.
But these ashes are produced under uncontrolled and non-uniform burning
conditions with temperatures rising above 1000°c resulting in a crystallization of the
matter
.In this study the bagasse ash is planned to use as the partial replacement for cement and
fine aggregate in-order to utilize the wastages and to protect the environment from the
hazards. Sugarcane bagasse ash is normally used as fertilizer in sugarcane plantation.
1.2 REASON FOR ALTERNATE RESOURCES
Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction material
throughout the world and in terms of its per capita consumption, it is second most
consumed material in the country, next only to water. However, the production of
Portland cement, an essential constituent of concrete, leads to the release of significant
amount of CO2, a greenhouse gas (GHG); production of one ton of Portland cement
produces about one ton of CO2.
In addition to natural resources issues, it play a leading role in the sustainable
development of the cement and concrete industry during this century. Currently, there has
been an attempt to utilize the large amount of bagasse ash, the residue from an in-line
sugar industry and the bagasse-biomass fuel in electric generation industry. This bagasse
ash has been chemically and physically characterized replaced in different proportion
with cement and incorporated in concrete.
The most commonly used fine aggregate is natural river or pit sand. Fine and
coarse aggregate constitute about 75% of total volume. It is therefore, important to obtain
right type and good quality aggregate at site.
The demand of natural sand is quite high in the developing countries due to the
rapid infrastructural growth. In this situation developing country like India is facing
shortage of good quality natural sand. In India natural sand deposits are being depleted.
Increasing extraction of natural sand from river beds causes many problems such as
loosing water retaining sand strata, deepening of the river courses and causing bank
slides, loss of vegetation on the bank of rivers, exposing the intake well of water supply
schemes, disturbance to the aquatic life and affecting agriculture due to lowering of
underground water table. In the past decade variable cost of natural sand used as fine
aggregate in concrete has increased the cost of construction many folds.
Some alternative materials have already been used as a part of natural sand and
cement. Fly ash, slag, limestone and siliceous stone powder were used in concrete
mixtures as a partial replacement of natural sand and cement. However, scarcity in
required quality is the major limitation in some of the above materials. Now a day’s
sustainable infrastructural growth demands the alternative material that should satisfy
technical requisites of fine aggregate and at the same time it should be available
abundantly.
1.3 NEED OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH (SCBA) USAGE
 Each ton of cement produces approximately about one ton of CO2 and cement
industry is responsible for the emission of about 5% of CO2 worldwide.
 Brings positive effect to the environment.
 When used as replacement for cement in concrete, it reduces the problem
associated with their disposal.
 Decrease in the emission of greenhouse gases.
1.4 PROCESS OF EXTRACTION OF SCBA
To obtain Sugarcane Bagasse ash (SCBA), burning was carried out in two stages-
open burning followed by controlled burning at 600°C for 5 hours (actual procedure), but
the SCBA used for our thesis is collected from Sugarcane factory where the burning
temperature of SCBA was around 900-1100°C. SCBA so obtained was not fine enough to
be blended with the cement; therefore to achieve fineness compared to OPC, the ash
obtained after burning was grounded in a ball mill and subsequently screened through
45μ sieve.

1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE INVESTIGATION

The objective of the present investigation is to study the mechanical and durability
properties of M25 grade of SCBA concrete.
• To save the natural sand by using the bagasse ash.
• To investigate the increase in strength of concrete and better bonding between the
aggregate and cement paste.
• The strength of the concrete is going to determine at 7 days, 14 days and 28 days.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION
The scope of the present investigation is shown below:
 To determine the mechanical and durability properties of SCBA mixes for
the partial replacement by 10% of cement and Fine aggregate by 0%, 10%,
20%.
 To plot the stress-strain curve for each mix combinations under cyclic
loading and to determine the modulus of elasticity under monotonic
loading.
 In the future, there will be control of fine aggregates. So we have to use
alternate resources.
 To reduce the usage of sand and cement.
 To improve properties of concrete by using bagasse ash.
 To effective use of bagasse ash which is a cheaper material compared to the
other ingredients of the concrete can be effectively utilized.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE
REVIEW

“Experimental Study on Bagasse Ash in Concrete” - R.Srinivasan, K.Sathiya

2010
The results show that the SCBA in blended concrete had significantly higher
compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength compare to that of the
concrete without SCBA. It is found that the cement could be advantageously replaced
with SCBA up to maximum limit of 10%. Although, the optimal level of SCBA content
was achieved with 1.0% replacement. Partial replacement of cement by SCBA increases
workability of fresh concrete; therefore use of super plasticizer is not substantial. The
density of concrete decreases with increase in SCBA content, low weight concrete
produced in the society with waste materials (SCBA).

“Utilization of Bagasse Ash as a Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate in

Concrete” – Prashant O Modani, M R Vyawahare 2012
On the basis of experimental investigation carried out, the following conclusions
can be drawn. The fraction of fine aggregates i.e. 10% to 20% can be effectively replaced
with a bagasse ash (untreated) without a considerable loss of workability and strength
properties. The compressive strength results represent that, the strength of the mixes with
10% and 20% bagasse ash increases at later days (28 days) as compared to7 days that
may be due to pozzolanic properties of bagasse ash. The Sorptivity test result shows that
the sorptivity coefficient increases with increase in percentage of bagasse ash which
indicate more permeable concrete that is due to porous nature of SCBA and the
impurities in it. In its purest form the bagasse ash can prove to be a potential ingredient of
concrete since it can be an effective replacement to cement and fine aggregate.

“An Experimental Study on the Compressive Strength of Concrete by Partial

Replacement of Cement with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash” – Lavanya M.R,
Sugumaran.B, Pradeep.T December – 2012
 Based on the conducted experiment and according to the results obtained, it can be
concluded that: Bagasse ash can increase the overall strength of the concrete when used
up to a 15% cement replacement level with w/c ratio of 0.35.Bagasse ash is a valuable
pozzolanic material and it can potentially be used as a partial replacement for cement.
This could reduce the environmental problems and minimize the requirement of land fill
area to dispose SBA.

“Use of Increasing Amounts of Bagasse Ash Waste to Produce Self-

Compacting Concrete by Adding Limestone Powder Waste” – Gritsada Sua-Iam,
Natt Makul 2013

In the present study, increasingly high volumes of BA waste obtained from the
sugar industry were used as fine aggregate replacement materials in the production of
high- performance SCC, which was obtained by adding LS powder waste obtained from
the stone-crushing industry. The goal was to maximize the amount of unprocessed or as-
received BA content as a new fine aggregate. For the performance of SCC with
controlled flow ability conditions (slump flow diameter of 70 + 2.5 cm or -2.5cm), there
were advantages to using BA and LS powder in the workability of the concrete. For
instance, SCC mixtures containing LS and BA required lower w/c ratios than SCC
containing only BA, leading to higher flow ability. However, some blocking occurred in
mixtures containing 40% LS and 40% BA (“high-volume” BA content) during V-funnel
and J-ring tests. The unit weight of the SCC decreased with increasing BA content and
increased with increasing LS content, allowing a type of lightweight SCC to be obtained.
The resulting concrete structure had a decreased weight and low long-term maintenance
costs. In terms of the hardened properties of SCC combinations, BA and LS could be
employed to decrease the w/c ratio by more than 24%. The compressive strength of SCCs
comprised of BA and LS mixtures increased when lower w/c ratios were used, compared
to SCCs mixed with BA alone. Incorporation of suitable levels of BA and LS improved
the early-stage compressive strength development, due to filling effects and pozzolanic
reactions. The optimal SCC, which contained 20% LS and 20% replacement of the fine
aggregate by BA, showed improved properties compared to normal SCC and met the
requirements of the European Federation of National Associations Representing
Producers and Applicators of
Specialist Building Products for Concrete (EFNARC) guidelines. To conform to the
performance-based design of SCC, future studies should systematically investigate the
effects of LS powder use on the durability of SCC incorporating large amounts of BA
waste.

“Effect of Use of Bagasse Ash on Strength of Concrete” – Mrs.U.R.Kawade,

Mr.V.R.Rathi, Miss Vaishali D. July–2013
The SCBA concrete had significantly higher compressive strength compare to that
of the concrete without SCBA. It is found that the cement could be advantageously
replaced with SCBA up to maximum limit of 15%. Although, the optimal level of SCBA
content was achieved with 15.0% replacement. Partial replacement of cement by SCBA
increases workability of fresh concrete; therefore use of super plasticizer is not essential.

“An Experimental Study on Strength Properties of Concrete when Cement is

Partially Replaced with Sugar-Cane Bagasse Ash” – G. Sireesha, M. Kanta Rao, P.
Kanta Rao October – 2013
Based on this study it can be concluded that The maximum compressive, split
tensile, flexural strengths are obtained at 5% when the cement is replaced with B.A 1.
The maximum compressive strength is obtained at 15%, tensile strength is obtained at
20% and flexural strength is obtained at 30% when the cement is replaced with B.A 2.
Comparing the results of the two trails, the results obtained by replacing cement with
B.A.2 are better. Hence it can be concluded that B.A.2 is most preferable than B.A.1 as
cement replacement material, and hence S.C.B.A is a good pozzolanic material.

“A Study on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement

of Fine Aggregate with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash” – T. Shafana, R.Venkatasubramani
January–2014
Due to non-availability of natural sand at reasonable cost as finer aggregate in
cement concrete for various reasons, search for alternative material like SCBA qualifies
itself as a suitable substitute for sand at low cost. Fineness modulus of natural sand and
SCBA were 2.79 and 1.42 respectively. SCBA belongs to zone lV as per IS code. Water
requirement increased as the percentage of SCBA increased. Unit weight of the mixture
produced decreased as the percentage of SCBA increased. Workability of the mixtures
depended primarily on the percentage of SCBA used. This is consistent with the porous
nature of SCBA particles whereby a greater surface area and larger average particle size
serve to enhance absorption of water. Only the slump properties of the control and 10
percent SCBA mixture were acceptable, while the other mixtures were compromised by a
decrease in slump relative to the amount of SCBA present.
The compressive strength results represent that the strength of the mixes with 10%
and 20% bagasse ash increased at later days (28 days) as compared to 7 days that may be
due to pozzolanic properties of bagasse ash. The greatest compressive strength, split
tensile strength and flexural strength were achieved when the mixture contained 10% of
fine aggregate replacement of SCBA with the water cement ratio of 0.43.
Hence we concluded that the fine aggregate upto 10% can be effectively replaced
with sugarcane bagasse ash without considerable loss of workability and strength.

“An Experimental Study on Bagasse Ash as Replacement for Cement in

Lightweight Concrete” – Yashwanth.M.K, Dr.B.G.Nareshkumar, January – 2014
Normal consistency of OPC+BA will increase for various percentage of bagasse
ash as compared to OPC since the fineness of bagasse ash is less it consumes more water.
Setting time of OPC+BA replacement increases with increase in percentage of bagasse
ash because bagasse ash acts as a good mineral admixture which retards setting time, low
heat of hydration and attains maximum strength slowly. Workability of lightweight
concrete increases with increase in percentage of bagasse ash with cement as compared to
OPC and up to 15% SCBA replacement with cement can impart good workability
without any chemical admixtures and the value obtained is within the maximum slump
value of 100mm for lightweight concrete is achieved as per provision and this workability
decreases as percentage of SCBA is increased and when chemical admixtures are added
there will be enormous increase in slump value in OPC and also in sugar cane bagasse
ash replacement with cement hence up to 10% SCBA replacement with cement can
impart good workability with chemical admixtures. The 15% of replacement of bagasse
ash gives maximum compressive strength at 28 days as compared to 5%, 10% and 20%
replacement of SCBA and this 15% replacement of SCBA with cement strength is
slightly less than OPC based
lightweight concrete which is comparable. If the bagasse is burnt again at controlled temp
fineness of cement is increased hence it will improve the fresh and hardened properties of
concrete.

“Sugarcane Baggase Ash and Pozzocrete as a Techno-Economical Solution in

Design Mix Concrete” – Shah Palas A, Mehta G, Pathariyasaraswati C May – 2014
On the basis of above study the following remarks are made regarding the
properties of concrete on addition of sugarcane bagasse ash and Pozzocrete (P60) as
partial replacement of fine aggregate and cement respectively. Use of Argo-waste i.e.
SBA in the production of concrete leads in the development of eco-friendly building
material. Compressive strength increases when replacement of pozzocrete (P60)
percentage increases when compared to traditional concrete. By consumption of
pozzocrete in such way there is reduction in content of CO2. Stress on environment is
reduced along with reduction in wastage of land and maintenance cost of land filling. The
optimum amount of sugarcane bagasse ash at which concrete attains the higher strength is
10%. From this research, replacement of (OPC)cement with this pozzocrete (P60)
material provides maximum strength at 30% Establishment of concrete by replacing sand
and cement with SBA at optimum amount and Pozzocrete (P60) at 30% respectively the
cost reduces up to 522.93Rs (i.e cost reduces up to13%)for 1m3 .

“Properties of Concrete by Using Bagasse Ash and Recycle Aggregate” –

Noor Md. Sadiqul Hasan, Habibur Rahman Sobuz2, Nafisa Tamanna, Mohamed Slah
Talha And Saiful Islam – June 2014
The bagasse ash improves the compressive strength of concrete as noticed from
the Compression Test and the strength increased for 10% (cement replaced by bagasse
ash) by percentage of 4.4% compared with control specimen. The optimum percentage
that can be added to concrete from the results obtained for the Compressive strength and
Rebound Hammer Test is 10% of bagasse ash replaced cement which showed the highest
strength. Other percentages of bagasse ash and recycled aggregate showed a decrement
on the compressive strength. This decrement of the strength may be due to the surface of
cement and aggregate being covered partly therefore reducing the bonding between the
aggregate and cement in concrete mix for the bagasse ash, and for recycled aggregate,
this may be
attributed to the superior quality of natural granite aggregate used to create control
concrete mixes, and the presence of Impurities in recycled aggregate. Strengths improved
with age. Higher strengths could have been produced if high-strength cement was used
(the compressive strength of cement used was 53.4 N/mm2 after 28 days) (10% (BA)).
Although a 100% recycled aggregate was used as replacement for coarse aggregates, it
proved possible to produce recycled materials concretes capable of achieving the design
slumps and compressive strengths within the range of 40 N/mm² after 28 days. Densities
of all recycled materials samples are less than control samples. This is because recycled
materials concrete are lighter than control concrete.

“Behaviour of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Concrete Exposed to Elevated

Temperature” - A.D.V.S. Siva Kumar, K.V. Balaji, T. Santhosh Kumar July – 2014
SCBA concrete performed better when compared to ordinary concrete up to 10%
replacement of sugar cane bagasse ash than at 0% replacement. The compressive strength
of concrete with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% weight replacement of cement with
SCBA and exposed to different temperature results in an increase of strength at 2000c
than at room temperature, and gradual decrease of strength till 6000c and sudden
decrease of strength at 8000c. Both SCBA and normal concrete showed increase of
strength when cubes exposed to 2000c. The results show that 20% SCBA can be replaced
with cement, so that there is no loss of strength and also economical. Utilization of the
waste material Sugar Cane Bagasse ash can be advantageously used as a replacement of
cement in the preparation of concrete when it is exposed to elevated temperature but till
6000c.

“A Study on Bagasse Ash Replaced Plain Cement Concrete” – Shruthi H R,

Dr.H Eramma, Yashwanth M K, Keerthi Gowda B S August – 2014
Detailed description of experimental results has been carried out. It has been
observed that the experimental result for the 10% replacement of bagasse ash to OPC has
increase in strength in comparison with 0% and 5% replacement. Beyond 10%
replacement of bagasse ash, the strength was decreased. The analytical results obtained
are not much varied compared to experimental results. It gives very near values to the
experimental values so we can use the developed equations of this present study for the
calculation of
values compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength for bagasse ash
replacement with OPC up to 20% replacement.

“Evaluation of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as a Replacement for Cement in

Concrete Works” – T. S. Abdulkadir, D. O. Oyejobi, A. A. Lawal September – 2014
Investigation of SCBA as partial replacement of cement in concrete production has
been explored. The calculated target mean strength of 31.56N/mm2 was not achieved.
This may be as a result of some factors like mode of mixing (hand mixing), compaction
and the reactivity of the SCBA. For control, the compressive strength was 26.8N/mm2.
This can be used for plain and reinforced concrete with lightweight aggregate and
reinforced concrete with normal aggregate. 10% replacement of cement with SCBA
yielded compressive strength of 22.3N/mm2 and 83.2% of PAI; 20% replacement yielded
20.1N/mm2 and 75% of PAI, and 30% replacement yielded the compressive strength of
17.3N/mm2 and 64.5% of PAI. 10% and 20% replacement can be used for reinforced
concrete with normal aggregates and 30% for reinforced concrete with lightweight
aggregates. The compressive strength of the concrete cubes for all the mix ratios
increases with curing age and decreases as the SCBA content increases. The percentage
reduction of compressive strength for 10%, 20% and 30% replacement of cement with
SCBA compared with control are 16.8%, 25% and 35.5% respectively. From the density
result, the SCBA concrete can be classified as normal weight concrete. The percentage
reduction in density for 10%, 20% and 30% replacement of cement with SCBA are 2.7%,
6.7% and 8.47% respectively. It was clearly shown that SCBA is a pozzolanic material
that has the potential to be used as partial cement replacement material and can contribute
to the environmental sustainability.
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 WORKING METHODOLOGY

Introduction

Literature review

Materials used in SCBA

Mix design

Casting of specimen

Test on Fresh concrete Test on Hardened concrete

Slump Flow Compaction factor Compressive strength Split tensile strength Flexural strength
Vee bee consistometer Durability

Result and Conclusion

 CHAPTER 4
MATERIAL PROPERTIES

4.1 CEMENT

The cement used in this study was OPC 53 grade from KCP Cement
Company which is widely used in the construction industries. The chemical properties of
cement are shown in Table 4.1(a) which is given by the supplier. The physical properties
of cement was determined by testing the cement as per IS 12269:1987 (reaffirmed 2004)
using pycnometer and vicat’s apparatus and the test results are shown in Table 4.1(b)

Component %

Sio2 21.8

Al2O3 4.8

Fe2O3 3.8

CaO 63.3

SO3 2.2

MgO3 0.9

Na2O 0.21

K2 O 0.46

Cl 0.04

P2O5 <0.04

Loss of ignition 2

Insoluble residue 0.4

Table 4.1.1 Chemical composition of cement

Specific gravity of cement
Weight of empty dry bottle, (W1) = 612.5g
Weight of bottle +water, (W2) = 1459.5g
Weight of bottle + kerosene, (W3) = 1370.5g
Weight of bottle + cement +kerosene, (W4) = 1509g
Weight of cement, (W5) = 200g

W3 − W1
Specific gravity of kerosene, (𝐠)
= W2 − W1

= 758/847

= 0.8949

W5
Specific gravity of cement, Xg
(𝐆 ) = W5 + W3 − W4

200
= X 0.8949
200 + 1370.5 −
1509

G = 2.910

1. Specific Gravity 2.91

2. Standard consistency 32%

3. Setting time

(i) Initial setting time 90 mts

(ii) Final setting time 210 mts

4. Fineness 2.5%

Table 4.1.2 Physical properties of OPC 53 grade

4.2 SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH
In India sugarcane production is over 300 million tons/year that cause around 10
million tons of sugarcane bagasse ash as an un-utilized. The ash which was obtained from
the boiler is a major waste product. It contains high volume of sio2. Therefore it is
classified as a good pozzolanic material S.C.B.A can be used as a supplementary
cementitious material due to its pozzolanic property.
Sugarcane bagasse ash was collected from M/s Ponni Sugars (P) Ltd.,
Pallipalayam, Namakkal District of Tamil Nadu. The chemical and physical properties of
the random ash samples were analysed.

Fig 4.2.1 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Fig 4.2.2 specific gravity test

4.2.1 NEED OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH (SCBA) USAGE

 Each ton of cement produces approximately about one ton of CO2 and cement
industry is responsible for the emission of about 5% of CO2 worldwide.
 Brings positive effect to the environment.
 When used as replacement for cement in concrete, it reduces the problem
associated with their disposal.
 Decrease in the emission of greenhouse gases.
4.2.2 ADVANTAGES OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH
 Land pollution: Primarily the ash disposal problem from sugar industry
is reduced since it is usually disposed off in open land area.
 Economy: Due to the non-availability of fine aggregate, the price of natural sand
which is used as fine aggregate has increased by three folds in the past few
months. Hence the overall cost involved in the construction is reduced.
 Future demand: Partial replacement will also help in meeting the increasing
demand for fine aggregate in future.

Cumulative
Sieve Weight Cumulative %
Sl.no Weight % finer
size retained retained
retained

1 10 0 0 0 100
2 4.75 12.5 12.5 2.5 97.5
3 2.36 42.5 55 11 89
4 1.18 65 120 24 76
5 0.6 60 180 36 64
6 0.3 102.5 282.5 56.5 43.5
7 0.15 117.5 410 82 18
8 Pan 90 500 100 0

Table 4.2.1 Sieve analysis for SCBA as per IS: 383- 1970
Fineness modulus of SCBA = ∑F/100 = 2.12

Specific gravity of SCBA

Weight of the empty pycnometer, W1 = 612.5g
Weight of the empty pycnometer + sand, W2 = 1110.7g
Weight of the empty pycnometer + sand + water, W3 = 1306.2g
Weight of the empty pycnometer + water, W4 = 1088.1g
W2−W1
Specific gravity of cement, (𝐆) =
(W2−W1)−(W3−W4)
 1110.7 − 612.5
=
(1110.7 − 612.5) − (1306.2 − 1088.1)

G = 1.78

Its physical and chemical properties are given in Table 4.2(a) & 4.2(b)

Property Value

Fineness modulus 2.12

Specific gravity 1.78

Table 4.2.2 Physical properties of sugarcane Bagasse Ash

SCBA MASS %
Oxides

Silica (Sio2) 68

Alumina (Al2O3) 3.05

Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) 3.72

Calcium Oxide (CaO) 5.1

Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 1.15

Sulphur Tri Oxide (SO3) 0.67

Loss of Ignition 4.5

Table 4.2.3 Chemical composition of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

4.3 COARSE AGGREGATE
In high performance concrete, careful attention must be given to aggregate size,
shape, surface texture, mineralogy, and cleanliness. Coarse aggregates shall be machine-
crushed stone of black trap or equivalent black hard stone and shall be hard, strong,
dense, durable, clean or procured from quarries approved by the client/consultant.
Generally coarse aggregate shall be cubical in shape and not flake or elongated. For each
source of aggregate and concrete strength level, there is an optimum-size aggregate that
will yield
the most compressive strength per unit of cement. Crushed - stone aggregates produce
higher compressive strength in concrete than gravel aggregate. In this study, crushed
aggregate of size 20 mm in angular shape is used.

Fig 4.3.1 Aggregate Impact value apparatus

Fig 4.3.2 Determination of Specific gravity Fig 4.3.3 Aggregate Impact value
 Sl Sieve size Weight of Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative 19
No materials weight % retained % of Passing
Retained (Kg) retained (Kg)
1 80mm - 0 0 100
2 40mm - 0 0 100
3 20mm - 0 0 100
4 12.5mm 2.186 2.186 72.867 27.133
5 10mm 0.674 2.860 95.333 4.634
6 4.75mm 0.140 3.000 100 0
7 PAN 0 0 - -

Table 4.3.1 Fineness modulus of Coarse Aggregate

 Fineness modulus of Coarse Aggregate = ∑C+500/100
=7.682 Specific gravity of CA
Weight of empty basket, W1 = 3.7 0kg
Weight of density basket + coarse aggregates, W2 = 7.20 kg
Weight of density basket + coarse aggregates + water, W3 = 9.10 kg
Weight of basket + water, W4 = 6.905kg
W2 − W1
Specific gravity of cement,
( )
(𝐆) = W2 − W1 − (W3 − W4)
7.2 − 3.7
(7.2 − 3.7) − (9.1 − 6.905)
=
G = 2.68
Specific gravity 2.68
Density 1567 kg/m3
Fineness modulus 7.682
Impact value 22.12% < 45%
Crushing value 24.44% < 45%

Table 4.3.2 Properties of the Coarse Aggregate

 20
4.4 FINE AGGREGATE
Due to the high amount of cementitious material in high-strength concrete, the role
of the fine aggregate (sand) in providing workability and good finishing characteristics is
not as crucial as in conventional strength mixes. Sand with a fineness modulus (FM) of
about 3.0 are considered as a coarse sand and it has been found to be satisfactory for
producing good workability and high compressive strength. For sands used in concrete,
the fineness modulus generally ranges from 2.3 to 3.1.

Aggregates for concrete shall be procured from approved sources conforming to

the specifications of IS 383 - 1970 and shall be chemically inert, clean, strong. The fine
aggregate was tested as per the limits specified IS: 2386 (Part-3):1963. In this study, fine
aggregate having a fineness modulus of 2.46 and it confirming to zone 2 and sieve
analysis for sand is shown in fig 4.2(a).

Sieve Weight Cumulative Cumulative

S/No % finer
size retained Weight retained % retained

1 10 0 0 0 100
2 4.75 10 10 2 98
3 2.36 50 60 12 88
4 1.18 50 110 22 78
5 0.6 95 205 41 59
6 0.3 175 380 76 24
7 0.15 85 465 93 7
8 0.075 30 495 99 1
9 Pan 5 500 100 0
Table 4.4.1 Sieve analysis for sand as per IS: 383- 1970
 Fineness modulus of Coarse Aggregate = ∑F/100 = 2.46
 Fig 4.4.1 Graph showing Sieve Analysis

Specific gravity of FA
Weight of the empty pycnometer, W1 = 612.5 gm
Weight of the empty pycnometer + sand, W2 = 1656 gm
Weight of the empty pycnometer + sand + water, W3 = 2078 gm
Weight of the empty pycnometer + water, W4 = 1445.5 gm

W2 − W1
Specific gravity of cement, (𝐆) =
(W2 − W1) − (W3 −
W4)
= 1656 − 612.5
(1656 − 612.5) − (2078 −
1445.5)
G = 2.54

Specific gravity 2.54

Fineness modulus 2.46
Bulk density 1.65 kg/m3
Type of sand Medium sand (zone 2)

Table 4.4.2 Properties of Fine Aggregate

 Fig 4.4.2 Sieve Analysis for Fine aggregate

4.5 WATER
Water is an important ingredient in cement paste, as it chemically participates in
the reactions with cement to form the hydration product, C-S-H gel. The strength of
cement mortar depends mainly from the binding action of the hydrated cement paste C-S-
H gel. For high performance concrete it is important to have the compatibility between
the given cement and the chemical and mineral admixtures along with water used for
mixing. Quality and quantity of water is required to be looked very carefully.
 CHAPTER 5
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
5.1 INTRODUCTION

The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their

relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required, strength,
durability, and workability as economically as possible, is termed the concrete mix
design.

5.2 REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix
ingredients are:
a) The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration
b) The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting
equipment available.
c) Maximum water-cement ratio and/or maximum cement content to give adequate
durability for the particular site conditions
d) Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature cycle
in mass concrete.

5.3 MIX PROPORTION DESIGNATIONS

The common method of expressing the proportions of ingredients of a concrete
mix is in the terms of parts or ratios of cement, fine and coarse aggregates. For e.g., a
concrete mix of proportions 1:2:4 means that cement, fine and coarse aggregate are in the
ratio 1:2:4 or the mix contains one part of cement, two parts of fine aggregate and four
parts of coarse aggregate. The proportions are either by volume or by mass. The water-
cement ratio is usually expressed in mass.
5.4 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR MIX DESIGN
 The grade designation giving the characteristic strength requirement of concrete.
 The type of cement influences the rate of development of compressive strength of
concrete.
  Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used in concrete may be as large as
possible within the limits prescribed by IS 456:2000.
 The cement content is to be limited from shrinkage, cracking and creep.
 The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to
the size and shape of section, quantity and spacing of reinforcement and technique
used for transportation, placing and compaction.

5.5 PROPOSED MIX DESIGN – M25 GRADE

5.5.1 DESIGN STIPULATIONS
1) Grade designation : M25
2) Type of cement : OPC 53 grade as per IS:12269-1987
3) Maximum nominal size of aggregate :20mm
4) Minimum cement content : 300 kg/m3
5) Maximum water-cement ratio :0.5
6) Workability :75mm (slump)
7) Exposure condition : Mild
8) Degree of supervision : Good
9) Type of aggregate : Crushed angular aggregate
10)Maximum cement content : 450 kg/m3
11)Chemical admixture type : Super plasticizer
5.5.2 TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS
1) Cement Used : OPC 53 grade as per IS:12269-1987
2) Specific gravity of cement : 2.91
3) Specific gravity
i) coarse aggregate : 2.68
ii) fine aggregate : 2.56
4) Water absorption
i) coarse aggregate : 0.5%
ii) fine aggregate : 1.0%
5) Free surface moisture
i) coarse aggregate : Nil
 ii) fine aggregate : 2.0%
6) Sieve analysis
i) coarse aggregate : conforming to table 2 of IS 383
ii) fine aggregate : conforming to zone II of IS 383

5.5.3 DESIGN

Step 1: Target mean strength of concrete (f’ck) = fck + ts

= 25 + 1.65x5.3

= 33.75 N/mm2

Where

f’ck = Target average compressive strength at 28 days,

fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days,
s = Standard deviation
Step 2: Selection of W/C ratio
From Table 5 of IS: 456-2000, maximum water cement ratio = 0.50
From fig 1 of IS 10262:1982, the water cement ratio = 0.40
0.40 < 0.50, hence ok.

Step 3: Adjustment
From Table 2 of IS 10262 - 2009, maximum water content is 186 litre for 20 mm
aggregate (for 25 to 50 mm slump range)
3
Estimated water content for 75 mm slump = [186 X ] + 186
100

= 191.58 l/m3

As super plasticizer is used, the water content can be reduced up 20 percent and above.
Based on trials with super plasticizer water content reduction of 6 % has been achieved.
Hence, the arrived water content =191.58 x 0.94 =180 litre/m3
Step 4: Determination of cement content
Water cement ratio = 0.40
Cement content = 180/0.40
= 450 kg/m3
From Table 5 of IS: 456, minimum cement content for severe exposure condition
= 300 kg/m3
450 kg/m3 > 300 kg/m3, hence ok
Step 5: Determinate of coarse and fine aggregate contents
From Table 3 of IS 10262 – 2009, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20
mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (Zone II) for water-cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.62. In
the present case water-cement ratio is 0.40. Therefore volume of coarse aggregate is
required to be increased to decrease the fine aggregate content. As the water-cement ratio
is lower by 0.10 the proportion of volume of coarse aggregate is increased by 0.02 (at the
rate of -/+ 0.01 for every ± 0.05 change in water-cement ratio).
Therefore corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for the water/
cement ratio of 0.40 = 0.64.
Volume of fine aggregate content =1 - 0.64 =0.36.
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
a) Volume of concrete = 1m3

Mass of cement
b) Volume of cement =[ ]
Specific gravity of cement x 1000

450
= [2.91 x 1000 ]

= 0.155m3

Mass of water
c) Volume of water =[ ]
Specific gravity of water x 1000

180
= [1 x 1000 ]

= 0.180m3
 Mass of admixture
d) Volume of chemical admixture = [ ]
Specific gravity of admixture x 1000

(superplasticizer) (@ 2.0 percent by mass of cementitious material)

9
=[ ]
1.145 x 1000

= 0.008m3

From Table 3, for the specified maximum size of aggregate of 20 mm, the amount of
entrapped air in the wet concrete is 2 percent. Taking this into account,
e) Volume of all in aggregate = [a-0.2- (b +c +d)}
= 0.98-(0.155 +0.180+0.008)
= 0.637 m3
f) Mass of coarse aggregate = e x Volume of coarse aggregate x specific
Gravity of coarse aggregate x 1000
= 0.637 x 0.64 x 2.68 x 1 000
=1092.58 kg = 1093kg
g) Mass of fine aggregate = e x volume of fine aggregate x Specific
Gravity of fine aggregate x 1000
= 0.637 x 0.36 x 2.56 x I 000
= 587.01kg = 587 kg
Step 6: Mix Proportion

Cement F.A C.A water sp

450 587 1093 180 9

Ratio 1 : 1.30 : 2.43 : 0.40

 Concrete mix design proportion

S.NO Samples w/c Sp SCBA

C FA CA
ratio content C FA

1. B0 0.40 0.00 1.0 1.30 2.43 0 0

2. B1 0.40 0.02 0.9 1.17 2.43 0.1 0.13
3. B2 0.40 0.02 0.9 1.04 2.43 0.1 0.26
4. B3 0.40 0.02 0.9 0.91 2.43 0.1 0.39
5. B4 0.40 0.02 0.9 0.78 2.43 0.1 0.52

Table 5.5.3.1 Concrete mix design proportion (M25 grade)

Where,

C – Cement,
FA – Fine Aggregate,
CA – Coarse Aggregate,
SCBA – Sugarcane Bagasse Ash,
SP – Super plasticizer.
 CHAPTER 6
TESTING ON CONCRETE

6.1 MIXING OF CONCRETE

The ingredients needed for the concrete were weighed and taken as per the mix
proportions arrived from the mix design. Pan mixer of 40litres capacity is used for mixing
of M25 grade of concrete in fig 6.1&6.2. Before start the work super plasticizer should be
added with 6% of total water taken. Then aggregates are mixed in pan mixer for some
time and cement is added with the mixed aggregate in the mixer. Then remaining 94% of
water are mixed with aggregate and cement mixer. Finally, super plasticizer which is
mixed with water are added with concrete and mixed for 1mins. To impart additional
workability a super plasticizer (Rheobuild 1100) 2% by weight of cement was used. It
is based on sulphonated naphthalene polymers with following properties as per I.S. –
9103-1999.

Figure 6.1.1 Pan Mixer

 Figure 6.1.2 Mixing of Concrete using Pan Mixer

6.2 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE

Workability of concrete is very important in fresh concrete. Workability is defined
as the ease with which sample given set of materials can be mixed into concrete and
subsequently handled, transported, placed and compacted with minimum loss of
homogeneity. The measurement workability by slump test, compaction factor test, Vee-
bee consistometer are done as per the IS: 1199 – 1959 and it is described below.

6.2.1 SLUMP TEST

The apparatus for conducting the slump test essentially consists of a frustum of a
cone having the bottom diameter of 20 cm, top diameter of 10 cm and height of 30 cm.
For slump test, tamping rod of steel 16 mm in diameter, 0.6 m long and rounded at one
end is used for compaction. The internal surface of the slump cone shall be thoroughly
cleaned and should be free from any set concrete before commencing the test. The mould
should be placed on smooth horizontal, rigid and non – absorbent surface such as
carefully levelled metal plate. The mould should be filled in 4 layers each approximately
one quarter of the height of mould. Each layer shall be tamped with 25 blows. The stroke
should be distributed in a uniform manner over the cross section of mould. For the 2nd and
subsequent layers tamping rod should penetrate into underlying layer. The bottom layer
should be tamped throughout its depth. After the top layer has been rodded the concrete
shall be struck off level with trowelor rod. The mould shall be removed from concrete
immediately by raising it slowly and carefully in vertical direction. This will allow
the concrete to
subside and the slump shall be measured immediately by determining the difference
between height of mould and that of highest point of slumped concrete specimen. The
slump test is shown in Figure 6.2.1.1

Figure 6.2.1.1 Slump test

6.2.2 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

BS 1881 stated that compacting factor test as one of the test to determine the
workability of the concrete. This test is usually being carried out in the lab and in specific
condition i.e. construction site. It was a sensitive and more accurate test compared to the
slump test and suitable for low workability of concrete mixture. Never the less the
accuracy of the result will be reduced with the increased of the aggregate size (size
exceed 20mm).The sample of concrete is placed in the upper hopper up to the brim. The
trap-door is opened so that the concrete falls into the lower hopper. The trap-door of the
lower hopper is opened and the concrete is allowed to fall into the cylinder. The excess
concrete remaining above the top level of the cylinder is then cut off with the help of
plane blades. The concrete in the cylinder is weighed. This is known as weight of
partially compacted
concrete. The cylinder is filled with a fresh sample of concrete and vibrated to obtain full
compaction. The concrete in the cylinder is weighed again. This weight is known as the
weight of fully compacted concrete. It should normally be stated to the nearest second
decimal place.

Weight of partially compacted concrete

Compaction factor
= Weight of fully compacted concrete

6.2.3 VEE – BEE CONSISTOMETER TEST

Vee-Bee consistometer test is more reliable as results of this test are not influenced
by personal factors. This test is more suitable for stiff concrete mixes having low and
very low workability and slump value of such mixes cannot be determined by slump test.
Moreover, this test is advantageous as compared to slump or compaction factor test in the
sense that in this test the treatment given to concrete is very close to the actual treatment
provided in the field. The test setup of Vee-Bee consistometer is shown in Figure 6.2.3.1.
For carrying out the test, first of all slump test is performed by placing the slump cone
inside the cylindrical pot. After removing the slump cone mould the glass disc is turned
and placed over the top of the concrete mass. Now, controlled vibrations are started
through electric vibrator and simultaneously the stopwatch is started. The vibrations are
continued till the conical shape of concrete assumes the cylindrical shape and time is
noted. This can be observed by viewing through the glass disc. The time required for
complete remoulding of concrete (i.e. from conical to cylindrical shape) in seconds is
expressed as the number of Vee-Bee seconds or Vee-Bee Degree. This test is not suitable
for highly workable mix (generally if slump > 75 mm or so) because for such mix the
remoulding is so quick that time cannot be measured.
 Figure 6.2.3.1 Vee-bee consistometer

6.3 CASTING AND CURING OF SPECIMENS

The specimens are cast by using required size of moulds. The concrete are
compacted by the trowel rod which is shown in Figure 6.3.1. The concrete is placed by
the three layers for proper compaction. After casting, specimens are left for 24 hours for
setting and then it is de-moulded. Identification marks are made on face of the specimen
and it is immersed in curing tank.

Figure 6.3.1 Compaction of Concrete using tamping rod

Figure 6.3.2 Casting of Concrete Cubes

Figure 6.3.3 Casting of RCC Beams

 Figure 6.3.4 Curing of RCC Beams

6.4 TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

The strength related tests such as cube compression test, flexural strength test and
splitting tensile strength were carried out on the hardened concrete specimens. These tests
were done as per specifications

6.4.1 CUBE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

For the compression strength test of concrete 150 x 150 mm cubes were used and
it’s tested as per BIS: 516-1959. For each trail mix combination, three cubes were tested
at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days of curing using 3000KN capacity AIMIL compression
testing machine in Figure 6.4.1.1. The specimens shall be tested with the moulded sides
in contact with the plates. The load shall be applied without shock and increased
continuously at a rate of approximately 140 kg/sq cm/min until the resistance of the
specimen to the
increasing load breaks down and no greater load can be sustained. The maximum load
applied to the specimen shall then be recorded and the appearance of the concrete and any
unusual features in the type of failure shall be noted. The compressive strength is
determined by following formula:

𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Fck =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛

Figure 6.4.1.1 testing of cube compressive strength

6.4.2 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

The Flexural strength of concrete is determined as per BIS: 516-1959 at the age of
28 days using 100 x 200 x 2000 mm prisms. For each trail mix three prisms were tested
to determine the flexural strength of concrete. The bearing surfaces of the supporting and
loading rollers shall be wiped clean, and any loose sand or other material removed from
the surfaces of the specimen where they are to make contact with the rollers. The axis of
the specimen shall be carefully aligned with the axis of the loading device. No packing
shall be used between the bearing surfaces of the specimen and the rollers. The load shall
be applied without shock and increasing continuously at a rate such that the extreme fibre
stress increases at approximately 7 kg/sqcm/min, that is, at a rate of loading of 400
kg/min for the 15.0 cm specimens and at a rate of 180 kg/min for the 10.0 cm specimens.
The load shall be increased until the specimen fails, and the maximum load applied to the
specimen during the test shall be recorded. The appearance of the fractured faces of
concrete and any unusual features in the type of failure shall be noted. The flexural
strength of the specimen
shall be expressed as the modulus of rupture fb, which, if ‘a’ equals the distance between
the line of fracture and the nearer support, measured on the centre line of the tensile side
of the specimen, in cm, shall be calculated to the nearest 0.5 kg/sq cm as follows:
PL
Fb=
BD^2

Where,
B= measured width in cm of the specimen,
D= measured depth in cm of the specimen at the point of failure,
L= length in cm of the span on which the specimen was supported,
P= maximum load in kg applied to the specimen.

Figure 6.4.2.1 Flexural strength test

6.4.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

The splitting tensile strength of concrete is determined at the age of 28 days of
curing using 150 x 300 mm cylinder as per BIS: 5816-1999. The test specimen shall be
placed in the centring jig with packing strip and/or loading pieces carefully positioning
along the top and bottom of the plane of loading of the specimen. The jig shall then be
placed in the machine so that the specimen is located centrally in Figure 6.4.3.1. The load
shall be applied without shock and increased continuously at a nominal rate within the
range 1.2 N/(mm2/min) to 2.4 N/ (mm2/min). Maintain the rate, once adjusted, until
failure. On manually controlled machines as failure is approached the loading rate will
decrease; at this stage the controls shall be operated to maintain as far as possible the
specified loading rate. The maximum load applied shall then be recorded. The appearance
of concrete and any unusual features in the type of failure shall also be noted. The
measured splitting tensile strength Fct, of the specimen shall be calculated to the nearest
0.05 N/mm2 using the following formula:

2P
Fct=
𝜋LD

Where,

P = maximum load in Newton’s applied to the specimen,

I = length of the specimen (in mm), and

d = cross sectional dimension of the specimen

Figure 6.4.3.1 Split tensile strength test

6.5 DURABILITY RELATED PROPERTIES

The durability related properties such as saturated water absorption, porosity, and
impact resistance were evaluated for the concrete specimen as follows.
6.5.1 SATURATED WATER ABSORPTION (SWA)
The SWA was determined on 150 mm cube specimen at the age of 28 days curing.
The samples were weighed before drying. The drying was carried out in a hot air oven at
a temperature of 105 degree centigrade. The drying process was continued until the
difference in mass between two successive measurements at 24 hours interval agreed
closely. The specimen were cooled to room temperature and then immersed in water. The
specimens were taken out at regular intervals of time, surface dried using a clean cloth
and weighed. The process was continued till the weights became constant (fully
saturated). The difference between the measures water saturated mass and oven dry mass
expressed as percentage of oven dry mass gives the water absorption. The water
absorption was calculated as
Percentage water absorption =Ws−Wd ∗ 100
Wd

Where,
Ws= weight of specimen at fully saturated condition.
Wd= weight of oven dried specimen.
6.5.2 POROSITY
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the pore volume in hardened concrete,
which is occupied by water in saturated condition. It denotes the quantity of water, which
can be removed on drying a saturated specimen. The porosity obtained from absorption
tests is designated as effective porosity. It is determined by using the following formula
volume of voids(Vv)
Effective porosity (n) = ∗ 100
bulk volume of cube
specimen(V)

The volume of voids is obtained from the volume of water absorbed by an oven dry
specimen or the volume of water lost on oven drying a water saturated specimen at 105
degree centigrade to constant mass. The bulk volume of the specimen is given by the
difference in mass of the specimen in air and it’s mass under submerged condition in
water.

(Ws−Wd) ∗ 100
n =(Ws−Wsub
)
where,
W sub=weight of specimen submerged in water.
6.5.3 IMPACT RESISTANCE
The impact resistance tests were carried on concrete specimens of size 150mm
diameter and 63mm thickness after 28 days of water curing, using a drop weight testing
machine. Drop weight test, which was originally devises by Schrader, yields the number
of blows necessary to cause prescribed level of distress in the test specimen. This number
serves as a quantitative estimate of the energy absorbed by the specimen as that distress
level.
DESCRIPTION
The equipment consists of standard manually operated 45N compaction hammer
with 457mm drop; a 152.4mm diameter hardened steel ball and a flat base with
positioning brackets. The weight of the hammer is 45N. The number of blows required by
dropping the hammer through a height of 457mm, to cause the first visible crack and to
cause ultimate failures are recorded. Each blow of the hammer is 20.2Nm of energy.
TESTING PROCEDURE
Thickness of the specimens were measured to the nearest millimetre at its centre
and at the ends if the diameter prior to the test. The specimens were coated on the bottom
with a thin layer of grease and placed on the base plate with the finished face up and
positioned within four legs of the impact testing equipment in Figure 6.5.3.1. The bracket
with the cylindrical sleeve was fixed in place and the hardened steel ball was placed on
the top of the specimens within the bracket. Elastomeric pads were placed between the
specimen and positioning legs to restrict movement of the specimen during testing to the
first visible crack. The drop hammer was then placed with its base upon the steel ball and
held vertically. The hammer was dropped repeatedly and the number of blows required
for the first visible formed at the top surface of the specimen and the ultimate failure were
recorded. To carry out the test satisfactorily, the base plate needs to be rigidly and this
was achieved by anchoring it to the test bed. The first crack was based on the visual
observation. Painting the surface of the test specimen facilitated the identification of this
crack. The number of blows required to cause the concrete specimens to fracture into
separate pieces were noted.
 CHAPTER 7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
7.1 INTRODUCTION

The results of the tests that were carried out on the trial mixes of M25 grade
concrete with partial replacement of sugarcane bagasse ash to determine their
workability, strength and durability related properties are presented in this chapter.

7.1.1 WORKABILITY TEST RESULTS

The workability test results like slump test, compaction factor test and vee-bee
consistometer on fresh concrete were conducted as per BIS specifications and tests results
are shown table.

7.1.2 STRENGTH RELATED TEST RESULTS

The strength related tests such as cube compressive strength, splitting tensile
strength and flexural strength on hardened concrete were carried out as per the BIS
specifications and the test results are shown in tables.

7.1.3 DURABILITY RELATED TEST RESULTS

The durability related tests such as impact resistance test, saturated water
absorption test and porosity tests on hardened concrete were carried out on as per
specifications and tests results are shown in table.

7.2FRESH CONCRETE TEST RESULTS

7.2.1 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE

The test results of workability are shown in Table 7.2.1.1. The water to binder
ratio was kept constant as 0.40 with super plasticizer for all the mixes. From the test
results it is observed that, when SCBA was partially replaced for cement and fine
aggregate, the workability of concrete was attained. The variation of workability test
results are plotted in the form of graphs and charts.
 Workability in terms of
SCBA
Water SP Vee-
Mix ratio content Slump Compaction
content content bee
% (mm) factor
(secs)
B0 0 0.35 0.06 79 0.90 3.21
B1 10 0.35 0.06 77 0.88 3.93
B2 20 0.35 0.06 76 0.87 4.56
B3 30 0.35 0.06 75 0.85 5.06
B4 40 0.35 0.06 70 0.81 7.12

Table 7.2.1 Workability tests results for M25 mix

7.2.1.1 SLUMP TEST
A high-quality concrete is one which has appropriate workability (around 75 mm
slump height) in the fresh condition. Basically, the greater the measured height of slump,
the improved the workability will be, indicating that the concrete flows easily but at the
same time is free from segregation. The slump achieved at the rate of 70 mm to 80 mm
for the different mixes of SCBA. The workability is achieved by adding the super
plasticizers.
Slump value (mm)

79

77
76
75

70

B0 B1 B2 B3 B4
% of SCBA partial replacement

Chart 7.2.1.1 Variation of Slump value for % of SCBA partial replacement

7.2.1.2 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST
The compacting factor is one of the most efficient tests for measuring the
workability of concrete as per IS: 1199-1959. It is the most precise, sensitive and
particularly useful for concrete mixes of very low workability as are normally used. The
workability of fresh concrete is expected to be mild.
Compaction factor = weight of partially compacted concrete
Weight of fully compacted concrete
The value of compaction factor occurs nearly 0.85-0.90 according to the variation
of the changes in SCBA partial replacement.
Compaction factor value

0.9

0.88
0.87

0.85

0.81

B0 B1 B2 B3 B4
% of SCBA partial replacement

Chart 7.2.1.2 Variation of compaction factor for % of SCBA partial replacement

7.2.1.3 VEE-BEE CONSISTOMETER TEST

This test is helpful as in this test, the treatment given to concrete is very close to
the actual treatment provided in the field. The time required for complete remoulding of
concrete from conical to cylindrical shape in seconds is expressed as the number of Vee-
Bee seconds or Vee-Bee Degree.The optimum value of Vee-Bee Degree found to be 5
sec according to the variation of the changes in SCBA partial replacement.
 7.12
vee-bee in secs

5.06
4.56
3.93
3.21

B0 B1 B2 B3 B4

% of SCBA partial replacement

Chart 7.2.1.3 Variation of Vee-bee degree for % of SCBA partial replacement

7.3HARDENED CONCRETE TEST RESULTS

7.3.1COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

Compressive strength was done for the cube samples of size 150 mm x 150 mm x
150 mm. concrete cubes are casted with partial replacement of natural sand with
sugarcane bagasse ash as 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and fixed replacement of 10% by the
weight of cement and it is verified at the age of 7,14 and 28 days. The test results are
plotted in the graph is as shown in the figure 7.3.1.1.
Compressive strength constantly increases as the curing period goes on increasing.
Adding of increasing quantities of SCBA generally decreased the strength at a given age
due to the greater porosity of the material as specified by higher water necessity. The
highest compressive strength was achieved when the mixture contained SCBA of 30% of
fine aggregate replacement and 10% of cement.
 compressive strength in N/mm2
Comparision of Compressive strength of cubes
30

25

20

15

10

0
C-0% FA-0% C-10% FA-10%C-10% FA-20%C-10% FA-30%C-10% FA-40%
7 days16.77 16.9817.0317.1616.53
14 days23.23 23.4723.5423.7722.8
28 days25.8 26.126.226.425.4
% of replacement of SCBA

7 days14 days28 days

Chart 7.3.1.1 Comparison of Compressive strength of cubes for different % of SCBA

7.3.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

Split tensile test was done on cylinder specimens of size 150 mm in diameter and
300 mm in length.
The cylinder specimen with partial replacement is done which is carried out as
same as the compressive strength and it is verified at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days The
results are shown in Figure 7.3.2.1.
We observed that split tensile strength of cylinder decreases as the percentage
replacement of SCBA reaches 40%. But with 10 % of replacement of cement and 30% of
the fine aggregate by SCBA gives greater strength compared to normal mix.
 split tensile strength in N/mm2
Comparision of split tensile strength of cylinder
3

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
C-0% FA-0%C-10% FA-10%C-10% FA-20%C-10% FA-30%C-10% FA-40%
7 days1.891.911.921.951.9
14 days2.252.2662.2732.282.23
28 days2.3682.3762.3862.42.353
% of replacement of SCBA

7 days14 days28 days

Chart 7.3.2.1 Comparison of split tensile strength of cylinder for different % of SCBA

7.3.3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

Flexural strength test was done on beam specimens of size 100 mm X 200 mm X
2000 mm. The beam specimen with partial replacement of natural sand with sugarcane
bagasse ash as 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and fixed replacement of 10% by the weight of
cement and it is verified at the age of 7,14 and 28 days. The test results are plotted in the
graph is as shown in the figure 7.3.3.1.We observed that the flexural strength of beam
decreases after certain percentage replacement of SCBA. However Flexural strength
constantly increases as the curing period goes on increasing. The control mix had a
flexural strength of 3.56 N/mm2 at 28 days. But with 10 % of replacement of cement and
30% of the fine aggregate by SCBA gives greater strength compared to normal mix.
 Comparision of flexural strength of beam

flexural strength in N/mm2

4

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5
0
C-0% FA-0%C-10% FA-10%C-10% FA-20%C-10% FA-30% C-10% FA-40%
7 days2.862.882.892.92 2.84
14 days3.383.43.413.42 3.34
28 days3.563.573.583.6 3.53

% of replacement of SCBA

7 days14 days28 days

Chart 7.3.3.1 Comparison of flexural strength of beam for different % of SCBA

7.4 DURABILITY TEST RESULTS

7.4.1 SATURATED WATER ABSORPTION

The test results of saturated water absorption are given in the Table 7.4 for the
SCBA trail mixes at the age of 28 days. The SWA for the trail mixes at 28 th day are
ranged from
1.5 to 1.65 percent. The concrete society UK, classifies the limit of SWA for concrete with
the water absorption of around 3 percent as good concretes.
7.4.2 POROSITY
The porosity test results at the 28 th day for the various SCBA trail mixes are given
in Table 7.4. The effective porosity for the trail mixes at the 28 th day are ranged from 2.35
to 2.53 percent. From the results, it has been observed that the effective porosity values
are lower for the mix contains 30% of SCBA in fine aggregate and 10% of SCBA in
cement.
 Saturated water
Mix Effective Porosity (%)
absorption (%)
identification
28th day 28th day
B0 0.54 1.652
B1 0.67 1.551
B2 0.77 1.519
B3 0.80 1.51
B4 0.91 1.576

Table 7.4 SWA and Porosity test results

7.4.3 IMPACT RESISTANCE

The results of the impact resistance tests are given in Table for the SCBA trail
mixes at the age of 28th day. The average number of drops at failure for the mixes is raged
from 90 to 100. The mix containing 30 % of SCBA shows better resistance than the other
mixes. The variation of impact resistance for the SCBA trail mixes are shown in Figure.
Average Average
Energy at Energy at Ductility
Mix number of number of
initial failure (E2) index
identification drops for drops at
crack (E1) N mm (E2/E1)
initial crack failure
N mm
B0 90 92 1850850 1891980 1.022
B1 93 94 1912545 1933110 1.010
B2 95 96 1953675 1974240 1.011
B3 100 102 2056500 2097630 1.020
B4 98 99 2015370 2035935 1.010

Table 7.4.3.1 Impact resistance test results

 102
No. of Blows
100
99
98
96
95
94
93
92
90

B0 B1 B2 B3 B4

% of SCBA partial replacement

N1 - No of blows for Initial crack N2 - No of blows for Final crack
N1N2

Chart 7.4.3 Comparison for no. of blows for different % of SCBA

 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
8.1 CONCLUSION

From the experiments and investigation in this research work, we documented the
following facts.
1. Due to non-availability of natural sand at sensible cost as fine aggregate and cement
in concrete for various motives, search for alternate material like SCBA which
succeeds itself as a suitable standby for sand and cement at low cost.
2. Since the physical properties of SCBA matches very nearly with natural sand and the
presence of silica content in SCBA makes it effective replacement for both fine
aggregate and cement.
3. SCBA have its place to zone lV as per IS code. Water constraint increased as the
percentage of SCBA increased. However it could be easily overcome with the
application of chemical admixtures.
4. As per the experimental analysis, concrete with its 30% of fine aggregate and 10% of
Cement replaced with SCBA gives competitive physical strength to the conventional
concrete with 0% replacement.
5. Compressive strength of 26.4 N/mm2, split tensile strength of 2.4 N/mm 2 and flexural
strength of 3.6 N/mm2 at 28 days is achieved for M25 grade concrete with total
SCBA content of 40%.
6. Therefore, concluded that bagasse ash can increase the complete strength of the
concrete when used up to a 10% cement and 30% fine aggregate replacement level
with w/c ratio of 0.40.
7. Bagasse ash is a valuable pozzolanic material and it can possibly be used as a partial
replacement of both fine aggregate and cement. This could reduce the ecological
complications and minimalize the requirement of land seal area to dispose SCBA.
 CHAPTER 9
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