Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language,

Online ISSN 2348-3083, SJ IMPACT FACTOR 2019: 6.251, www.srjis.com

Kkujpukokn% izHkkoh v/;;u o v/;kiukpk ekxZ

feuk{kh jkÅr
la’kksf/kdk] f’k{k.kfo|kH;kl dsanz] Hkkjrh; f’k{k.k laLFkk] iq.ks-
Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com

izLrkouk%&
f’k{k.k gh ifjorZuh; izfØ;k vlwu dkykuq:i f’k{k.k i/nrhr vusd cny >kysys
vkgsr- lekt gk lkrR;kus cnyr vlrks dkGkuq:i yksdkaP;k thou’kSyh vkf.k R;kuqlkj
thou’kSyh cnyr vlrkr- ;k cnykauk vuq:i f’k{k.k vlys ikfgts v’kh loZlk/kkj.k
lektkph vis{kk vlrs- Eg.kwup f’k{k.k dkykuq:i gks.;klkBh vusd la’kks/kus >kysyh vkgsr
R;krwu vusd uohu f’k{k.k izokg mn;kl vkysys fnlrkr R;kiSdhp vyhdMs mn;kl vkysyk
uohu ‘kS{kf.kd fopkj izokg Eg.kts ^Kkujpukokn* gks; - vkt f’k{k.kkP;k mís’kkae/;s eqyHkwr
cny tk.kor vkgs- vkt f’k{k.kkr Lej.k’kDrhoj Hkj ns.;k,soth leL;sP;k lek/kkuklkBh
vko’;d dkS’kY;s fo|kF;kZae/;s fodflr dj.;koj Hkj fnyk tkr vkgs- ;k cnykP;k izfØ;sr
f’k{k.kkP;k cnyR;k n`”Vhdksukyk letwu ?ks.;kph ftKklk ns[khy vusd vH;kldkae/;s fuekZ.k
>kysyh fnlrs- R;keqGs vkt f’k{k.kkrhy lS/nkafrd la’kks/kukae/;s ijaijkxr n`”Vhdksuka,soth Kku
fufeZrhlaca/kh n`”VhdksukPks v/;;u o la’kks/ku tksj /k: ykxys vkgs-1 Kku fufeZrh n`”Vhdksukrwu
Kkujpukoknh n`”Vhdksu vkt rhu n’kdkiklwu f’k{k.k {ks=kr mn;kyk vkysyk vkgs -
v/;;u Eg.kts O;Drh orZukr dk;eLo:ih cny gks; - v/;;u gh uSlfxZd izfØ;k
vlwu ewy nSuafnu thoukrwu vukSipkfjdi.ks lrr f’kdr vlrs - pkSd’kh dj.ks] iz’u fopkj.ks]
la’kks/ku dj.ks gk eqykapk uSlfxZd LoHkko vkgs R;krwup fo|kFkhZ Kku feGfor vlrkr- rj
‘kkGsr ns[khy fo|kF;kZauk Lor%cíy] brjkacíy o lektkcíy tk.kwu ?ks.;kP;k osxosxGÓkk
la/kh miyC/k d:u fnY;k tkrkr- v’kkizdkjs fofo/k ek/;ekrwu fo|kFkhZ lrr Kku feGfor
vlrks- ;krwup v/;;u v/;kiukckcr vusd fopkjizokg fodflr >kysys fnlrkr
Kkujpukokn gk R;kiSdhp ,d fopkj izokg gks; - izHkkoh v/;;u v/;kiuklkBh Kkujpukoknh
i/nrh mi;qDr Bjr vlY;keqGs jk”Vªh; vH;klØe vkjk[kMk] 2005 e/;s Kkujpukoknkpk
iqjLdkj dsyk xsysyk vkgs-

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Kkujpukoknkpk vFkZ%&
Kku Eg.kts T;k}kjs vFkZfufeZrh gksrs o vki.k jkgkr vlysys tx letwu ?ks.;klkBh
enr gksrs] Hkk”ks}kjs fopkjkaP;k i/nrh ok ladYiukaP;k] jpukaP;k Lo:ikr la?kfVr dsysyk
vuqHko Eg.kts Kku gks;- Kku Eg.kts fofo/k d`rh@i/nrh] miØe fdaok fopkjkacjkscp ‘kkjhfjd
dkS’kY;s] txkrhy fØ;kae/;s lgHkkx] uofufeZrh ok oLrw ?kMo.ks vls ns[khy Eg.krk ;sbZy -2
rj iwoZ KkukP;k fdaok iwoZ vuqHkokaP;k vk/kkjs tsOgk O;Drh uohu ladYiuk lacks/kkph jpuk
djrs rsOgk R;krwu v/;;u ?kMrs R;kl Kkujpukokn vls Eg.krkr- Kkujpukoknkpk vFkZ Li”V
gks.;klkBh R;kP;k dkgh O;k[;k iq<hy izek.ks&
1- Oxford ;kaP;k ers] ^^Kkujpukokn gh v’kh ,d rRoKkukRed fo’okl fdaok J/nk
vkgs dh T;k}kjs yksd okLrfodrsfo”k;hps vkdyu Lor% fodflr djrkr-**3
2- Andrew Johnson ;kaP;k ers] ^^tsOgk vkiY;kyk ekfgr vlysY;k KkukP;k
vk/kkjs vki.k uohu Kkukph jpuk djrks rsOgk R;kyk Kkujpuokn vls Eg.krkr-**4
3- Fosnot ;kaP;k ers] ^^Kkujpukokn gk v/;;ukpk fl/nkar vlwu rRoKku vkf.k
f’k{k.k’kkL= ;k nksUghr R;kps ewG vkgs- v/;;udrkZ R;kP;k vuqHkok}kjs Kkukph jpuk
djrks vkf.k R;kyk vFkZ iznku djrks gk Kkujpukoknkpk xkHkk vkgs -5
ojhy O;k[;kao:u Kkukph jpuk dj.ks Eg.ktsp Kkujpukokn gks; - twU;k Kkukps ufou Kku
fuekZ.k dj.ks fdaok ukfo.;iw.kZ ekaM.kh dj.ks Eg.ktsp Kkujpukokn gks; - iwoZKkukP;k fdaok
iwokZuqHkokP;k vk/kkjs tsOgk v/;;u ?kMrs ;kl Kkujpukokn vls Eg.krkr- ;kpk vFkZ vlk
gksrks dh] fo|kFkhZ Lor%P;k vuqHkokP;k vk/kkjs fujh{k.kkrwu iz’u fopk:u iMrkGk ikgwu
Lor%p vkiY;k tqU;k vuqHkokP;k vk/kkjs uos Kku fuekZ.k djrks ;kpky Kkujpukokn vls
Eg.krkr-
Kkujpukoknkpk mn;%&
lkWØsVhlP;k fopkjkauh lk/kkj.kr% b- l- iwoZ ikpO;k ‘krkCnhP;k dkGkr Kkujpukoknkyk
lq:okr >kyh- rj Hkkjrh; rRoKkukr ;kph ikGseqGs [kqi vk/khiklwu vlysyh fnlwu ;srkr-
mifu”knkargh Kkujpukoknkps fctkadwj fnlrkr- xkSre cq/n ;kaP;k rRoKkukrwu Kkujpukokn [kwi
iwohZ Hkkjrkr izpfyr gksrk- ikf’pekR; laLd`rhe/;s fxEckVhlk fodks ¼Giambattisa Vico-
1687 rs 1744½ beWU;qvy dkWV ¼Immanual Kanj- 1724-1804½ vkf.k vkFksjs LdkWisukWj
¼Arthere Schopenhauer- 1788-1880½ gs Kkujpukoknkps vfydMps izorZd gksr - fodksuh
1710 e/;s ^Kkukph jpuk* gk foospukRed fuca/k izfl/n dsyk- lnjP;k foospukRed fuca/kkr
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fodksuh loZizFke v’kh dYiuk ekaMyh dh] Kku Eg.kts O;DrhdMwu dsyh tk.kkjh fof’k”V
izdkjph R;kph jpuk gks; vkf.k ^Kkujpukokn* gh laKk fodksP;k fy[kk.kkrwu mn;kl vkysyh
fnlrs-
folkO;k ‘krdkP;k lq:okrhi;Zar f’k{k.kkr orZuoknh fopkjlj.khpk izHkko gksrk- R;kr
f’k{kdkaps f’kdfo.ks gs nSuafnu f’k{k.k O;ogkjkr egRokps ekuys xsY;kus f’k{k.kO;oLFkk
^f’k{kddsna zh* v’kh ?kMyh gksrh- ekfj;k ekWaVsljh] tkWu MÓkwbZ] thu fi;kts] ysOg fL;E;ksufOg
ok;xksVLdh gs o uarjP;k vusd f’k{k.k’kkL=Kkauh ^ewy f’kdra dla* ;koj izdk’k ikMyk-
R;krwu f’k{k.kkr Økarh gksowu ^ckydsanzh* f’k{k.kkph ladYiuk txkiq<s vkyh- ;k f’k{k.ki/nrhr
ckyd f’k{k.k izfØ;spk dsanzfcanw vlY;kus R;kph vkoM] R;kph vko’;drk] R;kph ;ksX;rk
bR;knh xks”Vh y{kkr ?ksÅu vH;klØekph jpuk dsyh- R;krwup ^Kkujpukoknh*
v/;;u&v/;kiu i/nrhpk mn; >kyk-6
Kkujpukoknk}kjs v/;;u%&
jk”Vªh; vH;klØe vkjk[kMk] 2005 e/;s Kkukyk ckgsjhy txk’kh tksM.ks xjtsps
ekuys xsys vkgs-7 Eg.ktsp eqys dsoG ‘kkGsrp f’kdr ukghr rj ?kj] ifjlj] lekt vls
lxGhdMs R;kaps f’k{k.k lq:p vlrs- Lor%P;k vuqHkokrwu eqys f’kdrkr R;kaps f’kd.ks lrr
lq: vlrs- eqykaph izR;sd d`rh Eg.kts Kkukpk L=ksr vlrs- eqys Lor%P;k Kkukph fufeZrh
djrkr- eqykaps thou vkf.k f’k{k.k gs osxGs djrk ;sr ukgh ek= R;kapk esG ?kkryk xsyk
ikfgts- f’k{k.kkr eqykaps lkaLd`frd fo’o okijys ikfgts] f’k{k.kkr v’kk v/;;u vuqHkokaph]
d`rhaph jsypsy vlyh ikfgts-
Kkujpukokn gh ,d v/;;u&v/;kiu i/nrh vkgs- ewy gs R;k v/;;u&v/;kiu
i/nrhpk ik;k vkgs- ;k i/nrhr eqykauk R;kaP;k vuqHkokrwu f’kd.;kph la/kh fnyh tkrs- eqys
vusd izdkjph ekfgrh] Kku vkiY;kr lekfo”V djrkr] R;kP;k’kh ,d:i gksrkr vkf.k uohu
Kku R;kP;k’kh tksMrkr- gs O;fDrxr ikrGhoj lq: vlrs- uos vuqHko ?ksrkuk eukrhy ts
vk/khP;k vuqHkokaph iwuekZaM.kh gksÅu Kkukpk uohu vk’k; r;kj gksrks-8 v’kk izdkjs eqykaP;k
vuqHkokapk foLrkj d:u R;kaP;k {kerkaph tk.kho o {kerkapk fodkl Kkujpukoknkrwu ‘kD;
vkgs- Kkujpukoknkrwu izkIr vuqHkoizpwj Kku gs nh?kZdkG fVd.kkjs vlrs -
Kkujpuoknh oxkZr v/;kiukps Lo:i%&
Kkujpukoknh oxkZr v/;kiu gs ckyddsanzhr vlkos- v/;uklkBh ckydkauk Loizsjhr djkos]
vH;klkr jl fuekZ.k djkok] fo|kF;kZauk d`fr’khy djkos] v/;uklkBh iz;Ru dj.;kl Hkkx
ikMkoss] Lor%Pk mesnhus f’kd.;kl izksRlkfgr dj.ks] vkiY;k dykus] fuoMhus ;ksX; rks osG
Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language
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?ksÅu f’kdk;yk m|qDr dj.ks bR;knh tckcnkÚ;k ?ks.;kl ckydkauk izfs jr dj.;kps dke
f’k{kdkus djkos- f’k{kdkauh oxkZr fo|kF;kaZuk ppkZ dj.;klkBh la/kh miyC/k d:u |koh- ppZsr
,[kk|k fo”k;klaca/kh fo|kFkhZ Lor%pk n`”Vhdksu FkksMD;kr ekaMr vlrks - brj R;kP;k n`”Vhdksukl
vkOgku nsÅ ‘kdrkr- fo|kF;kZyk fopkj izo`Rr dj.ks gs ,d v/;kiukps mfí”V vkgs - ikjaifjd
i/nrhr f’k{kd vkf.k fo|kFkhZ ;kaP;ke/;s tkLr izek.kkr vkarjfØ;k gksr uOgrh- f’k{kd
v/;kiuknjE;ku O;k[;ku i/nrhpk vf/kd voyac djr gksrs - O;k[;ku i/nrheqGs v/;;u
v/;kiu gs daVkGok.ks gksrs- ijarq Kkujpukokn i/nrhus dsY;k tk.kkÚ;k v/;kukr f’k{kd
fo|kF;kZyk lrr lfØ; o fØ;k’khy Bsorks-
Kkujpukoknh i/nrhus oxkZ/;kiu izHkkoh gks.;klkBh ;k oxkZps Lo:i dls vlkos ;kckcr
Dale H. Schunk (2012)9 ;kauh iq<hy izek.ks fo’kn dsys vkgs-
1- Kkujpukoknh oxkZr fo|kF;kZauk gos rs dj.;kl ijok.kxh fnyh tkr ukgh rj v/;;u
le`/n dj.;klkBh R;kauk fofo/k v/;;u vuqHko miyC/k d:u fnys tkrkr-
2- Kkujpukoknh oxZ ikjaikfjd oxkZis{kk vusd izdkjs osxGk vlrks - ikjaikfjd oxkZr
ikBÓkiqLrds vkf.k dk;ZiqfLrdk oki:u ygku&ygku Hkkxkr vH;klØe iw.kZ d:u
?ksryk tkrks- f’k{kd fo|kF;kZauk ikBÓkiqLrdkarwu mRrjs ‘kks/k.;kl lkaxrkr- fo|kF;kZaps
ewY;ekiu izkeq[;kus pkp.khP;k lgk¸;kus dsys tkrs vkf.k fo|kFkhZ lk/kkj.kr% ,dVÓkkus
v/;;u vuqHko ?ksrkr fdaok f’kdrkr-
;k myV Kkujpukoknh oxkZr eksBÓkk ladYiukaoj y{k dsafnzr dsys tkrs - oxkZr
ekfgrh vkf.k lk/k.ks fo|kF;kaZuk Lor% gkrkGrk ;srkr- f’k{kd fo|kF;kZaP;k ‘kadk] iz’u]
n`”Vhdksu y{kkr ?ksÅu laokn lk/krkr- fo|kF;kZaps ewY;ekiu gs izkeq[;kus v/;kiukr
lekfo”V vlrs dkj.k f’k{kd v/;kiuk njE;kup fo|kF;kZaP;k orZukps fufj{k.k d:u
R;kP;k uksanh ?ksr vlrks- fo|kFkhZ izkeq[;kus xVkr dk;Z djrkr-
3- Kkujpukoknh oxkZr v/;kiu djrkuk f’k{kdkus leL;sP;k fuewZyukFkZ ikBkph jpuk dsyh
tkrs- fo|kF;kZauk ;k oxkZr iz’u fopkj.ks] leL;k fujkdj.k] ‘kks/k ?ks.ks] i;kZ; ‘kks/k.ks o
;ksX; mRrjkaph fuoM dj.;klkBh izksRlkfgr dsys tkrs- Kkujpukoknh oxkZr fu;kstuiw.kZ
dke dj.;koj Hkj fnyk tkrks-
4- f’k{kdkus oxZ v/;kiu djrkuk izR;sd fo|kF;kZe/;s dks.krh uk dks.krh {kerk vlrs gs
y{kkr Bsowu lokauZ k leku ekuwu v/;kiu dsys tkrs -
5- izR;sd fo|kF;kZauk ?kVdkcn~ny FkksMs Qkj izek.kkr iwoZ vuqHko@iwoZKku gs vlrsp R;kp
KkukP;k vk/kkjs fo|kFkhZ uohu Kku vkRelkr dj.;kpk iz;Ru djhr vlrks -
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6- fo|kFkhZ Lor%p Lor%lkBh v/;;u vuqHko nsrkr- f’k{kd QDr fo|kF;kZauk vMp.kh
;srhy R;k fBdk.kh ekxZn’kZd] leqins’kd] fnXn’kZd ;k izek.ks Hkwfedk ctkorkr-
7- v/;;u vuqHkokae/;s fo|kF;kZpk laiw.kZ lgHkkx visf{kr vlrks - fo|kFkhZ R;kaPk d`rhaoj
fparu djrkr- ,desdka’kh R;kcn~ny ppkZ djrkr gk v/;;u izfØ;srhy ,d egRokpk
VIik vkgs- Lor%P;k izxrhph fn’kk Bjfo.ks rlsp eqY;ekukps fud”k Bjfo.ks gs ns[khy
dj.;kr fo|kFkhZ enr djrkr-
8- fo|kFkhZ Lor%P;k vuqHkokrwu Lor%P;k v/;;ukpk ekxZ r;kj djrkr- v/;;u lqdj
gks.;klkBh xVppkZ i/nrhpk voyac djrkr-
9- Kkujpukoknh oxkZr fo|kF;kaZps la?kVu ;koj Hkj vlrks ;ke/;s fo|kFkhZ Lor% rj
f’kdrkrp ijarw rs vkiY;k lgdkÚ;kdMwu ns[khy uouohu vH;klkP;k dk;Zuhrh
vkRelkr djrkr-
10-Kkujpukoknh oxkZ/;kiukr f’k{kd fo|kF;kZaps l|%fLFkrhrhy Kku y{kkr ?ksrkr o
R;kpk vk/kkj ?ksÅu iq<hy Kku fufeZrhph v/;;u vuqHko ;kstrkr-
Kkujpukoknh v/;kiu i/nrh%&
fo|kF;kaZP;k eukr Kkukph jpuk ;ksX;fjrhus Ogkoh ;klkBh T;k T;k fo|kFkhZdsanzhr
v/;kiu i/nrh vkgsr R;k lokZapk lekos’k Kkujpukoknh v/;kiu i/nrhae/;s gksrks - ;ke/;s
ikjaikfjd v/;kiu i/nrhpk vk’k;kuqlkj Nsn nsÅu fofo/k v/;kiu i/nrhph ra=s] v/;kiu
izfrekus rsp v/;kiu dk;Zuhrh ;kapk lekos’k gksrks - Kkujpukoknkrwu oxZ v/;kiu djrkauk
fufj{k.k] ftKklk] iz’ufufeZrh] mi;kstu] ltZu’khyrk] leL;k fujkdj.k ;krwu Kkukr Hkj
iMsy o KkufufeZrh gksbZy- ;klkBh fofo/k L=ksrkapkgh lekos’k dsyk ikfgts mnk- fofo/k
lanHkZxFza k] Kkudks’k] fo’odks’k] ‘kCndks’k] lhMh&baVjusV] osclkbZV] iksVZYl] eqfnzr lkfgR;
iqLrds] o`Rri=s] nwjn’kZu] fofo/k {ks=krhy rKekxZn’kZdkaph miyC/krk] R;kaph Hkk”k.ks]
vkdk’kok.khojhy Hkk”k.ks] ekfgrh] ppkZl=s] ifjlaokn rlsp {ks=HksVh] ‘kS{kf.kd lgyh los{Z k.k
bR;knh v/;;u& v/;kiuiqjd i/nrhapk voyac f’k{kdkauh djkok-10 v’kk v/;;u&v/;kiu
i/nrh oki:u fo|kF;kZaP;k fofo/k {kerkapk fodkl d:u R;kaps mi;kstu dj.ks gsp
Kkujpukoknh v/;kiukps mfí”V vlrs o R;krwu visf{kr QyizkIrh gksrs -
Kkujpukoknkr f’k{kdkph Hkwfedk%&
f’k{kd gk f’k{k.k izfØ;srhy egRokpk ?kVd vkgs - ikjaikfjd f’k{k.k i/nrhr f’k{kd gk
Kkunku dj.;kP;k izfØ;srhy eDrsnkj ?kVd gksrk- uohu Kkujpukoknh f’k{k.k izfØ;sr lgHkkxh
gks.;klkBh f’k{kdkyk vkiyh ekufldrk cny.ks ØeizkIr vkgs - Kkujpukoknh i/nrhr f’k{kd
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dlk vlkok rj fopkj dj.kkjk f’k{kd] xjtsuqlkj Lor%yk osGksosGh cnyr tk.kkjk yofpd
f’k{kd] eqykaP;k Hkkoukaph lnSo dnj dj.kkjk laosnu’khy f’k{kd] eqykauk f’kdfor jkg.;kis{kk
f’kdk;ykp izo`Rr dj.kkjk f’k{kd] fo|kF;kaZP;k cjkscjhus Lor%ykgh laiUu djhr tk.kkjk vkf.k
fo|kF;kaZP;k vkuanh f’k{k.kizfØ;sr lgHkkxh gksÅu vki.kgh vkuanh gks.kkjk vlk ,d vkn’kZ
f’k{kd vlyk ikfgts-11
jk”Vªh; vH;klØe vkjk[kMk ¼NCF, 2005½ uqlkj Kkujpukoknkr f’k{kdkauh fo|kF;kZauk
dks.krkgh fopkj vk;rsi.kkus iqjfo.;kph vis{kk ukgh rj f’k{kdkauh fo|kF;kZaph fopkj izfØ;k
R;kaP;kp vuqHko fo’okP;k vk/kkjs v[kaM Bsok;ph vkgs - iz’u fopkj.ks] fujh{k.k d`rhP;k la/kh
nsÅu R;krwu eqykauk Lor%p fdaok brj eqyka’kh ppsZrwu fu”d”kZ dk<.;kl izksRlkgu ns.ks]
baVjusV] vuqHkoh O;Drh v’kk ekfgrhP;k L=ksrkapk ifjp; d:u ns.ks ;kizdkjs f’k{kdkph
lqyHkdkph (Facilitator) Hkwfedk jkg.kkj vkgss-12 lqyHkd Eg.kts eqykaps f’kd.ks lksis dj.kkjh
O;Drh gks;-
Kku fufeZrhP;k izfØ;sr f’k{kdkauh tj vf/kd fØ;k’khy Hkwfedk ikj ikMyh rj
eqykaP;k ckSf/nd tkf.kokae/khy R;kaph Hkwfedk vf/kd vFkZiw.kZ cuw ‘kdrs- ;kf’kok; fo|kF;kaPZ ;k
fopkj{kerspk fodkl dj.ks gs f’k{kdkaP;k vusd dk;kaZiSdh ,d egRokps dk;Z vkgs - R;keqGs
fo|kF;kaaZuk f’k{kdkauh iz’u fopkj.;kl m|qDRk dsys ikfgts dkj.k iz’ukeqGs foospu] mi;kstu]
fo’ys”k.k] ewY;ekiu ;k ekufld fØ;k fo|kF;kZadMwu ?kMwu ;srkr- Eg.ktsp iz’u
fopkjY;keqGsp fopkjizfØ;sps vusd vaxs fodflr gksr tkrkr-13 v’kk izdkjs Kkujpukoknkr
f’k{kd gk lqfo/kknkrk] O;oLFkkid] fu;kstd] fpfdRld] ewY;ekid] fe=] ekxZn’kZd] la’kks/kd
vkf.k Hkfo”;osRrk v’kk vusd Hkwfedk ikj ikM.kkjk egRokpk ?kVd vlrks - Kkujpukoknh
oxkZr f’k{kdkus fo|kF;kZaP;k Lokra«;kyk oko ns.ks] R;kauk vH;klkph la/kh miyC/k d:u ns.ks]
vH;klØekps fu;kstu dj.ks] fo|kF;kZae/;s la’kks/ku o`Rrh fodflr dj.ks] lkrR;iw.kZ
ewY;ekiukP;k mi;kstu dj.ks v’kk vusd Hkwfedk ikj ikMY;kl oxkZr v/;;u v/;kiu
vf/kd izHkkoh gksrs-
Lkkjka’k%&
v’kk izdkjs vkt cnyR;k xjtkauq:i Kkujpukokn gh uoh f’k{k.kiz.kkyh txkP;k
iVykoj mn;kl vkyh vkgs- vuqHkokapk vFkZ yko.ks ghp f’kd.;kph izfØ;k vlrs vls
jpukoknh f’k{k.kiz.kkyh ekurs- eqykaP;k f’kd.;kP;k ckcrhr orZuoknh vkf.k vkdyuoknh
fopkjlj.khais{kk jpukoknh fopkjlj.kh vf/kd ljl vkgs - Kkujpukoknkr v/;;u v/;kiukr

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 feuk{kh jkÅr 10664
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>kysyk BGd cny Eg.kts v/;kiukis{kk v/;;ukoj vf/kd Hkj ns.ks - ekuokyk iapsafnz;kaiklwu
lHkksorkyP;k okrkoj.kkrwu vuqHko IkzkIr gksr vlrkr- vuqHko ?ksr vlrkuk eqykus ‘kD;
frrds d`fr’khy jkgkos] Eg.ktsp desZafnz;s] Kkusafnz;s ;kaph vf/kdkf/kd xqar o.kwd gksrs- feGkysys
Kku nh?kZdkyhu Le`rhr tk.;kl lkgk¸; gksrs- R;keqGsp ‘kkGsr vuqHkokapk ifj.kke nh?kZdkyhu
gks.;klkBh ‘kkGsus jpukoknh Ogk;yk gos vls Eg.krk ;sbZy -
lanHkZlwph%&
Snehi, N. (2011). Improving Teaching-Learning Process in Schools: A Challenge for the 21st
Century. Learning Community, 2(1). 1-12.
jk”Vªh; vH;klØe vkjk[kMk] 2005] jk”Vªh; ‘kS{kf.kd la’kks/ku o izf’k{k.k ifj”kn] uoh fnYyh i` - Ø- 23
http://www.ncert.nic.in/rightside/links/pdf/framework/marathi/marathi.pdf
Oxford, R. (1997). Constructivism: Shape-Shifting, Substance, and Teacher Education.
Peabody Journal of Education 72(1): 35-66
Johnson, Andrew (2014). Education Psychology: Theories of Learning and Human
Development. National Science Press: wwwnsspress.com
Fosnot, C. T. (1996). Constructivism: Theory, perspective, and practice (Ed.), New
York: Teachers College Press.
ikuls] jes’k ¼2016½- ckydsfa nzr f’k{k.k- egkjk”Vª jkT; ejkBh fo’odks’k fufeZrh eaMG] eaqacbZ-
https://marathivishwakosh.org/11835/
jk”Vªh; vH;klØe vkjk[kMk& 2005] mijksDr i`- Ø- 05
nkaMsdj] js.kw ¼2013½- f’kdw ;k vkuans- iq.ks% euksfodkl izdk’ku] i`- Ø- 9&10
Dale H. Schunk (2012). Learning Theories an Educational Perspective 6th Edition. Boston:
Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Allyn & Bacon, Pg. No. 261
nkaMsdj] js.kw ¼2013½- mijksDr] i`- Ø- 9&10
Dale H. Schunk (2012). mijksDr, Pg. No. 261
izkFkfed f’k{k.k vH;klØe] 2004] egkjk”Vª jkT; ‘kS{kf.kd la’kks/ku o izf’k{k.k ifj”kn] iq.ks&30] i`”B- Ø-
4
Mkaxs] lqfurk ¼2002½- iz’u& v/;kiu’kkL=k}kjs ^fopkjizfØ;k lewgkpk fodkl*- dksYgkiwj% los’Z k izdk’ku]
i`- Ø- 03

Copyright © 2020, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language