SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Academic Regulation 2018

ECB4232 – Circuits Simulation Laboratory Manual

for
III SEMESTER
Prepared By
Dr.AL.Vallikannu
Associate Professor
G.Vimalarani
Assistant Professor

Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science

Name of the Student :
Register No. :
:
Semester/ Branch

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCES

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CHENNAI-603103
VISION
To be a premier academic centre for quality education to meet the industrial standards
and research in diverse areas of Electronics and Communication Engineering with
social commitment.
MISSION
M1. To impart adequate engineering knowledge to transform students into
highly professional engineers as well as good researchers.
M2. To develop their interdisciplinary skills as per the need of the industry
and society.
M3. To inculcate Entrepreneurship and lifelong learning skills among the
students with ethics and social commitment.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO I Graduates will have strong scientific and Engineering foundation to equip
themselves as problem solvers and researchers in real world scenario.

PEO II Graduates will possess necessary skills on cutting edge technologies to

accomplish societal needs by working in multidisciplinary teams.

PEO III Graduates will possess attitude for lifelong learning to adapt to
technological challenges and emerge as good entrepreneur
Document Sl. No: IQACB01 Review Period: Every Semester Validation authority: IQAC

COURSE DELIVERY PLAN

(This document is to be presented to the students during the first week of commencement of
classes and send a soft copy to every student of the class by the course instructor)

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2019-2020 DEPARTMENT: ECE

PROGRAMME: B.TECH SEMESTER: III
COURSE TITLE: CIRCUIT SIMULATION COURSE CODE: ECB4232
LAB
COURSE CATEGORY: LAB TOTAL DURATION (HRS): 45
PREREQUISITE: NIL CREDITS: 1
INSTRUCTOR (S): Dr.AL.Vallikannu
G.Vimalarani

COURSEWARE HOME PAGE:

https://sites.google.com/a/hindustanuniv.ac.in/vallikannu/

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES (PEO) –

(to be achieved by the graduate after 4 to 5 years of graduation)

PEO I Graduates will have strong scientific and Engineering foundation to equip
themselves as problem solvers and researchers in real world scenario.
PEO II Graduates will possess necessary skills on cutting edge technologies to
accomplish societal needs by working in multidisciplinary teams.
PEO III Graduates will possess attitude for lifelong learning to adapt to
technological challenges and emerge as good entrepreneur
 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (PO COMMON TO ALL PROGRAMMES)
(To be achieved by the student after every semester/year/and at the time of graduation)
Graduate Attributes (NBA): All graduates of any higher education programs are
expected to have identified technical/ functional, generic and managerial competencies.
The competencies that a graduate of a program should have are called Graduate
Attributes. The Attributes a graduating engineer should have are generally identified by
the Accreditation agency for Engineering and Technical Education, namely, National
Board of Accreditation (NBA) in India. The Graduate Attributes of Engineering
Programs as identified by NBA are
On completion of the programme, the students:
PO 1: Able to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering for modelling
and solving Electronics and Communication Engineering problems
PO 2: Able to identify, formulate and analyze complex Electronics and Communication
Engineering problems to reach logical conclusions
PO 3: Able to design a system to meet the desired specifications, performance and
capabilities compatible with health, safety, legal, societal and environmental
considerations.
PO 4: Able to apply research based knowledge and methods for synthesis, analysis and
interpreting data to arrive at valid conclusions.
PO 5: Able to use modern engineering tools and techniques necessary for engineering
design, analysis and applications
PO 6: Able to apply contextual knowledge relevant to professional engineering
practices.
PO 7: Able to understand the need for sustainable development and impact of
professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental context
PO 8: Able to apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics, responsibilities
and norms of the Electronics and Communication Engineering practice.
PO 9: Able to collaborate and function as a team to accomplish a common goal through
effective learning.
PO 10: Able to communicate effectively in technical and non‐technical communications
with a range of audiences such as peer to peer and peer to group.
PO 11: Able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering finance and
management principles as member and leader in a team to manage multi‐
disciplinary projects.
PO 12: Able to engage in life‐long learning to follow developments in Electronics and
Communication Engineering
The Bloom’s Taxonomy is to be followed in curriculum development, courseware development,
planning and delivery of contents, Assessment, Mapping, Data Analysis and CQI (Continuous
Quality Improvement)
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO)

PSO 1 Able to analyze and design the advanced communication and digital systems.

Able to analyze, design and validate the systems using hardware and software tools
PSO 2
pertaining to VLSI and Signal Processing.

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO/CLO)

To design and simulate the working of Low pass and High pass Filter, Clippers &
CO/CLO – 1
Clampers Attenuators Half–Wave and Full-Wave Rectifier and Voltage Regulator
To simulate and analyse the Frequency Response of CE ,CC,CS Amplifier, Design of
CO/CLO – 2 Wein-Bridge and RC phase shift Oscillator, Class-A Power Amplifier, Pre-emphasis
and De-emphasis circuits, RC coupled amplifier and Differential amplifier

CO/CLO – 3 Design and implement Astable and Monostable Multivibrator using Op-amp
 MAPPING OF COs TO POs

COURSE PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (PO)

S.No OUTCOMES
(CO)

PO 10
PO 11

PO 12

PSO 1

PSO 2
PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9
1 CO-1 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3
2 CO-2 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3
3 CO-3 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3
Average (Course to
3 3 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3
PO mapping)

3 - Strong Contribution (SC) 2 - Moderate Contribution (MC) 1 - Weak Contribution (WC)

MAPPING OF LAB EXPERIMENTS

Sl. Pertaining Pertaining

BATCH / TITLE OF EXPERIMENTS
No CO/CLOs BTL
1 Verification of Low pass and High pass Filter CLO-1 BTL-2,3,5
2 Verification of Clippers & Clampers CLO-1 BTL-2,3,5
3 Design and Verification of Attenuators CLO-1 BTL-2,3,5
4 Verification of Half–Wave and Full-Wave Rectifier CLO-1 BTL-2,3,5
5 Design and Verification of Voltage Regulator CLO-1 BTL-2,3,5
6 Frequency Response of CE Amplifier CLO-2 BTL-2,3,5
7 Frequency Response of CS Amplifier CLO-2 BTL-2,3,5
8 Frequency Response of CC Amplifier CLO-2 BTL-2,3,5
9 Design of Wein-Bridge and RC phase shift Oscillator CLO-2 BTL-2,3,5
10 Design and Verification of Class-A Power Amplifier CLO-2 BTL-2,3,5
Design and Verification of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
11 CLO-2 BTL-2,3,5
circuits
12 Design and Verification of RC coupled amplifier CLO-2 BTL-2,3,5
13 Design and Verification of Differential amplifier CLO-2 BTL-2,3,5
14 Astable Multivibrator using op-amp CLO-3 BTL-2,3,4,5
15 Monostable Multivibrator using op-amp CLO-3 BTL-2,3,4,5

FACULTY SIGNATURE HOD

DEAN (E&T) IQAC Coordinator
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ECB4232 - CIRCUIT SIMULATION LAB
RUBRICS
Observation
S.NO Rubrics Marks

Execution 5
Knowledge - 2 marks
Gives clear explanation, analysis and justification for the simulated circuit
and its output (2)
1 Gives moderate explanation and justification for the simulated circuit and its
output (1)
Error free execution – 3 marks
Able to execute the output without any error on his/her own (3)
Able to execute the output with simple errors (2)
Able to connect the circuit but unable to simulate output.(1)
Output 5
Result – 2 marks
Simulated output matches the expected output (2)
2 Deviation in the output from the design (1)
Ontime Submission – 3 marks
Submission on stipulated time (3)
Delayed submission(after 3 days of stipulated time (2)
Delayed submission (1)
Total 10

Record
S.NO Rubrics Marks

1 Completed Observation 5
2 Viva 5
3 Procedure 5
4 Record neatness 5
5 Submission date 5
Total 25
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
COURSE
CIRCUITS SIMULATION LAB CREDITS 1
TITLE
COURSE ECB4232
COURSE CATEGORY PC L-T-P-S 0-0-2-0
CODE
CIA 80% ESE 20%
LEARNING
BTL-5
LEVEL
S.NO COURSE OUTCOMES PO
Design and simulate basic simple circuits using diodes and passive
1. 1,2,3,5,6
elements
2. Design and simulate basic amplifier circuits using BJT and FET 1,2,3,5,6

3. Design and Simulate basic circuits using op-amp 1,2,3,5,6

Prerequisites: NIL
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
LIST OF SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS USING MULTISIM
1. Verification of Low pass and High pass Filter
2. Verification of Clippers & Clampers
3. Design and Verification of Attenuators
4. Verification of Half–Wave and Full-Wave Rectifier
5. Design and Verification of Voltage Regulator
6. Frequency Response of CE Amplifier
7. Frequency Response of CS Amplifier
8. Frequency Response of CC Amplifier
9. Design of Wein-Bridge and RC phase shift Oscillator
10. Design and Verification of Class-A Power Amplifier
11. Design and Verification of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis circuits
12. Design and Verification of RC coupled amplifier
13. Design and Verification of Differential amplifier
14. Astable Multivibrator using op-amp
15. Monostable Multivibrator using op-amp
REFERENCES
L K Maheswari and M M S Anand, “Laboratory Manual for Introductory Electronic
1.
Experiments”, New Age, 2010.
S Poornachandra Rao and B Sasikala, “Handbook of Experiments in Electronics and
2.
Communication Engineering”,Vikas publishers, 2003.
MOOC
1 http://ozark.hendrix.edu/~burch/logisim/
2 http://www.cadence.com/products/orcad/pspice_simulation/pages/default.ap
 PAGE
S.No EXPERIMENT TITLE MARKS SIGN
NO
1. Verification of Low pass and High pass Filter 1

2. Verification of Clippers & Clampers 10

3. Design and Verification of Attenuators 23

4. Verification of Half–Wave and Full-Wave Rectifier 30

5. Design and Verification of Voltage Regulator 38

6. Frequency Response of CE Amplifier 42

7. Frequency Response of CS Amplifier 47

8. Frequency Response of CC Amplifier 51

9. Design of Wein-Bridge and RC phase shift Oscillator 54

10. Design and Verification of Class-A Power Amplifier 58

Design and Verification of Pre-emphasis and De-
11. 60
emphasis circuits
12. Design and Verification of RC coupled amplifier 63

13. Design and Verification of Differential amplifier 66

14. Astable Multivibrator using op-amp 70

15. Monostable Multivibrator using op-amp 74

ADDITIONAL SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS

16. Integrator using op-amp 77

17. Differentiator using op-amp 78

18. Inverting Amplifier using op-amp 78

19. Instrumentation Amplifier using op-amp 79

 1. Design of Passive Low pass and High Pass Filters

AIM:
To design and simulate the frequency response of Filters using Bode Plotter and AC Analysis

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
PC loaded with MULTISIM software.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completing this lab, you will be able to complete the following activities.
i. Discuss the operation and application of Filters
ii. Design a RC filter for designated frequency.
iii. Observe the frequency response and infer the magnitude and phase response
iv. Simulate the AC analysis from KHz to MHz and obtain the magnitude response

THEORY AND BACKGROUND

A filter is a circuit that removes, or “filters out,” a specified range of frequency components. In
other words, it separates the signal’s spectrum into frequency components that will
be passed and frequency components that will be blocked.
Filters can be placed into broad categories that correspond to the general characteristics of the
filter’s frequency response. If a filter passes low frequencies and blocks high frequencies, it is
called a low-pass filter. If it blocks low frequencies and passes high frequencies, it is a high-pass
filter. There are also band-pass filters, which pass only a relatively narrow range of frequencies,
and band-stop filters, which block only a relatively narrow range of frequencies.
Analog filters, such as the RC low-pass filter, always transition gradually from passband to
stopband. This means that it is impossible to identify one frequency at which the filter stops
passing signals and starts blocking signals.

THE LOW PASS FILTER

A simple passive RC Low Pass Filter or LPF, can be easily made by connecting together in
series a single Resistor with a single Capacitor as shown below. In this type of filter arrangement
the input signal ( VIN ) is applied to the series combination (both the Resistor and Capacitor
together) but the output signal ( V OUT ) is taken across the capacitor only.
This type of filter is known generally as a “first-order filter” or “one-pole filter”, why first-order
or single-pole?, because it has only “one” reactive component, the capacitor, in the circuit.

1
RC LOW PASS FILTER CIRCUIT

As mentioned previously in the Capacitive Reactance tutorial, the reactance of a capacitor varies
inversely with frequency, while the value of the resistor remains constant as the frequency
changes. At low frequencies the capacitive reactance, ( XC ) of the capacitor will be very large
compared to the resistive value of the resistor, R.
This means that the voltage potential, VC across the capacitor will be much larger than the
voltage drop, VR developed across the resistor. At high frequencies the reverse is true with
VC being small and VR being large due to the change in the capacitive reactance value.
While the circuit above is that of an RC Low Pass Filter circuit, it can also be thought of as a
frequency dependant variable potential divider circuit similar to the one we looked at in
the Resistors tutorial. In that tutorial we used the following equation to calculate the output
voltage for two single resistors connected in series.

We also know that the capacitive reactance of a capacitor in an AC circuit is given as:

Opposition to current flow in an AC circuit is called impedance, symbol Z and for a series
circuit consisting of a single resistor in series with a single capacitor, the circuit impedance is
calculated as:

Then by substituting our equation for impedance above into the resistive potential divider
equation gives us:

2
RC POTENTIAL DIVIDER EQUATION

So, by using the potential divider equation of two resistors in series and substituting for
impedance we can calculate the output voltage of an RC Filter for any given frequency.

LOW PASS FILTER EXAMPLE NO 1

A Low Pass Filter circuit consisting of a resistor of 4k7Ω in series with a capacitor of 47nF is
connected across a 10v sinusoidal supply. Calculate the output voltage ( V OUT ) at a frequency of
100Hz and again at frequency of 10,000Hz or 10kHz.

Voltage Output at a Frequency of 100Hz.

Voltage Output at a Frequency of 10,000Hz (10kHz).

FREQUENCY RESPONSE
We can see from the results above, that as the frequency applied to the RC network increases
from 100Hz to 10kHz, the voltage dropped across the capacitor and therefore the output voltage
( VOUT ) from the circuit decreases from 9.9v to 0.718v.
By plotting the networks output voltage against different values of input frequency,
the Frequency Response Curve or Bode Plot function of the low pass filter circuit can be
found, as shown in fig2.

3
The Bode Plot shows the Frequency Response of the filter to be nearly flat for low frequencies
and all of the input signal is passed directly to the output, resulting in a gain of nearly 1, called
unity, until it reaches its Cut-off Frequency point (ƒc). This is because the reactance of the
capacitor is high at low frequencies and blocks any current flow through the capacitor.
After this cut-off frequency point the response of the circuit decreases to zero at a slope of -
20dB/ Decade or (-6dB/Octave) “roll-off”. Note that the angle of the slope, this -20dB/
Decade roll-off will always be the same for any RC combination.
Any high frequency signals applied to the low pass filter circuit above this cut-off frequency
point will become greatly attenuated, that is they rapidly decrease. This happens because at very
high frequencies the reactance of the capacitor becomes so low that it gives the effect of a short
circuit condition on the output terminals resulting in zero output.

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A 1ST-ORDER LOW PASS FILTER

This “Cut-off”, “Corner” or “Breakpoint” frequency is defined as being the frequency point
where the capacitive reactance and resistance are equal, R = Xc = 4k7Ω. When this occurs the
output signal is attenuated to 70.7% of the input signal value or -3dB (20 log (Vout/Vin)) of the
input. Although R = Xc, the output is not half of the input signal. This is because it is equal to
the vector sum of the two and is therefore 0.707 of the input.

4
As the filter contains a capacitor, the Phase Angle ( Φ ) of the output signal LAGS behind that of
the input and at the -3dB cut-off frequency ( ƒc ) is -45o out of phase. This is due to the time
taken to charge the plates of the capacitor as the input voltage changes, resulting in the output
voltage (the voltage across the capacitor) “lagging” behind that of the input signal. The higher
the input frequency applied to the filter the more the capacitor lags and the circuit becomes more
and more “out of phase”.

Whereas the low pass filter only allowed signals to pass below its cut-off frequency point, ƒc, the
passive high pass filter circuit as its name implies, only passes signals above the selected cut-off
point, ƒc eliminating any low frequency signals from the waveform. Consider the circuit below.

THE HIGH PASS FILTER CIRCUIT

In this circuit arrangement, the reactance of the capacitor is very high at low frequencies so the
capacitor acts like an open circuit and blocks any input signals at V IN until the cut-off frequency
point ( ƒC ) is reached. Above this cut-off frequency point the reactance of the capacitor has
reduced sufficiently as to now act more like a short circuit allowing all of the input signal to pass
directly to the output as shown below in the filters response curve.
The Bode Plot or Frequency Response Curve above for a passive high pass filter is the exact
opposite to that of a low pass filter. Here the signal is attenuated or damped at low frequencies
with the output increasing at +20dB/Decade (6dB/Octave) until the frequency reaches the cut-off
point ( ƒc ) where again R = Xc. It has a response curve that extends down from infinity to the
cut-off frequency, where the output voltage amplitude is 1/√2 = 70.7% of the input signal value
or -3dB (20 log (Vout/Vin)) of the input value.
Also we can see that the phase angle ( Φ ) of the output signal LEADS that of the input and is
equal to +45o at frequency ƒc. The frequency response curve for this filter implies that the filter
can pass all signals out to infinity. However in practice, the filter response does not extend to
infinity but is limited by the electrical characteristics of the components used.

5
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A 1ST ORDER HIGH PASS FILTER

The cut-off frequency point for a first order high pass filter can be found using the same equation
as that of the low pass filter, but the equation for the phase shift is modified slightly to account
for the positive phase angle as shown below.
CUT-OFF FREQUENCY AND PHASE SHIFT

The circuit gain, Av which is given as Vout/Vin (magnitude) and is calculated as:

6
HIGH PASS FILTER
Example No1
Calculate the cut-off or “breakpoint” frequency ( ƒc ) for a simple passive high pass filter
consisting of an 82pF capacitor connected in series with a 240kΩ resistor.

SIMULATION PROCEDURE:


Open MULTISIM Software.

Click=> New => Design1

Click save as in Desk Top rename the Design1 to your circuit name.

Go to Component tool bar and select the components.

Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the tool bar and
then save the circuit.
 Double click AC_POWER set its value above mentioned.
 Click simulate button or press F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Bode Plotter and measure
frequency response at -3dB by adjusting the pointer
 Then obtain the AC analysis of filters by choosing simulate Analyses AC
Analysis
SIMULATED CIRCUIT:
LPF:

7
HPF:

SIMULATION OUTPUT:
LPF:

8
HPF:

Check Your Understanding

Note: The following questions are meant to help you self-assess your understanding so far. You
can view the answer key for all “Check your Understanding” questions at the end of the lab.
2-1 In a certain low-pass filter, fc = 3.5 kHz. Its pass-band is

(A) 0 Hz to 3.5 kHz

(B) 0 Hz
(C) 3.5 kHz
(D) 7 kHz
2-2 An RC high-pass filter consists of a 0.2 μF capacitor and a 220 Ω resistor. The output is
taken across the resistor. The circuit's critical frequency is

(A) 723 Hz
(B) 7,234 Hz
(C) 362 Hz
(D) 3,617 Hz

2-3 Design a LPF for a cut of Frequency of 100 KHz

9
 2. Verification of Clippers & Clampers

AIM:
To verify the operation of clipper and clamper circuits using simulation software.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
PC loaded with MULTISIM software.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this lab, you will be able to complete the following activities:
i. Discuss the operation and application of a diode.
ii. Observe the behavior of a simple application circuit i.e. a clipping circuit and clamping
circuit discuss the role of diodes in it.

THEORY:
The primary function of clippers is to "clip" away a portion of an applied alternating signal. The
process is typically performed by a resistor- diode combination. DC batteries are also used to
provide additional shifts or "cuts" of the applied voltage. The analysis of clippers with square-
wave inputs is the easiest to perform since there are only two levels of input voltage. Each level
can be treated as a DC input and the output voltage for the corresponding time determined. For
sinusoidal and triangular inputs, various instantaneous values can be treated as DC levels and the
output level determined. Once a sufficient number of plot points for the output voltage Vo have
been determined, it can be sketched in total. Once the behavior of clippers is established, the
effect of the placement of elements in various positions can be predicted and the analysis
completed with less effort and concern about accuracy.

CIRCUIT OPERATION:
Clippers are used to select a part of signal waveform above or below a reference voltage
for transmission.

NEGATIVE CLIPPER:
For Vi < VR +Vr , The diode D is OFF ,since it is reverse biased and hence does not contact.
Since no current flows, there is no voltage drop across R.
VO = Vi for Vi < VR + Vr Where Vr is Cut-in voltage of the diode.For Vi > VR + Vr , the diode D
is ON, Since it is forward biased and the potential barrier is overcome Vo = V R+ Vr

TRANSFER CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION:

Vo= Vi for Vi < VR + Vr
Vo= VR + Vr for Vi > VR + Vr

10
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MODEL GRAPH

POSITIVE CLIPPER:
When Vi > VR + Vr the diode is forward biased and hence it conducts since it is ON it is short
circuited. It is obvious that Vo= VR + Vr Whatever the comment. When Vi < VR + Vr the diode
is reverse biased and hence it is OFF. It acts as an open Circuit. Vo= Vi
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION:
Vo= Vi for Vi < VR + Vr; Vo= VR + Vr for Vi > VR + Vr

11
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

EXPECTED WAVEFORM

TWO LEVEL CLIPPER:

12
Expected Waveform

CLAMPER
THEORY:
Sometimes it is required to leave the waveform unchanged, but modify its DC level up or down.
To accomplish this, clamper circuit is used. The beauty of clampers is that they can adjust the
DC position of the waveform without knowing what the waveform actually is. The positive
clamper shown in the figure below works as follows:
In the positive half of the first cycle, the voltage across the capacitor cannot change
instantaneously; therefore as the voltage on the input moves up, the voltage on the top of the
diode has to follow this voltage. This reverse biases the diode causing it to act as an open, thus
the output voltage follows the input voltage. As the input voltage drops into the negative half of
the first cycle, the diode is going to be forward biased. In the positive half of the first cycle, the
voltage across the capacitor cannot change instantaneously; therefore as the voltage on the input
moves up, the voltage on the top of the diode has to follow this voltage.be dissipated across the
capacitor. This charges the capacitor to the magnitude of the input signal.
NEGATIVE CLAMPER

C=4.7μf , R=1M Ω

EXPECTED WAVEFORM

13
POSITIVE CLAMPER

EXPECTED WAVEFORM

14
 SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desk Top rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the circuit of clipper and clamber as shown above.
 Set the input Sine wave frequency of 10 KHz to input and voltage =10V.
 Click simulate button or press F5 key => RUN
 Measure the input and output wave with CRO.
 Note down the input and output voltage and waveforms.
 Take printout.

SIMULATION OUTPUTS

CIRCUIT 1 : CLIPPER

(a) NEGATIVE CLIPPER

(b) POSITIVE CLIPPER

15
(c) POSITIVE PEAK CLIPPER

NEGATIVE PEAK CLIPPER

DOUBLE PEAK CLIPPER

16
 CIRCUIT 2: CLAMPER

(a) POSITIVE CLAMPER

(b) NEGATIVE CLAMPER

17
OUTPUT: CLIPPER
POSITIVE CLIPPER

NEGATIVE CLIPPER

18
POSITIVE SHUNT PEAK CLIPPER

NEGATIVE PEAK SHUNT CLIPPER

19
DOUBLE PEAK CLIPPER

CLAMPER:
POSITIVE CLAMPER

20
NEGATIVE CLAMPER

RESULT:

Simpler Clipper and Clamper circuit was designed and simulated. The behaviour of circuit is
studied. The role of diode for such application was observed.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Note: The following questions are meant to help you self-assess your understanding so far. You
can verify the answer key for all “Check your Understanding” questions at the end of the lab.
1-1 What is a diode?
A. A semiconducting device that allows current to flow in multiple directions.
B. A semiconducting device that doesn't allow current to flow in any direction.
C. A semiconducting device that allows current to flow in one direction but not the other.
D. A semiconducting device that allows current to flow in two opposite directions.

1-2 Which one of the following statements is true about the normal operation of a diode?
A. When the voltage across the diode is positive, current can flow once the voltage has
become large enough. When the voltage is negative, there is no flow of current.
B. When the voltage across the diode is negative, current can flow. When the voltage across
the diode is positive, there is no flow of current.
C. There is no flow of current regardless of the voltage of the diode whether it is positive or
negative.

21
1-3 At what approximate voltage value does the diode begin allowing current to flow?

1-4 What happens to the 10 V sine wave at the output?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

1-5 Change the value of the V2 DC supply from 2 V to 3 V and run the simulation. What
happens to the clipped signal?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
1-6 Change the value of the V2 DC supply from 3 V to 0 V and run the simulation. What
happens to the clipped signal?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

1-7 How did the diode behave when its polarity was reversed?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

22
 3. Design and Verification of Attenuator

AIM:
To design and simulate circuit of passive attenuator using multisim.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
PC loaded with MULTISIM software.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completing this lab, you will be able to complete the following activities.
v. Discuss the operation and application of attenuators.
vi. Design a passive T section attenuator for specified DB attenuation.
vii. Observe the output of the circuit.

THEORY AND BACKGROUND

An attenuator is a two port resistive network designed to weaken or “attenuate” (hence their
name) the power being supplied by a source to a level that is suitable for the connected load.
A passive attenuator reduces the amount of power being delivered to the connected load by
either a single fixed amount, a variable amount or in a series of known switchable steps.
Attenuators are generally used in radio, communication and transmission line applications to
weaken a stronger signal.
The Passive Attenuator is a purely passive resistive network (hence no supply) which is used in
a wide variety of electronic equipment for extending the dynamic range of measuring equipment
by adjusting signal levels, to provide impedance matching of oscillators or amplifiers to reduce
the effects of improper input/output terminations, or to simply provide isolation between
different circuit stages depending upon their application

Attenuator Connection

Attenuators are the reverse of amplifiers in that they reduce gain with the resistive voltage
divider circuit being a typical attenuator. The amount of attenuation in a given network is
determined by the ratio of: Output/Input.

23
DEGREES OF ATTENUATION
An attenuators performance is expressed by the number of decibels the input signal has
decreased per frequency decade (or octave). The decibel, abbreviated to “dB”, is generally
defined as the logarithm or “log” measure of the voltage, current or power ratio and represents
one tenth 1/10th of a Bel (B). In other words it takes 10 decibels to make one Bel. Then by
definition, the ratio between an input signal (Vin) and an output signal (Vout) is given in
decibels as:

DECIBEL ATTENUATION

There are many ways in which resistors can be arranged in attenuator circuits with the Potential
Divider Circuit being the simplest type of passive attenuator circuit. The potential or voltage
divider circuit is generally known as an “L-pad” attenuator because its circuit diagram resembles
that of an inverted “L”.
But there are other common types of attenuator network as well such as the “T-pad” attenuator
and the “Pi-pad” (π) attenuator depending upon how you connect together the resistive
components.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF L – PAD ATTENUATOR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF T – PAD ATTENUATOR

24
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF PI – PAD ATTENUATOR

SIMULATION OUTPUTS
ATTENUATORS 1

25
ATTENUATORS 2

26
ATTENUATORS 3

SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desk Top rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the tool bar
and then save the circuit.
 Double click AC_POWER set its value above mentioned.
 Click simulate button or press F5 key => RUN

27
 
Then double click the output connected in the oscilloscope and measure
attenuation factor.
 Record the outputs
RESULT:
Thus the design and simulation of passive attenuator circuit using multisim was done and
verified..
If the value of (P1 / P2) in power ratio expressed in terms of dB is greater than unity, what
does 'D' indicate in the network?

a. Power loss
b. Power gain
c. Power stability
d. Power saving
Variable attenuators exhibit variable attenuation but constant __________

a. Input impedance
b. Output impedance
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
Why are the variable attenuators applicable for radio broadcasting purposes?

a. For speed control

b. For volume control
c. For time control
d. For power control
Referring to the schematic of symmetrical π attenuator below, what will be the
computational value of attenuation in neper, if D = 20 dB & R 0 = 400 ohm?

a. 10
b. 20
c. 40
d. 80

28
Which type of attenuators provide a fixed amount of attenuation by allowing the user to
vary the attenuation in multiple steps?

a. Ladder attenuators
b. Variable-value attenuators
c. Pad attenuators
d. All of the above
For the symmetrical 'T' attenuator shown below, what would be the value of shunt arm
resistance with N = 10 & design impedance = 500 ohm?

a. 51.21 ohm
b. 101.01 ohm
c. 305.90 ohm
d. 409.90 ohm

29
 4. Verification of Half–Wave and Full-Wave Rectifier

AIM:
To design and simulate the input and output characters of a half wave, Full wave and Bridge
rectifiers with and without filters.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
PC loaded with MULTISIM software.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completing this lab, you will be able to complete the following activities.
1. Discuss the operation and application of rectifiers.
2. Identify the pathway of current through a rectifier and describe how diodes control this
current flow.
3. Implement a full-wave rectifier with filtering to convert an AC signal to DC.

THEORY AND BACKGROUND

DIODES IN A RECTIFIER
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts AC to DC. A half-wave rectifier only allows one
half of a sine wave to pass through. The primary application of a rectifier is to obtain DC power
from an AC source. The electricity coming from the wall is AC, but many electronic devices
require DC. Therefore, these devices typically have their own power supply which uses a
rectifier to convert from AC to DC.
Diodes are used in a half-wave rectifier to block current from flowing in the negative direction.
Rectifiers are often used in power supplies and other applications where the phase of a signal
needs to be filtered.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

30
 Half Wave Rectifier with Filter

Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

Ripple factor: Ripple factor is a measure of effectiveness of a rectifier circuit. It is defined as the
ratio of RMS value of the AC component (ripple component) Irrms in the output waveform to the
DC component VDC in the output waveform.
Irrms
r=
IDC

Halfwave Rectifier:

The ripple factor can be significantly reduced using a filter capacitor. For a half wave rectifier
with filter capacitor, ripple factor is given by,

R = 1/(2√3fRLC)

Where f is the frequency of pulsating DC which in this case is same as that of AC mains. The
value of ripple factor can also be estimated from the waveform of the output voltage.
r = (Vrpp / 2√3) / (Vp-0.5Vrpp)

31
 Where Vp is the peak value of the output voltage and Vrpp is peak to peak value
of the ripple voltage.

Filtered Output Voltage for C1< C2

Vp

Voltage Vrpp

Filtered Output Voltage for C2

Time
The ripple factor of full wave rectifier
r = 0.483
This is a significant improvement in the ripple factor compared to that of a Half wave rectifier
(r=1.21). However, this pulsating DC is not useful to power electronic circuits as it still has a
large AC component. The output can be made smooth by using capacitor filter

The ripple factor for full wave rectifier with capacitor filter is given by.

1
r=
4 3 fRL C

where f is the frequency of the signal Vs

SIMULATION CIRCUIT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

HALFWAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER

32
HALFWAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER OUTPUT

HALFWAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER

XSC1

Ext Trig
+
_
A B
+ _ + _
D1

1N914

V2 R1
1.0kΩ C1
50µF
12 Vpk
60 Hz
0°

33
HALFWAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER OUTPUT

FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER

XSC1

Ext T rig XMM1

+
_
A B
+ _ + _

D1 D2

V1 1N4007GP 1N4007GP

17 Vrms C1
50 Hz 47µF R1
0° 1kΩ

D3 D4

1N4007GP 1N4007GP

34
FULLWAVE RECTIFIER

XSC1

Ext Trig
+ XMM1
_
A B
+ _ + _
D1 D2

1N4007GP 1N4007GP
V1
R1
17 Vrms 1kΩ
50 Hz
0°
D3 D4

1N4007GP 1N4007GP

35
FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER

SIMULATION PROCEDUTE:

 Open MULTISIM Software.

 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desk Top rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the tool bar and
then save the circuit.
 Double click AC_POWER set its value above mentioned.
 Click simulate button or press F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Oscilloscope and measure input
and output waveforms.
 Then Change capacitor value and measure ripple voltage

RESULTS:

The Half wave, Full wave and bridge rectifier circuits are designed, simulated and verified through the
output wave forms.

36
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Note: The following questions are meant to help you self-assess your understanding so far. You
can view the answer key for all “Check your Understanding” questions at the end of the lab.
What is the main purpose of a rectifier?
A. To convert DC power to AC power.
B. To convert AC power to DC power.
C. To deliver DC power only.
D. To deliver AC power only.
What is the role of a diode in a half-wave rectifier?
1. A diode in a half-wave rectifier allows for only half of an AC waveform to pass through.
2. A diode in a half-wave rectifier allows for only half of a DC waveform to pass through.
3. A diode in a half-wave rectifier allows for a full AC waveform to pass through.
4. A diode in a half-wave rectifier blocks both halves of an AC waveform from passing
through.
Complete the following table based on your ripple voltage measurements:

1 kΩ resistor 10 μF 47 μF 470 μF

Ripple Voltage

3-4 How did the voltage change with an increase in the capacitance?

37
 5. Design and Verification of Voltage Regulator
AIM:
To verify the operationn of voltage regulator using multisim software.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completing this lab, you will be able to complete the following activities.
1. Discuss the operation of voltage regukator.
2. Analyze and differentiate line regulation and load regulation.
3. Implement a negative voltage regulator.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED
PC loaded with Multisim software.
THEORY:
7805 is a three terminal linear voltage regulator IC with a fixed output voltage of 5V which is
useful in a wide range of applications. They are available in several IC Packages like TO-220,
SOT-223, TO-263 and TO-3. Out of these, the TO-220 Package is the most commonly used one.
7805 is a three terminal device with the three pins being 1. INPUT, 2. GROUND and 3.
OUTPUT. Some of the important features of the 7805 IC are as follows:

 It can deliver up to 1.5 A of current (with heat sink).

 Has both internal current limiting and thermal shutdown features.
 Requires very minimum external components to fully function.

The working of the circuit can be divided into two parts. In the first part, the AC Mains is
converted into unregulated DC and in the second part, this unregulated DC is converted into
regulated 5V DC.

Important Points on 7805 Voltage Regulator IC

 The first important point to note is that the input voltage should always be greater than the
output voltage (atleast by 2.5V).
 The input current and output current are almost identical. This means that when a 7.5V 1A
supply is given at input, the output will be 5V 1A.
 The remaining power is dissipated as heat and hence a heat sink like the one shown below
must be used with 7805 IC.

38
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

SIMULATION RESULTS

XSC1

Ext Trig
+
D1 D2 _
A B

V1 U2 + _ + _

1N4007GP 1N4007GP LM7805CT

T1
220 Vrms C1 LINE VREG
R1 1F
VOLTAGE
60 Hz 1k? COMMON
0°

D3 D4

1N4007GP 1N4007GP

39
 SIMULATION PROCEDUTE:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desk Top rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the tool bar and
then save the circuit.
 Double click AC_POWER set its value above mentioned.
 Click simulate button or press F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Oscilloscope and measure input
and output waveforms.

RESULT:
Thus the operation of voltage regulator was studied using multisim and simulation results are
obtained.

40
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Which is not considered as a linear voltage regulator?
a) Fixed output voltage regulator
b) Adjustable output voltage regulator
c) Switching regulator
d) Special regulator
What is the dropout voltage in a three terminal IC regulator?
a) |Vin| ≥ |Vo|+2v
b) |Vin| < |Vo|-2v
c) |V in| = |Vo|
d) |Vin| ≤ |Vo|
To get a maximum output current, IC regulation are provided with
a) Radiation source
b) Heat sink
c) Peak detector
d) None of the mentioned
Which type of regulator is considered more efficient?
a) All of the mentioned
b) Special regulator
c) Fixed output regulator
d) Switching regulator
The change in output voltage for the corresponding change in load current in a 7805 IC regulator
is defined as
a) All of the mentioned
b) Line regulation
c) Load regulation
d) Input regulation

41
 6. Frequency Response of CE Amplifier
AIM:
To study the frequency response of Common Emitter Amplifier and calculate its Bandwidth
using multisim.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completing this lab, you will be able to complete the following activities.
1. Calculate the Bandwidth of BJT Common Emitter amplifier.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
PC installed with Multisim Software
THEORY:
The common emitter configuration is widely used as a basic amplifier as it has both voltage and
current amplification.
Resistors R1 and R2 form a voltage divider across the base of the transistor. The function of this
network is to provide necessary bias condition and ensure that emitter-base junction is operating
in the proper region.
In order to operate transistor as an amplifier, biasing is done in such a way that the operating
point is in the active region. For an amplifier the Q-point is placed so that the load line is
bisected. Therefore, in practical design VCE is always set to VCC/2. This will confirm that the Q-
point always swings within the active region. This limitation can be explained by maximum
signal handling capacity. For the maximum input signal, output is produced without any
distortion and clipping.
The Bypass Capacitor:
The emitter resistor RE is required to obtain the DC quiescent point stability. However the
inclusion of RE in the circuit causes a decrease in amplification at higher frequencies. In order to
avoid such a condition, it is bypassed by a capacitor so that it acts as a short circuit for AC and
contributes stability for DC quiescent condition. Hence capacitor is connected in parallel with
emitter resistance.

The Input/ Output Coupling (or Blocking) Capacitor: An amplifier amplifies the given AC
signal. In order to have noiseless transmission of a signal (without DC), it is necessary to block
DC i.e. the direct current should not enter the amplifier or load. This is usually accomplished by
inserting a coupling capacitor between two stages.
XCC << ( Ri hie )

42
CC - Output Coupling Capacitor
CB - Input Coupling Capacitor
Frequency response of Common Emitter Amplifier:
Emitter bypass capacitors are used to short circuit the emitter resistor and thus increases the gain
at high frequency. The coupling and bypass capacitors cause the fall of the signal in the low
frequency response of the amplifier because their impedance becomes large at low frequencies.
The stray capacitances are effectively open circuits.
In the mid frequency range large capacitors are effectively short circuits and the stray capacitors
are open circuits, so that no capacitance appears in the mid frequency range. Hence the mid band
frequency gain is maximum.
At the high frequencies, the bypass and coupling capacitors are replaced by short circuits. The
stray capacitors and the transistor determine the response.
Characteristics of CE Amplifier:

1. Large current gain.

2. Large voltage gain.
3. Large power gain.
4. Current and voltage phase shift of 1800.
5. Moderated output resistance.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

43
EXPECTED WAVEFORM:
(a) The Input & Output Waveforms at 1 KHz

(b) FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE

In the usual application, mid band frequency range are defined as those frequencies at which the
response has fallen to 3dB below the maximum gain (|A| max). These are shown as f L and fH and
are called as the 3dB frequencies (Lower and Upper Cut-Off Frequencies respectively). The
difference between higher cut-off and lower cut-off frequency is referred to as bandwidth (f H -
fL).

Fig: Frequency Response Curve

44
Calculations from the graph
Bandwidth = fH – fL (in Hz)
SIMULATION OUTPUT

45
 SIMULATION PROCEDURE:

Open MULTISIM Software.

Click=> New => Design1

Click save as in Desk Top rename the Design1 to your circuit name.

Go to Component tool bar and select the components.

Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the tool bar
and then save the circuit.
 Double click AC_POWER set its value above mentioned.
 Click simulate button or press F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Bode Plotter and measure
frequency response at -3dB by adjusting the pointer
 Then obtain the AC analysis of filters by choosing simulate Analyses AC
Analysis
RESULT:
Common Emitter Amplifier is studied and its Bandwidth is calculated.

1. Maximum Gain ( Amax ) = ___________ dB

2. 3dB Gain = ___________ dB
3. 3dB Lower cut-off frequency, fL = ___________ Hz
4. 3dB Upper cut-off frequency, fH = __________ _ Hz
5. 3dB Bandwidth ( fH - fL ) = ___________ Hz

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. What is the equation for voltage gain?
2. What is cut off frequency? What is lower 3dB and upper 3dB cut off frequency?
3. What are the applications of CE amplifier?
4. What is active region?
5. What is Bandwidth of an amplifier?
6. What is the importance of gain bandwidth product?
7. Draw h parameter equivalent circuit of CE amplifier.
8. What is the importance of coupling capacitors in CE amplifier?
9. What is the importance of emitter by pass capacitor?
10. What type of feedback is used in CE amplifier?
11. What are the various types of biasing a Transistor?
12. What is Q point of operation of the transistor? What is the region of operation of the
transistor when it is working as an amplifier?
13. Why frequency response of the amplifier is drawn on semi-log scale graph?
14. If Q point is not properly selected, then what will be the effect on the output waveform?
15. What are the typical values of the input impedance and output impendence of CE amplifier?

46
 7. Frequency Response of CS Amplifier
AIM:
To study the Frequency Response of CS Amplifier and find it’s cut off frequencies and
Bandwidth.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
PC loaded with MULTISIM software

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completing this lab, you will be able to complete the following activities.
1. Discuss the operation and application of CS Amplifier
2. Observe the frequency response and infer the magnitude and phase response
3. Simulate the AC analysis from Khz to MHz and obtain the magnitude response

THEORY AND BACKGROUND

Of the possible three configurations of JFET amplifiers, common source (CS) configuration is
mostly used. The advantage of using CS configuration is that it has very high input impedance.
Circuit diagram shows the FET amplifier of common source configuration. The biasing input and
couplings are shown in the figure. The mid range voltage gain of the amplifier is given by A =
gm(rd || RL)
At the mid-frequency range, there is n effect of input and output coupling capacitors. Therefore,
the voltage gain and phase angle are constant in this frequency range. The amplifier shown in the
circuit diagram has only two RC networks that influence its low-frequency response. One
network is formed by the output coupling capacitors and the output impedance looking at the
drain. Just as in the case of BJT amplifier, the reactance of the input coupling capacitor,
reactance increases as the frequency decreases. The phase angle also changes with change in
frequency.
As the frequency is increased beyond mid-frequency range the internal transistor capacitance
effect is predominant. For JFET’s is the internal capacitance between gate and source. This is
also called input capacitance, . The other internal capacitance, which effects the performance
is acts as a feedback circuit, which couples both, input and output. The effect of both these
capacitances is that it reduced the gain appreciably as in the case of BJT.

47
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

EXPECTED WAVEFORM:
In the usual application, mid band frequency range are defined as those frequencies at which the
response has fallen to 3dB below the maximum gain (|A| max). These are shown as f Land fH and
are called as the 3dB frequencies are simply the lower and higher cut off frequencies
respectively. The difference between higher cut off and lower cut off frequency is referred to as
bandwidth (fH - fL).

48
SIMULATION OUTPUT

SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desk Top rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the tool bar
and then save the circuit.
 Double click AC_POWER set its value above mentioned.

49
 
Click simulate button or press F5 key => RUN

Then double click connected in the output of the Bode Plotter and measure
frequency response at -3dB by adjusting the pointer
 Then obtain the AC analysis of filters .
RESULT:
Thus the frequency response of FET common source amplifier is studied and it’s cut off
frequencies and Bandwidth is found.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
1. What are the comparisons and differences between a BJT and a JFET?
2. What is meant by a unipolar device? Why is a JFET known as a Unipolar Device?
3. Draw the symbols of JFET, MOSFET?
4. What are the typical applications of a JFET?
5. What are n-channel and p-channel JFETs? How are they different from each other?
6. Give the names/numbers of a few commercially available JFET devices.
7. What are the various possible configurations in which a JFET can be connected? What are
the typical applications of each?
8. Explain pinch off voltage and region?
9. Explain the regions in Transfer characteristics, output characteristics of JFET?

50
 8. Frequency Response of CC Amplifier

AIM:
To study the frequency response of common collector amplifier.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completing this lab, you will be able to complete the following activities.
1. Discuss the operation and application of CC Amplifier
2. Observe the frequency response and infer the magnitude and phase response
3. Simulate the AC analysis from Khz to MHz and obtain the magnitude response

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
PC installed with Multisim Software
THEORY:
In common collector amplifier as the collector resistance is made to zero, the collector is at AC
ground that is the reason for which the circuit is also called as grounded-collector amplifier or
this configuration has voltage gain close to unity and hence a change in base voltage appears as
an equal change across the load at the emitter, hence the name emitter follower is given to this
circuit. In other words emitter follows the input signal.
This circuit performs the function of impedance transformation over a wide range of frequencies
with voltage gain close to unity. In addition to that, the emitter follower increases the output
level of the signal. Since the output voltage across the emitter load can never exceed the input
voltage to base as emitter-base junction would become back biased. Common collector state has
a low output resistance, the circuit suitable to serve as buffer or isolating amplifier or couple to a
load with large current demands.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CC AMPLIFIER:

1. Higher current gain.

2. Voltage gain of approximately unity.
3. No current or voltage phase shift.
4. Large input resistance.
5. Small output resistance.

51
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

EXPECTED WAVEFORM:
In the usual application, mid band frequency range are defined as those frequencies at which the
response has fallen to 3dB below the maximum gain (|A| max). These are shown as fL and fH and
are called as the 3dB frequencies are simply the lower and higher cut off frequencies
respectively. The difference between higher cut off and lower cut off frequency is referred to as
bandwidth ( fH - fL ).

SIMULATION PROCEDURE:

 Open MULTISIM Software.

 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desk Top rename the Design1 to your circuit name.

52
  Go to Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the tool bar
and then save the circuit.
 Double click AC_POWER set its value above mentioned.
 Click simulate button or press F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Bode Plotter and measure
frequency response at -3dB by adjusting the pointer
 Then obtain the AC analysis of filters by choosing simulate Analyses AC
Analysis

RESULT:
Thus the frequency response of common collector amplifier is studied and it’s cut off frequencies
and Bandwidth is found.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
1. Why CC amplifier is known as emitter follower?
2. Mention the applications of CC amplifier?
3. What are the differences between CE,CB and CC amplifier?
4. What is gain BW product?

53
 9. Design of Wein-Bridge and RC phase shift Oscillator

AIM:
To design of Wein-Bridge and RC phase shift Oscillator using op – amp in Multisim platform.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completing this lab, you will be able to complete the following activities.
1. Discuss the operation and application of RC oscillator
2. Observe the sustained oscillations and infer the frequency of oscillation.
3. Compare the designed value of frequency with practical value.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
PC loaded with Multisim software.
THEORY
An oscillator is a circuit that produces periodic electric signals such as sine wave or square wave.
Wien bridge oscillator is an audio frequency sine wave oscillator of high stability and
simplicity. The op-amp used in this oscillator circuit is working as non-inverting amplifier mode.
Here the feedback network need not provide any phase shift. The circuit can be viewed as a wien
bridge with a series RC network in one arm and parallel RC network in the adjoining arm.
Resistors Ri and Rf are connected in the remaining two arms.
The Wien Bridge Oscillator uses a feedback circuit consisting of a series RC circuit connected
with a parallel RC of the same component values producing a phase delay or phase advance
circuit depending upon the frequency. At the resonant frequency ƒr the phase shift is 0 o
Wien Bridge Oscillator Frequency

Where:

 ƒr is the Resonant Frequency in Hertz

 R is the Resistance in Ohms
 C is the Capacitance in Farads

54
DESIGN

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR:

An oscillator is an electronic circuit for generating an AC signal voltage with a DC supply as the
only input requirement. The frequency of the generated signal is decided by the circuit elements
used. An oscillator requires an amplifier, a frequency selective network and a positive feedback
from the output to the input. The Barkhausen criterion for sustained oscillation is Aβ = 1 where
A is the gain of the amplifier and β is the feedback factor (gain).The unity gain means signal is in
phase. ( If the signal is 1800 out of phase and gain will be -1). The values of R and C are chosen
such that the phase shift of each RC section is 60º.Thus The RC ladder network produces a total

55
phase shift of 180º between its input and output voltage for the given frequency. The total phase
shift around the circuit will be exactly 360º or 0º. This satisfies the Barkhausen condition for
sustaining oscillations and total loop gain of this circuit is greater than or equal to 1, this
condition used to generate the sinusoidal oscillations.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

EXPECTED WAVEFORM

SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desk Top rename the Design1 to your circuit name.

56
 
Go to Component tool bar and select the components.

Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the tool bar
and then save the circuit.
 Double click AC_POWER set its value above mentioned.
 Click simulate button or press F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Bode Plotter and measure
frequency response at -3dB by adjusting the pointer
RESULT:
Thus the design of Wein-Bridge and RC phase shift Oscillator using op – amp in Multisim
platform.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
1. Mention two essential conditions for a circuit to maintain oscillations[
2. What is the major disadvantage of a Twin-T oscillator?
3. Differentiate oscillator from amplifier.
4. State Barkhausen criterion for sustained oscillation. What will happen to the oscillation if the
magnitude of the loop gain is greater than unity?

57
 10. Design and Verification of Class-A Power Amplifier

AIM:
To design and test the class A power amplifier.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completing this lab, you will be able to complete the following activities.
1. Discuss the operation and application of Class A Amplifier
2. Observe the frequency response and infer the magnitude and phase response
3. Simulate the AC analysis from Khz to MHz and obtain the magnitude response

SOFTWARE REQUIRED
PC loaded with Multisim software
THEORY:
The amplifier is said to be class A power amplifier if the q point and the input signal are selected
such that the output signal is obtained for a full input cycle. For this class the position of q point
is approximately y at the midpoint of the load line. For all the values of input signal the transistor
remains in the active region and never entire into the cutoff or saturation region. The collector
current flows for 3600 (life cycle) of the input signal in other words the angle of the collector
current flow is 3600 the class a amplifiers or furthers classified as directly coupled and
transformer coupled and transformer coupled amplifiers in directly coupled type .The load is
directly connected in the collector circuit while in the transformer coupled type, the load is
coupled to the collector using the transformer.
Advantages:
1. Distortion analysis is very important
2. It amplifies audio frequency signals faithfully hence they are called as audio amplifiers.
PROCEDURE:
1. Select different components and place them in the grid.
2. Apply the input ac signal voltage of 160mV (p-p) and simulate the circuit.
3. Observe the output wave form on CRO and measure the output voltage V 0.
4. Now connect the ammeter at collector terminal of transistor.
5. Disconnect the ac signal from input and measure the collector current Ic in ammeter.
6. Calculate the efficiency by using practical calculations compare it with theoretically
calculated efficiency.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

RESULT:
Thus the design and verification of class-A power amplifier is done using Multisim platform.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
1. On which criteria based the power amplifiers are classified?
2. What is the operating point of class-A power amplifier?
3. What is meant by efficiency?
4. How much efficiency will b obtained in class-A power amplifier?
5. What are the applications of power amplifier?

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 11. Design and Verification of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis circuit

AIM:
To design and verify of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuit using Multisim.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completing this lab, you will be able to complete the following activities.
1. Analyze how the characteristics of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis differ from
each other.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED
PC loaded with Multisim software
THEORY:
Frequency modulation is much more immune to noise than amplitude modulation and is
significantly more immune than phase modulation. The threshold effect is more serious in FM as
compared to AM, because in FM, the signal to noise ratio at the input of a detector, at which
threshold effect starts, is higher. Lower the threshold level, better is the system because threshold
can be avoided at a comparatively lower ratio, and a small signal is needed to avoid threshold for
an equivalent noise power. Hence, it is desirable to lower the threshold level in the FM receivers.
The process of lowering the threshold level is known as threshold improvement, or threshold
reduction. Two methods are used for the improvement of the threshold. 1. Pre-Emphasis and De-
Emphasis circuits. 2. FMFB (Frequency Modulation with Feed Back.)
PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS:
The noise triangle shows, noise has a greater effect on the higher modulating frequencies than on
the lower ones. Thus, if the higher frequencies were artificially boosted at the transmitter and
correspondingly cut at the receiver, an improvement in noise immunity could be expected, there
by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. This boosting of the higher modulating frequencies, in
accordance with a prearranged curve, is termed pre-emphasis, and the compensation at the
receiver is called de-emphasis.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PRE-EMPHASIS

DE-EMPHASIS:

EXPECTED WAVEFORM

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SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
1.Open MULTISIM Software.
2.Click=> New => Design1
3.Click save as in Desk Top rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
4.Go to Component tool bar and select the components.
5.Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the tool bar
and then save the circuit.
6. Double click AC_POWER set its value above mentioned.
7. Click simulate button or press F5 key => RUN
8. Then double click connected in the output of the Bode Plotter and measure
frequency response at -3dB by adjusting the pointer
RESULT:
Thus the design and verification of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis circuit is done using
Multisim platform.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
1. Draw the circuit of FM transmitter and receiver with pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
network?
2. Draw the pre-emphasis and de-emphasis curves corresponding to different standards?
3. Compare FM discriminators?
4. What is hard limiter?
5. Define SNR?
6. What is pre-emphasis and de-emphasis?
7. What is threshold effect and how to reduce it?
8. What is FMFB?

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 12. Design and Verification of RC coupled amplifier

AIM:
To design and verify of RC coupled amplifier circuit using Multisim.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completing this lab, you will be able to complete the following activities.
1. Discuss the operation and application of RC coupled Amplifier
2. Observe the frequency response and infer the magnitude and phase response
3. Simulate the AC analysis from Khz to MHz and obtain the magnitude response
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
PC loaded with Multisim software
THEORY:
This is most popular type of coupling as it provides excellent audio fidelity.
A coupling capacitor is used to connect output of first stage to input of second stage. Resistances
R1, R2,Re form biasing and stabilization network. Emitter bypass capacitor offers low reactance
paths to signal coupling Capacitor transmits ac signal, blocks DC. Cascade stages amplify signal
and overall gain is increased total gain is less than product of gains of individual stages. Thus for
more gain coupling is done and overall gain of two stages equals to A = A 1*A2
A1 = voltage gain of first stage
A2 = voltage gain of second stage.
When ac signal is applied to the base of the transistor, its amplified output appears across the
collector resistor Rc.It is given to the second stage for further amplification and signal
appears with more strength. Frequency response curve is obtained by plotting a graph between
frequency and gain in db .The gain is constant in mid frequency range and gain decreases on
both sides of the mid frequency range. The gain decreases in the low frequency range due to
coupling capacitor Cc and at high frequencies due to junction capacitance C be.

63
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

EXPECTED WAVEFORM:

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FREQUENCY RESPONSE:

SIMULATION PROCEDURE:

1. Select different components and place them in the grid.

2. Apply the input ac signal voltage and simulate the circuit.
3. Observe the output wave form on CRO and measure the output voltage V 0.
4. Now connect the ammeter at collector terminal of transistor.
5. Disconnect the ac signal from input and measure the collector current Ic in ammeter.
6. Calculate the efficiency by using practical calculations compare it with theoretically
calculated efficiency.
RESULT:
Thus the design and verification of class-A power amplifier is done using Multisim platform.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
1. What is the necessity of cascading?
2. In amplifiers cascading will increase the signal strength at receivers.
3. What is 3dB bandwidth?
4. Why RC coupling is preferred in audio range?
5. Which type of coupling is preferred and why?
6. Explain various types of Capacitors?
7. What is loading effect?
8. Why it is known as RC coupling?What is the purpose of emitter bypass capacitor?
9. Which type of biasing is used in RC coupled amplifier.

65
 13. Design and Verification of Differential amplifier

AIM:
To design and verifythe operation of differential amplifier using Multisim.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this lab, you will be able to complete the following activities.
1. To design and construct Differential amplifier using MULTISIM.
2. To calculate Common mode gain and Differential mode gain
3. To calculate common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)

SOFTWARE REQUIRED
PC loaded with Multisim software
THEORY:
The differential amplifier amplifies the difference between two input voltage signals. Hence it is
also called difference Amplifier. In an ideal differential amplifier, the output voltage Vo is
proportional to the difference between the two input signals. Hence we can write,
VO = Ad (V1-V2)
Where Ad refers to differential gain, which amplifies the difference between two input signals.
Vo = Ad vd ;
Ad=Vo//Vd
Generally the differential gain is expressed in its decibel (dB) value as, Ad=20 log10 (Ad) in dB.
An average level of the two input signals is called common mode signal denoted as Vc, Vc=
(V1+V2)/2 The gain with which it amplifies the common mode signal to produce the output is
called common mode gain of the differential amplifier denoted as Ac.
V0=AcVc ;
Ac=V0/Vc
Therefore total output of any differential amplifier can be expressed as,
Vo =AdVd+AcVc

PROCEDURE:
1. Select different components and place them in the grid.
2. Apply the input ac signal voltage and simulate the circuit.
3. Observe the output wave form on CRO and measure the output voltages.
4. Compare the practical and theoretical calculations.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
COMMOM MODE GAIN

DIFFERENTIAL MODE

67
RESULT:
Thus the design and verification of differential amplifier is done using Multisim platform.

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CHECK YOUR UNDESTANDING
1. A Differential Amplifier should have collector resistor’s value (RC1 & RC2) as
a) 5kΩ, 5kΩ
b) 5Ω, 10kΩ
c) 5Ω, 5kΩ
d) 5kΩ, 10Kω
2. A Differential Amplifier amplifies
a) Input signal with higher voltage
b) Input voltage with smaller voltage
c) Sum of the input voltage
d) None of the Mentioned
3. The value of emitter resistance in Emitter Biased circuit are RE1=25kΩ & RE2=16kΩ.
Find RE
a) 9.756kΩ
b) 41kΩ
c) 9.723kΩ
d) 10kΩ
4. If output is measured between two collectors of transistors, then the Differential amplifier
with two input signal is said to be configured as
a) Dual Input Balanced Output
b) Dual Input Unbalanced Output
c) Single Input Balanced Output
d) Dual Input Unbalanced Output
5. A differential amplifier is capable of amplifying
a) DC input signal only
b) AC input signal only
c) AC & DC input signal
d) None of the Mentioned
6. In ideal Differential Amplifier, if same signal is given to both inputs, then output will be
a) Same as input
b) Double the input
c) Not equal to zero
d) Zero
7. In a Single Input Balanced Output Differential amplifier, given V CC=15v, RE = 3.9kΩ,
VCE=2.4 v and re=250Ω. Determine Voltage gain
a) 26
b) 56
c) 38
d) 61

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 14. Astable Multivibrator using op-amp
AIM:
To design and setup an astable multivibrators circuit using OP AMP.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After completion of this experiment, student will be able to
1. Design and setup symmetrical and asymmetrical astable multivibrators using Opamp 741
2. Plot the waveforms and measure the frequency of oscillation.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED
PC loaded with Multisim software

THEORY
In this circuit, the opamp is operated in saturation mode and the output swings between +Vsat
and –Vsat giving square wave output. This circuit is also called free running oscillator or square
wave generator. A positive feedback with feedback factor β = R1 / (R1+R2) is provided to the
non-inverting terminal. When Vo= +Vsat, the capacitor C starts to charge to + Vsat through R.
when the capacitor voltage crosses +βVsat, output switches from +Vsat to –Vsat. Now the
voltage appearing at the non-inverting terminal is –βVsat and capacitor discharges through R
towards -Vsat. When the capacitor voltage crosses –βVsat, the output switches from –Vsat to +
Vsat and this process continues to generate square wave output with time period T=Ton + Toff=
2RC ln[(1+β)/(1-β)]. In asymmetrical astable multivibrators, the charging and discharging time
of capacitor is made unequal to get asymmetrical square wave with different Ton and Toff.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SYMMETRICAL ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Note: Use 10KΩ pot instead of R = 4.7KΩ resistor and vary it for accurate time period.

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DESIGN:
Given f = 1 KHz
So T = 1/f = 1ms And
β = R1 / (R1+R2)
Let R1 = 10KΩ, and R2 =10KΩ
Then β = 0.5
Therefore T= 2.2RC =1ms
Let C = 0.1µF Then R = 4.7KΩ
ASYMMETRCAL ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Note: Use two 10KΩ potentiometers instead of Rf1 and Rf2 resistor and vary it for accurate time
period.

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DESIGN:
Given f = 1 KHz
So T = Ton + Toff = 1/f = 1ms
Also Duty cycle = Ton/(Ton+Toff) = 0.66 or 66%
Solving above two equations,
Ton = 0.66ms Toff = 0.33ms
For β=0.5,
Ton= 1.1Rf1C = 0.66ms
Let C = 0.1µF
Then Rf1 = 6.2KΩ = 5.6KΩ (Std)
Similarly Toff = 1.1Rf2C = 0.33ms
Then Rf 2 = 3KΩ = 3.3 KΩ (Std)
EXPECTED WAVEFORM

SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desk Top rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the tool bar and then
save the circuit.
 Click simulate button or press F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Oscilloscope and measure input and output
waveforms

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RESULT:
Thus the design and verification of Astable Multivibrator using op-amp is done using Multisim
platform.
CHECK YOUR UNDESTANDING
A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement ____________
a) Oscillator
b) Timer
c) Flip-flop
d) All of the Mentioned
Multivibrators are characterized by ____________
a) Registers
b) Capacitors
c) Transistors
d) All of the Mentioned
Astable multivibrator is ________ in any state.
a) Stable
b) Unstable
c) Saturated
d) Both Stable & Saturated
Astable circuit acts as a/an ____________
a) Amplifier
b) Oscillator
c) Relaxation oscillator
d) Multiplexer
In an astable multivibrator, the amplifying elements are ____________
a) FET
b) JFET
c) OP-AMP
d) All of the Mentioned

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 15. Monostable Multivibrator using op-amp
AIM:
To design and setup a monostable multivibrator using Op-amp 741 and
(i) Plot the waveforms
(ii) Measure the time delay
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After completion of this experiment the students are able to design and set up the monostable
multivibrator circuit and delay circuits.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
PC loaded with Multisim software
THEORY

The monostable multivibrator is also called as one shot multivibrator. The circuit produces a
single pulse of specified duration in response to each external trigger pulse. It always has one
stable state (+Vsat). When an external trigger is applied, the output state changes and the new
state is called quasi stable state (-Vsat). The circuit remains in this state for a fixed interval of
time and then it returns to the original state after this interval. This time interval is determined
discharging of the capacitor from 0.7V to -βVsat. The time period of quasi stable state or the
delay is given by
T = 0.69RC
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

DESIGN:

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For triggering circuit

EXPECTED WAVEFORM

Observations:
Measured time period or delay =
SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desk Top rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the above circuits using the components that are available in the tool bar and
then save the circuit..
 Click simulate button or press F5 key => RUN
 Then double click connected in the output of the Oscilloscope and measure input and output
waveforms

75
RESULT:
Thus the design and verification of monostable multivibrator using op-amp is done using
Multisim platform.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSATNDING
1. Why is a monostable multivibrator called so?
2. What is the purpose of monostable multivibrator? Give one examples of multivibrator.
3. What is the principle of monostable multivibrator?
4. How does a monostable multivibrator work in terms of the astable multivibrator?

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 ADDITIIONAL SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS
OP-AMPLIFIER APPLICATIONS.
AIM:
To design and verify Inverting amplifier, Differentiator, and Integrator circuits.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
PC loaded with MULTISIM software.
SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desk Top rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the schematic of all above mentioned circuit and its same value.
 Set the Square wave to the input and its voltage is 5v and F=1 khz and set Frequency to
inverter F= 400
Hz.
 Click simulate button or press F5 key => RUN
 Double click the CRO.
 Measure the input and output voltage and frequencies.
 Take Print to record note.

INTEGRATOR CIRCUIT:

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Differentiator circuit.

Inverting Amplifier

RESULT:
The design of Inverting, integrated and differential amplifier was simulated and verified.

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 INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER.
AIM: To design, analyze and simulate the input and output characteristics of an instrumentation
amplifier.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
PC loaded with MULTISIM software.

SIMULATION PROCEDURRE:
 Open MULTISIM Software.
 Click=> New => Design1
 Click save as in Desk Top rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
 Go to Component tool bar and select the components.
 Draw the schematic of instrumentation amplifier as shown.
 The desired magnitude are defied for V1=3v, V=5v.
 Click simulate button or press F5 key => RUN
 Measure the input and output waveforms.
 Take printout to record.
RESULT:
The Instrumentation amplifier is designed simulated and the input and output waveforms are noted.

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