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All slides for the course "Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software" in one file.

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100% found this document useful (2 votes)

2K views

Slide All

All slides for the course "Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software" in one file.

Uploaded by

Marko Schuetz

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 337

(1) What is Free/Open-Source

Software(FOSS)?
Why choose Free/Open-Source Software?
The processes involved in writing software
understand the importance of source code to software
FOSS and proprietary software
Differences between FOSS and proprietary software
Releasing source code
the merits of releasing source code
Misunderstandings and the truths about FOSS
FOSS engineers and the career paths
examine the skills required for FOSS engineers, and
the career paths

Binary code and source code

Why the source code is so important?

Compilers and interpreters

Divided into two categories

Programming languages
Overview of typical programming languages

Computer configuration
Central processing unit (CPU)
Storage devices
Primary storage device (memory)
Secondary storage device (external memory, hard drive,
etc.)
Input/output devices
LCD/CRT display, keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.

Machine language (native code) 0010020

0010040
0010060
2061
7520
6576
6574
746e
7720
706d
6c69
7469
726f
7720
2068
7261
2065
6874
2079
6163
2065
6168
206e
6564
6b63
696c
6166
0010100 6c75 2074 6573 7261 6863 7020 7461 7368

Example of instruction set directly

0010120 200a 2020 6920 2066 205b 4c24 5f44 494c
0010140 5242 5241 4e59 3233 505f 5441 2048 3b5d
0010160 7420 6568 0a6e 2020 2020 2020 5320 5359
0010200 4554 5f4d 444c 4c5f 4249 4152 5952 334e

executable by CPU 0010220

0010240
0010260
5f32
5952
2020
4150
334e
7865
4854
5f32
6f70
243d
4150
7472
444c
4854
5320
4c5f
200a
5359
4249
2020
4554
4152
2020
5f4d
0010300 444c 4c5f 4249 4152 5952 334e 5f32 4150

Represented by hexadecimal numbers 0010320

0010340
0010360
4854
4152
6473
200a
5952
705f
2020
334e
6f72
2020
5f32
2267
2020
4150
243a
444c
4854
444c
4c5f
3a3d
4c5f
4249
2422
4249

Byte-code
Executed by virtual machine
/*

Used for Java, etc. * Initialize directory-related fields in the mount structure.
*/
static void
xfs_dir_mount(xfs_mount_t *mp)
{

Source code uint shortcount, leafcount, count;

mp->m_dirversion = 1;
shortcount = (mp->m_attroffset -
Programming language (uint)sizeof(xfs_dir_sf_hdr_t)) /
(uint)sizeof(xfs_dir_sf_entry_t);
leafcount = (XFS_LBSIZE(mp) -
Understandable to people (uint)sizeof(xfs_dir_leaf_hdr_t)) /
((uint)sizeof(xfs_dir_leaf_entry_t) +
(uint)sizeof(xfs_dir_leaf_name_t));
Modifiable
Requires conversion to binary code
Conversion by compiler, byte-code
compiler or interpreter
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5
Copyright © 2008, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. All Rights Reserved.
Compilers and Interpreters
Compiler
Converts source code to binary code during compiling
Advantages of compiled languages
Low overhead during execution; high-speed execution
Drawback of compiled languages
Changes in source code require recompiling
Interpreter (scripting languages are also a type of
interpreted language)
Source code interpreted at each execution
Advantages of interpreted languages
No compiling required; easy to create codes
Drawbacks of interpreted languages
Inferior performance during execution; not suited for
large-scale systems
Some interpreted languages are first compiled each time to
an intermediate language before being executed
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6
Copyright © 2008, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. All Rights Reserved.
Programming Languages
Major compiled languages
C language
Object-oriented extensions of C
C++
Objective-C
Conversion: C -> Assembler* -> Machine language
*Assembly language corresponds nearly code-for-code
with machine language, but is designed for people to
read
FORTRAN, Pascal
Programming languages that use byte-code interpreter
(Virtual Machine type)
Java, C# (.Net)

Major interpreted languages

Perl, PHP, Python, BASIC, LISP, Ruby and many others
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7
Copyright © 2008, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. All Rights Reserved.
FOSS and Proprietary
Software
Software as a product
Difference between software product and 'goods'

Issues with software products

Problems such as illegal copy and piracy

Countermeasures
What were the countermeasures against such issues in
the past?

Emergence of Free/Open-Source
Spotlighted as a novel software paradigm
Turning point of software business

Can counter the risk of vulnerabilities

Fixes implemented by worldwide developer base
If you have the expertise, you can fix it yourself

Paradigm shift in software products

Shift toward being paid for services
Support services
Customization
Provide total solutions

Effects of publishing source code

Many benefits for both users and developers

1. Readable source code

Useful for technology acquisition and security audit
Ex. Early Unix, Shared Source (Microsoft)
2.Modifiable source code for local use
For customization or tuning
Embedded use is permitted
Source code may not be redistributed
3.Freely usable, modifiable and redistributable
source code
Qualifies as FOSS
Enables smooth implementation of bazaar-style joint
development
Distributable as part of a distribution

Benefits for developers and development

projects
Can turn to others for help (someone is likely)
to debug the software
to add new features
modify the source code out of need
to handle maintenance

Benefits for users

For users capable of modifying source code
Ability to fix by oneself if problem occurs (maybe)
Ability to perform detailed customization (maybe)
Learn operating principles and acquire technology
Other users
Indirectly benefit from releasing of source code
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15
Copyright © 2008, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. All Rights Reserved.
Truth and Misunderstanding about
FOSS
“Open Source” is a proper noun
That is also trademarked

“Free Software” and “Free Beer”

Freedom and free-of-charge

Is it adequate only publishing source code?

More than just releasing source code

FOSS movement is neither totalitarian nor

communist
Based on selfish idea rather than altruistic
cf. “Benefits of Releasing Source Code”

Terms that are proper nouns by definition:

“Free Software”
“Open Source Software”
“Open Source” is trademarked in the US by Open Source
Initiative

Becoming common nouns

Other examples of common nouns from proper nouns
Walkman (portable stereo)
Rolodex (rotary file)
Xerox (copier machine)
Leads to misconceptions, controversy, false rumors
and lies
Needs to be properly understood

“Free Software” is freedom software

Free Software is frequently distributed without charge,
but does not have to be free of charge
You can still conduct business with Free Software
Confusion over the meaning of Free Software
Richard M. Stallman admits to poor choice of words
Stallman prefers “freedom software”
Freedom of software is not assured under e.g.
freeware and shareware

“Free Beer” is beer without charge

Freedom of beer is not guaranteed

Publishing source code doesn’t make it

Free/Open-Source
One of the major misconceptions about FOSS
Must meet Free/Open-Source Software criteria
Critical to release source code under license consistent
with OSD
Essence of copyleft not about releasing source code

FOSS checklist
Does released source code actually run?
Is it compilable?
Modifying source code permitted?
Redistribution of modifications permitted?

Skill set for FOSS engineers

What skills are required for FOSS engineers?

Types of FOSS engineers

When and what FOSS technologies are used?

Skill Matrix for FOSS engineers

Particular requirement for each types of FOSS
engineers

Career Paths for FOSS engineers

What career paths are provided to engineers who
knows FOSS technologies?

FOSS application engineers

Application developers
Use FOSS tools, languages or components to develop
applications (contract development)
Package developers
Use FOSS tools, languages or components to develop
package software

FOSS developers
Engineers who develop the FOSS itself

O1 Understanding OSS                We need this types

System OSS

development
O2 OSS Community Participation  ¿  of training course!!

integration
Network
I1 UNIX Operation                Training course
UNIX

tion

I2 UNIX System Administration  ¿                                           for Linux
I3 UNIX Server Administration  ¿                                           certification
OSS Software Components                         ¿ We need this types
Dev.
Env.

D1      
OSS

D2 OSS Development Tools  ¿   ¿    of training course!!

C1 Basics of Computer              
Common

C2 Computer Language    ¿   ¿   ¿ 

University / Professional school

System Development Method   ¿  ¿   ¿

Software Development
C3   
PMBOK
Project Management   ¿  ¿ ¿

Training Course
C4   Seminar
T1 Database    ↑ ↑  ↑ ↑  ↑ ↑ 

Package development
FOSS tuning
T2 Network        ¿ ¿  ¿ ¿ 

development
Web system
T3 Web Service    ¿ ¿  ¿ ¿  ¿ ¿ 

Code reading
Technology

T4 Middleware    ↓ ↓       

T5 Multimedia                                     ¿ ¿  ¿ ¿ 
T6 Platform                               ¿ ¿  ¿ ¿ 
T7 High Performance                         ↓ ↓  ↓ ↓ 
T8 Security  ¿              Security
Seminar
T9 Standardization                                    
T10 Legacy Migration                        

* Legend * Skill level

-  To be learned basic skills - Level 1 : Junior engineers who needs others help
-  To be learned advanced skills - Level 2 : Senior engineers that can do their jobs independently
-  Central skills for the engineer - Level 3 : Leading engineers in their section

FOSS specialist can offer technical

advice, on FOSS selection, FOSS con-
figuration for effective use, etc.
l.7
(He/she plays a role as FOSS somme-
Lv lier for their companies and participates
FOSS in FOSS communities outside)
v el l.6 Specialist
le Lv
h
ig
H v l.5 Con- IT
L sultant Archtect
Project IT
v el .4 Manager Specialist
l
le Lv
d le
id v l.3
M L Package/
l Application
FOSS System
v e l.2 Sytem Develop- develop- Admin-
le Lv Integrator ment ment istrator
try
En v l.1 The scope of
L FOSS skill set

Deploying Free/Open-Source Software

How to try FOSS applications

Installing GNU/Linux
Examining GNU/Linux installation process

Internet business and enterprise systems

became popular from B2B to enterprise systems

Embedded systems
FOSS is widely used in embedded environment

EWS (Engineering Work Stations)

descend from Unix workstations

Desktops
usability needs to satisfy average users

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

FOSS used for mail servers and name servers
Portal sites, Web servers
Load balancer also critical for large-scale ISPs

Small-scale network servers

In-house intranet systems
Mail servers, file servers
Groupware
Wiki for information sharing

Evolved from network servers

Factors driving FOSS use for Internet business
FOSS servers used as platforms
Emerging IT companies and Internet venture firms
Desire to maximize return by reducing system investment
costs
Popularity of e-commerce

Making inroads into enterprise sector

FOSS gradually making inroads into business applications
E-learning, ERP, CRM
Business package software for specific applications

Embedded equipment manufacturers look to FOSS

EMBLIX (since 2000), CE Linux Forum (since 2003)
Main equipment applications
Portable information devices
PDAs, mobile phones, car navigation systems
Information appliances
Hard disk recorders, media servers, multimedia equipment
Various home electric appliances, as their features become
more sophisticated
Refrigerators, air-conditioners, microwave ovens, etc.
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 29
Copyright © 2008, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. All Rights Reserved.
Engineering Workstations (EWS)

From Unix to PC-Unix (GNU/Linux, *BSD)

Same system operation and user interface
Same applications are used
Or many comparable FOSS can be used
Can reduce hardware costs
Switching from Unix machines to IBM PC-compatible
machines leads to significant cost savings

FOSS development supported by EWS users

Continue to uphold the principle of “user as developer”

Application fields
Used in schools
Used by teaching staff in their offices
Used by children in PC labs
Used in routine task applications
Telephone operator terminals, counter terminals
Medical data terminals
Office terminals (private sector and government)

Using FOSS under Windows

The first step is trying to use FOSS applications on
Windows

Cygwin
The package to use GNU software on Windows

Advantages
Operation is same as single boot environment
Runs on one machine; affordable way to try new OS

Drawbacks
Multiple OS’es cannot be used concurrently
Slightly bothersome to partition hard drive and
configure boot loader

Can run on diskless system

User data stored in USB memory, etc.
Some OS’es save data to CD-R at shutdown
Temporary files operate on RAM disk

Advantages
Easy to try new environment
CD-ROM based, so minimal risk of harming system

Disadvantages
System cannot be extended
Cannot apply security patches, etc.

Leading examples
VMware
coLinux

Advantages
Easy to try new OS

Drawbacks
Slower performance GNU/Linux running inside of GNU
due to inevitable
overhead (< 10%)
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 35
Copyright © 2008, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. All Rights Reserved.
Using FOSS on Windows
Growth of FOSS in tandem with Unix
development
Linux and GNU software
X Window System and related software
Unix server software, etc.
FOSS and running on Unix are fundamentally unrelated

First step in deploying FOSS

Try FOSS designed to run on Windows
Many FOSS programs also run on Windows
Apache, PostgreSQL, MySQL, Perl, etc.
FOSS written in Java
“Write Once, Run Anywhere”
Try Cygwin

Excellent portability
FOSS for Unix will (often) run on Windows, if compiled
from source code
X Window System also ported to Windows on Cygwin

Similar software:
Services for Unix (SFU) from Microsoft
SFU is free of charge, but not FOSS

If GUI cannot be used

Not supporting GUI
Due to special display
Use classic CUI installer

Installer startup
Boot from CD
Boot from network
Boot from disk image on
hard drive, etc.
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 39
Copyright © 2008, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. All Rights Reserved.
Basic Configuration
Language selection
Choose main language to use with system
Keyboard configuration
Many keyboard configurations, depending on the
language

Choose installation type

Default options
Desktop, workstation, server
Custom installation

Formatting and partitioning tools

fdisk (classic tool)
Disk Druid

Also configure boot loader at this point

Decide network security configuration

Configure firewall
Enable/disable remote login
Enable/disable SELinux

Root password setting

Password for root account
General user accounts can be added later

Agree to License Agreement

Fedora Core asks users to agree to license during this
step

Setting the date

Usually set by default to hardware clock

Display settings
Configuring X Window System
Usually use default settings

Other settings
Configure sound card, add general user accounts, etc.

FreeBSD/NetBSD/OpenBSD
Honorable descendants of BSD

Darwin
Open source OS kernel as a basis of Mac OS X

Other free/open-source OS
OpenBeOS (Haiku), Plan 9, GNU/Hurd, etc.

Other OS Trends
Microsoft's shared source and activities of Sun
Microsystems regarding its product Solaris

Strict definition and wider definition

Strict definition: Linux kernel
Wider definition: Linux package (distribution) with
applications
cf. “About Distributions”
Diverse range of GNU/Linux systems popular
worldwide

FreeBSD/NetBSD/OpenBSD
Free/Open-Source OS’es derived from BSD

Features
FreeBSD: Emphasis on stability; frequently used for
servers, etc.
FreeBSD derivatives: DragonFly BSD, Firefly BSD, etc.
NetBSD: Runs on diverse platforms
OpenBSD: Emphasis on security
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Darwin
Kernel of Mac OS X
Released by Apple as FOSS
Mac OS X includes Darwin kernel and GUI (Quartz),
APIs (Cocoa, Carbon), etc.

Derived from 4.4BSD

Microkernel: Mach 3.0
Released under Apple Public Source License (APSL)
version 2.0
Supports PowerPC and x86 architectures

OpenDarwin Project
Founded in April 2002 by Internet Systems Consortium
and Apple Computer
http://opendarwin.org/

Developments in Solaris OS
Source code released as OpenSolaris in June 2005
Some codes only available in binary files; not fully
FOSS

libraries
Software libraries are enormous assets
Example of libraries
Widget set, graphics library, etc.

JBOSS
Implements Java for J2EE
J2EE: Platform for enterprise Java deployment
Simplifies deployment of Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB)
EJB: Java software component implemented on server side
Developed by JBOSS Inc.

Mail servers LDAP

MTA OpenLDAP
ML server
POP3/IMAP
Mining server
namazu
DB server
PostgreSQL/MySQL/Fire
CMS
bird XOOPS/Zope

DNS Business applications

BIND E-Learning, e-
commerce and many
others
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 59
Copyright © 2008, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. All Rights Reserved.
Web (HTTP) Servers
Apache
De facto standard for HTTP servers
72% market share (according to E-soft survey of May
http://www.securityspace.com/s_survey/data/200505/index.html
2005)
History
Developed in 1995 by Rob McCool at NCSA
Development stalled when McCool later left NCSA
Developers in various places began modifying Apache
These developers got in touch and started up Apache
Project
Name originates from “a patchy” server and the Apache
Native Indian tribe
Features
Light, fast and reliable (uses modules)
Runs on many platforms (Unix, Mac, Windows)

QuickML
A list created just by sending an e-mail
Implemented in Ruby
Accepts any name for address

UW-IMAP
Developed by authors of RFC about IMAP
reference implementation

PostgreSQL
Based on POSTGRES (previously Ingres) developed at
UC Berkeley
Pioneering object-relational database
MySQL
Developed by Swedish company MySQL AB
Dual license (GPL and commercial license)Streamlined
features and fast performance
Firebird
Free/Open-Source version of InterBase from Borland;
released in 2000
Name clashed with Mozilla Firebird, prompting Mozilla
to rename it Firefox

PostgreSQL top in Japan; MySQL top worldwide

WebDAV
File sharing and version management specification
Extends HTTP protocol
Web browser interface
Supports any OS on client machines
Only port 80 opened
Be secure using SSL and other security features
Supports major Web servers and browsers including
Apache, etc
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
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Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
(LDAP)
LDAP
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
Protocol for accessing directory services
Central management of user data, etc.
LDAP-compatible software: MS Active Directory, etc.

OpenLDAP
Open Source version of LDAP
Based on SLAPD developed at University of Michigan

Recent search systems

Estraier: a personal full-text search system
http://estraier.sourceforge.net/
Rast: A full-text search system
http://www.netlab.jp/rast/
GNU mifluz (Senga information retrieval software)
http://www.gnu.org/software/mifluz/
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Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 68
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Content Management Systems (CMS)

XOOPS Zope
Features Application server
Built using PHP and written in Python
MySQL
Simple to install and Plone
build sites CMS that runs on Zope
Top FOSS CMS in Japan
Core developers are
Japanese (from
beginning)
Fork version decided in
May 2005, due to
dissatisfaction with
development structure
Shift to independent
development structure in
Japan
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 69
Copyright © 2008, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. All Rights Reserved.
Business Applications
Diverse range of FOSS business applications
e-Learning
Moodle, Atutor, FOSS LMS, CFIVE, ...
e-Commerce
OsCommerce
Business Server combines
Mail-, Groupware-, Web-, Database-Server, Document
Management, Anti-Virus, Anti-Spam
ERP (Enterprise Resource Management) and
CRM (Customer Relationship Management)
OpenERP, SugerCRM, OSSuite ERP, Compiere, ERP5
Business specific applications
Cerveza restaurant supply procurement system
Garagardoa reservation management system
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Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 70
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Desktop Environment
GUI and integrated Multimedia
desktop environment Image processing
What is a desktop CG (Computer Graphics)
environment? Video
Audio, music
Mail and web browser
MUA (Mail User Agent) Others
Web browser Computation, science
and technology
Document processor
Input of non-latin scripts
Editor
Office suites
Type setting
Printing

What is an integrated
desktop environment?
Provides a common GUI
environment
Enables operations involving
coordination between
applications
Copy & paste
Drag & drop, etc.
GNOME
Integrated desktop
environment based on GTK+
KDE
Integrated desktop
environment based on Qt
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
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MUA (Mail User Agent)
MUAs using typical three-pane
configuration
(Three-pane configuration: Folder
tree, title pane and message
pane)
Evolution
Sylpheed
Thunderbird
MUA derived from Mozilla
MUAs for running within Emacs
Mew
Wanderlust
Text-based MUAs
Mutt

Firefox
Web browser from
Mozilla project;
designed to be light
and fast

Other browsers
Text-based browsers
w3m
lynx

Sun’s strategy
Portions of StarOffice not
restricted under license are
published as FOSS
Comparison with
commercial Office
software
Comparable function-wise
and operation-wise
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
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Copyright © 2008, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. All Rights Reserved.
Typesetting
What is typesetting software?
Uses commands to apply a style to a structured
document; used for publishing
Not WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get), but
produces high quality output

TeX / LaTeX
TeX : Typesetting software created by Donald Knuth
LaTeX : Extension of TeX created by Leslie Lamport
Features
Strict concept of style, produces high quality output
Simplifies typesetting of formulas
Highly extensible (various extensions are available)

GhostScript
Renders PostScript (PS) files
Used for verification on screen, or used on request by
printer driver

xpdf
PDF file viewer program

CUPS (Common Unix Printing System)

Standard print spooler

Issues with UNIX printing systems

Lack of common GUI
Ex. Printing dialogs, printer status, etc.
OpenPrinting project under development by Free
Standards Group

ImageMagick
Set of command-line tools
for image processing
Convert image data format Photo retouching in GIMP
Change size and color
gradation convert, identify, composite,
Various special effects montage, compare, display,
animate, import, conjure
Many other image viewers Command set in ImageMagick
gqview, eog, ee, gthumb...
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Computer Graphics (CG)
POV-Ray
Ray tracing program for CG
creation

blender
Program for 3D CG creation
Released as FOSS after
development company went CG rendering using POV-Ray
bankrupt
Can be used with YafRay
(Yet Another Free Raytracer)

Open Inventor
VRML rendering library
SGI software released as
FOSS Sample program in Open Inventor
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Video
xanime, mtv, plaympeg
First wave of video players
MPlayer, Xine
Support many video formats
MPEG, AVI, ASF, WMA, QT, MOV, etc.
Continued development in danger due to software
patent issue
XawTV, tvtime
TV viewing software relying on TV capture device
Kino, Coriander
Saves video from FireWire (IEEE 1394) cameras
Other tools: FFmpeg (video format converter),
Ogle (DVD player), etc.

LAME (Lame Ain't an MP3 Encoder)

MP3 encoder

Ogg Vorbis XMMS

Free music compression format
Designed to replace other compression formats having
many rights issues

RoseGarden
Desktop music creation tool

Timidity
oftware MIDI synthesizer
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Computation, Science and Technology

R gnuplot
Statistical computing Plotting software
package
Compatible with S language
SciLab, Octave
Science and technology
computing software
Compatible with MATLAB
Maxima
Formula manipulation
software
Comparable to Mathematica
Capable of high quality Graph drawn in gnuplot
formula display when used
with TeXMacs
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Kana-Kanji Conversion
FreeWnn
FOSS version of Wnn from Omron Software
Canna
Kana-kanji conversion software developed by NEC
Restarted in 2002 through volunteer-driven
development
Anthy
New entry, developed since 2000; started in response
to the dismal state of FOSS-based kana-kanji
conversion software
Issues with kana-kanji conversion were
No standard common framework
Candidates: XIM, IIMF and UIM protocols
Poor performance due to patents covering conversion
methods
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Input of Non-Latin Scripts
Increasingly users require non-latin scripts
Goal: provide common framework
Examples: Kanji, Chinese, Hangul, Cyrillic
but also for German, French, Spanish, ...
Smart Common Input Method (SCIM)
full featured input method user interface
for POSIX-style operating systems
Linux, FreeBSD and other Unix
development platform for input methods
currently supports more than 30 languages

Integrated development environments

Eclipse: the most famous FOSS IDE (Integrated
Development Environment)
Other IDEs: KDevelop, Anjuta, WideStudio, etc.

Development frameworks
Struts is quoted as a typical example of a framework
which can improve development efficiency and
average quality of products

Struts
Java-based Web application framework
Uses Java servlet and JSP technology
Uses MVC architecture
Simple and powerful framework
Runs on servlet container such as Tomcat
Developed by Jakarta Project

Fedora Core
Community-based development under Fedora Project
Supported by Red Hat
Aggressively adopts advanced features
Also serves as Red Hat’s test version
Uses UTF as default character code
Some conflicts with existing software
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Turbolinux
Developed and marketed by Japanese company
Turbolinux, Inc.
Japan: No. 2 in GNU/Linux server OS market share
(2003 survey) *1
China: No. 1 in GNU/Linux server OS market share
(2003 survey) *2
Released Chinese version of GNU/Linux
Joined UnitedLinux industry consortium in 2002
Purpose: Establish standard distribution for GNU/Linux

Focus on desktop GNU/Linux OS

Releases: Turbolinux 10 Desktop, etc.
Enhanced with Windows-like GUI
Comes with player supporting Windows Media video files
*1 IDC, “China Linux 2004—2008 Forecast and Analysis,” July. 2004
*2 IDC Japan, “Operating System Market in Japan: Linux Market Analysis and Forecast 2003—2007” (In Japanese)

Originally developed by German company SUSE

Linux
No. 2 in global market share
No. 1 in Europe
Acquired by Novell in 2004
OpenSuse: contains only FOSS

Features
Adopted KDE as standard desktop environment
First enterprise GNU/Linux distribution to use Linux
kernel 2.6
Includes YaST integrated management tool

Features
Japanese language environment is easy to use
Emphasis on stability
Slow to adopt new features
Employs apt package manager (compatible with RPM)

Features
Boots from CD-ROM
Easy to try out; does not affect existing environment
Can be installed to hard drive
Excellent automatic device detection

Definition of FOSS
Use the term FOSS correctly by knowing strict
definition of “Open Source Software”

FOSS Licenses
To understand meanings of software licenses and
categories of licenses

Free software Growth of FOSS, and

movement and FSF Launch of OSI
Free software as freedom Market share of FOSS
of software has enhanced for
business use
Copyleft
Fundamental structure to Penetrating the
keep freedom of software enterprise market
Many major computer
Spread of the Internet vendors join the FOSS
Free software played an enterprise market
important role
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Birth of Hackers (1950s to Present)

“Hacker” used at MIT “Hack” (definition from

to describe a person thefreedictionary.com)
who writes good Originally, a quick job that
programs or new produces what is needed, but
not well.
algorithms An incredibly good, and
Individuals who attack perhaps very time-consuming,
systems are “crackers” piece of work that produces
exactly what is needed.
Hacker culture is a To bear emotionally or
physically.
type of gifting culture
To work something (typically a
“Hacker” title program).
bestowed by others To pull a prank on.
To interact with a computer in
Unix conceived in a playful and exploratory
1971 rather than goal-directed way.

Protects freedom of software from copyright

Does not abandon copyright
Manages copyright and ensures freedom of license
Right of copyright holder cannot be abandoned under
e.g. Japanese or German law, preventing notion of public
domain software

Free Software drives growth of Internet

E-mail (Sendmail), DNS (Bind), newsgroups (INN), etc.

Internet opened to commercial interests (1991)

NCSA Mosaic Web browser conceived (1993)
Impetus for Internet boom
Growth of online e-commerce (since late 1990s)

Licensed under GPL

Free Software success story

Pioneered bazaar-style development model

Frequent beta releases in mid-development
Many developers send bug reports and patches

Driving factor in emergence of Free/Open-Source

Business success of Linux drew attention to
effectiveness of bazaar-style development and its
software, but Free Software movement was too radical
for companies
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Growth of Free/Open-Source; Launch of
Open Source Initiative (Late 1990s)
OSI (Open Source Initiative)
Founded by Eric Raymond and Bruce Perens
Strategic initiative to promote adoption by business
Release of Netscape source code impetus for founding
OSI

“The Open Source”

Proper noun focusing on software development model
Prescribed under the Open Source Definition
Increased recognition has led to greater misuse and
misunderstanding
Other terms being considered
OSS : Open-Source Software
FLOSS : Free/Libre/Open-Source Software

Open Source Development Labs (OSDL) founded

(2000)
GNU/Linux development for telecommunications, data
center and enterprise desktop applications
Linus Torvalds joins OSDL (2003)

Consortium formed by IBM Japan, Hitachi, Fujitsu

and NEC (2001)
Development to extend functionality of enterprise
GNU/Linux

GNU/Linux deployment spreads to enterprise

backbone systems and financial institution
systems
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Definition of FOSS
The software whose source code is published,
does NOT equal to FOSS
Insufficient, if ONLY publishing its source code

GNU's definition
“Free Software”

OSI's definition
“Open Source Software”

OK to charge for distribution

Not all Free Software asserts copyleft
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Definition by Open Source Initiative

Prescribed by the Open Free Redistribution

Source Definition (OSD) Source Code
Wider recognition leads to Derived Works
greater misuse of term Integrity of The Author's
Criteria for FOSS licenses Source Code
No Discrimination Against
Over 50 licenses approved
Persons or Groups
Based on Debian Free No Discrimination Against
Software Guidelines Fields of Endeavor
(DFSG) Distribution of License
OSD places greater emphasis License Must Not Be
on distribution criteria Specific to a Product
Free Software complies License Must Not Restrict
Other Software
with Open Source
License Must Be
definition Technology-Neutral
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FOSS Licenses
Software licenses
To begin with, what is a software license?
Click-on contract is frequently used

Typical FOSS licenses and their characteristic

GPL/LGPL
BSD
Other licenses, dual licensing

OSI-approved licenses

Right to use software is generally purchased

Licenses
Types: Site license, volume account license, etc.

Licensing is an act of contract

Frequently takes shape as contract of adhesion
Shrinkwrap contract
User enters into agreement when shrinkwrap on package is
broken
Click-on and click-wrap contracts
User enters into agreement when button is clicked in
contract dialog box

Derivatives
Modified source code
Uses GPL’ed libraries
GPL v3 protects software freedom from
Patents
Mechanisms to prevent modification

Modified BSD License

Omits advertising clause:
“All advertising materials mentioning features or use of
this software must display the following
acknowledgment. This product includes software
developed by the University of Carifornia, Berkeley and
its contributions.”

MPL (Mozilla Public License)

Mozilla: Open-Source Web browser
Permits closed license for standalone software
(applications, plug-ins)
Contains references to legal jurisdiction and patent issues
Includes escape clauses for patent infringement
Apache License from Apache Software Foundation
License used for Apache Project (Web server project)
Includes advertising clause
Not compatible with GPL
Multiple license formats
Dual licensing, triple licensing
Ex. Qt (QPL or GPL), MySQL (GPL or commercial license),
Mozilla (MPL, GPL or LGPL)
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OSI-Approved Licenses
OSI certification mark
Only to be displayed for software suitably distributed
according to OSI-approved license
OSI-approved licenses
Denotes conformance with OSD; requires application
to OSI for license approval
58 licenses (as of June 30, 2005)
http://www.opensource.org/licenses/index.html
GPL-like licenses
GPL
MPL-like licenses
MPL, LGPL, CPL, Artistic License
BSD-like licenses
BSD, MIT, ASF
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(5) FOSS Development and the FOSS
Community
FOSS and the FOSS Communication
community FOSS projects are
FOSS is closely-linked to supported by
activities in the FOSS communication
community between development
participants
Development structure
How FOSS project FOSS developers
works? FLOSS survey: FOSS
How to participate in developers on-line
FOSS projects? survey, conducted from
2002 to 2004
Topics related to FOSS
development

Types of FOSS communities

How developers and users gather to form their
community?

User communities
Growth of mutual support culture due to a lack of
vendor support
The next issue is to make a good relationship between
user community and developer community

User communities
User communities formed for each application
Cooperative role to address lack of information
Use mailing lists and message boards

Local Linux User Groups (LUGs)

Scores of LUGs across Japan

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User Communities
Prolific number of user groups, preceded by
name of FOSS
e. g. Top 10 results of Google search using Japanese
keyword User-kai (June 2005):
Japan PHP User Group
Japan MySQL Users Group
Samba Users Group Japan
Japan PostgreSQL Users Group
ja: Japan: OpenOffice.org Japan Users Group
Japan Apache Users Group
Japan Zope User Group
Japan GNOME Users Group
Japan UNIX Society
Python Japan User's Group
Following results: User groups for KDE, Mathematica,
Analog, Snort, SELinux, Firebird, etc.
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Development Structure
Cathedral and Bazaar-style development
Comparison between two types of development
method
Bazaar-style development was spotlighted starting
with great success of Linux
Roles of project members
Understanding the roles of various project members
Development resources
Services and businesses that support FOSS
development
Examples of the service
Project repositories
Getting involved in projects
Management of FOSS projects
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Cathedral and Bazaar-Style
Development
Eric Raymond’s 1997 essay The Cathedral and the Bazaar
http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/
Cathedral model
GNU described as example of cathedral development, predating
Linux
Note: Cathedral model is not synonymous with development style
of proprietary software
Only specific participants involved in development
No releases until specific results are achieved
Bazaar model
Linux development used as example of bazaar-style development
Open group of participants; respect for individuality; talented
coordinator manages flow of project
Releases any time in mid-development; basic notion of “fast
and frequent releases”
Bazaar-style development since used extensively for FOSS
development projects
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Roles of Project Members
Project leader: Authority to direct project
Core members: Authority to change source code
Project participants
Regular developers: Provide feedback about new features,
enhancements and bug fixes
Testers (advanced users): Test software and report bugs for
each release
Document authors: Create documents for general users and
developers

Other roles:
Resource development (non-programming)
Evangelism, PR (mailing list and/or Web site management)
Financial supporters and providers of development resources
Supporters for offline activities
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Development Resources
Project hosting services
Free/Open-source project repositories
SourceForge.net
BerliOS
FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory
savannah.gnu.org

Software directory sites, software search engines

FreshMeat.net
Rpmfind.net, others

Other development resources

www.koders.com

Services
Project Web site hosting
CVS repository
Bug tracking system
Communication tools
Others services

Japanese version
SourceForge.jp

http://www.berlios.de/ http://directory.fsf.org/
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FreshMeat.net, Rpmfind.net

http://freshmeat.net/ http://rpmfind.net/
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Getting Involved in Projects
Find software that implements functions you want
Number of projects available online is nearly unlimited

Debug or extend functionality of software

If you find a function that doesn’t work or is missing
Take full advantage of released source code

From feeding back your results to joining a

development team
Get involved to advance software science and the FOSS
community

Find existing projects through a project repository

Make active use of development resources

Code you contribute is not just for you

Observe certain courtesies
Adhere to coding rules
Include comments so others can read and understand your
code

Include a description
Never send just your code (worst thing you can do)
Use simple and concise sentences to describe your code

Agile development and similar methodologies

Some similarities are there between agile
development and FOSS development

Stable versions and development versions

Two versions are simultaneously released: stable
version for average users and development version for
developer and progressive users

Project forks
There might be cases that project is divided by two
opposing points of view about its direction
Source code tree is branched at some point

Advantages and Downsides of FOSS

development
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Agile Development and Similar
Methodologies
Twelve core practices of Extreme Programming (XP):
1. Planning Game Continually plan in small units
2. Small Releases Short release cycles
3. Metaphor Use metaphors for ease of understanding
4. Simple Design Keep the design simple
5. Testing Prioritize testing in program development
6. Design Improvement (originally: Refactoring) Actively review code
7. Pair Programming Programmers write code in pairs
8. Collective Code Ownership Make all codes accessible to every programmer
9. Continuous Integration Continually test and keep the software running
10.Sustainable Pace (originally: 40-hour Week) Overwork leads to lower productivity
11.Whole Customer (originally: On-site Customer) Incorporate users into the team
12.Coding Standards Program out of respect for coding conventions

2, 8, 9, 12 are also important in FOSS development

However, No. 1, 3, 7 and 10 are difficult to implement under
FOSS development

FOSS helps to maintain sustainability of

development but also allows project forks to occur

x-1.0 x-1.1 x-1.2 x-1.3 x-2.0 x-2.1

y-1.0 y-1.1

Communication tools
On-line communication utilizing various tools
What kind of tools are used?

Pros and cons of on-line communication tools

Evaluating the pros-and-cons of each tools

Off-line communication
Importance of off-line communication

Participating in conferences
Communicate actively via off-line meeting

Pros Cons
Familiar user interface Not suited to discussion
E-mail
between multiple persons
Familiar user interface Redundancy from copies
Mailing list
of all messages
Message Accessible, shows flow of Discussion tends to
board discussion become derailed
IRC and other Allows for instantaneous Not suited to in-depth
chat systems discussion discussions
Emphasis on Comparatively static
Wiki
documentation medium
Blogger can assert own Not designed for
Blog
opinions discussion
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Offline Communication
Power of offline communication
Significance of face-to-face communication
Non-verbal communication
Body and hand language
Expression, tone of voice, general mood, etc
Sometimes accelerates development through kinship
and understanding personalities of others
Limits of online communication felt during:
Eruption of flame wars
Observance or non-observance of netiquette
Difference between written and spoken words
Difficult to convey subtle nuances through writing
Could be that social gatherings are most
important

Reason for getting/staying involved

What is the reason to participate in FOSS activities?

Type of involvement
What is their involvement in FOSS projects?

Global involvement
Realities that global communications on FOSS activities

Compensation
Do they receive money in return for their work?
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FLOSS Surveys
What is a FLOSS survey?
Provides insight into conditions of FOSS developers
Analysis-based online survey

Free/Libre/Open Source Software online survey

FLOSS Survey (2002)
Conducted by Maastricht Economic Research Institute on
Innovation and Technology (MERIT)
FLOSS-US Survey (2003)
Conducted by Stanford Institute for Economic Policy
Research (SIEPR)
FLOSS-JP Survey, FLOSS-ASIA Survey (2003-2004)
Conducted by Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. (MRI)
Commissioned by Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and
Industry (METI)

Survey content
FOSS/FS experience, level of involvement, personal profile
Initial impetus for getting involved in FOSS/FS development,
reasons for staying involved, personal views
Income from FOSS/Free Software development, sponsorship
income, etc.

For more about the survey, visit the URL below:

http://FOSS.mri.co.jp/floss-jp/
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Developer Background and
Involvement
Personal background
Late 20s/early 30s, mostly male
Majority possess undergraduate or master’s degree
Many software engineers, programmers, students and
university instructors

Position on FOSS or Free Software

Identify with FOSS: 43.7%
Identify with Free Software: 26.7%
Do not care: 29.6%
Time spent on development
(per week)
Two-thirds spend 5 hours or less

Two-part question
Own motivation
Opinion on motivation of others

English ability
68.3% feel own ability is limited
English ability and level of activity
Not necessarily related
Depends on enthusiasm and patience

Types of system
development using
FOSS
Examining typical FOSS
systems
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Reasons for Interest in FOSS Business

Changes in IT environment
Enormous improvement of S/W, H/W and highly
sophisticated network infrastructure (wide use of the
broadband Internet)

Changes in the software business

Software vendors have to change their business model

Shift from package sales to services

Market requires IT vendors to change their business to
service-oriented business

Spread of Internet
broadband (ADSL) connectivity
Now possible to freely download large-scale software

Need for transformation of software business,

driven by rapidly shifting IT environment
Conventional software business
Package sales
Application development
System integration

New issues emerged by changes in IT environment

Widespread unauthorized use of illegally copied software
Increasing complexity of software
Numerous security incidents
Rapid obsolescence

What kind of business model is best?

Shift to service-oriented business

Emergence of ASP model
Provide services over Internet, using Web applications
Does not concern with its implementation
Use FOSS to enable early and low cost services

Other service-based businesses

Customization
System integration using FOSS
Selective use of FOSS in application development for
improved efficiency

Case study: the situation of Japanese market

Work group servers

File sharing, client-server systems
Deployment rapidly increasing as segment enters
growth period

Servers for backbone systems

High reliability servers for large-scale tasks
Finance, telecommunications, e-government, etc.
Studies by OSDL’s Carrier Grade Linux (CGL) working
group, etc.
Serious deployment began in 2003

400
Linux SI
Support
210
Linux PF(HW,SW)
300
160

120
200
130
94
80 100
80
100
63
55
110
90
55 70
48
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Source: NEC Corporation

4000

3500 non-paid
paid
3000 1816
1689
1564
2500 1448
1353
2000 1300
1281
1500 1270
1132
1000 2012 2133
1709 1863
1554
1363
500 1091
712 863

0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Source: IDC, April 2008

Typical FOSS system structures

LAMP/LAPP systems
Java-based systems
Conventional applications for FOSS servers

Reasons for adopting FOSS systems

Low cost: 65%
Stable operation: 50%
Security: 30%
Ease of remote operation: 25%

Typical system configurations

LAMP systems development
GNU/Linux OS, Apache Web server, MySQL database, PHP
script language
LAMP stands for Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP
LAPP systems development
GNU/Linux OS + Apache Web server + PostgreSQL
database + PHP script language
LAPP stands for Linux, Apache, PostgreSQL, PHP

System configuration
GNU/Linux + Apache + Tomcat
Comparatively small-scale systems
Used to implement systems comparable to LAMP systems
Large-scale systems
Extensive use of J2EE or frameworks
Use GNU/Linux for running environment
Frequently rely on commercial components to implement
complex business logic

Use of package LAMP systems

CMS, business application packages, etc. Closer
inspection frequently reveals LAMP or LAPP system
underneath

Mainframes -> Open systems (client-server) -> Web

computing -> ?
Vision: networked servers provide on-demand
computing power
Computers used like water or electricity
Much like turning a faucet produces water or plugging into an
outlet provides electricity
No need to worry where water or electricity comes from
IBM's on-demand computing, Sun's utility computing
FOSS-based platform for on-demand computing
Compete through services, not infrastructure or packages
Reasons FOSS is suited for common platform: low vendor
dependency, modifiable by each company, low cost,
scalability
IBM strategically positioning itself behind FOSS in
anticipation of transformation into services company

Increasingly difficult to maintain proprietary OS

1,000-3,000 engineers needed to develop and
maintain single OS

With GNU/Linux, core technology can be

maintained with just 100 engineers
Japanese computer manufacturers joined OSDL Japan
in 2001
As FOSS, GNU/Linux offers low risk of direct influence
from other companies
With backs to wall, no choice but to bet on GNU/Linux
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(7) Case Studies in FOSS Business

Types of FOSS
business FOSS specialization
Flagship Package software
System integrator Server sales
NTT Comware, Nihon Embedded
Unisys, etc.
Embedded
Case studies in large-
development tools
scale development
using FOSS In-house business use
Distributor Education
Business strategy of
distributors
In-house FOSS

In-house OSS Release own software as OSS; provide support Ten Art-ni, NaCl, ForeOneFirst, etc.
services and contract systems development
OSS specialization Specialization in specific OSS; provide support VA Linux Systems Japan, SRA, Zend
services and contract systems development Japan, etc.
Package software Sales of Linux-compatible versions of own package Oracle, NIWS, Horizon Digital
software; also provide contract systems Enterprise, F-Secure, etc.
development
Server sales Sales of Linux-equipped PCs and servers Dell, Toshiba, Sun Microsystems, etc.

Embedded Development and sales of OSS-embedded Sony, Matsushita (Panasonic),

information appliances, PDAs, mobile phones Toshiba, Sharp, etc.
Embedded Customization for OSS embedded use; provide MontaVista Software Japan, Lineo
development tools development tools and support services for fee Solutions, AXE, etc.
In-house business Use OSS for own business Amazon, Google, Rakuten, Livedoor,
use etc.
Education Provide exams and training courses for OSS LPI-Japan, Red Hat, Linux Training
qualification and certification Institute, etc.

Provide applications using FOSS

CFIVE learning management system for higher education institutions
Co-developed with University of Tokyo’s Information Technology Center
(ITC)
Learning management system (LMS) for e-learning; released as FOSS
Implemented using Java, Tomcat4, PostgreSQL, OpenLDAP
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FOSS Deployment
for Large-Scale Systems
TSUTAYA online
Migrated to GNU/Linux from Sun Solaris OS, resulting
in one-quarter to one-fifth savings in deployment costs
Large-scale system designed for 10 million users

Lawson “Loppi” kiosk terminals

Kiosk terminals installed at convenience stores
Rare success among convenience store kiosk ventures
Uses GNU/Linux server to control kiosk terminal used
for ticket reservations, etc.
Back-end servers installed behind each store
Deployed in over 7,600 stores
System easy to manage due to remote operation
IBM Japan responsible for maintenance

Critical to decide on method of creating added

value to drive sales
Packing software onto CD-ROM translated into value
when networks were not as accessible
Walnut Creek’s distribution business
Roots of GNU/Linux distributions

Provides various
information about
distributions
Reviews, new release
information

Case studies
Network Applied Communication Laboratory (NaCl)
Developer of Japan Medical Association ORCA system;
deploying ORCA as FOSS receipt computer
Ten Art-ni
Garagardoa table reservation system for restaurant
industry
ForeOneFirst
Francine Web POS system

Adoption rate development

Started as confidential project in 2000 ORCA
use,
Official launch (March 2002) improve
Deployed at 1,279 facilities (as of July 2005)
Certified Certified Certified
partner partner partner
ORCA business over 100 system deploy,
integrators authorized by JMA for ORCA maintenance
deployment and contract maintenance
Hos- Hos- Hos- Hos- Hos- Hos- Hos-
Some system integrators have released pital pital pital pital pital pital pital

modified software
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Ten Art-ni Corporation
Corporate member of OSCAR Alliance
Voluntary non-profit association to promote enterprise
FOSS deployment
Garagardoa table reservation system for restaurant
industry
LAPP system (Linux, Apache, PostgreSQL, PHP)
Released as FOSS
Co-developed by Ten Art-ni and New Tokyo restaurant
chain
Cerveza order issuance and acceptance system for
restaurant industry
Co-developed by Ten Art-ni and New Tokyo
GNU/Linux, Apache, Java servlet, Oracle system
Used by several corporations

Case studies
VA Linux Systems Japan (Linux kernel, NFS)
Zend Japan (PHP)
SRA (PostgreSQL)
SoftAgency (MySQL)
Sendmail

Conducts business focusing on PostgreSQL

Collaborates with FOSS community and major
developers in Japan and abroad
Provides expertise
Sells Windows native version
Provides tuning and other support services for
deployment and operations
Implements exams for database certification
Raises profile by publishing articles in magazines and
books

Leading example as FOSS specialist vendor

Employs Sylpheed developer and provides financial
backing
Directly sponsors FOSS development for Japanese
environments
Works with OpenOffice.org
Sales and support of laptops loaded with FOSS desktop
software

Embedded business
Information appliances
Media servers, hard disk recorders, PDAs, mobile
phones, etc.
Consumer Electronics Linux Forum (CELF)
Established: July 2003
Association to study GNU/Linux standards for consumer
electronics from Matsushita (Panasonic), Sony, etc.
Industrial equipment
BRAINS: Web camera server system based on NetBSD
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Embedded Development Tools
Business
Customization of FOSS for embedded systems; sales
of development tools and provision of support
services
Case studies
MontaVista Software Japan: MontaVista Linux
Lineo Solutions: uClinux
AXE: axLinux, Shikigami
Red Hat: Contract porting of GNU/Linux
FOSS embedded business offers excellent
opportunities for contract development
Since platform is not a differentiating factor, CE
manufacturers are pushing for common platform using
FOSS
Steady stream of business for contract development
dependent on hardware
Soum Corporation: Employs leading developers of NetBSD
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Proprietary Business Use
Deliver own services at low cost by deploying
GNU/Linux for servers that demand high
reliability
amazon.com
Google.com
Rakuten
LiveDoor

FOSS also useful for rapid deployment of own

services and for modification
Take full advantage of modifiable source code
Employ many FOSS engineers

Google
Fault-tolerant system based on low cost IA servers
Proprietary automatic failure detection system based on
Red Hat Linux
Distributed system to account for high rate of hardware
failure and distribution of data across multiple hard disks
Google File System for filing data
Map/Reduce Framework for I/O scheduling
Global Work Queue for scheduling queries

LiveDoor
Deploys FOSS extensively for its portal sites
FOSS suited for rapid deployment of services
Strategically involved in GNU/Linux distribution business
Purchased Turbolinux unit from SRA and turned into
subsidiary
Sells Linspire
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Education Business
Peripheral business within software industry
Courses, materials
Adequate potential for business as number of users
and developers increases
“Dekiru” series of how-to books are expected to have
constant sales, regardless of software

Certification business
Numerous GNU/Linux certifications already exist
LPIC, RHCE, Turbo-CE, CNA, ComTIA Linux+
Other FOSS certifications have been introduced
¿ ¿¿ Ø PostgreSQL
Rapid growth in number of certification courses offered
by technical schools, etc.

FOSS certifications
Main purpose: Train engineers to use company’s
software
Testing
Organization Certification Level Nutrality Cost
Method
LPIC Level 1 Entry 30,000 Yen
NPO LPI Japan Online exam. Nutral
LPIC Level 2 Middle 30,000 Yen
Turbo-CE Entry Vendor 31,500 Yen
Turbolinux Online exam.
Turbo-CE Pro Middle depended 21,000 Yen
RHCT Middle Practical Vendor 94,500 Yen
Red Hat
RHCE Expert exam. depended 47,250 Yen
CompTIA Linux+ Novice Online exam. Nutral 27,825 Yen
Zend PHP Vendor
Zend Japan Entry Online exam. 33,500 Yen
Certification depended
PostgreSQL CE
Entry 13,650 Yen
Silver Vendor
SRA Online exam.
PostgreSQL CE depended
Middle 18,900 Yen
Gold
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Training Courses
Two main types of GNU/Linux/FOSS training courses
Network administrators
Courses basically designed to complement certification exams
such as LPI, etc.
Developers of Web system software
LAMP/LAPP systems development
Increasing number of courses for development of Java
application servers

IT schools and major IT vendors

Offer GNU/Linux/FOSS training with other courses
Mostly short courses ranging from few days to 1 or 2 weeks

Schools
Technical schools: 1-3 year GNU/Linux/FOSS engineer training
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Professional graduate schools: Development of advanced FOSS
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(8) FOSS Government Policy and E-
Government
Reasons for FOSS promotion by national and local
government
Considering reasons why does government promote
FOSS?

Trends in Europe
Examples of Germany (Munich), UK, and France

Trends in the United States

US government, state governments (case study in
Massachusetts)

Trends in Asia
Situations regarding FOSS in east and southeast Asia

Trends in national and local Japanese government

FOSS adoption trends and their policies
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Reasons for FOSS Promotion by
National and Local Government
Reduce costs and vendor lock-in
Efforts to make sense in government procurement

Transparency of procurement and security

Transparency of procurement and ensuring of security
through the utilizing the nature of FOSS are expected

Fostering the development of domestic industry

FOSS critical to promoting national IT Industry

Overcoming the “Digital Divide”

FOSS is very efficient with low investment for the
introduction of IT

Reduce costs
Thought to be chief advantage of deploying GNU/Linux
Nearly always true when replacing Unix
TCO gap with Windows is small and debatable
Focus turns to maintenance costs
Maintenance of middleware and applications; cost of
administrative engineers
Purpose of government to spend taxes by generating
and providing public services; governments seek to
deploy FOSS for improved efficiency

Prevent vendor lock-in

Important from standpoint of fairness
Extreme example of vendor lock-in: “One yen bid”
-> See Vendor Lock-In

Security
China cites need to ensure national security as one reason
for promoting FOSS
Backdoor mechanisms cannot be hidden with FOSS
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Fostering the Development of
Domestic Industry
Critical mission of governments to promote
domestic IT industry
IT vendors from US dominate almost all of package software
market
Governments dislike dependency on foreign sources for
high revenue, core software
Desire to avoid “black boxing” of infrastructure technology
Strong FOSS emphasis in Europe and Asia
Germany: Home to leading FOSS vendors such as SUSE, KDE,
OpenOffice, etc.
China: Announced policy to restrict government procurement to
domestic software
Japan: Local governments active in fostering
local IT industry
Hokkaido, Okinawa, Gifu, Nagasaki Prefectures
Desire to eliminate subcontractor structure for local IT firms
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Overcoming the Digital Divide
Digital divide
Digital divide created by gaps in income
Digitization among high-income earners
Low-income earners cannot obtain digital equipment

FOSS effective in promoting digitization among

low-income earners
Enables IT advancement with limited funds
Also critical to provide cheap hardware and affordable
education

One of the acute problems facing Southeast Asia

and South Asia in particular
Overcoming the digital divide in developing countries
FOSS deployment expected to solve this situation

Germany
Entering the next stage of “how to deploy FOSS” from
the initial stage of “why FOSS”

Case study: Munich Municipal Government

Migrating to 14,000 GNU/Linux PCs over 5 years

UK and France
UK: going deeply into FOSS
France: walking its own independent path regarding
FOSS

Emulators also to be Aug. 2004

Sep, 2004
project stopped bacause of patent issue
project restarted
used initially Jan. 2005 trial m igration started
(VMWare, etc.)
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United Kingdom
UK: Leaning toward FOSS from neutral stance
FOSS Policy recommends government procurement of
FOSS (July 2002)
Office of Government Commerce (OGC) decides to
deploy GNU/Linux for large-scale system (April 2003)
OGC issues report on FOSS trials (October 2004)
FOSS considered to be realistic desktop alternative
FOSS anticipated to reduce costs; no issues with
interoperability

State governments
FOSS deployment is gaining momentum

Case Study: State of Massachusetts

The policy stated that new application should adhere
to open standard and FOSS
They have FOSS-based application to be developed
under the new policy
Released in the repository, GOCC (Government Open
Code Collaborative)

Actual FOSS deployment by US federal government

is increasing
FOSS already deployed by 250 government sector institutions
(May 2002)
Government reports recommend FOSS deployment
PITAC recommends FOSS for supercomputers (September 2000);
MITRE recommends FOSS for Defense Department (October
2002)
FOSS inclusion in government procurement
standards
Defense Department issues memo containing guidelines for
FOSS acquisition (June 2003)
CC-EAL3 certification acquired for IBM/SUSE platform (January
2004)
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State Governments
Movement to deploy FOSS among some state
governments
Oregon, Texas, Hawaii and other states have proposed bills for
FOSS deployment, which were rejected or shelved
State of Massachusetts introduces preferential policy toward
FOSS (September 2003)
Policy later toned down to consider “all possible alternatives
– proprietary, open source, and public sector code sharing –
in determining best value solutions” (January 2004)
Austin City implements GNU/Linux and OpenOffice.org trials
(December 2003)
Start of collaborative project to develop FOSS for e-
government, led by Massachusetts State (June 2004)
The Government Open Code Collaborative
California Performance Review Commission recommends
increase in FOSS deployment by California state government
(August 2004)
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Case Study: State of Massachusetts

Virtual Law Office

Cost-cutting move necessitated by financial difficulties due to drop
in state tax revenues
CIO meeting proposes policy to deploy open standards and
Free/Open-Source
Migration of legacy systems to GNU/Linux platform
SUSE Linux running in virtual machine on mainframe
Red Hat Linux Advanced Server running on IA server

GOCC (Government Open Code Collaborative)

Launched in December 2003
Framework for sharing source code with other state governments
Reduce costs by sharing code with other states
Enables continued collaborative development through
community effort
MIT and Harvard provide technical and legal support
11 state agencies involved, from eight states

Southeast Asia
Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines and Vietnam
Asia FOSS Symposium: held twice a year

Taiwan
Many initiatives to promote FOSS
Hosts many FOSS international conferences

South Korea
Flood of GNU/Linux distributors and ongoing market
realignment
South Korean government rapidly deploying FOSS
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Northeast Asia FOSS Promotion Forum
International collaborative project by Japan, China and
South Korea
1st Forum: Beijing, China (April 2004)
2nd Forum: Sapporo, Japan (July 2004)
3rd Forum: Seoul, Korea (December 2004)
Established joint working groups that engage in
activities
Technology Development & Assessment (WG1), Human
Resource Development (WG2) and Study on Standardization &
Certification (WG3)
Supporting organizations formed in each country
Japan FOSS Promotion Forum created in Japan
Secretariat: Information-Technology Promotion Agency, Japan
(IPA)
METI, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), and
Japan Information Technology Services Industry Association (JISA)
involved as observers
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Southeast Asia:
Thailand and Malaysia
Thailand
Leading FOSS nation in Southeast Asia
National Electronics and Computer Technology Center
(NECTEC): Core organization for promoting FOSS
Sales of 100,000 GNU/Linux PCs through ICT PC Project
(now called People’s PC Project)
Development of GNU/Linux Thai Language Extension (TLE),
etc.

Malaysia
Promoting FOSS through national government and
various government organizations
MIMOS (The Malaysian Institute of Microelectronic System)
Established the Asian Open Source Center (ASIAOSC)
MAMPU (Malaysian Administrative Modernization and
Management Planning Unit)
Announced Public Sector Open Source Master Plan (July 2004)
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Southeast Asia:
Philippines and Vietnam
Philippines
Anti-piracy a driving factor for promoting FOSS
Rampant software piracy (reportedly over 60% of all
software)
FOSS promoted as part of e-Philippine program

Vietnam
Rapid acceleration in FOSS promotion, sparked by Asia
FOSS Symposium
Approved master plan: Applying and Developing Open
Source Software in Vietnam for the 2004-2008 Period
(March 2004)
FOSS training courses
Conferences on FOSS migration, etc.

Features of Asia FOSS Symposium

Impact on host nation
Discuss topics related to FOSS
Share information about status of FOSS promotion in each region
Cooperate on FOSS promotion in Asia
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Trends in National and Local Japanese
Government
FOSS Policies by Ministry of Economy, Trade and
Industry
Survey on FOSS usage and FOSS deployment guidelines
FOSS feasibility trials
IPA sponsorship of FOSS development by private sector
FOSS policies in e-government by Ministry of Internal
Affairs and Communication (MIC)
Study group concerning “Secure OS”
Collaborative Outsourcing / e-Municipality Promotion
Strategy
Trends in FOSS deployment at local government level
Part of regional development policy
Avoidance of vendor lock-in and emphasis on cost
Case studies: FOSS procurement by local governments
Case study: Nagasaki prefecture and Hokkaido
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FOSS Policies by Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry
Policies to promote Japanese IT service industry and software
industry
Current massive trade deficit in software
Loss of technical capabilities from erosion of Japanese
infrastructure software
Shortage of human resources development for Japanese
engineers, due to drastic increase of FOSS market
FOSS usage survey and guidelines for studying FOSS
deployment
Wide overview of major FOSS, FOSS licensing and business
models using FOSS
IPA’s Infrastructure Building Program for Open Source Software
Funds development related to perceived areas of FOSS weakness
Enterprise technologies
Embedded field
Desktops
Issues unique to Japanese language (fonts, printing, character encoding)
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FOSS Policies in E-Government by Ministry
of Internal Affairs and Communications
Study Group Concerning Secure OS
Report examining security requirements for procurement of FOSS
operating systems by e-government
Procurement of specified operating systems is “inadequate”;
procurement should be decided based on overall assessment of functions and
quality
FOSS comparable to commercial software for functionality and performance
Precautions for government procurement of FOSS operating
systems
Vital to include support contract
Additional software may be required if higher level of security is needed
Collaborative outsourcing strategy to promote e-municipality
Collaborative development of common systems for e-municipalities
Systems for online application and filing, accounting, payroll, etc.
Employs FOSS-like development method
Several prefectures enlisted to develop different e-municipality functions
Source code released without charge; local governments free to modify or use
software

Prevent LGs from directly awarding contracts to local IT vendors

LGs are forced to accept expensive systems that suit the needs
of vendors

Situation for local IT firms

Local IT firms are subcontractors to major vendors
The subcontractor role tends to prevent local IT firms from
developing the skill set needed for project management
Venture firms are not even qualified to participate in bidding
Vicious circle Subcontractors tend to be difficult to keep resources to learn
new technology

Tiered subcontractor structure is accelerating

due to the shortcomings of local IT vendors
The issue is compounded by the growing scale and
the increasing use of shared e-municipality systems

Prefecture staff Divide into Bidding & Order Local firms (2*N)
bidding unit (N) A system Development
Development Spec. Development Spec.
(Requirements, Basic design)
Test Spec. Testing
✗ System development is separated by function
✗ Specification requires the use of FOSS B system Development
Development Spec.
Bidding & Test Spec. Testing
Local firms Order
C system Development
Test Specification Development Spec.
Test Spec. Testing

Ø Benefits of Using Detailed Specifications Separated by Function Ø

Tasks are narrowly defined, enabling local firms to participate in bidding based on own capabilities and
areas of specialization
Local firms with limited extra resources can get involved, due to availability of detailed specifications and
awarding of additional contracts if specification changes
Many local firms can participate, since contracts are separated into small sizes

Ø Benefits of Specifying FOSS Ø

Specifying FOSS enables equal participation by local firms that do not possess their own software packages
Specifying FOSS enables contracted firms to use FOSS without worry

Activities of FOSS Communities

Ø HOSS: Hokkaido Open Source and Security (NPO)
Ø e-Municipal project / Study Group on Open Source
Ø Local User Communities
- DOLUG : Hokkaido Linux User Group
- PostgreSQL User Group Hokkaido Branch
- Zope User Group Hokkaido Branch
- NoBUG: Hokkaido *BSD User Group

Support from local governments

Commitment from the University Ø establishment of FOSS venture firm (Technoface)
Ø Hokkaido Univ. Ø Hokkaido local govt.
(Open System Engineering Course) “declaration of departure from Windows”
Ø Industry-University collaboration project: Ø Ebetsu City “Branding Dictionary” project
OpenSOAP Ø Large scale GNU/Linux adoption to
Hokkaido high-school net

FOSS related firms

Ø Technoface: SIer based on OpenSOAP
Ø IP telecom : IPT-Linux and remote surveillance service
Ø Cyber blue : Development of Open Source GIS

Situation in Japanese schools

Japanese public schools suffer from a lack of funding to
manage IT equipment
Raising expectations for utilizing FOSS

Aim of software vendors

Motivated by a desire to invest in students as future
users

Case Study: FOSS trials in education

Some trial projects to use FOSS in educational field
have been conducted
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IT Use in Educational Settings
Area of emphasis under e-Japan strategy
Advancement of Human Resource Development and
the Promotion of Education and Learning
e-Japan Priority Policy Program 2004
Digitization of school education
Improve IT environment in schools
By FY2005, provide 1:1 ratio of PC s to students in
com puter labs and 5.4 ratio of students to each
educational PC in regular classroom s
IT use in education not information literacy
education
Use of IT in education, not education of IT itself
Except for “Information Study” curriculum in upper
secondary schools
IT use aimed at boosting achievement of fundamental
goals of education
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Situation in Japanese Schools
Inadequate funds to deploy, Instruction using IT
administer and operate IT equipment
equipment Various experimental
Administration of equipment programs are being tried
Administration of equipment Implementation varies widely
frequently left up to select depending on school board,
group of knowledgeable school and teacher
teachers Active use of multimedia
Imposes extra workload on content
teachers Reaction to FOSS from
Volunteer staffs from PTA students
committees or alumni Able to quickly take in new
sometimes build systems ideas
Inadequate safeguards for Some teachers commented
security and privacy, despite that they learned new things
sensitivity toward these issues from students

Issues with Information Study textbooks

Examples used to illustrate how applications work
Pros and cons of describing specific applications
Meaningful to teach operating methods specific to
applications?
Is it fair to teach students about specific applications?

Cost Educational benefits

Is it possible to reduce What is educational
cost by FOSS? efficiency from FOSS?

Vendor lock-in Sustainability

What is vendor lock-in? Importance of
How to avoid vendor sustainable software
lock-in by adopting development
FOSS?

FOSS performance testing in Japan

As a matter of fact, how is the performance of FOSS?
A series of performance evaluations on FOSS products
were conducted by a work group of Japan FOSS
promotion forum

Reasons for innovative development

Motivation of FOSS developers
Create software that developers want
Create software unlike any other
Localization tends to be more easily implemented
Localization undertaken by actual users that desire
localization

Rapid pace of development

Projects fundamentally driven by enthusiasm of
developers
Although development sometimes takes place through
business
Desire to quickly develop software that developers want
Large projects involve worldwide developer base
Round-the-clock development
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FOSS Performance Testing in Japan

Performance evaluations implemented by working

group of Japan FOSS Promotion Forum
Results of Development Infrastructure Working Group
DBMS benchmark evaluation using OSDL DBT-1
Benefits of tuning confirmed
PostgreSQL evaluation using OSDL DBT-3
JBFOSS performance and reliability evaluation using
SPECjAppServer2004
Performance of WebLogic surpasses JBFOSS
Evaluation and bottleneck analysis of Linux kernel using LKST
Development of crash analysis tools and evaluation of FOSS
performance and reliability
Evaluation of Java application layer
Evaluation of database and OS layers
Members of Development Infrastructure Working Group
Hitachi, SRA, NTT Data, NS Solutions, Sumisho Computer Systems, NRI,
Miracle Linux, Uniadex, NTT Comware, Nihon Unisys
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Cost
Myth of low cost
FOSS is not almighty to reduce costs

Evaluating total cost of ownership (TCO)

Cost evaluation strongly depends on assessor's idea

Cost reduction factors

What items can be candidate for cost reduction factors
by FOSS adoption?

Cost disadvantage of FOSS

What are disadvantage points in FOSS adoption?

TCO (Total Cost of Ownership)

Total of all costs required to maintain, administer, and
adequately operate systems

Elements contributing to TCO

Deployment costs, operating costs, training costs, etc.

Room to calculate TCO as desired, by changing

standpoint of evaluation
Microsoft’s Get the Facts campaign: How are the facts
represented?

Various assumptions are suspect

Proper evaluation of TCO requires concrete
assumptions about how system will be used
Results will depend on the assumptions made
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Cost Reduction Factors
Initial deployment costs
Cost of acquiring distribution (only one copy needed)
Licensing costs
If proprietary software is required, only license for that
software must be purchased

Upgrade costs
Usually very low
Frequently expensive for proprietary software

Hardware costs
Runs adequately on older hardware for certain
applications
Systems can be tuned to adequately run on low spec
PCs

Examples of lock-in business strategies

Vendor lock-in is found not only in IT market

Separation of Interface and Implementation

Promoting fair competition among implementations
from each vendor, in conformity with standard
interfaces

FOSS and open standards

Reasons why fair competition requires more than
specification standards
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What is Vendor Lock-In
Vendor lock-in
Locks in user environment to specific vendor’s
products
Type of customer retention strategy
Can lead to endless vicious circle of biased
procurement
Forces users into regular version upgrades
Monopoly can invite lower quality and higher costs
Need to maintain compatibility with archival assets
Eliminates participation by other vendors through use of
closed specifications

Used to be an excellent business model

Users: Buy long-term support and peace of mind
Vendors: Stable revenue and growth of market share

From de facto standards to open standards

Conventional de facto standards
Implementation also treated as part of standard
Open standards
Standards formulation process also handled openly
Implementation left to each vendor
Interface is specified to a standard, and implementation
is interchangeable
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Free/Open-Source Software and Open
Standards
Avoid vendor lock-in
Make specifications open to maintain competition
Open specifications alone are insufficient
→ Also need to release source code
Enables other vendors to participate in system upgrades
User has upper hand for price negotiations
Why open standards alone are inadequate
Vendors will always emerge to seek differentiation through
proprietary means
Example of HTML
Standard specifications decided by W3C
Browser war: Browser incompatibilities due to proprietary tag
extensions
Example of tying applications into OS
Proprietary performance enhancements using unpublished APIs
Vendor gave itself unique advantage as OS developer
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Security
Security of Software
What is secure software? From whom do we have to
protect our software?

Is FOSS really more secure?

Opinions from two sides: “More Secure” vs “Less
Secure”

“Many eyes” of developers

The reason why FOSS is more secure

Naked implementation
The reason why FOSS is less secure

FOSS Security Tools

There are many security tools released as FOSS
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Security of Software
Security is the ability to keep software operating as
expected
Obstacles to security
Outside factors
Unauthorized access: Unexpected manipulation by third party
Interception and falsification: Incidents relating to transmission
path for privileged data
Interception: Unexpected leakage of data
Falsification: Transmission of insidiously modified data
Internal factors
Software defect: Unexpected operation due to fault in software
Vulnerability: Fault or specification issue that could be used by
third party to take over system or leak data, etc.

Raises the issue

Can FOSS improve security against these threats?
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Is FOSS Really More Secure?
Widely divergent views
FOSS is more secure due to transparency and active
developer base
Proprietary software from major vendors affords
greater chance of ensuring security

Reality of the situation

Servers
Unauthorized access and security accidents occur on all
platforms including Unix, GNU/Linux and Windows
Desktops
Viruses and worms targeted at FOSS are extremely rare
Low probability due to small number of FOSS desktops to begin
with?
Depends on system design principles; operating systems
designed for convenience are comparatively more vulnerable

Based on notion of improved security through

vigilance of many developers

Concern about structure for security measures

by software provider
Major vendors are putting resources into security
measures
Lack of trust in volunteer development of FOSS
projects
Risk is higher for less active FOSS projects

Using a debugger to verify that source code runs

Important issue is that the source code is really
runnable

Low cost of development environments and

resources
Low entry levels to start learning

Educational benefits of communities

We have much from communities

Actual programming samples

Learn step-by-step how a program runs
Look up similar code

Source code as a textbook

Publications relating to FOSS such as Code Reading
and Lions' Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition with
Source Code are published

Approach that users can learn how to use

software from the community without learning
by users themselves
User communities as cooperative organizations
Ask questions through mailing lists and message
boards

Rules of communities
Give-and-take of information
Observe netiquette
Prevent flame wars from occurring

Development communities must also make an

effort to provide accessible information
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Sustainability
Necessity of sustainable software development
Why sustainability of software development is so
important?
The key is adaptation to various kind of platforms

Realizing sustainable software development

Why FOSS enables us to realize sustainable software
development?

Scientific progress and advancement of software

Similarities between scientific progress and
advancement of software

For the advancement of software

To produce better software products

FOSS capable of being adapted to diverse platforms

Advancement of software (under FOSS)

Implementation shared and extended through release
of source code
Source code must run properly. Avoid reinventing the
wheel

Scientific progress
Knowledge shared and expanded through publication
of papers
Test theory through use of corroborative experiments
Pointless to conduct the same research afterwards

Freedom of FOSS
The freedom to run the program, for any purpose
The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it
to your needs
The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your
neighbor
The freedom to improve the program, and release your
improvements to the public, so that the whole community
benefits
Above four kinds of freedoms prescribed by FSF’s The Free
Software Definition
Copyleft is abstract expression of four kinds of freedom
GPL expresses four kinds of freedom as concrete license

Leads to implementation of sustainable software

development
Should lead to advancement of software
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(10) Issues with FOSS
Lack of applications, human resources and
guarantees
Factors lacking in order to utilize FOSS the most
effectively

Legal risks
Who secures legal risks in using FOSS?

FOSS deployment on desktops

Desktop use is backward in comparison with server use

Diversity
What makes the issue of software complex?

Standardization trends and localization

Standardization to eliminate diversities
An Introduction to Localization to use domestically in each nations
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Lack of Applications, Human
Resources and Guarantees
Refinement of applications
Quality is vary widely between FOSS applications
Hope more contribution for further advancement to
high-quality FOSS

Underdeveloped FOSS-related market and

support concerns
Underdeveloped in comparison to proprietary software
market
Bringing up support business is also future task

Shortage of human resources

Need to absolute increase of FOSS engineers

Level of refinement varies widely

Tried-and-tested applications are highly refined
Emacs, gcc, X Window System, apache, qmail, etc...
Latest applications may have many hidden issues

Refinement of desktop applications in particular

needs to improve
Demanding requirements of users (features and ease
of operation)
Refinement of desktop applications directly linked to
assessment by users

User concerns about support

Lack of heavy users nearby
Prefer to have person nearby to casually consult with when
problems occur
Support business yet to take firm shape
No established support services
Concern over whether community can actually be relied
on
Some demand for comprehensive support from vendors
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Shortage of Human Resources
Shortage in absolute number of FOSS engineers
Shortage of GNU/Linux engineers frequently pointed
out
Easy to actually retrain Unix engineers
High labor rates due to lack of supply
Concern that situation will drive up overall costs

Need to secure support personnel

Number of engineers steadily increasing
Numbers increasing starting from level below
engineers
Government policies to develop advanced,
hacker-level FOSS engineers
Public funds to support development of engineers
Symposiums, seminars and “Codefests”
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Legal Risks
Relationship of FOSS vs copyright and patents
Also weak points of FOSS
Possibilities to bear risks of intellectual property rights
infringement

SCO controversy
SCO sent a challenge to FOSS communities in 2003

Responsibility of warranty
Who has responsibility for defects in FOSS?

License violations
GPL violations occur every day in the world?

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Relationship of FOSS versus Copyright
and Patents
Many developers participate in FOSS style
development
Risk of containing code that infringes on copyright or
patents; code can slip in intentionally or through
carelessness
Infringement on patent license
Normal business response
Cross-licensing
Financial resolution (payment of patent royalties)
Both difficult to execute with FOSS
Risk of patent royalties being claimed directly against
users, or a cease-and-desist order could be issued
Example of guard mechanisms
MPLClause to the effect that any withstanding patents
applying to source code must be expressly declared by
the contributor
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SCO Controversy
US-based firm SCO Group issues warning against
GNU/Linux users in May 2003
Claim asserts that Unix code was misappropriated for
Linux and infringes on intellectual property held by
SCO
Claim against Linux kernel Version 2.4 and later; SCO
alleges that Linux kernel contains code relating to
NUMA, JFS and SMP technologies
SCO alleges that it purchased rights to Unix from Novell
SCO sues IBM for damages, claiming that IBM
misappropriated code from AIX (March 2003)
Surrounding response
73% of GNU/Linux programmers say that SCO claims
have no merit
SCO controversy barely receives attention today in
2005
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Responsibility of Warranty
Is no one responsible for FOSS?
Fundamentally provided “as is” and with “no warranty”
Proprietary software: Warranty conditions and exemptions
Does not mean that users can rest easy
Japanese Consumer Contract Act
Section 5, Article 8: “Clauses which totally excludes a
business from liability to compensate the damage to a
consumer caused by such defect” are null and void under a
contract for value
Some experts consider exclusion of any warranty
unenforceable under Japanese law
Situation can also be viewed as business opportunity
Support business
Provide insurance and warranties, legal risk management,
etc.
Open Source Risk Management (US firm)
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License Violations
Incidents involving license violations
Printer driver
Binaries distributed free of charge contained FOSS code, but
software was not released as FOSS
Manufacturer issued apology on Web site and issued
replacement software with revised license
DivX Converter contained misappropriated XviD code
(FOSS)
PornView incident, in which original copyright notices from
GImageView were stripped
FSF responds to GPL violations
FSF manages copyrights for Free Software
By transferring copyright to FSF, legal authority and
responsibility is centrally managed by FSF
By transferring copyright, FSF has authority to take action
against violations
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FOSS Deployment on
Desktops
Trends in FOSS desktop market
What is the trends of software market regarding FOSS
desktop terminal use?

Phases for spread of FOSS desktop deployment

Who can use FOSS desktop?

Barriers to spread of FOSS desktops

What prevents from spreading FOSS desktop use?

Examples of issues with Japanese language

environments
Font inadequacies and confusion over Japanese
character encoding prevent from spreading FOSS
desktops in Japan

Desktop GNU/Linux distributions

Java Desktop System
Turbolinux 10 Desktop
Novell Ximian Desktop 2 (SUSE LINUX)
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Phases for Spread of FOSS Desktop
Deployment
IT engineers, high-end users
Routine task workers
Call centers
Counter tasks
Other routine work, etc.

Management, sales, general office workers, etc.

Issues
Improve interoperability of various electronic data
(eliminate diversity)
Eliminate diversity in how applications are operated

Reference: Decrem, Bart. Desktop Linux Technology & Market Overview. Open
Source Applications Foundation, July 2003

Issues for spread of FOSS desktops

Expanded environment for FOSS office suites
Actual applications need to be more refined
Templates, clip art libraries, etc.
Refinement of user interfaces
Migrate systems to Web applications

Deep-rooted barriers to spread of FOSS desktops

in Japan
Inadequate Japanese language environment
Demanding requirements for document style,
customary ruled lines, etc.
Problems with applications due to Japanese language
support
Application hang-ups from kana-kanji conversion, etc.
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Examples of Issues with Japanese
Language Environments
Font inadequacies
Controversy over copyright infringement by free fonts
(2003)
No free fonts of adequate quality
High cost of developing Japanese fonts
Due to large number of characters

Too many character encodings

For historical reasons
JIS (ISO2022-JP)
Shift JIS
EUC-JP (Extended Unix Code)
Unicode
Other Asian nations also face same problem

Diversity of data
Issues on data format handled by applications

Diversity of platforms
Issues on environments where applications work

Diversity of user interfaces

Issues on differences between operationality of
applications

What is diversity?
Freedom to combine
components leads to explosion
in number of combinations
Diversity reflects a high degree
of freedom, resulting in a trade-
off relationship with integrated
feel
Also happens in proprietary
environments
PC-compatible machines
Diversity of devices
Addressed by device
manufacturers
Difficult for minority makers
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Diversity of Data
Problems arise during external exchange of
electronic documents
Data formats specific to applications
ex. *.doc, *.xls, *.ppt,...

Need to exchange actual content, not format

Content in written documents
Written sentences, style, etc.
Content in spreadsheets, presentations
Values, graphs, diagrams, fonts, etc.

Data dependent on individual application

Different data formats within one category of
applications
Ex. Word processors
MS-Word, OpenOffice.org Writer, KOffice, AbiWord, etc...
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Diversity of Platforms
Excessive freedom in configuring FOSS platforms
Range of variables
Kernel parameters, kernel modules
Libraries, tools
Other software to which applications are dependent on
Reasons for platform diversity (diversity of
operating environments)
Differences between distributions
Red Hat, SUSE, Debian, Knoppix, etc...
Differences in versions
Individual applications continually evolve on their own
Same issues also effect proprietary operating
systems
Service pack editions installed or not installed, OS
editions, etc.
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Diversity of User Interfaces
Diversity of operation directly breeds mistrust of users
Particularly true for desktop deployment

Familiar user interface and operating characteristics

Essential features might be same but other differences exist
Different icons
Different menu placement or menu titles
Different keyboard shortcuts
Different error messages
etc...

Users are conservative

Relearning new way of operation considered a waste of
previous time and effort
After going to all that trouble to learn how to operate an
application
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Standardization Trends and
Localization
Standardization of GNU/Linux
The road to ISO standard

Standardization of documents
Trial to make electronic document interchange smooth

i18n, m17n, l10n

Difference among internationalization, multi-
lingualization and localization

Examples of internationalized applications

Distinct from XML-based document format

proposed by Microsoft

Handling of characters
Unicode
Issues with support for existing
character encodings
Number of Unicode-compatible
applications is increasing
Implementation still incomplete

gcc, make, ld
De fact standard tools for FOSS development

Originally stood for GNU C Compiler

Now stands for GNU Compiler Collection
Includes compilers and libraries for C, C++, Objective-
C, Fortran, Java and Ada
C++ compiler g++
Fortran compiler g77
Java compiler gcj

Features
Widely used for commercial and non-commercial
operating systems
Can also be used as cross-compiler

FILES = README Makefile $(HEADS) $(SRCS)

VER = `date +%Y%m%d`

Marking of dependency CC = gcc

CFLAGS = -g -O2 -Wall $(DEBUG)
and processing method CPPFLAGS = -I.

update and only clean:

$(RM) $(PACKAGE) $(OBJS)
executes minimum build $(RM) core gmon.out *~ #*#

needed Makefile example

Static linking
Combines all object files and libraries from build into one
program
Runs as standalone file but produces large file size

Dynamic linking
Only designates name of libraries
Dynamically links to libraries during execution
Small file size

Debugging tools
Debuggers, profilers, tracers, etc.

DDD (GNU Data

Display Debugger)
GUI front-end for GDB
and other CUI
debuggers

gscanbus
Tool for acquiring and
displaying data from
connected IEEE 1394
device

Problem (bug?)
Camera icon displayed
as question mark
Camera works
properly
Device type not
recognized

switch(rom_info->node_type) {
case NODE_TYPE_CONF_CAM:
case NODE_TYPE_AVC:
*xpm_node = xpm_dvcr;
*xpm_node_mask = xpm_dvcr_mask;
*label = "AV/C Device";
break;
case NODE_TYPE_SBP2:

Profilers / memory testing tools

Tools to get statistical information on CPU and memory

Tracers
Tools to trace function calls and system calls

Source code analyzing tools

ctags, etags, etc.
Create tag information by reviewing source code
To jump directly to the definition of classes and functions
cflow
To show the invocation tree between functions and functions
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Profilers
Profiling
Acquire status of program execution at fixed intervals
Show process and thread status
Also acquire hardware information such as cache hit
ratio

CPU profilers
Measure CPU utilization rates

Memory profilers
Measure memory usage, detect memory leaks

MEMWATCH
CUI memory testing
tool for C
Detection of memory
leaks, data corruption,
etc.

Ltrace
Traces function calls for shared libraries

Strace for GNU/Linux and ktrace for *BSD

Traces system calls

__libc_start_main(0x080664e0, 1, 0xbffff654, 0x08106ab0, 0x08106af8 <unfinished ...>

setlocale(6, "") = "ja_JP.eucJP"
bindtextdomain("sylpheed", "/usr/local/share/locale") = "/usr/local/share/locale"
bind_textdomain_codeset(0x08106c02, 0x08106ba0, 0xbffff608, 0x08106aca, 0x40608968) = 0x08142870
textdomain("sylpheed") = "sylpheed"
g_get_current_dir(0x08106c02, 0x08142870, 0xbffff608, 0x08106aca, 0x40608968 <unfinished ...>
malloc(4097) = 0x08142890
¿¿Ø

Sample output from ltrace

Inevitability of source code management tool

RCS, CVS, subversions and other similar tools were
developed in association with changes of development
styles from independent development to team and
distributed development

Diff and patch *** hello.c

--- nice.c
***************
2005-06-17 17:46:46.000000000 +0900
2005-06-17 17:47:04.000000000 +0900

* 3,5 **

diff !
int main(void){
printf("Hello World!\n");
return 0;
Tool to generate differences --- 3,5 ----
int main(void){
! printf("Nice to meet you!\n");

patch return 0;

Tool for applying differences to create revised file

Basic features of RCS, CVS and Subversion

Used by someone other than source code administrator
to create bug fixes or add features
Redundant to send entire modified file
Send only differences to administrator
Practice dates back to when transmission speeds were
slow, making it necessary to reduce data volume
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Version Control (SCCS, RCS, CVS,
Subversion)
SCCS and RCS Commands in CVS and
Version control for single Subversion
files checkout
CVS Creates working copies from
Creates working copies repository
on client based on commit
contents of server Saves to repository
(repository) update
Enables concurrent Updates working copies
editing of same file by add/delete
multiple persons
Adds and deletes files
Subversion diff
Addresses downsides of Shows differences between files
CVS (inability to move or status
delete directories, etc.)
Shows status of files
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Maintaining Compatibility
Differences in platforms
Differences in operating systems
GNU/Linux, *BSD, Unix, Windows, etc.
Differences in libraries
OpenGL/Mesa, Xaw, Motif/lesstif, etc.
Differences in versions
Specifications can change due to version upgrades
Differences in paths

Need arrangement for absorbing these

differences
Labor-intensive to implement manually
Difficult to support platforms not possessed by
developers

Tools such as autoconf, automake, etc.

Autoconf: Used to generate configure scripts
Automake: Used to generate makefiles

Minor format differences depending on version

of Autotools used
Contradicts the very purpose of Autotools?

msgid "Hi"
msgstr "Guten Tag"

msgid "Add"
msgstr "H inzufuegen"

msgid "Edit"
msgstr "Editieren"

Writing documents perceived as bothersome

Documentation tools
Automatically generate documents from source code
Can also graph class relationships, etc.
Not designed to identify purpose of program

JavaDoc
Comes standard with JDK

Sample output from Doxygen

Leading IDEs
Eclipse with multi-language support
Anjuta for GNOME applications
KDevelop for KDE applications

High extensibility
Billed as “universal tool platform”
Plug-in architecture to strengthen various features
Plug-ins for Java, C, C++, PHP, Ruby and COBOL

History of Eclipse
IBM Visual Age released as FOSS
IBM sells Eclipse-based IBM Rational Software
Development Platform

Centralized management of bugs

As software grows in scale, management tools such as e-mail
and spreadsheets become inadequate for grasping overall
picture
Stores information such as bug reporter, reproduction method,
bug correction assignee, correction history, correction method,
degree of importance, test status, etc.

Bug life cycle

(1) bug report, (2) assignment of person to correct bug, (3)
correction of bug, (4) testing and (5) close of bug report
Bugs can sometimes recur after bug correction or during testing
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Bugzilla
Developed by
Mozilla.org to track
bugs for Mozilla
browser
Powerful bug tracking
and search features
Used for projects such
as XFree86, Apache,
Samba, GNOME, etc.

Software components
Efficient use of software component enables us to
reduce man-hour of development
Major software components

System building example

Examples on Web System development and application
software

Maintaining software environment

Environment surrounding software changes day by
day, due to new versions of library, software and
protocols
Configuration of software
Software needs to be set up to fit the surrounding
environment
Compiling source code and installing builds
Binary packages
Binary package: software package that includes
compiled software and the other files, in order to run
correctly by putting into adequate directories
Package management tools
up2date, yum, apt-get

Reasons for maintaining software environments

Software updated on daily basis
Add or enhance features
Bug fixes
Patch security holes
A lot of FOSS packages in particular are frequently
updated

What happens when software is not maintained

Problem for yourself
Unstable operation or unauthorized access
Problem for others worldwide
Your computer can be taken over and used to attack
other computers or send spam mail

These files are typically circulated in one package

Packaging of source code

An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 324
Copyright © 2008, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. All Rights Reserved.
Compiling Source Code and Installing
Builds
Common formats for source code distribution
.tgz, .tar.gz or .tar.bz2 extensions
Tar utility for packing multiple files together
Tools for compressing and uncompressing files
Two sets of tools are frequently used, based on different
compression formats
gzip / gunzip
bzip2 / bunzip2
Procedure for unpacking and compiling source
code and installing build
Unpack source code
tar xzvf XXX.tgz
Configure source code to fit environment
./configure
Install build (Install as root)
make; make install
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 325
Copyright © 2008, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. All Rights Reserved.
Binary Packages
What is a binary package?
Provided for each platform and contains pre-compiled
and pre-configured binary code packaged with other
necessary files
Examples of package management systems
RPM (Redhat Package Manager)
System developed by Red Hat
Deb: Package management system used by Debian
Difficult to apply binary packages to different
environments
Often cannot be used with different versions of same
Red Hat distribution, due to different library
configurations, etc.
If this happens, you can rebuild the binary package
from the source package to install software
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 326
Copyright © 2008, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. All Rights Reserved.
Package Management Tools
Main features
Update software that has been revised
Simplify installation of new software
Automatically resolve dependencies (information about
necessary libraries, etc.)
Leading package management tools
up2date
Developed for Red Hat Linux
yum (Yellow dog Updater, Modified)
Developed for Yellow Dog Linux
apt-get
Developed for Debian’s deb format
All three tools support RPM format
sGUI-based management tools also available such as
Synaptic, etc.
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 327
Copyright © 2008, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. All Rights Reserved.
Software Components
Software components
Efficient to reduce man-hour of software development
Avoid “re-invention of the wheel”
Many components are published as FOSS

Finding and using components

Several repositories are found in the Internet

Types of components (Data, XML, GUI, etc.)

Classifies major components

Language specific components

Major language has its component library and the
repository for them

XML Database
Libxml, libxslt ODBC, JDBC

GUI Device
GTK+, Qt, Glade Libusb, v4l

Network Multimedia
Imlib, SDL
Web service
OpenSOAP, Mono Security
GnuPG (GPG), OpenSSL
Graphics
Mesa, GLUT
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 330
Copyright © 2008, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. All Rights Reserved.
Language Specific Components

Available libraries and PHP

specifications PEAR
Java http://pear.php.net/

J2EE, Struts Smarty

http://smarty.php.net/
Java Community Process (JCP)
Develops technology Perl
specifications CPAN
C http://www.cpan.org/

Multitude of components such Python

as GTK+, Qt, etc. Python Cheese Shop
XPG (formerly PyPI)
APIs and commands to be http://www.python.org/pypi
provided by Unix Ruby
C++ RAA
STL http://raa.ruby-lang.org/
Standard Template Library
An Introduction to Free/Open-Source Software Copyright © 2005,2006, Center of the International Cooperation for Computerization (CICC) All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2005,2006, Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 331
Copyright © 2008, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez. All Rights Reserved.
System Building Example
Web System
Using software components such as PEAR, Mojavi,
Smarty

Applications
Application building example
Location of Application Files
1. Find files containing project information
2. Examine subdirectories in source tree

Mojavi HTML
MVC framework PHP
Smarty Mojavi
View Template
Template engine
Controller
Smarty
Model
Advantages
Simplifies support for PEAR::DB
different DBMSs
DB
Simple to reuse code Postgre
MySQL etc...
Divides labor of SQL

programmers and designers Linux

Changing DBMS requires

major changes to code
Advantage of using // Declaration of PEAR::DB
PEAR::DB include("DB.php");

Change just one part of // Type of Database

$type = "mysql";
code
// Connection
$db = DB::connect
Other classes for PEAR ("$type://$user:$pass@$host/$dbname");

// SQL execution
Authentication, testing, $sql = "SELECT * FROM testtable";
networking, XML, etc. $result = $db->query($sql);

// disconnection
$db->disconnect();

Intuitive for designers <table>

<?
Does not affect input for (i=0; $i<=10; i++) {
print “<tr><td>”.$array[$i].”</td></tr>”;
and output for Web }
?>
design software </table>

Smarty
Used for XOOPS and
Rakuten (leading e- <h1>{$title}</h1>
<table>
commerce site in Japan) {section name=i loop=$array max=”10”}
<tr><td>{$array[i]}</td></tr>
systems {/section}
</table>
Many acceleration
features

Contains source code to

CHECKSUMS Checksums for each file build generate necessary builds for
each platform
Contains files used by
COPYING Copyright notice config Autotools

COPYING.LIB Copyright notices for libraries doc Contains documentation

ChangeLog Update history extra Contains files used for testing

INSTALL Installation information man Contains manuals

Contains files necessary for

NEWS News pkg packaging such as for RPM,
deb, etc.

README First file to read src Contains main source code

THANKS Acknowledgements tests Contains code for testing

VERSION Version information tools Contains source code for tools

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