HOW TO EXPORT

Introduction

India’s Foreign Trade i.e. Exports and Imports are regulated by Foreign Trade Policy notified by
Central government in exercise of powers conferred by section 5 of foreign trade (Development
and Regulation) Act 1992. Presently Foreign Trade Policy 2015-20 is effective from 1 st April,
2015.  As per FTD & R act, export is defined as an act of taking out of India any goods by land,
sea or air and with proper transaction of money. 

STARTING EXPORTS

Export in itself is a very wide concept and lot of preparations is required by an exporter before
starting an export business.  To start export business, the following steps may be followed:      

1) Establishing an Organisation

To start the export business, first a sole Proprietary concern/ Partnership firm/Company
has to be set up as per procedure with an attractive name and logo.

2) Opening a Bank Account

A current account with a Bank authorized to deal in Foreign Exchange should be opened.

3) Obtaining Permanent Account Number (PAN)

It is necessary for every exporter and importer to obtain a PAN from the Income Tax
Department. (To apply PAN Card Click here)

4) Obtaining Importer-Exporter Code (IEC) Number

 As per the Foreign Trade Policy, it is mandatory to obtain IEC for export/import
from India. Para 2.05 of the FTP, 2015-20 lays down the procedure to be
followed for obtaining an IEC, which is PAN based.

 An application for IEC is filed online at www.dgft.gov.in as per ANF 2A, online
payment of application fee of Rs. 500/- through net Banking or credit/debit card
is made along with requisite documents as mentioned in the application form.
(For more information Click here) 

5) Registration cum membership certificate (RCMC)

For availing authorization to import/ export or any other benefit or concession under FTP
2015-20, as also to avail the services/ guidance, exporters are required to obtain RCMC
granted by the concerned Export Promotion Councils/FIEO/Commodity Boards/
Authorities.

6) Selection of product

All items are freely exportable except few items appearing in prohibited/ restricted list.
After studying the trends of export of different products from India proper selection of
the product(s) to be exported may be made.

7) Selection of Markets

An overseas market should be selected after research covering market size, competition,
quality requirements, payment terms etc. Exporters can also evaluate the markets based
on the export benefits available for few countries under the FTP. Export promotion
agencies, Indian Missions abroad, colleagues, friends, and relatives might be helpful in
gathering information.

8) Finding Buyers

Participation in trade fairs, buyer seller meets, exhibitions, B2B portals, web browsing are
an effective tool to find buyers. EPC’s, Indian Missions abroad, overseas chambers of
commerce can also be helpful. Creating multilingual Website with product catalogue,
price, payment terms and other related information would also help.  

9) Sampling

Providing customized samples as per the demands of Foreign buyers help in getting
export orders. As per FTP 2015-2020, exports of bonafide trade and technical samples of
freely exportable items shall be allowed without any limit.

10) Pricing/Costing

Product pricing is crucial in getting buyers’ attention and promoting sales in view of
international competition. The price should be worked out taking into consideration all
expenses from sampling to realization of export proceeds on the basis of terms of sale
i.e. Free on Board (FOB), Cost, Insurance & Freight (CIF), Cost & Freight(C&F), etc. Goal
of establishing export costing should be to sell maximum quantity at competitive price
with maximum profit margin.  Preparing an export costing sheet for every export product
is advisable. 

11) Negotiation with Buyers

After determining the buyer’s interest in the product, future prospects and continuity in
business, demand for giving reasonable allowance/discount in price may be considered. 

12) Covering Risks through ECGC

International trade involves payment risks due to buyer/ Country insolvency. These risks
can be covered by an appropriate Policy from Export Credit Guarantee Corporation Ltd
(ECGC). Where the buyer is placing order without making advance payment or opening
letter of Credit, it is advisable to procure credit limit on the foreign buyer from ECGC to
protect against risk of non-payment.(To know more about ECGC Click here) 

Processing an Export Order

i. Confirmation of order

On receiving an export order, it should be examined carefully in respect of items,

specification, payment conditions, packaging, delivery schedule, etc. and then the order
should be confirmed. Accordingly, the exporter may enter into a formal contract with the
overseas buyer.

ii. Procurement of Goods

After confirmation of the export order, immediate steps may be taken for
procurement/manufacture of the goods meant for export. It should be remembered that
the order has been obtained with much efforts and competition so the procurement
should also be strictly as per buyer’s requirement.

iii. Quality Control

In today’s competitive era, it is important to be strict quality conscious about the export
goods.  Some products like food and agriculture, fishery, certain chemicals, etc. are
subject to compulsory pre-shipment inspection. Foreign buyers may also lay down their
own standards/specifications and insist upon inspection   by their own nominated
agencies. Maintaining high quality is necessary to sustain in export business.

iv. Finance

Exporters are eligible to obtain pre-shipment and post-shipment finance from

Commercial Banks at concessional interest rates to complete the export transaction.
Packing Credit advance in pre-shipment stage is granted to new exporters against
lodgment of L/C or confirmed order for 180 days to meet working capital requirements
for purchase of raw material/finished goods, labour expenses, packing, transporting,
etc.   Normally Banks give 75% to 90% advances of the value of the order keeping the
balance as margin.  Banks adjust the packing credit advance from the proceeds of export
bills negotiated, purchased or discounted.

Post Shipment finance is given to exporters normally upto 90% of the Invoice value for
normal transit period and in cases of usance export bills upto notional due date. The
maximum period for post-shipment advances is 180 days from the date of shipment. 
Advances granted by Banks are adjusted by realization of the sale proceeds of the export
bills. In case export bill becomes overdue Banks will charge commercial lending rate of
interest.

v. Labeling, Packaging, Packing and Marking

The export goods should be labeled, packaged and packed strictly as per the buyer’s
specific instructions.  Good packaging delivers and presents the goods in top condition
and in attractive way. Similarly, good packing helps easy handling, maximum loading,
reducing shipping costs and to ensuring safety and standard of the cargo.  Marking such
as address, package number, port and place of destination, weight, handling instructions,
etc. provides identification and information of cargo packed.

vi. Insurance

Marine insurance policy covers risks of loss or damage to the goods during the while the
goods are in transit. Generally in CIF contract the exporters arrange the insurance
whereas for C&F and FOB contract the buyers obtain insurance policy.

vii. Delivery
It is important feature of export and the exporter must adhere the delivery schedule.
Planning should be there to let nothing stand in the way of fast and efficient delivery.

viii. Customs Procedures

It is necessary to obtain PAN based Business Identification Number (BIN) from the
Customs prior to filing of shipping bill for clearance of export good and open a current
account in the designated bank for crediting of any drawback amount and the same has
to be registered on the system.

In case of Non-EDI, the shipping bills or bills of export are required to be filled in the
format as prescribed in the Shipping Bill and Bill of Export (Form) regulations, 1991. An
exporter need to apply different forms of shipping bill/ bill of export for export of duty
free goods, export of dutiable goods and export under drawback etc.

Under EDI System, declarations in prescribed format are to be filed through the Service
Centers of Customs. A checklist is generated for verification of data by the exporter/CHA.
After verification, the data is submitted to the System by the Service Center operator and
the System generates a Shipping Bill Number, which is endorsed on the printed checklist
and returned to the exporter/CHA. In most of the cases, a Shipping Bill is processed by
the system on the basis of declarations made by the exporters without any human
intervention. Where the Appraiser Dock (export) orders for samples to be drawn and
tested, the Customs Officer may proceed to draw two samples from the consignment and
enter the particulars thereof along with details of the testing agency in the ICES/E
system.

Any correction/amendments in the check list generated after filing of declaration can be
made at the service center, if the documents have not yet been submitted in the system
and the shipping bill number has not been generated. In situations, where corrections
are required to be made after the generation of the shipping bill number or after the
goods have been brought into the Export Dock, amendments is carried out in the
following manners.

1.    The goods have not yet been allowed "let export" amendments may be permitted
by the Assistant Commissioner (Exports).

2.  Where the "Let Export" order has already been given, amendments may be
permitted only by the Additional/Joint Commissioner, Custom House, in charge of
export section.

In both the cases, after the permission for amendments has been granted, the Assistant
Commissioner / Deputy Commissioner (Export) may approve the amendments on the
system on behalf of the Additional /Joint Commissioner. Where the print out of the
Shipping Bill has already been generated, the exporter may first surrender all copies of
the shipping bill to the Dock Appraiser for cancellation before amendment is approved on
the system.

ix. Customs House Agents

Exporters may avail services of Customs House Agents licensed by the Commissioner of
Customs.  They are professionals and facilitate work connected with clearance of cargo
from Customs.
x. Documentation

FTP 2015-2020 describe the following mandatory documents for import and export.

         Bill of Lading/ Airway bill

         Commercial invoice cum packing list

         shipping bill/ bill of export/ bill of entry (for imports)

(Other documents like certificate of origin, inspection certificate etc may be required as
per the case.)

xi. Submission of documents to Bank

After shipment, it is obligatory to present the documents to the Bank within 21 days for
onward dispatch to the foreign Bank for arranging payment.  Documents should be
drawn under Collection/Purchase/Negotiation under L/C as the case may be, along with
the following documents

-      Bill of Exchange

-      Letter of Credit (if shipment is under L/C)

-      Invoice

-      Packing List

-      Airway Bill/Bill of Lading

-      Declaration under Foreign Exchange

-      Certificate of Origin/GSP

-      Inspection Certificate, wherever necessary

-      Any other document as required in the L/C or by the buyer or statutorily.

xii. Realization of Export Proceeds

As per FTP 2015-2020, all export contracts and invoices shall be denominated either in
freely convertible currency of Indian rupees, but export proceeds should be realized in
freely convertible currency except for export to Iran.

Export proceeds should be realized in 9 months.