J. Ocean Univ.

China (Oceanic and Coastal Sea Research)

DOI 10.1007/s11802-013-2321-7
ISSN 1672-5182, 2013 12 (3): 434-440
http://www.ouc.edu.cn/xbywb/
E-mail:[email protected]

The Effect of Three Culture Methods on Intensive Culture

System of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
MA Zhen1), WAN Rong1), SONG Xiefa1), *, and GAO Lei2)

1) College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China

2) Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology of Liaoning, Provincial Ocean and Fishery Science
Institute of Liaoning, Dalian 116023, P. R. China

(Received March 23, 2012; revised May 9, 2012; accepted March 15, 2013)
© Ocean University of China, Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

Abstract Different culture methods may affect the intensive culture system of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) re-
garding water quality and growth and economic performance. This study evaluated the potential effects of three culture methods
through cultivation of juvenile shrimps under consistent tank management conditions for 84 d. The three methods involved shrimp
cultivation in different tanks, i.e., outdoor tanks with cement bottom (mode-C), greenhouse tanks with cement bottom (mode-G) and
outdoor tanks with mud-substrate (mode-M). Results showed that water temperature was significantly higher in mode-G than that in
mode-C (P < 0.05). In contrast to the other two treatments, mode-M had stable pH after 50 d cultivation of shrimps. In the mid-late
period, the average concentrations of TAN, NO2-N, DIP and COD were significantly lower in mode-M and mode-G compared with
those in mode-C (P < 0.05). Despite lack of differences in the final shrimp weight among different treatments (P > 0.05), mode-M
had significantly higher shrimp yield, survival rate and feed conversion rate (P < 0.05) than other modes. There were significant dif-
ferences in revenue and net return among different treatments (P < 0.05). These demonstrated that the treatments of mode-G and
mode-M were conductive to the intensive culture system of L. vannamei.

Key words culture method; water quality; growth performance; economic performance; Litopenaeus vannamei

Previously, several successful intensive culture meth-

ods have been reported (Thakur and Lin, 2003; Ballester
1 Introduction
et al., 2007; Krummenauer et al., 2010), e.g., higher-place
Litopenaeus vannamei is one of the most important pond, enclosed culture system, hypersaline water-fresh-
commercial species in shrimp farming industry. The water mode, greenhouse pond and freshwater pool. It is
global production of L. vannamei is approximately known that greenhouse equipment or substrate plays a
2328000 tons, corresponding to a profit of 9218 million key role in aquaculture production. For example, tank
dollars (Silva et al., 2010; Qiu et al., 2011; FAO, 2011). covered with greenhouse has been found with higher
In recent years, the intensification of traditional aquacul- shrimp survival and growth rate than that without green-
ture has promoted waste production and disease outbreak, house (Neal et al., 2010; Huang et al., 2010). Different
leading to massive financial losses (Jiang et al., 2000; types of substrates have various effects on the growth rate
Neill, 2005; Krummenauer et al., 2010; Ruiz-Velazco et al., of Penaeus japonicas and P. monodon (Zang et al., 2003;
2010). Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and de- Varadaraju et al., 2011). Yang et al. (2008) reported that
velop sustainable culture practices and facilities for tanks supplied with various substrates yielded different
minimizing the risks. In addition, due to great degradation amounts of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. In addition, Jha
of culture environment and water quality caused by (2011) reported that the suitable bottom of tanks is of
aquaculture-related wastewater drainage, the key coun- importance for the improvement of water quality and
termeasures which have been proposed for aquaculture shrimp health.
development include reducing the impacts of effluent At present, the effects of different culture methods on
discharge, improving water quality and promoting re- the intensive culture system of L. vannamei remain
sponsible use of water resources. It is recommended that largely unknown. It is crucial to understand these effects
intensive culture systems and facilities should be widely in order to enhance farming technology and improve cul-
used to decrease the excessive nutrients. ture environment for shrimps. In attempt to optimize dif-
ferent culture methods for L. vannamei production, this
* Corresponding author. Tel: 0086-532-82032522 study used economic analysis to assess the variations in
E-mail: [email protected] water quality, shrimp growth performance and generate
 MA et al. / J. Ocean Univ. China (Oceanic and Coastal Sea Research) 2013 12: 434-440 435

information of the intensive culture system of L. van- ent environmental conditions, i.e., outdoor tank with ce-
namei with different facilities. ment bottom (mode-C), tank with cement bottom in
greenhouse (mode-G) and outdoor tank with mud-sub-
strate (mode-M). Each treatment was conducted in three
2 Materials and Methods random tanks, and all facilities and technologies for the
2.1 Source and Rearing Conditions three treatments were similar.
The experiment was conducted at Lvyuan Aquatic Cul- After 7 d acclimatization, juvenile shrimp (0.01 g mean
tivation Co., Ltd. in Zhoushan (Zhejiang, China) from weight) of L. vannamei were transferred to culture tanks
April 1 to June 23, 2008, for a total of 84 d. The L. van- with a circulation rate of 300 PLs m−2 (n = 45000 per tank).
namei postlarvae were obtained from a commercial The shrimps were fed commercial shrimp feed pellets
hatchery (Great Breeding Co., Ltd. Zhanjiang, Guang- (Qiandaoqiao Aquatech Co., Ltd., China) for 84 d.
dong, China) and nursed for 7 d in 9 culture tanks with a
feeding rate of 5% of the shrimp body mass. 2.3 Sample Collection and Analysis
The 9 tanks had an effective bottom area of 250 m2 in The level of DO (mg L−1), temperature (T, ℃), and pH
total and water depth of 1.5 m. All tanks were equipped of tank water were monitored daily at 6:00 am and 18:00
with a screened standpipe at the inlet, 20-cm in diameter, pm with a YSI 6920 meter (Yellow Springs, OH, USA).
and a concrete catch basin at the outlet. Water (10%) was For determination of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), ni-
exchanged daily from day 30. Two weeks before stocking, trite-nitrogen (NO2-N), dissolves inorganic phosphorus
the tanks were filled with filtered seawater (salinity 28– (DIP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), water sam-
30) from East Sea, China. To maintain a stable level of ples were collected weekly from a depth of 50 cm below
dissolved oxygen (DO) (≥5 mg L−1), the tanks were the surface using a horizontal water sampler at four ran-
equipped with paddlewheels and propeller aspirators (7.5 dom locations each tank (Table 1). The four samples were
kW ha−1). pooled into one glass bottle and transported to laboratory
within 2 h. Details of analytical procedures are available
2.2 Experimental Design in the National Specification for Marine Monitoring
Three culture methods were used to simulating differ- (SEPA, 2002).
Table 1 Analytical methods of water quality parameters
−1
Parameters (mg L ) Analytical methods
Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) Indophenol blue spectrophotometry
Nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N) N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride spectrophotometry
dissolves inorganic phosphorus (DIP) Phosphoantimonylmolybdenum blue spectrophotometry
chemical oxygen demand (COD) Alkaline permanganate oxidation

Feed inputs were stopped one day ahead of harvesting, compared in terms of total variable cost gross revenue
and shrimps were harvested after the tanks were drained. (from selling shrimp) and net return (the difference be-
A total of 150 shrimps were randomly collected each tank tween gross revenue and total variable cost) (Krum-
for growth assessment. In addition, shrimp growth per- menauer et al., 2010; Yuan et al., 2010).
formance indicators including mean final weight, yield, Table 2 Variable costs (USD) and shrimp price in Chinese
daily weight gain (DWG), survival and feed conversion market (USD kg−1) (June 2008)
rate (FCR) were determined at the end of experiment. The
Variable cost Price
shrimps were weighed individually and DWG was calcu-
Postlarvae (per 1000 pieces) 1.70
lated by dividing the total weight gain of shrimp by the
Feed (kg−1) 1.07
number of culture days. Survival rate was calculated as
Electricity (kW h−1) 0.08
the percentage of the remaining number of shrimps di-
Weight range (g)
vided by the initial number. FCR was calculated as the
7–8 1.91
ratio of total feed consumption divided by total weight 8–9 2.05
gain of shrimps. 9–10 2.18
Economic returns analysis was conducted on harvested 10–11 2.32
shrimps based on the prevailing farm-gate prices in har- 11–12 2.46
vest and cost items in Chinese market (Table 2). Total
revenues were calculated by multiplying the number of
harvested shrimp by sale price (USD kg−1). Variable costs 2.4 Statistical Analysis
were summarized in Table 2, which included expenses on The relationships between culture time and environ-
shrimp, diet and energy supply. Labor costs were esti- mental conditions (Temperature, pH, TAN, NO2-N, DIP
mated based on the earnings of employees. The working and COD) were estimated using curve estimation. The ex-
capital costs were calculated based on an annual interest perimental data of shrimp growth performance and eco-
rate of 8%. The profitability of different methods was nomic returns are presented as mean ± standard deviation
436 MA et al. / J. Ocean Univ. China (Oceanic and Coastal Sea Research) 2013 12: 434-440

(S.D.) of three replicates. Data comparison was performed ter pH ranged from 7.12 to 7.88, which was similar be-
using one-way ANOVA with SPSS 11.0. The possible tween mode-C and mode-G (Fig.1B). However, water pH
differences among data were tested by Tukey’s test. P < in mode-M became significantly higher than that in
0.05 was considered as the level of statistical significance. mode-C from day 50 (Fig.1B).
Water quality indicators were generally improved dur-
ing the culture period. In early 15 d, TAN was at similar
3 Results
levels (< 0.1 mg L−1) among the three treatments (Fig.1C).
3.1 Water Quality Day 15 later, TAN level showed a substantial increase in
During 84 d culture period, DO level of tank water re- mode-C and mode-G, whereas that in mode-M (<0.25 mg
mained higher than 5 mg L−1 (5.7 to 9.63 mg L−1). Water L−1) was significantly lower than that in mode-C from
temperature showed an increasing trend in all the three day 15 (P < 0.05). TAN level showed significant differ-
treatments. The greenhouse maintained a significantly ences between mode-C and mode-G from day 64 (Fig.1C),
higher water temperature with an average of 26.4℃ than and eventually reached 0.51 and 0.40 mg L−1 at the end of
the outside (20.4 and 20.2℃, respectively) (Fig.1A). Wa- the experiment, respectively.

Fig.1 The variations in tank water quality parameters during culture. A, Temperature; B, pH; C, Total ammonia nitrogen;
D, Nitrite-nitrogen; E, Dissolves inorganic phosphorus; F, Chemical oxygen demand at different methods. □ denotes the
outdoor tanks with cement bottom (mode-C); ∆ denotes the tanks with cement bottom in greenhouse (mode-G); and ●
denotes the outdoor tanks with mud-substrate (mode-M).
 MA et al. / J. Ocean Univ. China (Oceanic and Coastal Sea Research) 2013 12: 434-440 437

The average NO2-N level was < 0.01 mg L−1 in mode-C, day−1, significantly lower than that in mode-M (P < 0.05).
mode-G and mode-M during the first 29 d (Fig.1D). In addition, the highest shrimp survival was observed in
Thereafter, the NO2-N level rapidly increased in mode-C mode-M (62.4%), which was significantly higher than
and mode-G, and reached 0.34 and 0.26 mg L−1 at the end that in mode-C (P < 0.05). In comparison with non-sub-
of the experiment, respectively. There was a significant strate treatments, the tanks with mud-substrate (mode-M)
difference in NO2-N level between mode-C and mode-G had significantly lower FCR (P < 0.05).
from day 36 (Fig.1D). As for mode-M, the NO2-N level
Table 4 Growth parameters of L. vannamei in outdoor
was < 0.13 mg L−1 from 29 d, significantly lower than that treatments (mode-C and mode-M)
in mode-C (P < 0.05).
At the end of the experiment, DIP level of mode-C and Performances Mode-C Mode-M
mode-G substantially increased to 1.94 and 1.30 mg L−1, Stocking
respectively. A significantly lower DIP level was ob- Mean weight (g shrimp−1) 0.0094±0.002a 0.0104±0.002a
served in mode-M (0.82 mg L−1). The average DIP level Harvesting
showed a significant difference between mode-C and Mean weight (g shrimp−1) 10.65±0.66a 11.13±0.83a
a
mode-G (P < 0.05), and between mode-C and mode-M (P Yield (kg) 457.3±37.54 537.0±23.90b
−1 −1 a
< 0.05) (Fig.1E). Similarly, the average COD level in- DWG (g shrimp day ) 0.127±0.0015 0.132±0.0025b
a
creased in all treatments at the early stage of culture, then Survival (%) 55.4±0.70 62.4±2.45b
a
decreased and fluctuated at the later culturing stage. The Feed conversion rate 1.53±0.09 1.11±0.02b
average COD level showed a significant difference be- Notes: Values are presented as means ± S.D. Different super-
tween mode-C and mode-G during the majority of culture script letters in the same row indicate significant differences
period, whereas that in mode-M remained significantly (ANOVA test, P < 0.05). Mode-C denotes the outdoor tanks
lower than that in mode-C in mid-late period (P < 0.05) with cement bottom; and mode-M denotes the outdoor tanks
with mud-substrate. DWG denotes daily weight gain; and FCR
(Fig.1F).
denotes feed conversion rate.

3.2 Growth Performance Shrimp size distribution in the three culture treatments
The parameters of shrimp growth performance in ce- are showed in Fig.2. The majority of shrimp in all treat-
ment treatments (mode-C and mode-G) are summarized ments had the size between 10 and 11 g. In the ranges of
in Table 3. No statistical differences (P > 0.05) were de- 10–11 and 11–12 g, the percentages of shrimp size distri-
tected between mode-C and mode-G in final weight, yield bution in mode-G as well as mode-M were significantly
and FCR. During culture, DWG in mode-G was 0.131 g higher than that in mode-C (P < 0.05). In the small size
shrimp−1 d−1, significantly higher than that in mode-C (P range (< 10 g), the percentage of shrimp size distribution
< 0.05). In addition, the shrimp survival in mode-G was in mode-M was significantly lower than that in mode-C
58.5%, significantly higher than that in mode-C (P < (P < 0.05). In the ranges of 8–9 and 9–10 g, the percent-
0.05). ages of shrimp size distribution in mode-G were signifi-
cantly lower than that in mode-C (P < 0.05).
Table 3 Growth parameters of L. vannamei in cement
treatments (mode-C and mode-G)
Performances Mode-C Mode-G
Stocking
Mean weight (g shrimp−1) 0.0094 ± 0.002a 0.0101 ± 0.004a
Harvesting
Mean weight (g shrimp−1) 10.65 ± 0.66a 11.01 ± 0.59a
Yield (kg) 457.3 ± 37.54a 474.7 ± 25.54a
DWG (g shrimp−1 day−1) 0.127 ± 0.0015a 0.131 ± 0.0010b
Survival (%) 55.4 ± 0.70a 58.5 ± 1.35b
a
Feed conversion rate 1.53 ± 0.09 1.24 ± 0.05a
Notes: Values are presented as means ± S.D. Different super-
script letters in the same row indicate significant differences
(ANOVA test, P < 0.05). Mode-C denotes the outdoor tanks with
cement bottom; and mode-G denotes the tanks with cement bot-
Fig.2 Size distribution of shrimp in tanks at the end of the
tom in greenhouse. DWG denotes daily weight gain; and FCR
experiment. Different letters in the same column indicate
denotes feed conversion rate.
significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05). Mode-
C denotes the outdoor tanks with cement bottom; mode-G
The parameters of shrimp growth performance in out-
denotes the tanks with cement bottom in greenhouse; and
door treatments (mode-C and mode-M) are summarized mode-M denotes the outdoor tanks with mud-substrate.
in Table 4. Regarding the final mean weight, there were
no significant differences between the two treatments (P
> 0.05). The shrimp yield in mode-M was 537.0 kg, sig- 3.3 Economic Performance
nificantly higher than that in mode-C (P < 0.05). During The production value ranged from 2 437 to 3 087 USD
the culture period, DWG in mode-C was 0.127 g shrimp−1 per tank and net return ranged from 1 043 to 1 693 USD
438 MA et al. / J. Ocean Univ. China (Oceanic and Coastal Sea Research) 2013 12: 434-440

per tank (Table 5). Comparison analyses showed that Phosphorus is one of the most important nutrient pa-
mode-G as well as mode-M had significantly higher net rameters for algal growth in marine environments (Neill,
return and total revenue than mode-C (P < 0.05). In addi- 2005; Khoi et al., 2008; Varadaraju et al., 2011). Com-
tion, the engineering cost in mode-G was increased due to pared to mode-C, mode-M had significantly lower DIP
greenhouse maintenance. concentrations in the late period. This could be attributed
to the using of DIP by massive growth of phytoplankton
Table 5 Economic performance parameters in L. vannamei
tanks of different treatments and shrimp as the composition of phosphocreatine and
other compounds.
Performance (USD) Mode-C Mode-G Mode-M Compared to the initial level, COD concentrations be-
Revenue per tank 2437 ± 133.63 2828 ± 166.91 3087 ± 158.22c
a b
came almost treble at the end of the experiment, possibly
Operation cost per due to the accumulation of organic matter such as residual
tank
feed (Zang et al., 2009). Overall, the COD level in mode-
PLs cost 128.57 128.57 128.57
Feed cost 687.14 687.14 687.14 M was significantly lower than that in mode-C during the
Labor cost 500 500 500 culture period. It was likely that the biological effect of
Engineering cost 0a 25b 0a substrate improved the water pollution. Otherwise, a cer-
Electrical cost 78.07 78.07 78.07 tain amount of organic matter would be dissolved or sus-
Net return per tank 1043 ± 133.63a 1410 ± 166.91b 1693 ± 158.22c pended in the water column. Our findings concurred with
Notes: Values are presented as means ± S.D. Different superscript that of Yang et al. (2008) who reported that the tanks with
letters in the same row indicate significant differences (ANOVA no-sediment had the largest increased COD compared
test, P <0.05). Mode-C denotes the outdoor tanks with cement with the tanks with substrate. Meanwhile, elevated tem-
bottom; mode-G denotes the tanks with cement bottom in green-
perature potentially accelerated the decomposition of ac-
house; and mode-M denotes the outdoor tanks with mud-sub-
strate. cumulated organic matter. This might explain why the
COD level in mode-G remained at a significantly lower
level than mode-C. In addition, the decrease in COD
concentration in the mid period could be related to the
4 Discussion
initial regular water exchange. In present study, the
4.1 Water Quality treatments with mud-substrate had significantly lower
The significantly higher temperature of the tank water COD, indicating the importance of mud-substrate in
of mode-G could be attributed to the warming effect of minimizing the water organic pollutants. A treatment with
greenhouse (Fig.1A). The result was consistent with pre- greenhouse as well as mud bottom was not set due to the
vious findings in several studies of associations between limitation of farming conditions, which might have effect
greenhouse-adding and water temperature in shrimp cul- on the culture environment. Further study will be con-
ture tanks (Huang et al., 2010; Neal et al., 2010; Sooky- ducted to confirm the potential influences.
ing et al., 2011). Varadaraju et al. (2011) reported that
shrimp culture could be carried out with a wide pH range 4.2 Growth Performance
(4.8–10.8), with the highest growth rate observed at pH The successful growth, survival and harvest of shrimps
6.5–8.5. As for L. vannamei, the optimum culture pH is are heavily dependent on the tank water quality. The
between 7.5 and 8.6 (Li et al., 2007; Mishra et al., 2008; DWG and survival in mode-G were significantly higher
Krummenauer et al., 2010). In present study, the pH of than those in mode-C, possibly due to the relatively high
mode-M was within the desirable range during the culture water temperature in the early culture period. It has been
period. However, the pH of the other two treatments was reported that the greenhouse-enclosed system enhanced
below 7.5 in the mid-late period. Our observations could shrimp growth by increasing the water temperature (Li
be related to a recent finding by Yuvanatemiya et al. et al., 2009; Huang et al., 2010).
(2011), that the pH was higher in sediment than that in The mud-substrate improved shrimp survival by 7% in
no-sediment ponds as a result of feed input. Furthermore, mode-M in comparison with mode-C. We speculated that
we observed significantly lower pH in tank water of the mud-substrate resulted in a more complicated ecosys-
mode-C. This emphasized the importance of mud-sub- tem which stabilized the culture system with a lower dia-
strate in minimizing the nutrients sink. phaneity. The lower diaphaneity could provide a hidden
Nitrogen plays an important role in intensive culture habitat for the growth and molting of juvenile shrimp,
systems due to its dual role as a nutrient and toxicant. The thereby reducing self-mutilation and improving the sur-
capability of transforming toxicant-N to nutrient-N is an vival rate. Zang et al. (2003) reported that different sub-
important index to evaluate diverse culture methods strates improved the survival rate of Penaeus japonicus
(Mishra et al., 2008; Krummenauer et al., 2011). TAN juvenile, compared to the tanks with no substrate, and the
and NO2-N concentrations in the mud-substrate treatment mud-substrate improved shrimp survival by 19% (58% of
(mode-M) were significantly lower than those in mode-C no-substrate, 77% of mud-substrate). In present experi-
in the mid-late culture period, possibly due to more suit- ment, shrimp survival was lower than those reported by
able sediment micro-ecosystem and greater plankton ni- previous studies (Zang et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2008;
trification rates (Silva et al., 2010). Yuan et al., 2010), possibly due to the high stocking den-
 MA et al. / J. Ocean Univ. China (Oceanic and Coastal Sea Research) 2013 12: 434-440 439

sity of shrimp in our tanks (up to 300 PLs m-2). and by contributions from the Ocean University of China,
Furthermore, the DWG in mode-M was significantly R & D Institute of Zhejiang, and Zhejiang Ocean Univer-
higher than that in mode-C. We suggest that the bottom sity. The authors thank Ma Shen for assistance in the
sediment composition is a primary factor that contributes laboratory and field.
to nutritional energy of shrimps. Thus, the mud-substrate
was conductive to accelerate the growth of shrimp
(Thrush et al., 2003; Thakur and Lin, 2003; Silva et al.,
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