Instructo Loraine L.

Gammad Subject Campus Journalism Course Code Allied 1

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Week 1

Course Objective : At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
A. Cognitive (Knowledge)
1. Discuss the ethical standards of campus journalism and the extent of freedom of the press.
2. Describe the different sections of a school paper.
3. Compare the different news writing techniques and formats.
Learning Outcome:
1. Discuss the ethical standards of campus journalism and the extent of freedom of the press.
2. Describe the different sections of a school paper.
3. Compare the different news writing techniques and formats
Topic:
I. Fundamental Concepts on Journalism
 Scope and Nature of Journalism
 Journalism versus Literature
 Tenets of Journalism
 Killers of Balanced Reporting
Discussion:
Lesson 1: Introduction to Campus journalism

What is Campus Journalism?

> Journalism means writing for newspapers or magazines. It is the communication of information through writing in periodicals
and newspapers. The people have an inborn desire to know what’s novel or new. This curiosity is satisfied by the journalists
through their writing in the newspapers and journals on current affairs and news.
> Journalism is the occupation of reporting, writing, editing, photographing or broadcasting news or of conducting any news
organization as a business. The word “Journalism” is derived from the word “Journal” which means a daily register or a diary –
a book containing each day’s business or transactions. This includes newspapers no matter whether they are published daily or
weekly. It also means a magazine to whatever section of the audience it caters to.
> When a person writes for a newspaper, magazine or a journal (journalist), such writing is called journalism which means
communication of information about daily events condensed into a few words, sounds or pictures. We know that man by his
nature is curious to know what is going on in the world around him. Journalism satisfies this vital human need by providing him
and other members of the public with the relevant and requisite information. While a historian records what happened in the
past, a journalist reports on current events and the latest news.
> Journalism draws its inspiration from the present. It depicts the situation as it develops. It is the day to day operation of
gathering and transmitting news. It affects everyone. It concerns you; me and the society at large. If a journalist delays reporting
of news even by a day, nay, even by a few hours it becomes state. It is not like writing a book at your leisure. Journalism, to be
effective, has got to be always kept on the move.

> The role of a journalist is not confined to merely reporting the news and events. He is also responsible for
interpreting and commenting on the news and events. Thus a journalist’s main function is to give out “News and Views”. The
views to be expressed need not be those “of his own”. He can elicit and report the views of the knowledgeable cross-sections of
people.

> The Chambers 20th Century dictionary defines journalism as “the profession of conducting or write for public
journals”. According to the majority of researchers, journalism means “the collection and editing of material of current interest
for presentation, publication or broadcast”. In other words, journalism means communication of information to the public by
any media, be it a newspaper, radio, or T.V. A person engaged in journalism is called a journalist.

> Bond F. Fraser: According to him “The term journalism embraces all the forms in which and through which the
news and the comments on the news reach the public. All that happens in the world, if such happenings hold interest for the
public and all the thought, action and ideas which these happenings stimulate become the basic material for the journalist.”

> According to Leslie Stephens, “Journalism consists of writing for pay on matters of which you are ignorant.”

Activity 1
Instruction: Write your own definition of Campus Journalism according to your own understanding.

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Lesson 2: Scope of Journalism

Discussion: Journalism versus Literature

Journalism ,in its wider sense , includes reporting and commentaries delivered on television and radio. Even news events and film
documentaries come within the scope of journalism.

The editors, and the reporters working for television , radio or film industry claim that when they deal with news and views, they too
are so much covered by the term “the Press” as people belonging to the print media.

What qualifies a person to be called a journalist is the nature of the function performed by him and not the media for which he is
working.

“Contemporary works do not keep. The quality in them which makes for their success is the first to go; they turn over night. …
Literature is the art of writing something that will be read twice; journalism what will be grasped at once, and they require separate
techniques.

There can be no delayed impact in journalism, no subtlety, no embellishment, no assumption of a luxury reader and since the pace of
journalism waxed faster than that of literature, literature found itself in a predicament. It could react against journalism and come an
esoteric art depending on the sympathy of a few or learn from journalism and compete with it.”

Activity 2
Instruction: Compare and contrast Journalism from Literature. Write your answers inside the circles.

Venn diagram

Lesson 3: Principles of Journalism

Discussion:

In 1997, an organization then administered by PEJ, the Committee of Concerned Journalists, began a national conversation among
citizens and news people to identify and clarify the principles that underlie journalism. After four years of research, including 20
public forums around the country, a reading of journalism history, a national survey of journalists, and more, the group released a
Statement of Shared Purpose that identified nine principles. These became the basis for The Elements of Journalism, the book by PEJ
Director Tom Rosenstiel and CCJ Chairman and PEJ Senior Counselor Bill Kovach. Here are those principles, as outlined in the
original Statement of Shared Purpose.

A STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
After extended examination by journalists themselves of the character of journalism at the end of the twentieth century, we offer this
common understanding of what defines our work. The central purpose of journalism is to provide citizens with accurate and
reliable information they need to function in a free society.

This encompasses myriad roles helping define community, creating common language and common knowledge, identifying a
community’s goals, heroes and villains, and pushing people beyond complacency. This purpose also involves other requirements,
such as
> being entertaining,
> serving as watchdog,
> offering voice to the voiceless.

Tenets of Journalism
1. Journalism’s first obligation is to the truth
Democracy depends on citizens having reliable, accurate facts put in a meaningful context. Journalism does not pursue truth in an
absolute or philosophical sense, but it can and must pursue it in a practical sense. This “journalistic truth” is a process that begins
with the professional discipline of assembling and verifying facts. Then journalists try to convey  a fair and reliable account of their
meaning, valid for now, subject to further investigation. Journalists should be as transparent as possible about sources and
methods, so audiences can make their own assessment of the information. Even in a world of expanding voices,  accuracy is the
foundation upon which everything else is built: context, interpretation, comment, criticism, analysis and debate. The truth, over time,
emerges from this forum. As citizens encounter an ever-greater flow of data, they have more need not less for identifiable sources
dedicated to verifying that information and putting it in context.
2. Its first loyalty is to citizens
While news organizations answer to many constituencies, including advertisers and shareholders, the journalists in those
organizations must maintain allegiance to citizens and the larger public interest above any other if they are to provide the news
without fear or favor. This commitment to citizens first is the basis of a news organization’s credibility; the implied covenant that
tells the audience the coverage is not slanted for friends or advertisers. Commitment to citizens also means journalism should present
a representative picture of all constituent groups in society. Ignoring certain citizens has the effect of disenfranchising them. The
theory underlying the modern news industry has been the belief that credibility builds a broad and loyal audience, and that economic
success follows in turn. In that regard, the business people in a news organization also must nurture–not exploit their allegiance to the
audience ahead of other considerations.
3. Its essence is a discipline of verification
Journalists rely on a professional discipline for verifying information. When the concept of objectivity originally evolved, it did not
imply that journalists are free of bias. It called, rather, for a consistent method of testing information – a transparent approach to
evidence – precisely so that personal and cultural biases would not undermine the accuracy of their work. The method is objective;
not the journalist. Seeking out multiple witnesses, disclosing as much as possible about sources, or asking various sides for
comment, all signal such standards. This discipline of verification is what separates journalism from other modes of communication,
such as propaganda, fiction or entertainment. However, the need for professional method is not always fully recognized or refined.
While journalism has developed various techniques for determining facts, for instance, it has done less to develop a system for testing
the reliability of journalistic interpretation.
4. Its practitioners must maintain an independence from those they cover
Independence is an underlying requirement of journalism, a cornerstone of its reliability. Independence of spirit and mind, rather
than neutrality, is the principle journalists must keep in focus. While editorialists and commentators are not neutral, the source of
their credibility is still their accuracy, intellectual fairness and ability to inform, not their devotion to a certain group or outcome. In
our independence, however, we must avoid any tendency to stray into arrogance, elitism, isolation or nihilism.
5. It must serve as an independent monitor of power
Journalism has an unusual capacity to serve as watchdog over those whose power and position most affect citizens. The Founders
recognized this to be a rampart against despotism when they ensured an independent press; courts have affirmed it; citizens rely on it.
As journalists, we have an obligation to protect this watchdog freedom by not demeaning it in frivolous use or exploiting it for
commercial gain.
6. It must provide a forum for public criticism and compromise
The news media are the common carriers of public discussion, and this responsibility forms a basis for our special privileges. This
discussion serves society best when it is informed by facts rather than prejudice and supposition. It also should strive to fairly
represent the varied viewpoints and interests in society, and to place them in context rather than highlight only the conflicting fringes
of debate. Accuracy and truthfulness require that as framers of the public discussion we not neglect the points of common ground
where problem solving occurs.
7. It must strive to make the significant interesting and relevant
Journalism is storytelling with a purpose. It should do more than gather an audience or catalogue the important. For its own survival,
it must balance what readers know they want with what they cannot anticipate but need. In short, it must strive to make the
significant interesting and relevant. The effectiveness of a piece of journalism is measured both by how much a work engages its
audience and enlightens it. This means journalists must continually ask what information has most value to citizens and in what form.
While journalism should reach beyond such topics as government and public safety, a journalism overwhelmed by trivia and false
significance ultimately engenders a trivial society.
8. It must keep the news comprehensive and proportional
Keeping news in proportion and not leaving important things out are also cornerstones of truthfulness. Journalism is a form of
cartography: it creates a map for citizens to navigate society. Inflating events for sensation, neglecting others, stereotyping or being
disproportionately negative all make a less reliable map. The map also should include news of all our communities, not just those
with attractive demographics. This is best achieved by newsrooms with a diversity of backgrounds and perspectives. The map is only
an analogy; proportion and comprehensiveness are subjective, yet their elusiveness does not lessen their significance.
9. Its practitioners must be allowed to exercise their personal conscience
Every journalist must have a personal sense of ethics and responsibility–a moral compass. Each of us must be willing, if fairness and
accuracy require, to voice differences with our colleagues, whether in the newsroom or the executive suite. News organizations do
well to nurture this independence by encouraging individuals to speak their minds. This stimulates the intellectual
diversity necessary to understand and accurately cover an increasingly diverse society. It is this diversity of minds and voices, not
just numbers that matters.
Activity 3
Make a journal about the lessons that you have learned.

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Week 2
Course Objective : At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
A. Cognitive (Knowledge)
1. Discuss the ethical standards of campus journalism and the extent of freedom of the press.
2. Describe the different sections of a school paper.
3. Compare the different news writing techniques and formats.
Learning Outcome:
1. Discuss the ethical standards of campus journalism and the extent of freedom of the press.
2. Describe the different sections of a school paper.
3. Compare the different news writing techniques and formats
Topic:
 Killers of Balanced Reporting
 Functions and Duties of the Press
 Limitations of the Press

Lesson 4: WHAT IS BALANCED REPORTING?

Discussion:
“All news is good news”: the importance of the Balance Principle in credible reporting
Balanced reporting is credible reporting. No organization has a solely good or bad story to tell as far as sustainability reporting is
concerned, and your organization should aim for balanced reporting as the optimal approach. Balanced reporting requires an
organization to stand back and take an overall view of its total impacts, rather than just trumpeting good news about positive impacts
in a given moment.

Balance arises from taking a broad view, from a certain openness. Your organization’s most significant impacts could be indirect –
something that’s done by one of your suppliers, for example. And they can range far and wide. The community in which you operate
may be delighted you operate there – but in the near future, your use of manufacturing materials could impact people on the other
side of the world. It’s this wider view that effective sustainability reporting intends to capture.

Transparency – the key to balanced reporting

How organizations behave affects how they’re perceived. Transparency on sustainability impacts – both positive and negative – lets
all interested parties make a considered assessment of your behavior and your prospects.

Reporting negative impacts may be something new for your organization, but transparency is what makes your report valuable. A
balanced report helps identify what is critical to manage and change, even if your organization isn’t ready to address the issue
immediately. It’s also a self-defined space where you can talk about how you intend to prevent, correct, mitigate or compensate for
any negative effects you have.

Transparency can also increase people’s understanding of the context in which your organization operates. Many things you need to
manage may need to be managed also by all those in your sector; or by all companies and organizations, for that matter. The fuller
picture, from a balanced report, builds trust and increases credibility. It enables your organization, in tandem with others, to make a
fuller contribution to the broader sustainability reporting agenda.
Activity 5
Instruction: Give your reaction about this post on Facebook.
Lesson 5: Functions and Duties of the Press

Activity 6

A picture is worth a thousand words

Question:
What is your stand about this image?

The invention of the art of printing in the fifteenth century was in many respects much more important than the invention of gun-
powder. The latter had served only to strengthen the sinews of war, but the former helped to liberate the human mind by light ing up
and widening its horizons as never before. The advent of the printing press meant that from that hour, the brain and not the arm was
to rule the world—revolutionary change in the fortunes of mankind.

The free propagation of the printed word not only helped to lift the clouds of ignorance, but also acted as a catalytic agent to promote
freedom of inquiry and debate on an unprecedented scale. Perhaps the first revolution brought about by this new power was the
reformation which shook the Roman Catholic Church in the sixteenth century. As the immense capacity of the printed word to sway
popular opinion began to make itself felt, the state naturally tried to bring the press under control by imposing censorship to make
sure that no writing which tended to undermine temporal or spiritual authority was allowed to get into print.

Gradually a free press came to be recognized as an essential attribute of parliamentary democracy—the fourth estate of the realm
after the Lords Spiritual, the Lords Temporal and the Commons. Votaries of democracy have since hailed the freedom of the press as
“The palladium of all civil, political and religious rights”, “the mother of all our liberties, and of our progress under liberty”, “the
chosen guardian of freedom, strong sword arm of justice, bright sunbeam of truth”.

Members of the press have a duty to inform the public about current events and insist on transparency in government activities. In the
fulfillment of this duty, every journalist has responsibility to preserve the integrity of the news, respect sources and maintain
independence.
Duties of the press
 Report the truth
 Preserve integrity
 Respect professional sources
 Maintain independence

Report the Truth

Journalists have a duty to report factual information, and there should be a consistent system for separating facts from opinion. For
example, there should be at least two witnesses of an event if it is reported as fact, because a single witness is often unreliable.
Journalists should be careful to avoid unintended errors by checking facts and only using reliable sources that they trust. If
inaccuracies are realized after publication, the author should correct them as soon as possible.
Preserve Integrity
Members of the press have a responsibility to protect their publication's integrity, which means reporting impartial and honest news
stories. It is critical that every journalist's position as an honorable, trustworthy reporter remain intact so the public can count on a
reliable news source. Stories labeled as news should be free of the author's personal views and no reporter should alter or dismiss
parts of the story to protect any group, including their own publication.
Responsibilities of the press
 Upholding the truth through verification
 Serving the public as a watchdog
 Forum for public comment
 Report comprehensively
 Make important news interesting
Activity 7
Instruction:
React on the video clip by watching the link on YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VA5sGps4rWY

React also to this sample

media bias.

Working as a journalist is not a job to be taken lightly. Journalists have a duty to report the news thoroughly and without bias. If you
aspire to be the mouthpiece for your audience, understand your role, your audience and the power of your words. Strive every day to
uphold the journalistic integrity that comes with the power of the pen and work to achieve the goal of delivering the most complete
and balanced story possible to your audience.

Upholding the Truth through Verification

A journalist is responsible for reporting the truth, not because he is inherently unbiased but because he upholds the importance of
objective verification. This means that he should consistently test every fact used in his story, including researching all information
shared with him by his sources, according to the Pew Research Journalism Project. A strict adherence to verification ensures that
personal and cultural biases don't sneak in and take over reporting.

Unbiased Reporting
A journalist's report should be unbiased, according to Pew's Principles of Journalism. This means that if he has a financial interest in
his subject, he should give the report to someone else. If the company that owns a news agency has a financial interest in a story, the
agency should take extra care to ensure its reporting is not affected. A journalist's report should present all sides and all viewpoints
on a matter. He should seek more than one source for a story to ensure that multiple sides are represented. If someone comments on
a person, he should seek to get the other person's response.

Serving the public as a watchdog

The journalist's duty is to the public, not the government. Journalists are sometimes referred to as the fourth branch of the U.S.
government for this very reason. They should hold the government and others in power accountable to the citizens. By being
independent from the government, they can monitor power and serve as an information source and not a propaganda mouth.
Journalists serve as a watchdog to balance government power and hold it accountable to its citizens.
Forum for public comment
The journalist provides a forum for public comment, according to Pew. It allows an avenue for criticizing the government and
corporations. Journalists help stir up discussions that might later lead to change and problem solving. But by serving as a point of
public discussion, journalists must strive to represent all sides of the discussion, not only the richest or loudest voices.
Comprehensive reporting
As Pew Research states, journalists create a type of map of events, making it easier for citizens to navigate through the important
research. They must strive for proportion in reporting, not overly sensationalizing entertaining stories or neglecting important issues
for the purpose of getting more viewers. A news agency that hires a diverse staff can more easily achieve such diverse reporting.
Making important news interesting
A news agency must engage its audience to get them to tune in. But it also must find ways to make significant stories interesting, so
that readers and viewers don't miss out on what they need to know. It should frame important world events in ways that will be
relevant to its audience, while still getting the most important messages across.

Lesson 6: The Press: Freedom, Responsibilities and Limitations

Discussion:
Press Freedom – Legal Framework
Section 4, Article III, Bill of Rights, 1987 Philippine Constitution – “No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of
expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.”

Press Freedom is NOT Absolute

Watchdog of a democratic society
Fourth Estate = fiscalizing function for the three branches of government: executive, legislative and judiciary. Adversarial in nature
but not necessarily polarized (“Third Voice”).

Examples of Bad Press

Shooting from the hip – writing without basis or data verification
“The Source” Story – no source e.g., an unidentified source admits that …
Poetic License – use of poetic tools in journalistic writing
Manufactured stories – fabricated stories
Conflict of interest – credibility of the reporter  Misquotation – inaccurate reporting
Labeling – prejudicial reporting e.g., Muslims as rebels
Yellow journalism – sensationalism
Envelopmental/Checkbook Journalism – paid stories

Code of Ethics of the Press (National Press Club)

1. I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking care not to suppress essential facts or to distort the truth by omission or
improper emphasis. I recognize the duty to air the other side and the duty to correct substantive errors promptly.
2. I shall not violate confidential information or material given me in the exercise of my calling.
3. I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort to obtain news, photographs and/or documents, and shall properly
identify myself as a representative of the press when obtaining any personal interview intended for publication.
4. I shall refrain from writing reports which will adversely affect a private reputation unless the public interest justifies it. At the
same time, I shall fight vigorously for public access to information.
5. I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me in the performance of my duties; nor shall I accept or offer any present,
gift or other consideration of a nature which may cast doubt on my professional integrity.
6. I shall not commit any act of plagiarism.
7. I shall not in any manner ridicule, cast aspersions on, or degrade any person by reason of sex, creed, religious belief, political
conviction, cultural and ethnic origin. Code of Ethics of the Press (National Press Club)
8. I shall presume persons accused of crime of being innocent until proven otherwise. I shall exercise caution in publishing names of
minors and women involved in criminal cases so that they may not unjustly lose their standing in society.
9. I shall not take unfair advantage of fellow journalists.
10. I shall accept only such tasks as are compatible with the integrity and dignity of my profession, invoking the ‘conscience clause’
when duties imposed on me conflict with the voice of my conscience.
11. I shall comport myself in public or while performing my duties as journalist in such manner as to maintain the dignity of my
profession. When in doubt, decency should be my watch word.
Week 3
Course Objective : At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
A. Cognitive (Knowledge)
1. Discuss the ethical standards of campus journalism and the extent of freedom of the press.
2. Describe the different sections of a school paper.
3. Compare the different news writing techniques and formats.
Learning Outcome:
1. Describe the different sections of a school paper.
Topic:
Lesson 7: The Campus Paper and the Publication Staff
 The National Newspaper
 The Campus Paper
 A Brief History of Campus Journalism
 Functions of Campus Paper
 Aid to Students
 Aid to School and Community
 Parts of the Campus Paper
 Parts of front page
 Parts of Editorial page

The National Newspaper

List of news publications in the Philippines

This is the list of newspapers currently being published in the Philippines. This list includes broadsheets and tabloids published
daily and distributed nationwide. Regional newspapers or those published in the regions are also included. Almost all broadsheets
published and distributed nationwide are in English. Most tabloids are published in Tagalog.

Broadsheets
Broadsheet newspapers first appeared in 18th-century Britain after the government began to tax newspapers based on their number
of pages. That made large-format papers with fewer pages cheaper to print than smaller ones with more pages.

Broadsheet refers to the most common newspaper format, which is typically around 15 inches wide to 20 or more inches long in
the U.S., though sizes vary around the world.2 Broadsheet papers tend to feature six columns and employ a traditional approach to
news gathering that emphasizes in-depth coverage and a sober writing tone in articles and editorials aimed at fairly affluent,
educated readers. Many of the nation's most respected, influential newspapers—The New York Times, The Washington Post, and
The Wall Street Journal, for example—are broadsheet papers.

Newspaper Language Type Circulation

Manila Bulletin English Daily broadsheet National
Philippine Daily Inquirer English Daily broadsheet National
The Daily Tribune English Daily broadsheet National
The Manila Times English Daily broadsheet National
The Market Monitor English Business weekly National
The Philippine Star English Daily broadsheet National

Tabloids
What Are Tabloids?
In the technical sense, tabloid refers to a newspaper that typically measures 11 by 17 inches—smaller than a broadsheet—and is
usually no more than five columns across.2 Many city dwellers prefer tabloids because they are easier to carry and read on the
subway or bus.

Tabloids still tend to be more irreverent in their writing style than their broadsheet brothers. In a crime story, a broadsheet will
refer to a police officer, while a tabloid will use the term cop. And while a broadsheet might spend dozens of column inches on
"serious" news—say, a major bill in Congress—a tabloid is more likely to zero in on a sensational crime story or celebrity gossip.

Newspaper Language Type Circulation

Abante Tagalog Tabloid National
Abante Tonite Tagalog Tabloid National
Agila ng Bayan Tagalog Tabloid National
Balita Tagalog Tabloid National
Bandera Tagalog Tabloid National
Bistado Tagalog Weekly Tabloid National
Bulgar Tagalog Tabloid National
Diaryo Bomba Tagalog Tabloid National
Hataw Tagalog Tabloid Nationa

Online News
Name Language Type Area reporting covers
Rappler English Daily National
CNN Philippines English Daily National
ABS-CBN News Filipino Daily National
Interaksyon English Daily National
GMA News Online English Daily National
Cebu Daily News (CDN Digital) English Daily Regional

Lesson 8: Campus Paper

Example: The Geyser of ISU
The Gazette of SFC

BRIEF HISTORY OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

According to Jesus Valenzuela in the History of Journalism in the Philippine Islands (1933) and John Lent in the Philippine Mass
Communication (1964), the history of campus journalism in the Philippines started when the University of Santo Tomas published
El Liliputiense in 1890.
However, Oscar Manalo, Narciso Matienzo, and Virgilio Monteloyola in Ang Pamahayagan (1985) argued that the history of
campus journalism in the country started when the University of the Philippines published The College Folio, now The Philippine
Collegian, in 1910. They also added that The Torch of the Philippine Normal University, The Guidon of the Ateneo de Manila
University, and The Varsitarian of the University of Santo Tomas were also published two years later.

Whatever came first, Carlos Romulo y Peña edited The Coconut, the official student publication of the Manila High School, now
the Araullo High School. It was published in 1912 and it is now considered the first and oldest high school newspaper in the
country.

In 1923, La Union High School in the Ilocos Region published The La Union Tab, the first printed and regularly issued high
school newspaper in the country. Since then, high school newspapers came out one after the other.
Among these high school newspapers were The Pampangan, Pampanga High School, 1925; The Leytean, Leyte High School,
1925; The Rizalian, Rizal High School, 1926; The Coconut, Tayabas High School, 1927; The Volcano, Batangas High School,
1927; The Toil, La Union Trade School, 1928; The Samarinian, Samar High School, 1928; The Melting Pot, Tarlac High School,
1929; The Granary, Nueva Ecija High School, 1929; The Torres Torch, Torres High School, 1930; and The Cagayan Student
Chronicle, Cagayan High School, 1931.

In 1931, 30 out of 106 high schools in the country had campus newspapers registered at the Bureau of Public Schools. In 1950, this
number increased to 169; by 1954, to 253; by 1975, to 500; and by 1986, to more than 900 newspapers in English and in Filipino.

Read more: http://socyberty.com/history/a-brief-history-of-campus-journalism-in-the-philippines/#ixzz1Pl4yQZHa

Activity
Lesson 9: Functions of Campus Paper
Discussion:
A. Aids to the Students (members)
1. To provide an opportunity for interest writing
2. To give the students the opportunity to learn how to read the newspaper
3. To act as stimulus to better work
4. To develop student’s powers of observation and discrimination concerning relative merits of news articles.
5. To serve as an outlet and motivation for journalistic writing
6. To offer training in organization, business methods, commercial art, salesmanship, bookkeeping, and business management.
7. To develop qualities of cooperation, tact accuracy, tolerance, responsibility and leadership.
B. Aids in School and Community
1. To inform the community as to the work of the school
2. To publish school news
3. To create and express school’s opinion
4. To make known the achievements of the school
5. To help unify the school
6. To provide an outlet for the students, suggestions for the betterment of school
7. To develop better interschool relationship
8. To develop school spirit
9. To develop cooperation between parents and the school.
ETHICS OF A SCHOOL PAPER
A. No story shall be published which is based on rumor, gossip, or unattributed opinion.
B. Words showing bias in handling of news stories, concerning race, color, religious beliefs, or class should be avoided.
C. Stories concerning the morale of individuals should be avoided.
D. Should not print pictures which offend the sensibility of the general run of readers.
Example: Photos of dead persons or murder victims which emphasize brutality.
E. Sex crimes are not the territory of a school paper.
Week 4
Course Objective : At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
A. Cognitive (Knowledge)
1. Discuss the ethical standards of campus journalism and the extent of freedom of the press.
2. Describe the different sections of a school paper.
3. Compare the different news writing techniques and formats.
Learning Outcome:
1. Describe the different sections of a school paper.
2. label the campus paper by its parts
Lesson 10:
 Parts of Editorial Page
 Parts of the Front Page
 Types of a Newspaper

PARTS OF EDITORIAL PAGE

 Editorial Column- A personal opinion written by the columnist himself
 Editorial Cartoon- usually a caricature emphasizing a simple point
 Editorial Liner- a short statement or quoted saying placed at the end of editorial column or editorial to drive home a message
 Letter to the Editor- a letter sent by the reader giving his personal views on certain aspects

PARTS OF THE FRONT PAGE

 Nameplate- the engraved or printed name of the newspaper
 Ears- the little boxes on either side of the nameplate
 Banner- the principal headline bearing the boldest and biggest type
 Running Head- a headline made up of two or more lines
 Headline- the title of any news story
 Deck- a subordinate headline placed immediately below its mother headline , also known as bank or readout
 Lead- the beginning of a news story and answers the questions who, what, where, how and why
 Cut- a photo or illustration
 Cutline- descriptive info appearing with a piece of “art” , also called a caption.
 Photo credit- a reference to the source of a photograph
 By-Line – name of the writer appearing above the article.
 News story- the whole story of an event composed of the lead and the text which is the elaboration of the lead.

TYPES OF A NEWSPAPER
 Local news-news that takes place within the country
 Foreign News- News that takes place outside the country
 Dateline News- an out-of-town news story
 Weather News- usually a boxed forecast of the area, sometimes include the temperature, wind direction, and velocities.
Activity 8
Instruction: Label the campus paper by its parts
1. THE FRONT PAGE

2. THE EDITORIAL PAGE

Weeks 5-6
Course Objective : At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
A. Cognitive (Knowledge)
1. Discuss the ethical standards of campus journalism and the extent of freedom of the press.
2. Describe the different sections of a school paper.
3. Compare the different news writing techniques and formats.
Learning Outcome:
1. Discuss the ethical standards of campus journalism and the extent of freedom of the press.
Lesson 11: Characteristics of a Good news

There are five characteristics that every good news report should possess. These are:
#Fairness and balance
As a reporter you must learn to get the other point of view. This may mean calling a person late at night to get his side of the story
or even holding back an investigative story for a day. But you must do so. This is the best way to bring balance in the copy.

There may be times when an individual may avoid making a statement. In such a case, state the point, indicating the efforts you
made to get his point of view.
# Accuracy
This is the first requirement of a good news report. You must get all your facts right, starting from the name and designation of the
subject to the statements made by him or her. You cannot hide behind the excuse that that there was not enough time to cross check
the facts.
The facts that you need to check are:
Names and their spellings
Designations
Incident details.

In case it is an accident you must know the exact number of people who were injured or killed.
Statements: The quote reported in the news report must be accurate, and in context. It should not be misinterpreted to imply another
meaning.
If it is a science story you must make sure that all scientific names are correctly spelt, and explained.
If it is a sports story then you must make sure that the number of runs made or goals scored are mentioned accurately.

# Attribution
All news reports, with a few exceptions, must be sourced. The source can be identified as follows:
a. Individual: An individual, who witnessed an accident or survived an earthquake, can be quoted by name as an eyewitness.
b. Organisation: A spokesperson authorised by an organisation to brief the media on its behalf.
# Brevity
The importance of this characteristic cannot be overstressed. You must learn to write short stories without missing important facts.
Please remember that today’s reader is in a hurry. He does not have the patience to go through long news reports.
Brevity does not mean writing a short story. It also means using short words, short sentences and short paragraphs.
# Clarity
This is not easy to achieve. You are required to report an event in as few words as possible. You can do this if you use short and
simple words and keep out irrelevant facts. The intro of your report must be short and crisp. The body must be made up of as few
paragraphs as possible with each paragraph devoted to one point.
There should be no ambiguities. The facts must be sourced, and accurate.
Types of news stories
Straight news/Hard news
Stories that report only the most essential information in a concise and impartial manner are referred to as straight or hard news
stories. This type of story typically follows the inverted pyramid style, which organizes information by descending order of
importance or places the most newsworthy information at the beginning of the article. This style will be discussed in more detail
below. Examples of hard news stories include those about political topics and crime.
Features
The primary difference between a feature story and a straight news story is the style. A feature article is more in-depth than a
traditional hard news article and uses the types of storytelling devices and details that you might find in novels. Feature stories are
considered soft news and do not focus merely on the basic facts.
Writers typically have more flexibility to use a wider range of formats, provide rich descriptions, and include scene-setting
anecdotes. Features often are given more space on the page and are accompanied by pictures, illustrations, graphics, maps, and other
visual components.
Editorial
Although journalistic ethical standards call for general news writing to be objective in content and tone, newswriters also have the
opportunity to communicate personal points of view about current events and topics. The editorial is a type of news story used to
develop an argument about an issue and even sway readers’ opinions. The essay also represents the official view of an editorial
board that determines what views to share after some kind of deliberative process.

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PRELIMINARY EXAM