Assignment No.

1
Q. List of refinery in India and there capacity?
Ans:-

Capacity
No. Refinery Oil company Sector State Location
(MMTPA)

Jamnagar
1 Reliance Industries Limited Private Gujarat Jamnagar(SEZ) 33
Refinery

Jamnagar
2 Reliance Industries Limited Private Gujarat Jamnagar(DTA) 27
Refinery

3 Essar Refinery Essar Oil Limited Private Gujarat Vadinar 20

Bharat Petroleum
4 Kochi Refinery Public Kerala Kochi 15.5
Corporation Limited

Mangalore
Refinery and ONGC Mangalore
5 Public Karnataka Mangalore 15
Petrochemicals Petrochemicals Limited
Limited

Indian Oil Corporation

6 Paradip Refinery Public Odisha Paradip 15
Limited

Indian Oil Corporation

7 Panipat Refinery Public Haryana Panipat 15
Limited

Indian Oil Corporation

8 Gujarat Refinery Public Gujarat Koyali 13.7
Limited

Bharat Petroleum
9 Mumbai Refinery Public Maharashtra Mumbai 12
Corporation Limited

Hindustan Petroleum
10 Mumbai Refinery Public Maharashtra Mumbai 7.5
Corporation Limited

Hindustan Petroleum
Guru Gobind Corporation Limited and
11 Public Punjab Bathinda 11.3
Singh Refinery Hindustan Mittal Energy
Limited (HMEL
 Chennai Petroleum
12 Manali Refinery Public Tamil Nadu Chennai 10.5
Corporation Limited

Visakhapatnam Hindustan Petroleum

13 Public Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam 8.3
Refinery Corporation Limited

Indian Oil Corporation

14 Mathura Refinery Public Uttar Pradesh Mathura 8
Limited

Indian Oil Corporation

15 Haldia Refinery Public West Bengal Haldia 7.5
Limited

Bharat Oman Refineries

16 Bina Refinery Private Madhya Pradesh Bina 6
Limited

Indian Oil Corporation

17 Barauni Refinery Public Bihar Barauni 6
Limited

Bharat Petroleum
Numaligarh Corporation Limited, Oil
18 Public Assam Numaligarh 3
Refinery India and Government of
Assam

Bongaigaon Indian Oil Corporation

19 Public Assam Bongaigaon 2.35
Refinery Limited

Guwahati Indian Oil Corporation

20 Public Assam Guwahati 1
Refinery Limited

Nagapattnam Chennai Petroleum

21 Public Tamil Nadu Nagapattinam 1
Refinery Corporation Limited

Indian Oil Corporation

22 Digboi Refinery Public Assam Digboi 0.65
Limited

Oil and Natural Gas

23 Tatipaka Refinery Public Andhra Pradesh Tatipaka 0.07
Corporation
Q.2 Short – note on Reformulated Gasoline?
Ans: - In terms of U.S.A
Reformulated gasoline (RFG) is gasoline blended to burn more cleanly than conventional gasoline and to reduce
smog-forming and toxic pollutants in the air we breathe. The RFG program was mandated by Congress in the
1990 Clean Air Act amendments. The first phase of the RFG program began in 1995 and the second (current)
phase began in 2000.
RFG is required in cities with high smog levels and is optional elsewhere. RFG is currently used in 17 states and
the District of Columbia. About 30 percent of gasoline sold in the U.S. is reformulated.
The air quality benefits RFG has achieved represent a significant part of the country's smog reduction strategy.
The RFG program, combined with other industrial and transportation controls aimed at smog reduction, is
contributing to the long-term downward trend in U.S. smog levels. About 75 million people breathe cleaner air
because of RFG.

In terms of India
The world in the twenty first century presents several crucial challenges. One among the foremost challenges is
the environment. Advances in technology have allowed development of alternative energy sources. The
alternative energy sources are renewable, cleaner and more dependable than fossil fuels.
India will shortly notify the emission standards for vehicles that may ply on 85-95 per cent ethanol-blended fuel.
Recently, the road transport Ministry had issued a draft notification setting emission standards for flexi-fuel
ethanol (E85) and ethanol (ED95) vehicles. E85 is often utilized by flexible-fuel vehicles (FFV) in the United States
and Europe.
Alternative energy source
Ethanol is a high hydrocarbon, water-free alcohol made from the fermentation of sugar. It has been used as a
staple to provide high-octane fuel-ether additives. Ethanol is made from grains (mainly corn) or different
renewable agricultural or forestry products like wood, distillery waste, potatoes, cheese whey, paper waste,
beets, or vegetable waste.
When it is mixed with gasoline, ethanol will increase the levels of hydrocarbon, reduce exhaust emissions and
expand the availability of fuel. Ethanol in its liquid form, known as ethyl alcohol, is used as a fuel once
amalgamated with fuel or in its original state.
Ethanol-blended fuel can be used for old and new engine technology. The automotive engines older than 1969
with non-hardened valve seats may need a lead substitute added to gasoline or ethanol. When the valve burning
is decreased the ethanol blends are used because ethanol burns cooler than ordinary unleaded gasoline. Several
high performance racing engines use pure alcohol for that reason.
American experience
About two billion gallons of ethanol are produced annually in the United States. The first ethanol-blended
gasoline in the 1970s was 10 percent ethanol (E-10), while a blend of 85 percent by volume (E-85) was
introduced in the mid-1990s.
Ethanol is one among the most effective tools to control pollution. It decreases the pollution through the
volumetrically displacement of gasoline and by adding element to the combustion method that reduces exhaust
emissions.
The use of ethanol results in reductions in every pollutant regulated by the environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), as well as carbon monoxide, ozone, air toxins, nitrogen oxides and the particulate matter. The latest cars
of the late 1990s and beyond include on-board diagnostic monitoring systems capable of monitoring tailpipe
and evaporative emissions.
Advances in technology not solely improve observation and management of emissions, but also make it possible
to use blends of up to 85 percent ethanol. These versatile fuel vehicles are ready to sense the volume of ethanol
in gasoline and build the required engine changes for best potency, performance and emission levels.
More recently, the country has focused attention on additional advantages of ethanol. The ethanol has ability to
provide octane while replacing other environmentally dangerous components in gasoline. Another study also
recommends that using ethanol can slow global warming. In fact, the ethanol is produced in the USA. It brings
down imports by replacing imported gasoline and crude oil. Reducing fuel and crude oil imports reduces
American dependence on foreign oil.
According to poll conducted by the Research Strategy Management (RSM), about 75 percent of Americans
believe the country needs to do something to reduce its dependence on foreign oil.
Today, ethanol is widely used and available in most areas of the United States. Ethanol-blended gasoline has
been marketed by companies like Sunoco, Exxon, BP-Amoco, Texaco, ARCO, Mobil, Getty, Union, Phillips, Shell,
Chevron and Super-America apart from others. The American consumers have driven more than two trillion
miles (80,000 trips around the world) on ethanol-blended fuel since 1978.
Prospects of Ethanol-blended fuel
To meet the new standards the auto manufacturers are responding to the technical challenges. The new model
vehicles have on-board diagnostic monitoring systems capable of monitoring tailpipe and the evaporative
emissions from 1996. Latest computer technology makes this possible and E-85 vehicle models are being
produced every year.
The programmes also are in place to reduce emission levels by modernizing engine technology in mass transit
town buses and over-the-road trucks. Buses in many cities are powered by regenerate diesel engines that burn
100 percent ethanol.
If half of the nation’s buses switched to ethanol fuels, it’d create a new market for 100 million bushels of corn
per year. “e-diesel,” a blend of ethanol and diesel fuel, is being introduced for use in large trucks, tractors and
construction equipment.
Ethyl tertiary chemical group ether (ETBE) is being tested and used as a motor fuel additive in reformulated fuel.
Ethanol and ETBE blends in gasoline are approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for mandated
winter-time oxygenated fuel programmes where the target is to lower vehicle CO emissions from motor
vehicles. Expanded use of ETBE might offer another 200 million bushel marketplace for US corn growers.
The US Congress is additionally considering a national renewable fuels demand that might increase the use of
ethanol to five billion gallons each year by the end of the decade. This renewable fuel standard would serve to
expand the production and use of ethanol across the country and would supply the impetus for manufacturing
ethanol from a wide variety of renewable feed stocks.
Indian context
At present, only one 100 per cent ethanol-fuelled bus is operating in Nagpur. According to the road transport
Ministry draft notification the newly manufactured petrol vehicles fitted with spark ignition engine compatible
to run on petrol or a mixture of petrol and ethanol up to 85 per cent ethanol blend (E85) shall be type approved
according to the prevailing petrol emission norms. The newly manufactured ethanol-blended fuel vehicle with
gross vehicle weight above 3.5 tonnes compatible to run on 95 per cent ethanol (ED95), shall be type approved
as per prevailing diesel emission norms. This new technology will help to reduce pollution and cut the
dependence on petrol and diesel.