HRIFR

Agenda
• ATM
– ATM vs. Frame Relay
– ATM header
Introduction to ATM – Classes of Service
• CBR
• VBR
• ABR
– Traffic Management

Revised 08-01-2000

Frame Relay & ATM Similarities

Frame Relay vs. ATM
Frame Relay ATM Frame Relay ATM
Permanent Virtual Circuits Permanent Virtual Circuits Designed for Voice,
built using DLCI built using VPI and VCI Designed for Data
Data, and Video

Committed Information Rate Committed Information Rate No Priorities Multiple Priorities

labeled CIR measured as PCR, SCR, or MCR

Variable Length Frames Fixed-Length Cells (53 Bytes)

Uses the DE Uses a CLP
(Discard Eligibility)Bit (Cell Loss Priority) Bit
Access 56K - 20Mbps Access 1.5Mbps - 155Mbps
Uses “Leaky Bucket” method Uses “Dual Leaky Bucket” method
of congestion control of congestion control WAN Technology WAN or LAN Technology

ATM Customer Profile Competing Technologies?

• Large corporations or government organizations • Frame Relay revenues are more than 20x that of
with high bandwidth needs (ex. Disney uses ATM ATM (Data Communications Dec ‘97)
for collaborative editing). – 1998 projected
• Organizations wishing to prioritize different types • $6.16 Billion Frame Relay
$320 Million ATM
of traffic using the same network.
• Companies using ATM to the desktop.
• In contrast, approximately 75-80% data
communications use private lines
• Leading edge companies using ATM to develop
their own products.

ATM FR PL

1
 Competitive Comparison ATM Switching Technology
• Switches fixed-length 53-byte cells
Others – provides predictability in delay variance
Sprint 16%
22%
– predictable delay enables traffic such as voice & video
AT%T to be transported
MCI/Wcom – Smaller Cells take less time to “fill” with data
Sprint
AT%T
Others
– Uniform-sized cells can be switched faster
28%

MCI/Wcom • Based on international standards

34%
– Works on both LANs and WANs
Source: Vertical Systems Group 1997
Note: MCI & WorldCom combined

ATM Transport Method ATM Concepts: Cell Structure

Transport Overhead
Transport Payload = Fixed size (53 bytes)
ATM UNI (User Network Interface) Cell Format:
cells

H Payload H Payload H Payload H Payload H Payload H Payload

G V P C H
DS-3/OC-3 F P VCI T L E
16 Cell Payload (48 Bytes)
C I P C
53 Bytes 4 8 3 1 8

40 bits

Header Customer Data Total Cell Length 53 Bytes (424 bits)

5 Bytes 48 Bytes

ATM Concepts: Cell Structure Voice, Data, and Video

ATM Cell Format:
• ATM has a “built-in” priority system which
• Generic Flow Control (GFC): Not Used
• Virtual Path Identifier (VPI): Defines Virtual Path
allows customers to treat one PVC different
Portion of Address. 1 Octet from another.
• Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI): Defines Channel – Cuts down on delay for constant bit-rate
Portion of Address. 2 Octets applications
• Payload Type: Defines Management or User Cell. – Ex: Cells transported over PVCs supporting
Includes EFCI Bit
voice will be sent ahead of cells traversing a
• Cell Loss Priority (CLP): Identifies Cell as Tagged
For Discard (CLP=1)… Like DE bit in frame relay.
PVC carrying e-mail
• Header Error Control (HEC): Simple Bit Error
Checking for Header Only

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 Connectivity: ATM vs. Frame ATM Transport
Virtual Connection Types:
• Both ATM cells and Frame Relay frames have Virtual Channel Connections (VCC)
address fields used to route traffic over PVCs. Virtual Paths Connections (VPC)

• However, ATM allows for “PVCs within PVCs”

to aggregate traffic from different sources which VCI
VPI
VCI
are bound for the same destination.
VCI Physical
• Network switches can police these different virtual VCI VPI Transport
circuits using “quality of service” parameters. VCI

VP/VC

Permanent Virtual Circuits ATM Virtual Connections

• There are two “types” of PVCs with ATM Virtual Addressing: Used to route cells across
– VPC (Virtual Path Connection) the network
• Address is the VPI (Virtual Path Identifier)
• Used to simplify switching within the network • Virtual Path Identifier (VPI):
- 8 Bit UNI Address
• VCC (Virtual Channel Connection)
- 1-256 Possible Connections Supported
– Address is the VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier)
• VCCs ride within VPCs
• Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI):
• Different types of traffic going to the same destination can be
assigned different virtual channels within the virtual circuit. - 16 Bit UNI Address
- 1-65,536 Possible Connections Supported

Building PVCs Building PVCs

Traffic Type PVC (VPI / VCI)
Voice 12 / 245 • With standard frame relay, all traffic from a
Video 12 / 220
customer bound for the same destination
Vo

Mainframe 19 / 136
Austin
i

received the same DLCI.

ce

LAN Traffic 19 / 457

Office
12

• With ATM, traffic leaving a site is given an

/2
45

address (VPI/VCI) based on what type of

Orlando traffic it is (voice, video, LAN, e-mail, etc.)
Office – This helps our network keep track of which
type of traffic is coming, and we can prioritize
the traffic.

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 ATM Concepts:
Class of Service (CoS) ATM Concepts: Class of Service
CBR? UBR?
• Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
ABR? VBR?

ATM • Variable Bit Rate (VBR)

Classes of
Service • Available Bit Rate (ABR)

• Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR)

CBR (Constant Bit Rate)

CBR Traffic Management
• Used primarily for Voice and Fixed -Rate
Video
• VCCs carrying CBR traffic are policed on: Port Speed
– Peak Cell Rate: To make sure they don’t burst and Cell Rate
have cells marked discard eligible Peak Cell Rate
– Cell Delay Variation: To make sure the delay (PCR)
between cells falls within an acceptable level. 0
Please… after you! And Time
Don’t dawdle!
* Above PCR is Discarded
Thank You! Data * Customers network equipment should send data to IXC at PCR

Voice or Video

VBR (Variable Bit Rate) VBR Traffic Management

Discarded
• variable bit rate in non real time (VBR- Port Speed CLP=1

NRT) PCR
• This service is similar to Frame Relay Avg
Sustained Cell Rate
allowing bursting above SCR (Sustained Cell Rate
Cell Rate) (SCR)

• Cells transmitted above PCR (Peak Cell 0

Rate) and MBS (Maximum Burst size) are Time
* Can Burst Up To PCR
tagged discard eligible. * Above PCR is Discarded
* Cells Violating SCR (Over a Specified Period of Time = MBS )
are Tagged or Discarded
* MBS on a DS-3 port is 2000 cells

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 ABR (Available Bit Rate) ABR Traffic Management
• Used for very “elastic” applications like
Port Speed Discarded
LAN emulation
Peak Cell
• For best results, customer equipment should Rate (PCR)
Cell Rate
be able to communicate with our network to Minimum Tagged CLP = 1
see how much bandwidth is available. Cell Rate
(MCR)
Hey guys, can 0
Time
I squeeze
* MCR is Guaranteed
in? * Can Burst above MCR if Bandwidth is Available
ABR * Cells Between MCR and PCR are Tagged
* Can Burst Up To PCR
* Above PCR is Discarded
* Extra charges apply if PCR is set over 200% above MCR

UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate) UBR Traffic Management

• IXC’s “Best Effort” Service Discarded
Port Speed
• No Guaranteed Bandwidth (All cells tagged
CLP=1) Peak Cell Cell Rate
Rate (PCR)
Tagged
CLP=1 CLP=1
We’ll tell you when 0
there’s room!
Time
UBR
* Has No Minimum Guaranteed bandwidth
* All Cells Are Tagged
* Can Transmit Up To PCR
* Above PCR is Discarded

Congestion Control Other Rules of Thumb

(“Dual Leaky Bucket”)
Goodbye! • No single SCR, MCR or PCR can exceed port
speed (or port minus CBR PCR)
>PCR All Full! • VBR and ABR can be oversubscribed up to 200%
Below I Gotta’ Go!
PCR • No oversubscription on “CBR only” ports
CLP =1
• If CBR traffic is mixed with other classes of
CBR VBR ABR UBR service, port speed available for VBR, ABR, and
UBR is port speed minus CBR PCR.
CBR VBR ABR UBR
Bucket Bucket Bucket Bucket – This “remaining” port speed can be oversubscribed
200%
• No single VBR, ABR, or UBR PVC can exceed
20Mbps