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31-36 Empire State Building Final

The document provides details about the Empire State Building located in New York City. It describes key facts such as its height of 1,454 feet tall with 102 floors. The structural system uses steel columns, beams, reinforced concrete foundations, and reinforced concrete piers. Conceptual and structural scale models were created at scales of 1:500 and 1:1000 respectively to illustrate the building design.

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Sagar Gheewala
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593 views30 pages

31-36 Empire State Building Final

The document provides details about the Empire State Building located in New York City. It describes key facts such as its height of 1,454 feet tall with 102 floors. The structural system uses steel columns, beams, reinforced concrete foundations, and reinforced concrete piers. Conceptual and structural scale models were created at scales of 1:500 and 1:1000 respectively to illustrate the building design.

Uploaded by

Sagar Gheewala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EMPIRE STATE BUILDING

NEW YORK BMCT

BUILDING HEIGHT : 1450 FEET

NO. OF FLOORS : 102

STRUCTURAL MEMBERS :

1. STEEL COLUMNS

2. STEEL BEAMS

3. R.C.C. FOUNDATIONS

4. R.C.C. PIERS

CONCEPTUAL MODEL MODEL SCALE :- 1:500

ADVANCE STRUCTURES

STRUCTURAL MODEL MODEL SCALE :- 1:1000


Empire State Building

New York

Presented By: 1. Saif Ali Multani


2. Priya Mungra
3. Maitri Naik
4. Rahul Ostwal
5. Nitish Lekhadia
6. Brijesh Borad
Content
• History
• Introduction
• Location
• Facts
• Structure & Evolution
• Excavation and Foundation
• Construction
• External facade
• Fire Protection
• Insulated Radioactive Barriers
• Air Handling Unit
• Need and Benefit of Green Retrofit
• References
History
• The site of the Empire State Building was first developed as the John
Thompson Farm in the late 18th century

• At the time, a stream ran across the site, emptying into Sunfish Pond,
located a block away

• Beginning in the late 19th century, the block was occupied by the Waldorf-
Astoria Hotel

• The limestone for the Empire State Building came from the Empire Mill in
Sanders, Indiana which is an unincorporated town adjacent to
Bloomington, Indiana
Introduction
• ‘EMPIRE STATE BUILDING’, NAME IS DERIVED AS THE
NICKNAME FOR EMPIRE OF NEW YORK

• IT STOOD AS THE WORLD’S TALLEST BUILDING FOR 40


YEARS, FROM ITS COMPLETION IN 1931, THE EMPIRE
STATE BUILDING WAS AGAIN THE TALLEST BUILDING IN
NEW YORK.

• THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING HAS ONE OF THE MOST


POPULAR OUTDOOR OBSERVATORIES IN THE WORLD.
THE 86TH-FLOOR OBSERVTION DECK OFFERS
IMPRESSIVE 360-DEGREE VIEWS OF THE CITY.

• THERE IS A SECOND OBSERVATION DECK ON THE


102ND FLOOR THAT IS OPEN TO THE PUBLIC

• THE BUILDING IS TOPPED BY AN ENORMOUS SPIRE,


DESIGNED AS A MOORING MAST AND WOULD ENABLE
DIRIGIBLES SUCH AS ZEPPELINS TO ANCHOR AT THE
TOP OF THE BUILDING SO THAT PASSENGERS COULD
EMBARK OR DISEMBARK.
INTRODUCTION
Type Office building , observation deck
Architectural style Art deco
Location 350 Fifth Avenue

Manhattan, New York.
Construction started March 17, 1930
Completed April 11, 1931
Cost $40,948,900

($645 million in 2016dollars)
height 381 m to roof
443 m to tip
Technical details
Floor count 102
Floor area 2,248,355 sq ft (208,879 m2)
Lifts/elevators 73
Design and construction
Architect Shreve, Lamb and Harmon
Developer John J. Raskob
Structural engineer Homer Gage Balcom
Main contractor Starrett Brothers and Eken
Location
• EMPIRE STATE BUILDING IS LOCATED NEAR PENNSYLVANIA STATION AND
MADISON SQUARE PARK.
• EMPIRE STATE BUILDING IS LOCATED IN MIDTOWN OF NEW YORK.
• IT IS BETWEEN MANHATTAN AND LOWER MANHATTAN.
• NEARER TO CENTRAL PARK.
Facts
• ARCHITECT :- SHREVE, LAMB & HARMON ASSOCIATES.
• EXCAVATION:- BEGAN ON JANUARY 22, 1930.
• CONSTRUCTION:- COMMENCED MARCH 17, 1930.
• FRAMEWORK ROSE AT A RATE 4 % STORIES PER WEEK.
• MAN-HOURS:- 7,000,000.
• COST:- $40,948,900.
• AREA OF SITE:- 79,288 SQUARE FEET (7,240 METERS).
• FOUNDATION:- 55 FEET (16.7 METERS) BELOW GROUND.
• TOTAL HEIGHT:- 1,454 FEET OR 443.2 METERS.
• HEIGHT OF ANTENNA:- 204 FEET.
• FLOORS:- 102
• STEPS:- 1,860 FROM STREET LEVEL TO 102ND FLOOR.
• VOLUME:- 37 MILLION CUBIC FEET.
• WEIGHT:- 365,000 TONS.
• WINDOWS:- 6,500.
• ELEVATORS:- 73, INCLUDING SIX FREIGHT ELEVATORS, OPERATING AT SPEEDS FROM 600 TO 1,400
FEET PER MINUTE. (IT IS POSSIBLE TO RIDE FROM LOBBY TO 80TH FLOOR IN 45 SECONDS.)
Structure & Evolution
• Braced frame structure with
shear core
• Shear wall: To resist the lateral
load caused by wind &
earthquake
•
Relatively thin: height / width
• The assembly of shear wall is
known as “coupled shear wall”
• Riveted steel column and beams
, often encased in concrete ,
runs through the entire building
• Belt trusses distribute the
tensile and compressive force to
the large no. of exterior trusses
Excavation and Foundation 


• Excavation on the site began before on January 22, 1930 they began digging 55-feet
(16.8 m) down to the pure granite bedrock beneath the site.
• The bedrock underneath Manhattan was ideal for tall, heavy buildings. The granite was
considered “nature’s sturdiest structural support.”
• They excavated much of the site with the use of explosives. However, since the site was
in the middle of downtown New York they covered the explosions with heavy mats of
woven steel, which muffled the noise and ensured that rubble did not fly everywhere.
• They also utilized steam shovels, drills, and jackhammers to excavate.
• The excavated material was loaded onto trucks, which delivered it to barges on the East
River and was dumped into the Atlantic Ocean, 20 miles (32 km) off shore. In total,
28,259 truck trips were made.
• The base of the building consists of two square acres (0.33 ha2) of solid concrete, 55 feet
(17 m) below street level. 



THE SUBSTRUCTURE

A. Diaphragm wall. B. Footing. C. One type of foundation for a skyscraper uses steel piles to
secure the foundation to the ground. D. The slip form method of pouring concrete
Construction
• Construction on the Empire State
Building began on March 17, 1930.
• A forest of giant steel columns
rose from the ground.
• The first columns were massive,
standing 16 feet (4.9 m) tall and
weighing 44 tons, each one
required to support 5,000 tons of
skyscraper.
• Then hundreds of smaller
horizontal beams attached to the
columns to form a three-
dimensional grid.
• Used Heavy Equipment 

Construction
• Innovative techniques used to save time
• Use of pre fabricated steel structure
• All parts were well marked and indicative
of its placement to avoid confusion on site
• As the site was in the city centre there was
no place for storage of the large steel
members as a result they were brought on
site and placed directly where they
belonged
• The building grew at a pace of four and half
floors a week
Construction

• Due to lack of site space, there was no


provision to store materials on site so
basement was used to temporarily store
bricks
• A chute was used to transfer bricks to
basement and with the help of a hopper it
was transferred to various floors
• In order to transport materials around site
tracks were made and carts were fitted which
carried the quantity as eight times of
wheelbarrow reducing time and human effort
COLUMN
External Façade wall


• The curtain façade designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon used pale
Indiana limestone, shiny nickel-steel strips called mullions, and
aluminium panels known as spandrels.
• Each piece was prefabricated for simple attachment.
• Behind the curtain wall, an inner brick wall was laid. Since the bricks
would be hidden, there was no need to pay attention to appearance,
but simply put it together as quickly and efficiently as possible.
• The Indiana limestone was then placed overtop of the brick.
• The aluminium spandrels were laid on top of the limestone, and the
red-framed windows sat atop the spandrels. Lastly the silvery
mullions were placed to cover the rough edges of the limestone,
spandrels, and windows.
• designer William Lamb decided that the columns of stone would be
easier to put up if they were separated from the windows with metal
strips. The strips covered the stone’s edges, which meant the stone
could be rough-cut at the quarry and then heaved into place without
any final cutting or fitting.
• The façade used 200,000 cubic feet (6,000 m3) of Indiana limestone
and granite, 6,500 windows and 730 tons of aluminium and stainless
steel moulding


A single wythe of brick masonry in fill backs up the cast aluminium spandrel
panels
JOINING TECHNIQUE
•By using nut and bolt

•By Riveting
•Highest antenna locations •1,092 - 1,224 feet above •857; 965; 1,029; 1,073; and
in New York Tri-State grade. 1,092 feet above grade
Region- 1,100 - 1,450 feet •accommodate Low Power •for Microwave, WiMAX, GPS,
above grade TV (LPTV), Distributed VHF, UHF, Cellular, Low Power
•Space available to Transmission Systems (DTS), TV (LPTV), Distributed
accommodate Radio and TV Station Booster Transmission Systems (DTS)
TV Full Power Antennas Facilities, and microwave and TV Station Booster
point-to-point Systems
communications
Fire Protection
• STRUCTURAL STEEL
• ALL STRUCTURAL STEEL IS PROTECTED BY IRON OXIDE AND OIL PAINT, WHICH WAS APPLIED AT THE
STEEL IN ORDER TO PREVENT CORROSION.
• THE STEEL WAS THEN COVERED WITH AN ASPHALT COAT, WHICH WAS APPLIED IN ORDER TO
PROTECT THE STEEL WHEN IT COMES IN CONTACT WITH CONCRETE.
• ALL STEEL COLUMNS WERE ENCLOSED IN CINDER CONCRETE FOR ADDITIONAL FIREPROOFING AND
COLUMN STRENGTHENING. WATER SYSTEM
• THE WATER TANKS WERE INSIDE THE BUILDING RATHER THAN ON THE ROOF. THIS PROVIDES
SEVENTY MILES OF PIPING TO DELIVER WATER TO THE ENTIRE BUILDING. DURING EXPLOSION, THIS
PIPING SYSTEM EXHAUSTED MOST OF THE FIRE WITHIN 35 MINUTES OF THE CRASH.
• FIREPROOF STAIRWELLS WERE REQUIRED FOR ALL HIGH-RISE BUILDING IN 1930. WALLS AND SHAFTS
• THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING IS COMPARTMENTALISED AND EACH FLOOR IS SELFCONTAINED.
• EACH FLOOR AND EACH ROOM ARE SEPARATED BY FIRE PARTITIONS. EACH STORY UTILISES ITS OWN
HEATING AND COOLING DUCTS.
• ITS ALSO HAS ITS OWN ELEVATOR AND UTILITY SHAFTS WHICH ARE ENCLOSED BY THICK MASONRY
WALLS.

SECTION OF THE 8 INCH


CONCRETE COVERING ON
EACH COLUMN
Insulated Radioactive Barriers


• MORE THAN SIX-THOUSAND INSULATED


REFLECTIVE BARRIERS WERE INSTALLED BEHIND
RADIATOR UNITS LOCATED ON THE PERIMETER OF
TH E BUILDING

• EACH RADIATOR WAS REMOVED AND INSTALLED


AN INEXPENSIVE INSULATED BARRIER THAT
REFLECTS 24% MORE HEAT BACK INTO THE
BUILDING. NOT ONLY IS HEAT REFLECTED INTO
THE TENANT OCCUPIED SPACES, IN SUMMER AIR
DOES NOT SEEP THROUGH THE MASONRY WALLS,
THEREBY REDUCING THE COOLING LOAD.

• ADDITIONALLY, EVERY RADIATOR IS CONNECTED
TO A DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEM TO MAKE SURE
THAT STEAM CONSUMPTION IS ONLY AS MUCH
AS IS NEEDED, ALLOWING US TO MONITOR THE
PERFORMANCE AND FUNCTION OF EVERY PIECE
OF EQUIPMENT.
Air Handling Unit
• AIR HANDLING UNITS ON EVERY FLOOR CYCLE FRESH AIR IN AND
OUT COOLING AND VENTILATING THE BUILDING.

• DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BUILDING HAVE DIFFERENT HEATING


AND COOLING NEEDS: SOME SIDES GET MORE SUN THAN
OTHERS, AND HIGHER FLOORS ARE EXPOSED TO COLDER AIR AND
HIGHER WIND.

• THE OLD UNITS, LIKE THE CHILLERS, WERE EITHER ON OR OFF,


RESULTING IN WASTED ENERGY.

• THE NEW UNITS USE VARIABLE AIR VOLUME (VAV) TECHNOLOGY


TO CONSTANTLY FINE TUNE THEIR OUTPUT TO MATCH THE
COOLING AND VENTILATION DEMANDS OF DIFFERENT BUILDING
SPACES, AS SENSED BY THE BUILDING’S CENTRAL CONTROL
NETWORK.

• VAV TECHNOLOGY IS ANOTHER “GAS PEDAL”, “ALLOWING UNITS


TO RUN ONLY WHEN NEEDED.
• REPLACING EXISTING CONSTANT VOLUME UNITS WITH VARIABLE
AIR VOLUME UNITS USING A NEW AIR HANDLING LAYOUT.
Needs and Benefits of Green Retrofit
• ANNUAL UTILITY COSTS:- $11 MILLION ($4/SQ.FT.)
• ANNUAL CO2 EMISSIONS:- 25,000 METRIC TONS (22 LBS/
SQ.FT.)
• ANNUAL ENERGY USE:- 88 KBTU/SQ.FT.
• PEAK ELECTRIC DEMAND:- 9.5 MW (3.8 W/SQ.FT. INC. HVAC).
• IMPROVED LIGHTING CONDITIONS THAT COORDINATE
AMBIENT AND TASK LIGHTING.
• REDUCING 75% GREEN GAS EMISSION.
• REUSES MATERIALS INSTEAD OF SENDING THEM TO A
LANDFILL.
• SAVES MONEY BY NOT REPLACING SYSTEMS THAT STILL HAVE
LIFE IN THEM. WHY RETROFITS MATTER? 90% OF EXISTING
BUILDINGS WILL STILL BE HERE IN 25 YEARS. TEARING THEM
DOWN AND STARTING OVER IS NOT AN OPTION: IT CREATES
TREMENDOUS WASTE AND DESTROYS ARCHITECTURAL AND
HISTORICAL ICONS.
• EFFECTS
• THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING LEADING TO THE MOVEMENT
TOWARDS ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS.
Plan
Process
Model

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