Power Systems

Electrical power has been the technological foundation of industrial societies for
many years. Although the systems designed to provide and apply electrical energy
have reached a high degree of maturity, unforeseen problems are constantly
encountered, necessitating the design of more efficient and reliable systems based
on novel technologies. The book series Power Systems is aimed at providing
detailed, accurate and sound technical information about these new developments in
electrical power engineering. It includes topics on power generation, storage and
transmission as well as electrical machines. The monographs and advanced
textbooks in this series address researchers, lecturers, industrial engineers and
senior students in electrical engineering. ** Power Systems is indexed in Scopus**

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4622

Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei •

Ersan Kabalci Nicu Bizon

•

Editors

Microgrid Architectures,
Control and Protection
Methods

123
Editors
Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei Ersan Kabalci
Department of Electrical Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Seraj Higher Education Institute Department, Faculty of Engineering
Tabriz, Iran and Architecture
Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University
Nicu Bizon Nevsehir, Turkey
Faculty of Electronics, Communications
and Computers
University of Pitesti
Pitesti, Arges, Romania

ISSN 1612-1287 ISSN 1860-4676 (electronic)

Power Systems
ISBN 978-3-030-23722-6 ISBN 978-3-030-23723-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23723-3
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, corrected publication 2020
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Dedicated to
all our teachers and colleagues
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and our family and friends
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Foreword

There are specific interests for the integration of distributed generation systems and
reliable consuming networks in the microgrid architectures. The microgrid topolo-
gies are designed as the innovative electrical systems, power distribution networks
and also independent small power grids. The nature of microgrid operations includes
ownership, reliability and locality. The microgrid development is mostly dependent
on microprocessors and communication technologies to provide more complicated
inverters and load controllers and also offer adequate bandwidth.
Microgrid control and protection based on different interfaces are also important
concepts in combining power balancing, optimization and smart activating as
grid-connected or islanded modes. The microgrid control and protection include the
regulation of voltage and frequency and managing of real and reactive power for the
generation units and energy storages.
The book generally explains the fundamentals and contemporary materials in
microgrid architectures, control and protection. It will be very efficient for electrical
engineers and researchers to have the book which contains important subjects in
considering modeling, analysis and practice related to microgrids. The book
comprises knowledge, theoretical and practical issues as well as up-to-date contents
in these issues and methods for designing, controlling and protecting of AC–DC
microgrid networks.
Some textbooks and monographs are previously presented for people who want
to learn more on the microgrids. The worth of the present book is that it tries to put
forward some practical ways for microgrid planning and modeling, control, pro-
tection, infrastructure, converters, energy storage systems, efficiencies, assessments
and quality issues which are now more organized. The editors wisely designated the
topics to be preserved, and the chapters written by well-recognized experts in the
field are placed in three parts.
The book introduces the reader to the modeling, analysis, operation, control and
protection of the microgrids. Then, the main subjects related to planning, con-
verters, hybrid energy resources, energy management, adaptive and modified
control and protection are presented and explained. The book also includes infor-
mative case studies and many instances.

vii
viii Foreword

The book can be used in the classroom, to teach microgrid courses to graduate
students, and be suggested as further reading to undergraduate students in engi-
neering sciences. It will also be a valuable information resource for the researchers
and engineers concerned with microgrid issues or involved in the development of
distributed generation applications.

May 2019 Academician Arif M. Hashimov

Institute of Physics
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
Baku, Azerbaijan
Preface

The microgrid researches have been extensively increased and widespread since the
last decade. The enhanced use of distributed generation, distributed energy
resources, renewable energy sources, energy storage technologies and increased
power requirements has promoted microgrid researches. The improvements and
outcomes of microgrid researches facilitate to overcome power system problems
related to resiliency, flexibility, stability, efficiency and capacity limitations.
A crucial component of this new grid type is apparently power electronics devices
interfacing sources and utility grid. This interface is required to provide control and
protection features depending on device topologies and control software.
Moreover, the generated and converted power should meet the grid codes and
should comply with international standards in terms of power quality, efficiency and
sustainability. The purpose of this book is to present a broader view of emerging
microgrid architectures, control and protection methods and communication sys-
tems, approaching the following subjects: (1) presenting detailed surveys for a wide
variety of microgrid architectures and emerging microgrid approaches; (2) concepts
and visualization of microgrid concepts and related power electronics applications
for improved microgrids; (3) providing detailed knowledge on wireless and
emerging communication methods used for control and protection issues in
microgrids; (4) presenting the virtual inertia and energy storage systems that are key
components of microgrid integration to utility grid; (5) contents on relation of smart
grid and microgrid applications along IoT and wireless communication systems;
and (6) discussions on the issues related to deployment and development of control,
protection and communication technologies at future microgrid scope.
Microgrid Architectures, Control and Protection Methods is a book aimed to
highlight the microgrid operation and planning issues using different methods
which include planning and modeling, AC and DC hybrid microgrid, microgrid
infrastructure, power electronic converters in microgrid, energy storage systems in
microgrid, energy management in microgrids, PV microgrids, microgrid control
strategies, intelligent and adaptive control in microgrid, optimal microgrid

ix
x Preface

operational planning, microgrid protection and automations, adaptive protection

systems in microgrid, IEC 61850-based protection systems and also control and
protection of smart microgrids.
A large number of specialists are joined as the authors of the chapters to provide
their potentially innovative solutions and research related to microgrid operation, in
order to be useful in developing updated approaches in electric power analysis,
design and operational strategies. Several theoretical researches, case analysis and
practical implementation processes are put together in this book that aims to act as
research and design guides to help the graduates, postgraduates and researchers in
electric power engineering and energy systems. The book presents significant
results obtained by leading professionals from the industry, research and academic
fields that can be useful to the variety of groups in specific areas analyzed in this
book.
This book comprises 31 chapters structured in three parts as follows: Part I
introduces in 12 chapters the microgrid architectures and the used power converters;
Part II makes in 12 chapters a deep presentation of microgrid control systems;
Part III highlights in 7 chapters the current issues of the microgrid protection
systems. A brief introduction for readers on the contents of all chapters will be
made below.
AC and DC microgrids and converters consisting of their modeling and oper-
ation are discussed in the chapters of Part I.
Chapter 1 presents an overview of microgrid concept, modeling, architectures
and operation by presenting the main type of distributed energy resources (DERs)
and networks based on renewable energy sources (RESs). The chapter also com-
prises a brief review of microgrid modeling studies based on the microgrid archi-
tectures and operation types in AC, DC and hybrid microgrid models.
Chapter 2 details the microgrid concepts by introducing the fundamentals of
microgrids, with focus on microgrid planning and energy management considering
the variability of the RES power due to environmental and weather conditions.
The RES power is modeled using several different probability distributions, and the
optimization strategies for microgrid planning have been proposed based on
stochastic programming and deterministic mathematical models.
Chapter 3 explains the advantages and disadvantages of the microgrid archi-
tectures based on DC bus, AC bus, or hybrid DC and AC bus using modeling and
case studies. The chapter consists of two parallel operated AC and DC microsys-
tems including renewable AC sources of power, and AC–DC loads and power
sources.
Chapter 4 details the DER concept and potential issues due to high penetration of
DER-based microgrids with their technical characteristics in electrical power sys-
tems (EPSs) by presenting and discussing the main models for DER-based
microgrids proposed in the literature.
Chapter 5 studies how the DERs dispersed throughout the network can be
brought together based on the concept of virtual power plant (VPP), which turns
them into active resources that function as a single centralized generating power
plant, with the capacity to respond intelligently to variable load demand. The VPP
Preface xi

is a technical, operational and economic concept that is located in the digital part
of the microgrids and provides facilities that allow greater flexibility of the EPS.
The power electronic converters have been detailed in Chaps. 6 and 7 in terms of
AC–DC rectifiers, inverters (DC–AC converters) and DC–DC converters used in
DC and AC microgrids. So, Chap. 6 analyzes the main types, circuit structures and
functions of power electronic converters used in DC microgrid and highlights the
major advantage of DC microgrids compared to AC microgrids. Then, Chap. 7
analyzes the main power electronic converters used in AC microgrid and highlights
the major advantage of AC microgrids compared to DC microgrids. The chapters
review the main performance indicators and standards for DC and AC microgrids,
respectively, and the conclusions are supported by simulation performed for some
topologies.
Chapter 8 explains the important role of the energy storage system (ESS) in
enhancing the stability of grid-connected and islanded microgrid by modeling the
power flow balance on DC or AC buses and including appropriate case studies. The
standards IEC/ISO 62264 and IEEE 2000 related to interconnection of the wind
turbine farms and photovoltaic systems into microgrids have been presented as
well.
Chapter 9 shows the design and experimental investigations of a fuel cell (FC)–
electrolyzer-based energy storage system integrated into a microgrid. The
hydrogen-based ESS based on proton-exchange membrane (PEM) FC system and
solid polymer electrolyzer seem to be the best alternative to store energy due to
their simple structure, high power density, quick start, no moving parts and superior
reliability and durability, low operating temperature and environmental aspects.
Chapter 10 analyzes the requirements for the energy management system
(EMS), which are identified as follows: (1) determining the amount of
produced/consumed energy by the generation units/consumers; (2) ensuring the
generation and consumption balance; (3) ensuring compliance and implementation
of the rules for connecting the microgrid to the upper distribution system; (4) op-
timal utilization of its existing resources; (5) minimizing the overall operational
costs; (6) separating the microgrid from the upper grid in case of emergencies; and
(7) providing convenient control strategy for re-connecting to the upper network
after the islanded operation. The role of subsystems of the energy management
system (such as communication systems and smart meters) is also discussed in the
frame of the main EMSs proposed in the literature, highlighting the pro and cons
of the centralized and decentralized EMSs. The supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) system can be a solution for decentralized EMSs.
Chapter 11 proposes a technical solution to improve the efficiency of a photo-
voltaic (PV) power plant within an area of seventy hectares through control,
surveillance, metering and monitoring of the system from distance. The SCADA
system offers information in real time for the control system about total and daily
energy delivered (kWh), weather info, alarms, etc. The received information can be
compared with the data stored in the same period of the past years, in order to
establish the productive efficiency of the PV power plant.
xii Preface

Chapter 12 analyzes the extremum seeking control (ESC)-based global maxi-

mum power point tracking (GMPPT) control for PV microgrids under partially
shaded conditions. The influence of photovoltaic array topologies to multimodal PV
characteristic and new materials like ferrite nano-core–shell (NCS) multilayer used
to construct efficient PV cells based on thin-film transistors are also highlighted.
Part II includes the control of AC and DC microgrids and related strategies,
requirements and challenges.
Chapter 13 emphasizes on the current controlling strategies of power converters
operating in different modes with AC microgrids, which has the main advantage of
compatibility with the existing AC EPS. So, from control point of view, converters
are classified as grid forming, grid supporting and grid feeding converter. Anyway,
the complexity of reactive power control and frequency issues as stability and
synchronization make the DC to be very attractive.
Chapter 14 introduces the centralized, decentralized and distributed DC micro-
grid architectures and their control. Also, the most used standards related to DC
microgrids and cyber-physical system (CPS) related to the power system field are
presented. The advanced control of the utility converter has been developed and
simulated.
Chapter 15 deals with the basic principles of microgrid control analyzing the
local control, central control and emergency control. Also, being the most used
control into the microgrids, the hierarchical control is presented. Since centralized
control to split the reactive and active power is costly and difficult to be imple-
mented, the decentralized and distributed control techniques will be analyzed in the
next chapters.
Chapter 16 discusses the advantages of the hierarchical control in the frame of
distributed control systems used in microgrids. The droop-based control algorithms
are analyzed, being considered to be the most effective in terms of the stability of
network voltage and reactive power sharing.
Chapter 17 analyzes different intelligent and adaptive control techniques pro-
posed in the literature as a response to the difficulty of controlling highly complex
and indeterminate nonlinear systems. The chapter provides new designs, at the
cutting edge of true intelligent control, and shows directions for future research to
improve the real-world applications of the intelligent and adaptive control.
Chapter 18 deals with the basic principles of operating the microgrid in emer-
gency conditions, by analyzing the load shedding, emergency and local control
considering uncertainties. The chapter focuses on developing a coordination control
algorithm using emergency demand response (EDR) resources and under-frequency
load shedding (UFLS) methods considering various probabilistic scenarios. It is
worth to mention that the emergence of smart metering system (SMS) has been
implemented at the level of majority of distribution grid operators (DGOs) as
real-time information about the consumed and produced electricity to take technical
measures for efficiently operating the microgrid.
Preface xiii

Chapter 19 analyzes the aforementioned solutions to be implemented in smart

metering-based strategies for improving energy efficiency in microgrids. The new
methods proposed for load modeling, phase load balancing and voltage control are
tested using real microgrids.
Chapter 20 proposes the optimal microgrid operational planning (OMOP)
approach for DERs, considering wind and photovoltaic power generations, com-
bined heat and power generation units, electrical energy storages and interruptible
loads. The OMOP based on a two-level optimization under system uncertainties has
been detailed in this chapter.
Chapter 21 analyzes the outage problem that occurs due to weaknesses of the
power system infrastructure or the occurrence of human or natural faults in the EPS.
The self-healing is presented in this chapter as one of the main abilities of the smart
grids to automatically retrieve system after fault occurrence or keep away system
from critical conditions. So, the definition, requirements and challenges of
self-healing are introduced, and some tools and methods like demand response, load
shedding, distributed energy resources and autonomous microgrids which can
facilitate self-healing process are assessed.
Chapter 22 further analyzes various droop-based control strategies and shows
simulation of some prevalent ones to assess the strength and weakness of each
approach. The droop control does not require communication infrastructure and
reduces the complexity for implementation, less cost for system maintenance,
which improves the reliability indices. Besides the droop controllers, the fuzzy
logic (FL)-based controllers have been markedly developed in order to be used in
various microgrid applications due to their simple structure, easy implementation
and adaptive behavior.
Chapter 23 analyzes in detail the adaptive controlling mechanisms and dynamic
efficiencies based on FL-based PID controller. Different control strategies based on
fuzzy PID-type controller for controlling microgrids are also described and dis-
cussed in this chapter.
Chapter 24 proposes an innovative control structure of the reinforcement
learning (RL) based on PID controller to enhance the frequency fluctuations of a
hybrid microgrid with a high RESs penetration. The RL algorithms can be used to
learn the optimal control policy from interaction with the environment of the sys-
tem. It is worth mentioning the new applications of RL algorithms in EPS control.
As it was mentioned before, the chapters in Part III focus on microgrid pro-
tection techniques.
Chapter 25 introduces the microgrid protection techniques highlighting the close
connection between the Internet of things (IoT) and the development of the smart
grids. The methods for increasing the microgrid resilience to extreme disruptions
and shocks posed by natural, man-made or random events are presented. The
chapter presents protection solutions closely with international standards for both
DC and AC networks, considering the technical requirements of the microgrids and
by using different topology. Therefore, the conventional protection and control
systems need to be improved to overcome current difficulties, offering reliable
xiv Preface

protection and control for grid-connected and islanded microgrids, as will be shown
in the next chapters.
Chapter 26 deals with the protection and automation requirements of the
microgrids in the frame of smart grid, including the protection schemes and
developments in the related fields. The chapter concentrates on devolution of power
generation and the conversion of the radial distribution network into a microgrid. It
also discusses on the protection and control requirements of a microgrid, islanding
detection and management scheme.
Chapter 27 presents the fault detection methods and protection devices in
low-voltage DC (LVDC), medium-voltage DC (MVDC) and high-voltage DC
(HVDC) grids. The main protection schemes are presented regarding DC micro-
grids. The fault detection methods are surveyed considering voltage prediction,
disturbance detection, and fault classification and locating methods.
Chapter 28 analyzes the solutions for protecting smart grids using the protocol
IEC 61850 based on intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). Based on case studies,
the chapter presents the remote-controlled reclosed scheme, the adaptive protection
of a distributed system based on the loop automation scheme and the main
advantages for the consumers by implementing the restoration scheme.
Chapter 29 presents the protection techniques based on the IEC 61850 protocol
using case studies for data communication systems between substations. The IEC
61850 is implemented for real-time communication between IEDs based on Generic
Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) messages.
Chapter 30 highlights the main power quality issues in the microgrid, and
solutions to handle these issues and their operating principle are explained. Load
pulses are frequently encountered in microgrid and need to be mitigated using
appropriate control of hybrid energy storage system (ESS) based on different power
storage devices such as the ultracapacitors (UCs) stacks, superconducting magnetic
energy storage (SMES) devices and high-speed flywheel energy systems (FESs).
Chapter 31 approaches the control and protection of the smart microgrids using
the concepts from IoT and highlights the IoT role in creating and developing smart
microgrids, including benefits, challenges and risks, in order to reveal a variety of
mechanisms, methods and procedures built to control and protect smart microgrids.
Thus, microgrids must benefit by large opportunity to implement the IoT mecha-
nisms, because they are composed of equipment that demands sensing, connectivity
and analytics technologies to operate at the highest level.
Therefore, the proposed book tries to clear the aforementioned approaches, by
presenting intuition explanations about principles and application of microgrid
structure and operation. Moreover, the book tries to put forward some practical
ways for microgrid analysis.
Moreover, the book will be helpful for the future research to be done in the field
of electrical engineering and communication engineering. It also explores the recent
progress on several microgrid control and protection technologies and their per-
formance evaluation. The book has the wider coverage ranging the topics from
essentials of microgrids to enhanced communication systems such as wireless and
Internet of things (IoT). It can also help in understanding the role of emerging
Preface xv

communication systems such as the Internet of things (IoT), wireless communi-

cation and IEC 61850-based networks in microgrids.
We hope that this book will be helpful for young researchers and practitioners in
the area of electrical engineering. The editors and authors made all efforts to have a
good book and hope interested readers to enjoy by reading this book and to be
satisfied by its content.

Tabriz, Iran Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei

Nevsehir, Turkey Ersan Kabalci
Pitesti, Romania Nicu Bizon
Contents

Part I Microgrid Architectures and Power Electronics

1 Overview of Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei, Ersan Kabalci and Nicu Bizon
2 Microgrid Planning and Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Ali Jafari Aghbolaghi, Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei,
Morteza Kalantari Azad, Mozhgan Tarantash
and Narges Sadat Boushehri
3 AC and DC Combined Microgrid, Modeling and Operation . . . . . 47
Nariman Rahmanovich Rahmanov and Ogtay Zaur oglu Karimov
4 Distributed Energy Resources and Microgrid Infrastructure . . . . . 69
Farid Hamzeh Aghdam and Navid Taghizadegan Kalantari
5 Virtual Power Plants and Virtual Inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Javier Bilbao, Eugenio Bravo, Carolina Rebollar, Concepcion Varela
and Olatz Garcia
6 Power Electronic Converters in DC Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Ires Iskender and Naci Genc
7 Power Electronic Converters in AC Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Marian Gaiceanu, Iulian Nicusor Arama and Iulian Ghenea
8 Energy Storage Systems in Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Horia Andrei, Marian Gaiceanu, Marilena Stanculescu,
Paul Cristian Andrei, Razvan Buhosu and Cristian Andrei Badea
9 Design and Experimental Investigations of an Energy Storage
System in Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Mircea Raceanu, Nicu Bizon, Adriana Marinoiu and Mihai Varlam

xvii
xviii Contents

10 Energy Management Requirements for Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Farid Hamzeh Aghdam and Navid Taghizadegan Kalantari
11 Energy Management of the Grid-Connected PV Array . . . . . . . . . 255
Florentina Magda Enescu, Nicu Bizon and Ioan Cristian Hoarca
12 PV Microgrids Efficiency: From Nanomaterials
and Semiconductor Polymer Technologies for PV Cells
to Global MPPT Control for PV Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Cristian Ravariu, Nicu Bizon, Elena Manea, Florin Babarada,
Catalin Parvulescu, Dan Eduard Mihaiescu and Maria Stanca

Part II Microgrid Control Systems

13 Control of Power Electronic Converters in AC Microgrid . . . . . . . 329
Rajendrasinh Jadeja, Amit Ved, Tapankumar Trivedi
and Gagandipsinh Khanduja
14 DC Microgrid Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Marian Gaiceanu, Iulian Nicusor Arama and Iulian Ghenea
15 Hierarchical Control in Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Ersan Kabalci
16 Distributed Control of Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Ahmet Karaarslan and M. Emrah Seker
17 Intelligent and Adaptive Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Mehmet Zile
18 Load Shedding, Emergency and Local Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Amin Mokari Bolhasan, Navid Taghizadegan Kalantari
and Sajad Najafi Ravadanegh
19 Smart Metering Based Strategies for Improving Energy
Efficiency in Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Gheorghe Grigoras, Ovidiu Ivanov, Bogdan Constantin Neagu
and Pragma Kar
20 Optimal Microgrid Operational Planning Considering
Distributed Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Mehrdad Setayesh Nazar, Ainollah Rahimi Sadegh
and Alireza Heidari
21 Self-healing: Definition, Requirements, Challenges
and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Ali Zangeneh and Mohammad Moradzadeh
Contents xix

22 Various Droop Control Strategies in Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

Pegah Zafari, Ali Zangeneh, Mohammad Moradzadeh,
Alireza Ghafouri and Moein Aldin Parazdeh
23 Fuzzy PID Control of Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Hossein Shayeghi and Abdollah Younesi
24 Adaptive and Online Control of Microgrids Using Multi-agent
Reinforcement Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Hossein Shayeghi and Abdollah Younesi

Part III Microgrid Protection Systems

25 Microgrid Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Horia Andrei, Marian Gaiceanu, Marilena Stanculescu,
Ioan Marinescu and Paul Cristian Andrei
26 Microgrid Protection and Automations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Omer Usta
27 Protective Systems in DC Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Ersan Kabalci
28 Adaptive Protection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Marian Gaiceanu and Iulian Nicusor Arama
29 IEC 61850 Based Protection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Marian Gaiceanu and Iulian Nicusor Arama
30 Power Quality Issues and Mitigation Techniques in Microgrid . . . . 719
Rajendrasinh Jadeja, Nicu Bizon, Tapankumar Trivedi, Amit Ved
and Mrudurajsinh Chudasama
31 Control and Protection of the Smart Microgrids Using Internet
of Things: Technologies, Architecture and Applications . . . . . . . . . 749
Fernando Georgel Birleanu and Nicu Bizon
Correction to: Microgrid Planning and Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C1
Ali Jafari Aghbolaghi, Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei,
Morteza Kalantari Azad, Mozhgan Tarantash and Narges Sadat Boushehri

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
Contributors

Ali Jafari Aghbolaghi Zanjan Electric Energy Distribution Company, Zanjan,

Iran;
Sanat Modern AfRaTech Sobhan Company, Zanjan, Iran;
Andishmand Shomal-Gharb Engineering Consultancy, Zanjan, Iran;
Electrical Engineering Department, Seraj Higher Education Institute, Tabriz, Iran
Farid Hamzeh Aghdam Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
Horia Andrei Doctoral School of Engineering Sciences, University Valahia of
Targoviste, Targoviste, Romania
Paul Cristian Andrei Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic
University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Iulian Nicusor Arama Department of Automation and Electrical Engineering,
Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
Morteza Kalantari Azad Sanat Modern AfRaTech Sobhan Company, Zanjan,
Iran;
Andishmand Shomal-Gharb Engineering Consultancy, Zanjan, Iran
Florin Babarada Department of Electronic Devices, Circuits and Architectures,
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology,
Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Cristian Andrei Badea Interface Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
Javier Bilbao Applied Mathematics Department, University of the Basque
Country, Bilbao, Spain
Fernando Georgel Birleanu Faculty of Electronics, Communications and
Computers, Doctoral School, University of Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania

xxi
xxii Contributors

Nicu Bizon Department of Electronics, Computers and Electrical Engineering,

Faculty of Electronics, Communications and Computers, University of Pitesti,
Pitesti, Romania;
Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Amin Mokari Bolhasan Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
Narges Sadat Boushehri Department of Management, Taba Elm International
Institute, Tabriz, Iran
Eugenio Bravo Applied Mathematics Department, University of the Basque
Country, Bilbao, Spain
Razvan Buhosu Department of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Dunarea
de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
Mrudurajsinh Chudasama Marwadi University, Rajkot, India
Florentina Magda Enescu Department of Electronics, Computers and Electrical
Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Communications and Computers, University
of Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania
Marian Gaiceanu Department of Automation and Electrical Engineering,
Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
Olatz Garcia Applied Mathematics Department, University of the Basque
Country, Bilbao, Spain
Naci Genc Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Van Yuzuncu
Yil University, Van, Turkey
Alireza Ghafouri Electrical Engineering Department, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad
University (IAU), Sari, Iran
Iulian Ghenea Doctoral School of Fundamental and Engineering Sciences,
Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
Gheorghe Grigoras Power System Department, Electrical Engineering Faculty,
“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
Alireza Heidari School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunication,
University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Ioan Cristian Hoarca National Research and Development Institute for
Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
Ires Iskender Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Cankaya
University, Ankara, Turkey
Ovidiu Ivanov Power System Department, Electrical Engineering Faculty,
“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
Contributors xxiii

Rajendrasinh Jadeja Marwadi University, Rajkot, India

Ersan Kabalci Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Architecture, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir,
Turkey
Navid Taghizadegan Kalantari Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
Pragma Kar Department of Information Technology, Jadavpur University,
Kolkata, India
Ahmet Karaarslan Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
Ogtay Zaur oglu Karimov Cleaner Production and Energy Efficiency Center,
Baku, Azerbaijan
Gagandipsinh Khanduja Marwadi University, Rajkot, India
Naser Mahdavi Tabatabaei Electrical Engineering Department, Seraj Higher
Education Institute, Tabriz, Iran;
Department of Management, Taba Elm International Institute, Tabriz, Iran
Elena Manea National Institute for Research and Development in
Microtechnologies—IMT Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Ioan Marinescu Doctoral School of Engineering Sciences, University Valahia of
Targoviste, Targoviste, Romania
Adriana Marinoiu National Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell, National
Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies,
Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
Dan Eduard Mihaiescu Department of Organic Chemistry “Costin Nenitescu”,
Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Polytechnic University of
Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Mohammad Moradzadeh Electrical Engineering Department, Shahid Rajaee
Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
Bogdan Constantin Neagu Power System Department, Electrical Engineering
Faculty, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
Moein Aldin Parazdeh Electrical Engineering Department, Shahid Rajaee
Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
Catalin Parvulescu National Institute for Research and Development in
Microtechnologies—IMT Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Mircea Raceanu National Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell, National Research
and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania;
Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
xxiv Contributors

Ainollah Rahimi Sadegh Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti

University, A.C., Tehran, Iran
Nariman Rahmanovich Rahmanov Cleaner Production and Energy Efficiency
Center, Baku, Azerbaijan
Sajad Najafi Ravadanegh Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
Cristian Ravariu Department of Electronic Devices, Circuits and Architectures,
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology,
Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Carolina Rebollar Applied Mathematics Department, University of the Basque
Country, Bilbao, Spain
M. Emrah Seker Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yildirim
Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
Mehrdad Setayesh Nazar Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti
University, A.C., Tehran, Iran
Hossein Shayeghi Department of Electrical Engineering, University of
Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Maria Stanca Department of Organic Chemistry “Costin Nenitescu”, Faculty of
Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Polytechnic University of Bucharest,
Bucharest, Romania
Marilena Stanculescu Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic
University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Mozhgan Tarantash Sanat Modern AfRaTech Sobhan Company, Zanjan, Iran
Tapankumar Trivedi Marwadi University, Rajkot, India
Omer Usta Istanbul Technical University and Entes Electronics, Istanbul, Turkey
Concepcion Varela Applied Mathematics Department, University of the Basque
Country, Bilbao, Spain
Mihai Varlam National Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell, National Research
and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, Râmnicu
Vâlcea, Romania
Amit Ved Marwadi University, Rajkot, India
Abdollah Younesi Department of Electrical Engineering, University of
Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Contributors xxv

Pegah Zafari Electrical Engineering Department, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training

University, Tehran, Iran
Ali Zangeneh Electrical Engineering Department, Shahid Rajaee Teacher
Training University, Tehran, Iran
Mehmet Zile Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
Abbreviations and Acronyms

5G 5th Generation
AAFC Aqueous Alkaline Fuel Cell
AC Alternative Current
ACE Area Correction Error
ACMG Alternating Current Microgrid
ACS Ant Colony System
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter
ADM Alternating Direction Method
ADN Active Distribution Network
AE Aqua Electrolyzer
AES All-Electric Ship
AFC Alkaline Fuel Cell
AGC Automatic Generation Control
AHC Adaptive Heuristic Critic
AI Artificial Intelligence
AMI Advanced Metering Infrastructure
ANN Artificial Neural Network
ANSI American National Standards Institute
aPESC Asymptotic PESC
aPESCH1 Asymptotic PESC based on FFT
APP Auxiliary Problem Principle
AR Average Reward
ARR Automatic Release of Reserve
AS Ancillary Services
ATS Automatic Transfer Switch
AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator
BCBG Bottom-Contact Bottom Gate
BESS Battery Energy Storage Systems
BOS Balance of System
BPDC Bipolar DC

xxvii
xxviii Abbreviations and Acronyms

BPF Band-Pass Filter

BTC Bay Template Configurator
CAA Central Agent Architecture
CAES Compressed Air Energy Storage
CAULSC Centralized Adaptive UFLS Controller
CB Circuit Breaker
CC Central Controller
CCM Continuous Transmission Mode
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function
CEI Italian Electrotechnical Committee
CEMS Central Energy Management System
CHP Combined Heat and Power
CIU Communication Interface Unit
CNT Carbon Nanotube
CPP Critical Peak Pricing
CPS Cyber-Physical System
CPU Central Processing Unit
CRM Critical Transmission Mode
CS Centralized System
CSI Current Source Inverter
CT Current Transformer
CU Control Unit
CUF Current Unbalance Factor
DA Day Ahead
DA Distribution Automation
DAA Decentralized Agent Architecture
DAB Dual Active Bridge
DC Direct Current
DCM Discontinuous Conduction Mode
DCMG Direct Current Microgrid
DCS Distributed Control System
DDoS Distributed Denial of Service
DE Differential Evolution
DEG Diesel Engine Generator
DER Distributed Energy Resource
DES Distributed Energy Storage
DFIG Double-Fed Induction Generator
DG Distributed Generation
DGR Distributed Generation Resource
DLC Direct Load Control
DLS Dynamic Light Scattering
DLSC Determined Load Shedding Calculator
DMMA Data Model Manager Application
DMS Distribution Management System
DN Distribution Network
Abbreviations and Acronyms xxix

DNO Distribution Network Operator

DNP Distributed Network Protocol
DO Distribution Operator
DOD Depth of Discharge
DOE Department of Energy
DOR Directional Overload Relay
DoS Denial of Service
DOS Density of States at a Semiconductor Surface
DP Disconnection Priority
DPC Direct Power Control
DR Demand Response
DRPs Demand Response Programs
DS Decentralized System
DS Distribution System
DSE Distribution State Estimator
DSG Dispersed Storage and Generation
DSI Distributed Signaling Interface
DSM Demand-Side Management
DSO Distribution System Operator
DSS Decision Support System
DSTATCOM Distribution STATCOM
DVR Dynamic Voltage Restorer
E/P Energy-to-Power Ratio
EA Energy Arbitrage
EA Evolutionary Algorithms
EDG Electric Distribution Grid
EDP Economic Dispatch Problem
EDR Emergency Demand Response
EDS Electrical Distribution System
ELZ Electrolyzer
EMI Electromagnetic Interference
EMS Energy Management System
EN European Standard
ENS Energy Not Supplied
ENSC Energy Not-Supplied Cost
EPRI Electric Power System Research Institute
ES Expert System
ESC Extremum Seeking Control
ESD Energy Storage Device
ESM Energy Surety Microgrid™ Technology
ESS Electrical Storage System
ESS Energy Storage System
EU European Union
EUE Maximum Permissible Level of Unmet Power
EV Electrical Vehicle
xxx Abbreviations and Acronyms

FAR Frequency Ancillary Reserves

FB Full Bridge
FC Fuel Cell
FCAS Frequency Control Ancillary Services
FCTS Fuel Cell Test Stand
FEH Fire Emblem Heroes
FESS Flywheel Energy Storage System
FET Field-Effect Transistor
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
FL Fuzzy Logic
FLC Fuzzy Logic Controller
FLES Flywheel Energy System
FLISR Fault Location Isolation Service Restoration
FLL Frequency-Locked Loop
FPID Fuzzy PID
FTD Frequency’s First Time Derivative
GA Genetic Algorithm
GAAS Gallium Arsenide
GAPC Grid Active Power Converter
GaPESC Global aPESC scheme based on one BPF
GaPESCbpf Global aPESC scheme based on two BPFs
GaPESCd Global aPESC scheme based on derivative operator
GaPESCH1 Global aPESC scheme based on FFT
GCI Grid-connected Inverter
Gd Signal which modulates the dither
GDB Governor Dead Band
GIO Generic Inputs/Outputs
GMPP Global Maximum Power Point
GMPPT Global Maximum Power Point Tracking
GOOSE Generic Object Oriented Substation Event
GPS Global Positioning System
GRC Generation Rate Constraint
GTG Gas Turbine Generator
GTO Gate Turn-Off Thyristor
GUI Graphical User Interface
H1 First Harmonic of a Signal
HAA Hierarchical Agent Architecture
HAN Home Area Network
HC Hill Climbing
HEM Home Energy Management
HERIC High-Efficiency Reliable Inverter Concept
HESS Hybrid Energy Storage System
HFAC High-Frequency AC
HHVCB Hybrid HV Circuit Breaker
HMG Hybrid Microgrid
Abbreviations and Acronyms xxxi

HMI Human–Machine Interface

HOMO Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital
HPF High-Pass Filter
H-PLB Heuristic Phase Load Balancing
HPS Hybrid Power System
HRE High Reliable and Efficient Power Inverter
HR-ZVR Hybrid Zero-Voltage Rectifier
HSFES High-Speed Flywheel Energy Storage
HSS Hybrid Storage System
HV High Voltage
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
HVDC High-Voltage DC
IBP Incentive-Based Program
IC Incremental Conductance
ICC Incremental Cost Consensus
ICCB Isolated Case CB
ICP Internet Communication Protocol
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IEA International Energy Agency
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IED Intelligent Electronic Device
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IGBT Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor
ILs Interruptible Loads
IO Inputs/Outputs
IoT Internet of Things
IP Internet Protocol
IT Information Technology
ITAE Integral of Time Multiplied by Absolute Error
ITOC Inverse Time Overcurrent
LC Local Control
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
LD Logic Device
LED Light-Emitting Diode
LF Load Flow
LFAC Low-Frequency AC
LFC Load Frequency Controller
LMPP Local Maximum Power Point
LN Logical Node
LP Linear Programming
LQR Linear–Quadratic Regulator
LS Load Shedding
LSFES Low-Speed Flywheel Energy Storage
LUMO Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital
LV Low Voltage
xxxii Abbreviations and Acronyms

LVDC Low-Voltage DC
LVG Low-Voltage Grid
LVRT Low Voltage Ride Through
M2M Machine to Machine
MAC Media Access Control
MACCB Mechanical AC Circuit Breaker
MAPE Mean Absolute Percentage Error
MAS Multi-Agent System
MC Microgeneration Control
MCB Mechanical Circuit Breaker
MCCB Molded Case CB
MCCS Microgrid Central Control System
MCFC Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
MCL MiCOM Configuration Language
MCS Microsource Control System
MCT MOS-Controlled Thyristor
MDMS Meter Data Management System
MEC Microgrid Emergency Control
MEMS Microgrid Energy Management System
MF Membership Function
MG Microgrid
MGCC Microgrid Central Controller
MGMS Microgrid Management System
MGO Microgrid Operator
MGOS Microgrid Operation State
MILP Mixed Integer Linear Programming
MINLP Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming
MLI Multilevel Inverter
MMC Multi-Modular Converter
MMS Manufacturing Messaging Specification
MN Micro-Network
MOSFET Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
MP Multilayer Perception
MPC Model Prediction Control
MPI Message Passing Interface
MPP Maximum Power Point
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
MU Merging Unit
MUT Master User Terminal
MV Mean Value
MV Medium Voltage
MVA Mega-Volt-Ampere
MVDC Medium-Voltage DC
NCS Nano-Core–Shell
NCS-TFT Thin Film Transistors with Nano-Core-Shell materials
Abbreviations and Acronyms xxxiii

NLP Nonlinear Programming

NOCT Normal Cell Operating Temperature
NPC Neutral Point Diode Clamped
OC Operating and Contingency
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
oH5 Optimized H5
OMOP Optimal Microgrid Operational Planning
OPF Optimal Power Flow
OPL Overhead Power Line
OSC Organic Solar Cell
OSI Open Systems Interconnection
OTFT Organic Thin-Film Transistor
P&O Perturb and Observation
PABA Para-Aminobenzoic Acid
PAFC Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
PBP Price-Based Program
PC Primary Control
PCC Point of Common Coupling
PCE Power Conversion Efficiency
PCPM Predictor-Corrective Proximal Multiplier Method
PD Physical Device
PDF Probability Density Function
PE Protective Earth
PEM Proton-Exchange Membrane
PEMFC Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
PESC Perturbed-Based Extremum Seeking Control
PEV Plug-in Electric Vehicle
PFC Power Factor Correction
PFR Primary Frequency Regulating
PG Power Grid
PHC Percent of the Hit Count
PHES Pumped Heat Electrical Storage
PI Proportional–Integral
PID Proportional–Integrative–Derivative
PLC Power Line Communication
PLL Phase-Locked Loop
PLSC Pre-determined Load Shedding Calculator
PMSG Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
PMU Phasor Measurement Unit
PP Pre-disturbance Preparation
PPI Payment Protection Insurance
PQ Power Quality
PR Proportional Resonance
PS Power System
PSC Partially Shaded Condition
xxxiv Abbreviations and Acronyms

PSCC Power System Control Center

PSH Pumped-Storage Hydropower
PSO Particle Swarm Optimization
PV Photovoltaic
P-V Power–Voltage
PVGIS Photovoltaic Geographical Information System
PWM Pulse-Width Modulation
QE.EXCITON Absorbed Photon Fraction that Generates Singlet Excitons
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
R&D Research and Development
RA Requirement Analysis
RAM Random Access Memory
RAR Rapid Auto-Reclosure
RCC Ripple Correlation Control
RCISS Reference Control Input and Support System
RCMU Residual Current Monitoring Unit
RCP Reactive Power Compensation Process
RER Renewable Energy Resource
RES Renewable Energy Source
RL Reinforcement Learning
RMS Root-Mean-Square
RMSE Root-Mean-Square Error
ROCOF Rate of Change of Frequency
RS Regulation Service
RT Real Time
RTP Real-Time Pricing
RTU Remote Terminal Unit
S.DISSOC Singlet Dissociation Model
SA Simulated Annealing
SAIDI System Average Interruption Duration Index
SAIFI System Average Interruption Frequency Index
SAS Substation Automation System
SBO Select Before Operation
SC Short Circuit
SC SuperCapacitor
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SCL Substation Configuration Language
SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy
SF State Feedback
SFCL Superconductive Fault Current Limiter
SFR System Frequency Response
SFRF Stator Flux Reference Frame
SG Smart Grid
SGF Sensible Ground Fault
SGS Smart Grid System
Abbreviations and Acronyms xxxv

SiC Silicon Carbide

SLPM Standard Liter Per Minute
SM Smart Meter
SMES Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
SMS Smart Metering System
SNL Sandia National Laboratories
SNTP Simple Network Time Protocol
SoC State of Charge
SOFC Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
SP Supply Point
SPWM Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
SQGA Species-based Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization
SR Spinning Reserve
SRH Shockley–Read–Hall Recombination Rate Model
SSA Salp Swarm Algorithm
SSCB Solid-State Circuit Breaker
STPS Solar Thermal Power Station
SVM Space Vector Modulation
SV-PWM Space Vector Pulse-Width Modulation
SVRF Stator Voltage Reference Frame
TC57 Technical Committee 57
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TFT Thin-Film transistor
THD Total Harmonic Distortion
TLP Typical Load Profile
ToUT Time-of-Use Tariff
TP Touch Panel
TP-GAPC Three-Phase Grid Active Power Converter
TS Transformer Station
UC UltraCapacitor
UFLS Under-Frequency Load Shedding
UPDC Unipolar DC
UPQC Unified Power Quality Conditioner
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
V2G Vehicle-to-Grid
VCO Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
VDC Voltage Droop Control
VIC Virtual Inertia Control
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
VOC Voltage Oriented Control
VPD/FQB P-V Droop Controller with Q-f Boost
VPP Virtual Power Plant
VSC Voltage Source Converter
VSI Voltage Source Inverter
VT Voltage Transformer
xxxvi Abbreviations and Acronyms

WACS Wide Area Control System

WAMPAC Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control Systems
WAMS Wide-Area Measurement Systems
WAMS Wide-Area Monitoring Systems
WAN Wide Area Network
WAPS Wide Area Protection Systems
WECS Wind Energy Conversion System
WG Wind Generator
WPD Weibull Probability Distribution
WRIG Wound Rotor Induction Generator
WSN Wireless Sensor Network
WSOS Windows Switchgear Operating System
WT Wind Turbine
WTG Wind Turbine Generation
WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant
XCBR Class Defines the Properties of a Breaker
XML Extensible Markup Language
ZVR Zero Voltage Regulation
ZVS Zero-Voltage Switch