UST Senior High School

Earth and Life Science

CELL : It’s a
Community
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
REMEMBER LAST TIME?!
 CELL

PROKARYOT EUKARYOTI ORGANELL MEMBRANE

IC C ES TRANSPORT

BACTERI
PLANTS
A

ARCHAEBACTER ANIMAL PASSIVE ACTIVE

IA S

FUNGI
DIFFUSIO TRANSPORT
N PROTEINS
PROTIST
S VESICULA
FACILITATED
R
DIFFUSION
PROTEINS
 What comes
to mind when
you hear the
word
“CELL” ?
Antoine van
Leeuwenhoek

-simple microscopes; basically

a hand lens

-looked at water, muscle tissue,

bacteria, etc.
Cell Size (Surface Area
to Volume)
Cell Size (Surface Area to Volume)

The smaller the cell, the faster the

diffusion of nutrients into the cell will be.
Types of Cell
What the hell is a prokaryote?!
 Prokaryotic Cell
• “before the nucleus” (pro – before;
karyon – kernel/nucleus)

• oldest living organisms

• most numerous

• smaller and simpler in structure

• has a nucleoid (not bounded by a

membrane)

• do not have membranous organelles

• do not contain histones

Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Now there’s a eukaryote?!
 Eukaryotic Cell

• “true nucleus”
(eu – true; karyon – kernel)

• with nucleus bounded by a

membrane

• contains other membrane-

bound organelles

• more complex

• mostly multicellular, few

unicellular
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Eukaryotic Cell
Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell
Motility (Eukaryotes)

Axoneme composition: 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules

Motility (Prokaryotes)

➢ Prokaryotic flagella run in a rotary

movement (proton driven), while
eukaryotic flagella run in a
bending movement (ATP driven)
➢ Prokaryotic flagella use a rotary
motor, while the eukaryotic
Flagellar composition: Flagellin- flagella use a complex sliding
based
filament system
Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane
(Cell Membrane)
1. Follows the fluid mosaic
model of Singer &Nicolson
2. Composed of phospholipid
bilayer embedded with
proteins
3. Separates the interior of all
cells from the outside
environment; involved in
various cellular processes
such as cell adhesion, ion
conductivity, nutrient uptake,
and cell signaling
 Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
1. The protoplasm inside the
cell,
excluding the nucleus
2. Includes the cytosol (gel-
like
substance within the cell)
and the organelles (cell’s
internal sub-
structures)
3. Composed of 80% water
4. Site for various cellular
activities
(metabolic pathways and
cell
division)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
1. Composed of branching
tubes that form a network
that is reticular in
appearance; lacks
associated ribosomes
2. Site for the synthesis of
lipids, steroids, hormones,
and phospholipids
3. Site for the metabolism of
steroids and carbohydrates,
and for the detoxification of
alcohols and drugs
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

1. RER membrane forms

large double membrane
sheets that are
continuous with the
outer layer of the
nuclear envelope; RER
surface is studded with
ribosomes attached
through the translocon
2. Site for the synthesis of
proteins and lysosomal
enzymes
Ribosomes (Protein factory of the cell)

2009 NOBEL PRIZE in Chemistry

“Discovery of the structure and function of ribosome”
Golgi apparatus
1. Composed of two
main networks: cis
Golgi network (CGN)
and trans Golgi
network (TGN)
2. Packages proteins
into membrane -
bound vesicles prior to
secretion
3. Involved in lipid
transport and lysosome
formation
Lysosomes
Spherical vesicles that are membrane-bound that
contain hydrolytic enzymes capable of virtually
breaking
down all kinds of molecules
Nucleus 1. Enclosed by the nuclear
envelope perforated by
nuclear pores and
contains
viscous liquid called the
nucleoplasm
2. Contains most of the
cell's genetic material,
organized as multiple
long
linear DNA molecules
in complex with a large
variety of proteins, such
as histones, to form
chromosomes
Nucleolus 1. Discrete densely
stained structure inside
the nucleus that is not
surrounded by a
membrane
2. Site where transcription
of mRNA (messenger
ribonucleic acid) takes
place
3. Site where rRNA
(ribosomal ribonucleic
acid) is synthesized and
ribosomes are assembled
Mitochondria (Powerhouse of the cell)
Five distinct parts:
➢ Outer mitochondrial
membrane
➢ Intermembrane space (space
between the outer and inner
membranes)
➢ Inner mitochondrial membrane
➢ Cristae (formed by the
infoldings
of the inner membrane)
➢ Matrix (space within the inner
membrane)
Mitochondria (Powerhouse of the cell)
 How about
PLANT CELLS?
Cell Wall (Prokaryotes)
Cell Wall in Bacteria
1. Made up of peptidoglycan
(murein)
2. Peptidoglycan is formed from
polysaccharide chains (NAM:
N-acetyl muramic acid & NAG: N-
acetyl glucosamine) cross-linked
by peptides containing D-amino
Bacterial Cell Wall acids
3. Found outside the cell
membrane and provides
structural support and may
influence the bacterial sensitivity
to antibiotics
Cell Wall (Eukaryotes)
Cell Wall in Plants
1. Tough and flexible layer situated
outside the cell membrane
2. Provides cells with structural
support and protection; acts as
pressure vessels that prevent
over-expansion when water enters
the cells
3. Composed of the polysaccharides
cellulose, hemicellulose, and
pectin; Polymers like lignin, suberin,
and cutin may be anchored to or
embedded in the cell wall
Plastid
Double-membrane organelle inside plants and some
algae and are responsible for making and storing food
➢ Common plastids include:
▪ Chloroplast
▪ Chromoplast (site where plant
pigments, like carotenoids, are
stored and synthesized)
▪ Leucoplast (non-pigmented
organelles)
✓ Amyloplast (storage site for
starch)
✓ Elaioplast (storage site for fats
and oils)
✓ Proteinoplast (storage site for
proteins,; mostly found in
seeds)
Chloroplast

➢ Stroma: alkaline,
aqueous fluid which is
protein rich and is
present within the inner
membrane of the
chloroplast.
➢ Thylakoid (chlorophyll-
containing): site for
photosynthesis
➢ Grana: thylakoids
arranged in stacks
 1. Membrane-bound
Vacuole organelle which is present in
all plant and fungal cells and
some protist, animal, and
bacterial cells
2. Filled with water containing
inorganic and organic
molecules, including hydrolytic
enzymes
3. Has no basic shape or size;
its structure varies according
to the needs of the cell