Applied Electronics (9064) Experiment No.

5
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EXPERIMENT NO. 5

1.0 Title :
To observe the output waveforms and measure the frequency of output oscillations of following
circuits
• Colpitt’s Oscillators.
• RC Phase Shift Oscillators.

2.0 Prior Concepts :

• Oscillator : It is an electronic circuit that converts energy from dc source into a periodically
varying electrical output.
• Different types of waveforms such as sine wave, Triangular, Square, Saw-tooth.
• Tank Circuit : A circuit which produces electrical oscillations of any desired frequency is known
as tank circuit or oscillatory circuit.
The actual frequency of tank circuit is the resonant frequency of tank circuit and it is given by
1
Fr =
2π√ LC

• Feedback : The process of injecting a fraction of output energy of some device back to the input
is known as a feedback. There are two types of feedback.
a) Positive feedback b) Negative feedback.

• Barkhausen’s criteria, for sustained oscillation :

When the feedback is positive, the overall gain of the amplifier is given by
A
AF = Where Aβ = feedback factor for loop gain
1 - Aβ AF = gain of amplifier with feedback
A = open loop gain

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Applied Electronics (9064) Experiment No. 5
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If Aβ = 1 (unity gain)
AF = ∞
Gain becomes infinity i.e. there is a output without any input.
In other words the circuit stops amplification and starts oscillating.
Under the Condition Aβ = 1 (Barkhausen’s criteria)
3.0 New Concepts :
Proposition 1 : Classification of oscillators.
Oscillations are classified according to frequency and feedback component.
Concept Structure 1: Oscillators

According to frequency According to component

d

Low frequency oscillator High frequency oscillator

LC – Oscillators RC Oscillators Crystal

eg Tunned oscillators e.g. Phase shift oscillator Oscillator

Tunned collector oscillator Hartley Colpitt’s

Oscillator Oscillator

Tunned base Oscillator

Proposition 2 : Frequency of colpitts oscillator.

It depends upon values of inductor and capacitor connected in tunned circuit.
Frequency of colpitts oscillator ( f ) is

1 Where C 1 C2
F= CT =
2π√ LCT C1 + C 2

CT is a tank capacitor, C1 and C2 are in series.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Applied Electronics (9064) Experiment No. 5
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Proposition 3 : Phase shift of colpitts oscillator.

The C-E amplifier (transistor) itself produces 180° phase shift and another 180° phase shift is
produced by tank circuit as a Feedback Network. Thus total phase shift around the loop is 360°
(i.e. positive feedback).
Concept Structure 3:

Phase Shift in
Colpitt’s Oscillator

CE Amplifier Tank Circuit as a forward bias network

Provides

Phase Shift of 180° Phase Shift of 180°

+
i.e.
Total Phase Shift
360°

Positive feedback

Proposition 4 : Frequency of RC phase shift oscillator.

RC phase shift oscillator mainly consist of 3 identical RC sections in between collector to base of
transistor amplifier to give sustained oscillations with following frequency.
1
F=
2πRC√ 6

Proposition 5 : Phase shift of RC phase shift oscillator.

In this oscillator CE amplifier gives phase shift of 180°, The feedback N/W which consist of 3
identical RC sections. Each RC section produces phase shift of 60°, thus total phase shift is
3 X 60° = 180° and the overall phase shift is 360° i.e. positive feedback.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Applied Electronics (9064) Experiment No. 5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Concept Structure 5:
Phase Shift in RC Phase
Shift Oscillator

CE Amplifier Feedback

Provides Consist of
identical

Phase shift of 180° RC Section RC Section RC Section

Each RC section Phase Shift of Phase Shift of Phase Shift of

Provides 60° 60° 60°

+ 180°

Total Phase Shift

360°

Positive feedback

4.0 Learning Objectives :

Intellectual Skills :
• To identify components on the experimental kit.
• To discriminate the given electronic components.
• To test the component and investigate their values.
• To predict frequency of oscillations and the waveforms at output.
Motor Skill :
• Ability to make the connections as per circuit diagram.
• Ability to observe the waveform at base and collector terminal of the transistor in Colpitt’s and
RC phase shift oscillator using CRO.
• Ability to measure the frequency of output using CRO.
5.0 Apparatus :
Experimental kit, variable D. C. regulated power supply (0 – 30 V), CRO, connecting chords.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Applied Electronics (9064) Experiment No. 5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

6.0 Diagram :
• Circuit diagram for Colpitt’s Oscillator.

(Student should note the values of components from the circuit available in their lab.)

• Circuit diagram for RC Phase Shift Oscillator.

Students shall draw the circuit diagram of the experimental kit available in their lab as per
instructions by teacher. +VCC

Rb RC

CC

C1 C2 C3

OUTPUT

E0
R1 R2 R3 Ei
RE CE

C1 = C2 = C3 = 0.001µF, R1 = R2 = R3 = 10K , Cc =0.1µf , Rb = 47K, Rc=10K , Re =100Ω

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Applied Electronics (9064) Experiment No. 5
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7.0 Stepwise Procedure :

1. For Colpitt’s Oscillator :
• Trace the circuit and measure the respected values of components in the circuit.
• Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
• Apply d. c. source of VCC = + 12 Volts.
• Observe the waveforms on CRO at output terminal or base and collector terminal of transistor.
• Observe amplitude and time period of output waveform.
• Draw the waveform at output terminal.
• Repeat the above process for different values of L and C1 or C2.
2. For RC Phase Shift Oscillator.
• Trace the circuit and measure the respected values of components in the circuit.
• Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
• Apply D C voltage source of VCC = + 5 Volts.
• Observe the output waveforms on CRO.
• Measure the amplitude and time period of all waveforms.
• Observe and measure the phase shift at amplifier stage and RC stages.
• Draw output wave forms on graph paper at above stages.
• Repeat the above process for VCC = 10 volts.
8.0 Observations and Calculations :
1. For Colpitt’s Oscillator :
• output time period = ………………..
1
• Theoretical Frequency FT = R = ……………….., C = ………………..
2π√LCT

• Practical Frequency Fp =……………….. Where T is observed time period.

• Take the different readings for two values of L or C.

• Table for Practical and Theoretical frequency.

Sr. No. Practical Frequency Theoretical Frequency Comment

1

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Applied Electronics (9064) Experiment No. 5
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2. For RC Phase Shift Oscillator :

• Output time period : ………………..

• Theoretical frequency FT = R = ……………….. C = ………………..

1
• Practical Frequency Fp = , Where T is observed time period
T
• Calculate the phase difference

1) Phase difference at output of amplifier………………

2) 2) Phase difference at 1st RC network ………………
3) 3) Phase difference at 2nd RC network. ………………
4) 4) Phase difference at 3rd RC network. ………………

Take two different reading for VCC = 5 volts or ( ) and VCC = 10 volts or ( )

Sr. No. Practical Frequency Theoretical Frequency Comment

1

9.0 Conclusion : (teachers to guide students for writing conclusion).

10.0 Questions :
Write answer to Q…Q…Q… (Question numbers to be allotted by the teacher).
1. List two factors which affect the frequency stability of oscillator?
2. What are the conditions to obtain sustained oscillations?
3. Calculate the frequency of Colpitt’s Oscillator if L = 5 µH, C1 = 0.01µF and C2 = 0.001µF.
1
4. Barkhausen criteria says a) Aβ = 1 b) Aβ = c) Aβ = 29, write which one is correct.
29
5. Why three RC network are needed for a phase shift oscillator? Give resion.
6. The most suitable oscillators circuit for 2Khz frequency is
a) Hertely Oscillator b) Wein bridge c) Colpitt’s d) Tuned collector

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Applied Electronics (9064) Experiment No. 5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

7. The phase difference between input and output voltages of an Oscillator is a) 180° b) 360° c)
90° d) 270°.
8. Name two types LC Oscillators.
9. Differentiate between positive and negative feedback.
10. Phase shift Oscillator does not use (transformers / Resistors / Capacitors).
11. What is the basic principal of RC phase shift Oscillator?
12. How to increase the gain of amplifier if gain of feedback network ‘β’ is constant?
13. State the effect when two RC networks are used.

(Space for Answers)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Applied Electronics (9064) Experiment No. 5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

(Space for Answers)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Applied Electronics (9064) Experiment No. 5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

(Space for Answers)

Signature of Teacher

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Applied Electronics (9064) Experiment No. 5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Draw Waveforms for Colpitt’s Oscillator observed on CRO

(SPACE FOR GRAPH PAPER)

Signature of Teacher

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Applied Electronics (9064) Experiment No. 5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Draw Waveforms for RC phase shift Oscillator after each RC network observed on CRO

(SPACE FOR GRAPH PAPER)

Signature of Teacher

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION