Enrollment No:……………………… Date:…………………

Instrumentation & Measurement

EXPERIMENT NO. – 1
OBJECT:-
Measurement of capacitance De Sauty’s Bridge.
AIM :-
To determine unknown capacitance of given capacitor by De sauty’s Bridge Method.
APPARATUS:-
S.NO Name Type Quantity
De sauty’s Bridge training
1 EE-123 1
kit
2 Patch cords 5-8
3 Multimeter Digital 1
4 Audio oscillator 1
THEORY:-
The De sauty’s Bridge is one of the most important A.C bridge which is extensively Used
for the measurement of unknown capacitance. De sauty’s Bridge contains four arms each having
a resistance or capacitor or a combination of both.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-

DESAUTY BRIDGES
Let
C2 = Capacitor whose capacitance is to be measured
C3 = Standard capacitor

(Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SISTec-E ) Page 1

 R1 = Non inductive resistor of one arm
R4 = Non inductive resistor of other arm
Balance is obtained by varying either R1 or R4
So For balance, points B & D are at the same potential
I1 R1 = I2R4
1 1
R1
( ) ( )
jωC 3
=R4
jωC 2
R1 R 4
=
C3 C 2
C3 R 4
∴ C2 =
R1
Where,
I1 = Current in the resistor R1 of one arm
I2 = Current in the resistor R4 of other arm
PROCEDURE:-
1. Select one of the standard capacitor C3 & connect on the appropriate place using two
Patch cords.
2. Select one of the unknown capacitor C2 using band switch.
3. Select 5 KΩ value of R4 using band switch.
4. Connect headphone provided with this model at the place indicated.
5. Connect audio oscillator at the appropriate place indicated & switch it ON.
6. Now vary R1 using POT and select the value for null point in the head phone. If the null
point does not detect for selected one value of C 3 & R4 change the value of C3 & R4 now
again vary R1 using POT and select the value for null point in the head phone.
7. Now switch OFF the supply and detach all patch chords.
8. Measure the resistances R1 & R4 using multimeter and note down various value into the
observation table.
9. Change the value or unknown capacitor C2 using band switch & repeat all above steps.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Selected value of C3 = ………..
Selected value of C2 =……….

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 Selected value of R4 = ………..

Calculated Value of
R1 R4 C3 Unknown capacitance
S.NO.
(Ohms) (Ohms) (Farads) C3 R 4
C2 =
R1

CONCLUSION:-

The value of unknown capacitor C2 has been calculated and when compared with standard
values were found close to each other.

VIVA-VOICE QUESTION:-
1) Name the commonly used detector for AC Bridge?

2) Name the detector used for bridge measurment at audio frequency?

3) What is meant by time constant of a coil ?

4)List the factor that may be lead to inaccuracies in measurement by AC bridge

Enrollment No:……………………… Date:…………………

Instrumentation & Measurement

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 EXPERIMENT NO. – 2
OBJECT :
Measurement of capacitance using Schering’s Bridge.
AIM :
To determine unknown capacitance of given capacitor by Schering’s Bridge Method.
APPARATUS :
S.no. Name Type Quantity
1 Schering’s Bridge training kit EE-93 1
2 Patch cord 5-8
3 Multimeter digital 1
4 Audio oscillator 1

THEORY :
The schering’s Bridge is one of the most important A.C. bridge which is extensively
used for the measurement of unknown capacitance .Schering’s Bridge contains four arms each
having a resistance or capacitor or a combination of both.

SCHERING’S BRIDGE
Let the impedance of the arms be Z1, Z2, Z3 & Z4
Here the impedances are as follows:

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 R1
Z 1=
1+ jωC 1 R 1
Z 2 =R2
−j
Z 3=
ωC 3
j
Z 4 =R x −
ωC x
Where, Rx = internal resistance of the Cx
Cx = unknown capacitance of the capacitor
At balance condition,
Z 2 ×Z3 =Z 1×Z 4
−j R1 j
∴ R2
( )(
ωC 3
=
1+ jωC 1 R 1 )(
× R x−
ωC x )
Rearranging the terms and separating real & imaginary parts
We get
R1 ×C3
Cx=
R2
C 1 ×R 2
R x=
C3
PROCEDURE:
1. Select one of the standard capacitor C 3 & connect on the appropriate place using two
patch cords.
2. Select one of the unknown capacitor Cx using band switch.
3. Select 5 KΩ value of R2 using band switch.
4. Connect headphone provided with this model at the place indicated.
5. Connect audio oscillator at the appropriate place indicated & switch it ON.
6. Now vary R1 using POT and select the value for null point in the headphone.
7. If the null point does not detect for selected one value of C 3 & R2, change the value of
C3 & R2, now again vary R1 using POT and select the value for null point in the
headphone.
8. Now switch OFF the supply and detach all patch chords.

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 9. Measure the resistance R1 & capacitance C1 using multimeter and note down various
values into the observation table.
10. Change the value or unknown capacitor Cx using band switch & repeat all above steps.
OSERVATION TABLE:
Selected value of C1= ……………
Selected value of Cx = ……………
Selected value of R2 = ……………

Calculated Value of Value of unknown

R1 R2 resistance
unknown capacitance
S.No. Cx (in (in C1 C3
R1 ×C 3 C1 ×R2
Ω) Ω) Cx= R x=
R2 C3

CONCLUTION:
The value of unknown capacitance Cx & unknown resistance Rx has been calculated and when
compared with standard values of Cx & Rx where found close to each other.
VIVA VOICE:
1. What are the criteria for balance the AC Bridge?
2. Define the term null as it applies to bridge measurement
3. What do u meant by dielectric loss in a dielectric ?
4. What is meant by dissipation factor ?

Enrollment No:……………………… Date:…………………

Instrumentation & Measurement
EXPERIMENT NO. – 3
OBJECTIVE:
Measurement of inductance using Maxwell’s Bridge.
AIM:

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 To determine unknown inductance of a given coil by Maxwell’s Bridge method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO Name Type Quantity
Maxwell’s Bridge
1 EE-124 1
training kit
2 Patch cords 5-8
3 Multimeter Digital 1
4 Audio Oscillator 1

INTRODUCTION:
Impedance at audio and radio frequency is communally determined by means of an AC
bridge known as Wheatstone bridge the schematics diagram is as shown as figure. This bridge is
similar to the DC bridge (Used for measuring resistances) except that instead of being regarded
as simple resistances The arms are now impedances which may have reactive component also the
bridge is exceeded by alternating current rather than direct current and the Galvanometer is
replaced by means such that as headphone for detecting alternating currents
An AC bridge is balanced when the two junction across whom the null detector is connected
are at the same potential at same instant of the AC cycle the current flow through the detector is
zero. This will happen when the AC potential across point ‘ab’ and ‘ad’ have the same
magnitude and are in phase and also those across ‘bc’ and ‘dc’.
THEORY:
The Maxwell’s Bridge is an a.c bridge, which is extensively used for the measurement of
unknown inductance. It uses different combination of resistor, capacitor & inductor. Here it is
assumed that the capacitor is loss less and resistor are purely non inductive In this we are using
headphone as a detector and at the balance condition the junction across the detector have same
potential .So the detector works as null detector through which the value of current is zero.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

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 MAXWELL’S BRIDGE
PROOF:
According to the explanation of the AC bridges the bridge is balanced when two
junctions across whom the null detector is connected are at the same potential at all instants of
the AC cycles. So the current through the detector is zero this can be expressed mathematically
as follows:
Eab = Ead
Z1I1 = Z4I2................................................(1)
&
ECB = ECD
Z2I1 = Z3I2...............................................(2)

Divide Eq [1] by Eq . [2]

Z 1 I 1 Z 4 I2
=
Z2 I 1 Z3 I 2
Z 1 Z 3=Z 2 Z 4 .......... ............. .... .................. ..(3)

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This is balance condition.
Where Z1, Z2, Z3 & Z4, are the impedances of the arms respectively and are vector, Complex
quantities.
CALCULATION:-
At balance condition,
Z 1 Z 3=Z 2 Z 4
Where
R1
Z 1=
1+ jωC 1 R 1
Z 2 =R2
Z 3 =R x + jωLx
Z 4 =R 4
Substituting these values in Eq. [3] we get.
R1 ( R x + jωLx )
=R2 R 4
1+ jωC 1 R 1
∴ R 1 R x + jωL x R x =R 2 R4 + jωC 1 R 1 R2 R4
Separating the real & imaginary parts we get
R1RX =R2R4
OR LXR1 =R1R2C1R4
LX =R2C1R4

PROCEDURE:-
1. Select one of the unknown inductance Lx & connect on the appropriate place using two
patch cords.
2. Select one of the standard capacitor C1 using band switch.
3. Select 100 Ω value of Rx using band switch.
4. Connect headphone provided with this model at the place indicated.
5. Connect audio oscillator at the appropriate place indicated & switch it ON.
6. Now vary R2 using POT and select the value for no sound (null point) in the head phone.

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 7. It the null point does not detect for selected one value of C 1 &RX, change the value of
C1&Rx now again varies R2 using POT and select the value for null point in the head
phone.
8. Now switch OFF the supply and detach all patch chords.
9. Measure the resistances Rx&R2 using multimeter and note down various values into the
observation table.
10. Change the value or unknown inductance Lx using band switch & repeat all above steps.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Selected value of R1……………………..
Selected value of C2…………………..
Selected value of R4…………………..

Standard Value
C1 R2 Rx Practical value
S.NO LX
(In Farads) (in Ohms) (in Ohms) LX=R2C1R4
(in Henry)

CONCLUSION:-
The value of unknown inductance Lx has been calculated and when compared with
standard values were found close to each other.
VIVA VOICE:-
1. Describe the detectors used for AC bridge
2. What is the range of Q.?
3. What is advantage of Maxwell Bridge?
4. What is meant by Q factors of the coil?

(Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SISTec-E ) Page 10

Enrollment No:……………………… Date:…………………
Instrumentation & Measurement
EXPERIMENT NO. – 4
OBJECT:-
Measurement of resistance by kelvins bridge .
AIM :-
To determine unknown low value resistance (range up to 1 Ω)
APPARATUS:-
S.NO Name Type Quantity
1 Kelvins Bridge training kit EE-123 1
2 Patch cords 5-8
3 Multimeter Digital 1
4 Audio oscillator 1

THEORY:- Kelvin Bridge is the modification of the Wheatstone’s bridge & provides greatly
increased accuracy in measurement of low value resistance. An understanding of the kelvin
bridge arrangement may be obtained by a study of difficulties that arise in a Wheatstone’s bridge
on account of the resistance of the leads & the contact resistance while measuring low valued
resistance.
Consider the bridge circuit shown in fig. * Where r represents the resistance of the lead that
connects the unknown resistance R to the standard resistance S. Two galvanometer connections
indicated by dotted lines, are possible .The connection may be either to m or to point n.

When the galvanometer is connected to point m, the resistance are of the connecting leads is
added to the standard resistance “S”, resulting in too low an indication for unknown resistance
“R”. When the connection is made to point n, the resistances are added to the unknown
resistance resulting in too high a value for R.

Suppose that instead of using m , which gives a low result or n which makes the result high ,
we make the galvanometer connection to any intermediate point c as shown by full line in
fig.* . If at point c the resistance r is divided into two parts r1 & r2 such that :

r1 P

r2 Q
……………………………………(1)

Then the presence of r1 the resistance of connecting leads causes no error in the result we have,

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 P S  r2 
R  r1 
Q
……………………………….(2)

r1 P

r2 Q
But from equation (1)

r1 P

 r1  r2   P  Q 
Or

r1 P

r  P  Q

r1  r2  r
When

P.r
r 1
 P  Q
…………………………….(3)

 r1  r2   P  Q 

r2 Q
From equation (1) again

r  P  Q

r2 Q

Q.r
r2 
 P  Q
………………………………(4)

Using equation (3) & (4)

We can write equation (2) as

  Q.r 
P S  _  
 P.r     P  Q  
R 
 P  Q  Q

(Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SISTec-E ) Page 12

  Q.P.r   P.Q.r 
Q.R     P.S   
 P  Q   P  Q 

Q.R  P.S
Or

P.S
R
Q …………….. (5)

Therefore we conclude that making the galvanometer as at c, the resistance of the leads doesn’t
affect the result .
The process describing the above is not a practical way of achieving the desired result as there
would certainly be a trouble in determining the correct point for galvanometer connection .It
does however suggest that simple modification , that two actual resistance units of correct ratio
be connected between points m & n , the galvanometer be connected to the junction of
resistors .this is the actual kelvin bridge arrangement which is showing fig.
The kelvins double bridge incorporates the idea of a second set of ratio arms, hence the name
double bridge & the use of 4 terminals resistors for low resistance arms .fig shows the schematic
diagram of the kelvin bridge. the first ratio arm is P 1 & Q1 The second set of ratio arms PQ is
used to connect the galvanometer to a point c, at the appropriate potential between points m & n
to eliminate the effect of connecting leads of resistance r between the known resistance R &
standard S.
The ratio P/Q is made equal to PQ. Under balance condition there is no current through the
galvanometer which means the voltage drop E ab between a & d is equal to the voltage drop E ac
between a & c

Now
E ad E ab
=
P1 ( P1 +Q1 )
P1 . Eab
Ead =
( P1 +Q1 )

( P2 + Q 2 ) . r
Eab =I R+ S+
[ P2 +Q 2 +r ]
P1 ( P1 +Q 1 ) . r
Eamc =I R+
[ ( P1 +Q1 ) ( P1 + Q1 +r ) ]
For zero galvanometer deflection ,
Ead =Eamc

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 P1 . I ( P2 + Q 2 ) . r P2 . ( P2 +Q 2 ) . r
( P1 +Q 1 ) [ R + S+
( P2 + Q2 +r ) ] [
=I R+
( P2 + Q2 ) . ( P2 +Q2 +r ) ]
After solving it

P1 . S
R=
Q1
This equation is the usual working equation for the kelvin’s bridge . It indicates that the
resistance of the connection lead r has no effect on the measurement. Provided that the two sets
of ratio arms have equal ratios.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Make ensure that power supply is off at the starting
2. Connect the ammeter at the terminal as indicated on the panel
3. Connect the unknown resistance across R Now switch on the supply
4. For getting the zero deflection set the value of band switch and fine adjustment
5. Measure value of R using multimeter and note it down under column of practical
value of R
6. Repeat above steps for different value of unknown resistance R

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

KELVIN’S BRIDGE

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I2 = Current in the resistor R4 of other arm

PROCEDURE:-
1. Make ensure that power supply is off at the starting
2. Connect the ammeter at the terminal as indicated on the panel
3. Connect the unknown resistance across R Now switch on the supply
4. For getting the zero deflection set the value of band switch and fine adjustment
5. Measure value of R using multimeter and note it down under column of practical
value of R
6. Repeat above steps for different value of unknown resistance R

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
given value of P1 = 1Ω………..
ginven value of Q1 =…100Ω…….

Theoretical value of R in Ω
P1 S
S.NO. S in ( Ω) R= Practical value of R
Q1

CONCLUSION:-

The value of unknown capacitor C2 has been calculated and when compared with standard
values were found close to each other.

VIVA-VOICE QUESTION:-
1)what do you meant by low , medium and high resistance?
2)Name the difficulty associated with the measurement of low resistance ?
3)why kelvins bridge is superior for the measurement of low resistance ?
4)Name the difficulty associated with the measurement of high resistance ?

(Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SISTec-E ) Page 15

Enrollment No:……………………… Date:…………………
Instrumentation & Measurement
EXPERIMENT NO. – 5
OBJECT:

Study, operation and technical specification of Multimeter

THEORY :

A Multimeter is basically a PMMC meter .To measure D.C current the meter acts as an
ammeter with low series resistance .Range changing is accomplished by shunt in such a way that
the current passing through the meter does not exceed the maximum rated value.
A Multimeter consists of an ammeter, voltmeter and ohmmeter combined, with a function
switch to connect the appropriate circuit to the D Air son Val .movement.

TO MEASURE:
1. DC Voltage DC Voltage of different rating are measured using networking of resistance
of different value.
2. AC Voltage To measure the AC Voltage first the appropriate range is selected using
resistance divider network and the AC input voltage is rectified by the use of a half wave
rectifier, before current passes through the meter .
3. Resistance: To measure the resistance the unknown resistance is connected in series with
an internal battery and the meter simply measure the voltage drop across the unknown
resistance. A resistance divider network is used to select different resistance.
4. DC Current: To measure DC current, the meter acts as an ammeter with low series
resistance. Range changing is obtained by using shunt in such a manner that the current
passing through the meter doesn’t exceed the maximum rated value.

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DIGITAL MULTIMETER:
A digital multimeter has resistance divided network it contains following elements.
1. Balance bridge DC amplifier and indicating meter.
2. Input attenuator or range switch to limit the magnitude of input
voltage of the desired Value.
3. Rectifier section to a proportional DC value.
4. Input battery and additional circuit to provide the capacity of resistance.
5. Deductions switch to select the various measurement junction of the instrument.
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS:
1. To prevent meter overloading and possible damage when checking voltage or current
Start with the highest range of the instrument and move down the range successively
2. For higher accuracy, the range selected should be such that the deflection falls in the
upper half on the meter scale.
3. Take extra precautions when checking high voltage and checking current in high Voltage
circuits.
4. Verify the circuit polarity before making a test particularly when measuring dc current or
voltages.
5. When checking resistance in circuits, be sure power to the circuit is switched off,
otherwise the voltage across the resistance may damage the meter.

VIVA VOICE:
1. What is the mean of Multimeter
2. Why Multimeter is used?

(Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SISTec-E ) Page 17

Enrollment No:……………………… Date:…………………
Instrumentation & Measurement
EXPERIMENT NO. – 6
OBJECT:
Study, operation and technical specification of thermocouple
Apparatus Required Thermocouple kit , Thermameter,Beaker,ImmersionRod,
THEORY:
A thermocouple; is a thermoelectric device that converts thermal energy into electrical
energy. The thermocouple is used as a primary transducer for measurement of temperature .It
convert’s temperature directly into e.m.f. Three phenomena which govern the behavior of a
thermocouple are4 the see beck effect, the Pettier effect and the Thompson effect, While many
metals and alloys exhibits the thermoelectric effect, only a small number of them are widely
applied for temperature measurement of all the metals used for thermocouples between
630.5Cand 1063C.Its sensitivity is only about 6mV/C and is used upto 1500C.Constantine is
another alloy that is used with copper ,iron or chromel or choromel .Chopper contantine
thermocouple are the maximum sensitivity of 60mV/C and is useful for the range from 200-
400C.
In suction type thermocouple system, the thermocouple is exposed to the hot
gas after it is extracted from the hot furnace and made to flow continuously past the hot junction.
The thermocouple is provided with a radiation shield so that it does not radiate more heat to the
cooler walls of the gases, than that it receivers by radiation.
The immersion type thermocouple system is intended to measure the
temperature of hot liquids and gases by immersing it into the medium of the test fluids. For
temperature up to 500C, they are directly used if a rapid indication is desired, otherwise a
protecting tube of mild steel of sufficient length is used, and the thermoelectric characterization
of the thermocouple wires changes due to oxidation in the test fluids and the wires may be
corroded in certain fluids.
Thermocouple is the most commonly used electrical devices for temperature
measurement .It is a bimetallic device consistants of two wires. The thermocouple provided with
set – up is chromel-Alumed .If the junction of the thermocouple is heated then the thermo –
electric emf developed across its terminals depends upon the difference in temperature between
its cold and hot junction of thermocouple.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the 220V AC Power Supply to the Demonstrator through Power Cord.
2. Keep toggle switch in center position.
3. Connect DPM positive point TP3& negative point to CND and set 273K at DPM using
potentiometer VR3.

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 4. Remove positive point of DPM from TP3 and connect it TP2 . Set VR4 to 273+Room
temperature.
5. Now put the mV-0-C switch towards C
6. Now connect DPM positive point to Room Temperature compensation network output.
DPM will show the Room Temperature.
7. Set the Gain Control potentiometer VR2 to anticlockwise.
8. Connect socket (To DPM) to positive of DPM.
9. Set mV-0C switch towards mV.
10. Short the input (Thermocouple) of the set-up with a lead and measure the output on
DPM.It must be zero. If not , adjust it to zero with the help of VR1
11. Connect positive & negative of mV output to positive & negative of good quality DPM.
Now set mV output to 10mV using se mV knob.
12. Remove the input short lead and connect the thermocouple input mV output source.
13. Adjust 10 on DPM using VR2. Repeat step 10-12 two three for precise calibration.
14. Remove the mV from the input and connect the thermocouple to thei point
15. Take a beaker provided with instrument & fill it with water .Place a immersion rod in the
beaker.
16. Keep the Thermometer & Thermocosssuple Probe in the beaker.
17. Now switch ON immersion rod. The mV generated across its terminals will be displayed
on the DPM.
18. You can measure the temperature of hot water by putting mV C switch towards C.It will
display the temperature as thermometer showing
19. Note down reading of both mV and Temperature (C) on DPM after a fixe interval in
Table
20. Plot the graph between Temperature (C) and Thermocouple mV.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. No. Temperature Effective Temp.= Std.Actual Voltage Actual Display
at DPM Temp.atDPM-Room (mV) (mV)
(in C) Temp.

VIVA QUESTION
1. What is seebeck effect ?
2. What is thermoelectric EMF?
3. Define temperature coefficient of resistance ?

(Department Of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SISTec-E ) Page 19

\

Enrollment No:……………………… Date:…………………

Instrumentation & Measurement
EXPERIMENT NO. – 7
AIM :-
Study of CRO .
INTRODUCTION :-
The CRO forms one of the most useful and versatile test instruments It is essentially a
device for Displaying graphs of rapidly changing voltage and current but it is also capable of
giving ,information consuming frequency. Phase deterrence and voltage amplitudes.
DIAGRAM OF CRO :-

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CRO

The principal components of a basic oscilloscope include a cathode ray a sweep oscillator
deflection amplifies and suitable controls switches and input terminals. The cathode ray tube
Consists of a highly evacuated glass tube containing an electronic gun, two pairs of deflection

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Plats and a screen coated with fluorescent material so that when the electrons strike the screen
they give up energy to it causing light to be emitted at that point of contact. The electron gun
produce a beam of electrons witch can be made to focus at the screen, the voltage applied to the
deflection plates move the beam either horizontally or vertically. The sweep generator produces
A voltage rising linearly with time and then abruptly falling to zero this cycle is repeated and is
known as the saw tooth wave form this voltage when applied to the horizontal deflection plate
Makes the electron traverse equal.
Deflection in equal intervals of time the unknown voltage is applied to the vertical
deflection plate through the vertical amplifier moving the spot on the screen accordingly in
addition to its in order to display stationary waveform on the screen, it is essential that the
frequency of the saw tooth voltage wave form nave a define relationship to the frequency of the
to be displayed. The purpose of the synchronizing circuit is to start the Sweep voltage at a
specific instant with respect to the waveform under observation.
Recent advancements in electronics have led to number of features being incorporated in
the Oscilloscope which include dual trace (having two display channels) and facilities for adding,
subtracting and inverting the waveform on both the channels.
Aplab 37060 30 MHZ Dual Trace Oscilloscope has been provided for experiment various
control and their function are enumerated below:-
1. Intensity: It adjusts for brightness of the pattern a high intensity spot which remains
stationary may burn the screen and should me fore be avoided.
2. Focus: “This control affects the sharpness of the trace. It must be adjusted so that to
provide the finest line or the smallest point .
3. Vertical & horizontal position: Adjustrnom of these controls move the trace up & down
o to the left and right of the rube face.
4. Time Base: It consist of a multi position switch which is used to select various calibrated
sweeps.
5. Level : the level knob is used for selecting trigger point on the displayed waveform.
6. Volts /Division: this knob, one for each of the channels is used to select the range for
vertical deflection of the waveform on the tube face .
7. Int/ext: these modes are chosen for displaying of trigger signals derived from any other
external source is fed through EXT TRIG: BNC. Socket.

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 8. 0.2v, 1 KHZ : This provides a calibration sequences or 200 m v at 1 Kh Z square wave,
wave may also be used for testing .
9. Auto/Norm : In the auto mode type trace is displayed in absence of any input signal .
The display is then automatically triggered for signals above 30H z depending upon
correct setting of trigger Level control .
10. CH1/CH2: This control is used to select the signal trigger in INT mode derived from
either CH1/CH2 input of trigger level control.
11. ALT/CND: This switch select the switching mode for the two channels while in dual
position .
12. DUAL/MONO(X-Y): This is to choose between single and dual trace modes of
operation It dual is chosen it operates in ALT or CHOP as selected.
13. Channel Addition : This can be used in dual mode and enable the algebraic addition of
both the signals CH1 & CH2 .
14. Channel subtraction : This can be used in dual mode and the function is realized when
ADD and CH2m v switches are pressed CH2 signal is algebraically subtracted from CH1.
15. CH2 INV : When this switch is pressed the polarity of the signal to CH2 is inverted.

The dual trace oscilloscope differ from the single beam oscilloscope in that it has only one
electron beam which generates the two trace In order to generates two independent traces two
method exist. ALT & CHOP. In the ALT method, the oscilloscope is deflected to display CH1 &
CH2 Vertical input is displayed at different position on the oscilloscope screen. A switching
system is used for changing channels. The disadvantage of this system is that the display is not
actually a Representation of two simultaneous events, but is of events at two simultaneous events
are cyclic.
The other method is to switch from one vertical channel to the other at a rapid rate that the
display is created from small segments of the actual waveform .This is called the CHOP mode.
This requires that the chopping frequency be much greater than the input waveform in order to
prevent. The display form being unrecognizable. The circuitry remains the same for both ALT
and CHOP, Modes except that the electronic switch differs. For the ALT the switch is a trigger
generator and it is a high frequency clock for CHOP mode.

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MEASURMENT :-

1. Voltage measurement :
Voltage = Deflection Amplitude X volt/cm switch indication voltage
(peak to peak ) = 6x2 =12v
2. Measurement of time period & frequency
Time period = time base setting x Horizontal distance
= 5ms/cm x 4cm
= 20ms
Frequency of the waveform = 1/T Hz
F=1/T = 1/20ms = 0.05kHz =50Hz

VIVA VOICE :-
1. Explain CRO.
2. Why is Delay line used in the vertical section of the oscillation?
3. What is the function of time base generator?
4. How a CRO is superior to ordinary measuring instrument?

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 Enrollment No:……………………… Date:…………………
Instrumentation & Measurement
EXPERIMENT NO. – 8
OBJECT:
Measurement of displacement using L.V.D.T
AIM:
To use a Linear Variable Differential Transformer for Displacement Measurement.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO. NAME QUANTITY
1. L.V.D.T training kit 1
2. L.V.D.T Sensor 1
3. C.R.O 1
4. Micro meter 1

INTRODUCTION:
L.V.D.T. stands for Linear Variable Differential Transformer .It is basically a mutual
inductance type transducer with variable coupling between the primary and the two secondary
coils. It is equivalent to E pick- off in its operation except the reluctance of the magnetic path is
mostly due to the air path. It consist of a primary coil, uniformly wound over a certain length of
transducer and two identical secondary coils systematically wound on either side of the primary
coil and away from the center . The iron core is free to move inside the coil in either direction
from null position. When the primary coil is excited by an A.C supply the induced EME of the
secondary are equal to each other with the case lying in null position. The two secondaries are
connected in series, but in phase opposition so that the resultant output voltage is zero.
Displacement of the core in either direction from the null point results in output voltage
proportional to displacement but have opposite polarity. The output voltage as read by an A.C.
RMS voltmeter and is observed that

DIAGRAM :

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 L.V.D.T.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
%error=
S.no. Actual value Measured value
(av-mv)/av*100

PRECAUTIONS:
1. To get the good performance from the tutor you take to maintain room temperature.
2. To check the power source it should be 230 volt + 10%, 50 Hz to avoid over voltage
hazardous.
3. To get best performance you take to put the instrument at dust proof and humidity free
environment.
4. Do not try to open the instrument or repair it contact manufacture in case of any
fault/difficulty.

VIVA VOICE:
1. What is the full form of LVDT?
2. What is the Principal of LVDT?

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3. What is the Advantages & Disadvantages of LVDT?
4. What is the application of LVDT?

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5. Enrollment No:……………………… Date:…………………
Instrumentation & Measurement
EXPERIMENT NO. –9
AIM:
1. To measure the temperature using RTD.
2. To study the temperature & resistance characteristics of RTD.

APPARATUS:
S.NO: Name Type Quantity
1 RTD Training Kit 1
2 RTD Sensor 1

DIAGRAM:

T
HEORY:

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 RTD is a resistance dependence device which has positive temperature coefficient. It is
resistance type of transducer which is used for the measurement of temperature. The resistance
of conductor change when temperature is changed.
The main part of RTD is sensing element. The characteristics of sensing element determine
the sensitivity & operating temperature range of instrument. The resistance variation with
temperature is given by following relationship for most of the metals as-
Rt = R ref (1+ α ∆t)
Where,
Rt =Resistance at particular temperature
R ref =Reference temperature
α =Temperature coefficient
∆t =Temperature difference

PROCEDURE:
1. To connect RTD sensor at the 9 pin connector.
2. Turn ON the system & see the power indicator. The red LED on the front panel will
glow.
3. Give the 0° C temperatures to the RTD keeping into the ice.
4. Adjust the 0.00 °C reading on the display adjusting through zero point.
5. Keep the RTD into boiling water giving a temperature of 100° C.
6. Adjust the 100.00° C reading on display & adjusting through span pot 100 °C is
calibrated
7. Keep the RTD in air in room temperature. The indicator will display room temperature.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.NO: Room Temperature (° C ) Boiled Water (° C ) Cold water ( ° C )

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MODEL GRAPHS:
Resistance of the RTD increases as the temperature increases. The increase nearly
follows the exponential curve-

T
The characteristics of various materials used
for resistance thermometers are plotted-

RESULT:
Different values of temperature are measured in various conditions.

VIVA VOICE:
1. What is RTD?
2. On which principle it is based?

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 3. Which type of temperature coefficient it has?
4. Which type of sensing element is used in it?

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