7

Mathematics 7
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Sets: An Introduction
Mathematics – Grade 7
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Sets: An Introduction
First Edition, 2020

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 7

Mathematics 7
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Sets: An Introduction
Introductory Message
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1
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This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the
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many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level
of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the
order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now
using.

The module is about:

● Sets: An Introduction

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe and illustrate well-defined sets, subsets, universal set, null/empty sets and
cardinality of sets;
2. illustrate the union and intersection of sets and the difference of sets;
3. solve real-life problems involving sets; and
4. appreciate the importance and usefulness of the lesson in everyday life.
 What I Know

Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1.Which of the following sets is an example of roster notation?

A. A = set of beautiful girls

B. A = {set of characters in the movie Avengers}
C. A = {banana, mango, papaya}
D. A = {x/x is a planet}

2. Which of the following is true about set B? B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

A. -1 ∈ B
B. 5∈B
C. Set B is a set of whole numbers
D. Set B is infinite

3. Which of the following is an infinite set?

A. C = {a dozen of eggs}
B. C = {colors of the rainbow}
C. C = {letters in the word MATHEMATICS}
D. C = {whole numbers}

4. Which of the following is a finite set?

A. D = {days of the year}
B. D = {even numbers}
C. D = {integers}
D. D = {odd numbers}

5. Which of the following sets is equal to Set D = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}?
A. E = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}
B. E = {set of even numbers less than 20}
C. E = {set of odd numbers less than 20}
D. E = {set of prime numbers less than 20}
6. Which of the following is not a subset of F? F = {c, o, v, i, d}
A. G = {c, o, v, e, d} C. G = {o, v, i, d}
B. G = {o, v, i, c, d} D. G = {v, i, c, o}

7. If A = {types of cellphone} and B = {types of ipad}, then which of the following is the universal
set?
A. U = {set of circuits} C. U = {set of games}
B. U = {set of gadgets} D. U = {set of movies}
8. What is the cardinality of Set H = {set of continents}?
A. n(H) = 5 C. n(H) = 9
B. n(H) = 7 D. n(H) = 11

9. If the universal set U = {secondary colors} and set A = {orange, violet}, what is the
complement of A (A’)?
A. A’ = {blue} C. A’ = {orange}
B. A’ = {green} D. A’ = {violet}

10. What is the equivalent of set W = {v, i, r, u, s} to the following sets

below? A. Y = {1, 9} C. Y = {v, e, e, r, u, s}
B. Y = {c, o, v, i, d} D. Y = {v, i, c, o}

11. Given U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.

What is AU B?
A. A U B = U C. A U B = { }
B. A U B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} D. A U B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

12. Given U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, A = {2, 4, 5} and B = {1, 3, 5}. What is A ∩ B?

A. A ∩ B = {5} C. A ∩ B = {1, 3, 5}
B. A ∩ B = {1, 5} D. A ∩ B = {2, 4, 5}

13. If set A = {planets} and set B = {Mercury, Mars, Neptune, Saturn}, what is A – B?
A. A – B = { } C. A – B = {Venus, Earth, Jupiter}
B. A – B = {Mercury, Mars, Neptune} D. A – B = {Venus, Earth, Jupiter, Uranus}
14. Let A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and B= {2, 4, 6, 8}. What is the cardinality of A U B?
A. n(AUB) = 7 C. n(AUB) = 9
B. n(AUB) = 8 D. n(AUB) = 10
15. Let A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and B= {2, 4, 6, 8}. What is the cardinality of A ∩ B?
A. n(A ∩ B) = 3 C. n(A ∩ B) = 5
B. n(A ∩ B) = 4 D. n(A ∩ B) = 6
 Lesson

1 SETS: An Introduction

A lepidopterist (a specialist in butterflies) might own a collection of butterflies, while a

Pokemon lover might keep a collection of Pokemon toys. How about you? Do you collect things
that interest you?

Any collection of items can form a set.

Look at this pictures

The first picture is a sala set. It is called a sala set because it is a collection of furniture
in your living room. The other picture is called a chess set because it is a collection of chess
pieces.

What’s In?

Activity 1: Answer the following questions:

If you put together animals of the same species inside the circle, how many animals are
there? What will be the name of that set? A Set of

What other set of animals can you put inside the circle?
 What’s New?

A set is a collection of well-defined distinct objects. The objects of a set are called
elements. A set is distinct because its elements should not be repeated, and it is also well-defined
because it has a specific property that makes it easy to identify.

A set can be defined by describing the contents, or by listing the elements of the set,
enclosed in curly braces and separated by a comma.

Some examples of set defined by Some examples of set defined by listing the
describing the contents: elements of the set or ROSTER METHOD:

The set of colors of the rainbow. {red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,
purple}

The set of even numbers. {2, 4, 6, 8,10,…}

NOTATIONS/SYMBOLS used to denote SETS:

∈ “is an element of”
∉ “is not an element of”
{ } or Ø null or empty
⊆ subset
⊂ proper subset
⋢ not a subset
= equal
≈ equivalent
… ellipsis

To name a set we usually use capital letters (A, B, C, …, Z) and small letters for elements or
objects enclosed by curly braces.

Examples: To notate that e is an element of the

set, we write e∈ A and if b is not
an element of A that is b ∉ A

Here, capital letter B is the name

of the set and the elements are the
Set B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
counting numbers less than 11

Set C = {x/x is a color of the rainbow} Read as “C is the set of all x such that
x is a color of the rainbow
 What is It?

Activity 2
Directions: Supply the items with the correct answers. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. List the elements of the set of odd numbers less than 10.
Name it as Set A. Set A = { }

2. Describe Set B = {red, yellow, blue}. Set of

3. True or False: Let Set C = {set of prime numbers}, is 2 ∈ C?

What’s More?

A set that contains no elements is called a null set or empty set and is notated { } or Ø.
Example:
A set of flying dogs is an empty set because dogs do not fly.
A set of triangles with four sides is an empty set because a triangle has only 3 sides.
The set of fish with two legs is an empty set because fish has no legs. Therefore, we
cannot list an element for this set

An empty set is a subset of every set. Imagine a basket of fruits: the basket itself
represents the container which combines the fruits to make a set. Removing the fruits from the
basket makes the basket empty, but we know that the basket is part of the set.

A subset is a set of elements that are also in another set. A subset can be equal to the
set. That is, a subset can contain all the elements that are present in the set. If A and B are two
sets, and every element of set B is also an element of set A, then B is called a subset of A and
we write it as B ⊆ A. In other words, Set B is contained inside Set A or vice versa.
Example:
Example:
Set A = {papaya, banana, pineapple} and Set B = {banana, pineapple, papaya}.

Since the elements in Set B are also the elements in Set A, we can say that Set A is a subset of
Set B; A ⊆ B

Sometimes a collection might not contain all the elements of a set.

For example:
Sommer owns ten UNO cards. While Sommer’s collection is a set, we can also say that it
is a proper subset to the larger set of all UNO cards.
A proper subset is a subset that is not identical or equal to the original set. It contains
fewer elements. In other words, if Set B is a proper subset of Set A, we write B ⊂ A.

Example: Set A Set B

Set B is a proper subset of

Set A, that is B ⊂ A
because all the elements
B⊂A in B are in A. But A is not
a proper subset of B
Another example: Set A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} because A has more
Set B = { 1, 3, 5} B⊂ A elements than B, that is
A⊄ B
Consider these three sets:
A= the set of letters in the word “covid”
B= {v, i, c, o}
C= {n, c, o, v, i}
In this example, B is a proper subset of A (B ⊂ A) because every element of B also an element
of A. It is also true that B ⊂ C. But C is not a proper subset of A, since C contains an element n,
that is not contained in A.
Given Set A= {1, 3, 5}. What do you think is a larger set this might be a subset of? It could be
the set of counting numbers, or the set of odd numbers.

Kinds of Sets:
A. Equal Sets are sets that have the exact same elements. The order of elements do not
have any relevance here.
B. Equivalent sets are sets that have different elements but have the same amount or
number of elements.

Example:
Set A = {v, i, r, u, s} Set B = {c, o, v, i, d} Set C = {u, r, v, i, s}

Set A and Set C are equal sets, in notation, A = C because the two sets have the same exact
elements.
Set A and Set B are equivalent sets, in notation, A ≈ B because the two sets have the same
number of elements, both has a cardinality of 5. Same with Set B and Set C or Set A and Set C
they are all equivalent sets, B ≈ C, A ≈ C.
Another example:

Set A = Set C

Set A ≈ Set B

Set B ≈ Set C

Think of these Is equal set also an equivalent set?

Is equivalent set an equal set?

Let us base the answer on the given figures above. Set A and Set C are both equal sets
and equivalent sets because the two sets have the same exact elements and the same number
of elements.
While Set A and Set B are equivalent sets, the same goes with Set B and Set C. They
are equivalent sets because they have the same number of elements, but they are not equal
sets because they have different elements.
Therefore, an equivalent set may not be an equal set because their elements are not the
same even though they have the same number of elements.

C. Finite Set - If P = {red, yellow, blue}. We can say that set P is a finite set because it has
a finite number of elements. Finite means we can count the number of elements. In this
case, set P has 3 elements: red, yellow, and blue.
D. Infinite Set - An infinite set is a set with an infinite number of elements. You cannot
count all the elements in a set because it is too large or too many.

Examples:
1. Finite Set – Set of months in a year [You can count the number of months in a year]
How many are there? 12
 Set of vowels [There are five elements; a,e,i,o,u]
 Set of continents [There are 7 continents of the world]
2. Infinite Set – Set of stars in the sky.
 Set of improper fractions [Can you list all the improper fractions?]
It is impossible to list all the improper fraction, which is why it is infinite.
 Set of whole numbers {0,1,2,3,4,5,…} The set of whole numbers can be
written as {0,1,2,3,4,5,…} simply
write enough elements to establish
a pattern; then the three dots called
ellipsis indicate that the set
continues.

E. Cardinality of a set is the number of elements included in a set. The cardinality of the set
A often notated as |A| or n(A)

Examples: A = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z}
The cardinality of Set A is 5, in notation; n(A) = 5 because there are 5 elements in set A.
The cardinality of Set B is 21, therefore n(B) = 21
Set of primary colors = its cardinality is 3, because there are three elements in the set of primary
colors.
Set of planets = the cardinality is 8 [can you name the 8 planets in our solar system?]

Universal set is a set that contains all the elements we are interested in. We will use the
symbol U to denote the universal set.

A complement is relative to the universal set, in symbol, A’ which contains all the
elements in the universal set that are not in A.

Examples:
If we were discussing buying pens, the universal set would be all the pens being sold in
the bookstore.
If we were grouping your online friends, the universal set would be all your Facebook
friends.
If you were working with sets of vowels, the universal set would be the alphabet.

Suppose the universal set is Remember: You will only list

U = {m, a, t, h, e, i, c, s}.
the elements in each set once.
If A= {m, a, t, h}, then A’ = {e, i, c, s}.
That is why elements in a set
U = months of the year are unique.
If B = { months ends with “ber”}
Then B’ = {January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August}

What I Have Learned

Consider the set of counting numbers; U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}

A. Form smaller sets consisting of elements in U that share different characteristics.

Example, Set A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} set of even numbers.

.
B. How many elements are in each set?

C. Can you think of a set with no elements?

 What I Can Do

Directions: Read each question below and select the correct answer. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is an example of a SET?

A. Set of counting numbers
B. Set of intelligent people
C. Set of honest people

2. Given Set A = {red, yellow, blue}. What are the elements or objects in the given set?
A. 1, 2, and 3 ∈ A
B. pink, red, and yellow ∈ A
C. yellow, blue, and red ∈ A

3. What is the best description of Set B = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
Saturday, Sunday}?
A. Set of the days of a week
B. Set of months
C. Set of weeks

4. What is the cardinality of Set C = {a dozen of eggs}

A. 6
B. 12
C. 18

5. In a given Set D = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4,…}, what is the cardinality of the set?

A. 4
B. 5
C. Cannot be counted

6. What do you call the set of objects or elements which can be counted?
A. Cardinality of a Set
B. Finite Set
C. Infinite Set

7. Given Sets A = {c, u, t, e} and B = {t, u, e, c}. Are the two sets equal?
A. No
B. Yes
C. Cannot be determined

8. Given two sets: A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b, c}. Are the sets equivalent?
A. No
B. Yes
C. Cannot be determined

9. Which set is empty or null?

A. { }
B. {0}
C. {-1}
10. If the Universal set U = {word “pandemic”} and A = {p, a, n, d, e}, what is the complement
of A “ A’ ”?
A. A’ = {m, i, c}
B. A’ = {p, a, n, d, e}
C. A’ = {p, a, n, d, i}

11. What is the Universal Set of the following? A = {a, t, m} and B = {h, a, t}
A. U = {a, t, m, h, a}
B. U = {h, a, t, a, m, t}
C. U = {m, a, t, h}

12. If U = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}, then which of the following is the subset of U?

A. Y = {3, 4}
B. N = {7, 11}
C. A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 11}

Lesson
Union, Intersection, and
2 Difference of Sets
Commonly sets interact. For instance, you and your friend decide to play UNO, and you
both invite your circle of friends. At this, two sets are being combined, though it might turn out
that there are some friends that are in both sets.

What’s In?

The union of two sets contains all the elements contained in either set (or both sets).
Union is notated as A U B
Example 1:
Set A - students who want to sing = {Ayane, Alex, Ariane, Jezer}
Set B – students who want to dance = {Kat, Karen, Jezer}

The UNION of Set A and Set B

A U B = {Ayane, Ariane, Alex, Jezer, Karen, Kat} (Again, Jezer should be listed once)
Example 2:

SET A SET B

AUB=

The intersection of two sets contains only the elements that are in both sets.
Intersection is notated as A ∩ B
Example 1:
Set A - students who want to sing = {Ayane, Alex, Ariane, Jezer}
Set B – students who want to dance = {Kat, Karen, Jezer}

The INTERSECTION of Set A and Set B

A ∩ B = {Jezer}

Example 2:

SET A SET B

A∩B=

The difference (subtraction) is defined as Set A−B consists of elements that are in A
but not in B.
Example 1:
If A = {5, 10, 15} and B = {5, 15, 20}, then A−B = {10} and B−A = {20}
Example 2:

A−B = B–A =

What is It?

13. What is the union of the two sets “A U B”?

A = {1, 2, 3} A. A U B = {1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5}
B = {3, 4, 5} B. A U B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
C. A U B = {3}

14. What is the intersection of sets A and B “A ∩ B”?

A = {1, 2, 3} A. A∩B = {3}
B = {3, 4, 5} B. A∩B = {1,2,4,5}
C. A∩B = {1,2,3,4,5}

15. Let A = {apple, banana, mango, atis} A. A−B = {apple, banana}

B = { pineapple, orange, mango} B. A−B = {apple, banana, atis}
What is A−B? C. A−B = {mango}

What I Have Learned

Given two sets A and B, is A−B = B−A?

 Assessment 1

A. Write the letter of the best answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1.Which of the following sets is an example of roster notation?

A. A = set of beautiful girls

B. A = {set of characters in the movie Avengers}
C. A = {banana, mango, papaya}
D. A = {x/x is a planet}

2. Which of the following is true about set B? B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

A. -1 ∈ B
B. 5∈B
C. Set B is a set of whole numbers
D. Set B is infinite

3. Which of the following is an infinite set?

A. C = {a dozen of eggs}
B. C = {colors of the rainbow}
C. C = {letters in the word MATHEMATICS}
D. C = {whole numbers}

4. Which of the following is a finite set?

A. D = {days of the year}
B. D = {even numbers}
C. D = {integers}
D. D = {odd numbers}

5. Which of the following sets is equal to Set D = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}?
A. E = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}
B. E = {set of even numbers less than 20}
C. E = {set of odd numbers less than 20}
D. E = {set of prime numbers less than 20}
6. Which of the following is not a subset of F? F = {c, o, v, i, d}
A. G = {c, o, v, e, d} C. G = {o, v, i, d}
B. G = {o, v, i, c, d} D. G = {v, i, c, o}

7. If A = {types of cellphone} and B = {types of ipad}, then which of the following is the universal
set?
A. U = {set of circuits} C. U = {set of games}
B. U = {set of gadgets} D. U = {set of movies}
8. What is the cardinality of Set H = {set of continents}?
A. n(H) = 5 C. n(H) = 9
B. n(H) = 7 D. n(H) = 11

9. If the universal set U = {secondary colors} and set A = {orange, violet}, what is the
complement of A (A’)?
A. A’ = {blue} C. A’ = {orange}
B. A’ = {green} D. A’ = {violet}

10. What is the equivalent of set W = {v, i, r, u, s} to the following sets

below? A. Y = {1, 9} C. Y = {v, e, e, r, u, s}
B. Y = {c, o, v, i, d} D. Y = {v, i, c, o}

11. Given U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.

What is AU B?
A. A U B = U C. A U B = { }
B. A U B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} D. A U B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

12. Given U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, A = {2, 4, 5} and B = {1, 3, 5}. What is A ∩ B?

A. A ∩ B = {5} C. A ∩ B = {1, 3, 5}
B. A ∩ B = {1, 5} D. A ∩ B = {2, 4, 5}

13. If set A = {planets} and set B = {Mercury, Mars, Neptune, Saturn}, what is A – B?
A. A – B = { } C. A – B = {Venus, Earth, Jupiter}
B. A – B = {Mercury, Mars, Neptune} D. A – B = {Venus, Earth, Jupiter, Uranus}
14. Let A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and B= {2, 4, 6, 8}. What is the cardinality of A U B?
A. n(AUB) = 7 C. n(AUB) = 9
B. n(AUB) = 8 D. n(AUB) = 10
15. Let A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and B= {2, 4, 6, 8}. What is the cardinality of A ∩ B?
A. n(A ∩ B) = 3 C. n(A ∩ B) = 5
B. n(A ∩ B) = 4 D. n(A ∩ B) = 6
 Answer Key

References

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-hostos-introcollegemath/chapter/set-theory/
https://www.probabilitycourse.com/chapter1/1_2_2_set_operations.php
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Name of Writers:

Marina A. Gaban
Teacher III
Batasan Hills National High School
Cell phone No. : 09667682065

Ephraim D. Valdez
Teacher I
Batasan Hills National High School
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