MATTER

 Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass, and it is all around us.
Solids and liquids are more obviously matter: We can see that they take up space, and
their weight tells us that they have mass. Gases are also matter; if gases did not take up
space, a balloon would not inflate (increase its volume) when filled with gas.
 The substance or substances of which any physical object consists or is composed: the
matter of which the earth is made. physical or corporeal substance in general, whether
solid, liquid, or gaseous, especially as distinguished from incorporeal substance, as spirit
or mind, or from qualities, actions, and the like.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
 Physical properties are characteristics that scientists can measure without changing the
composition of the sample under study, such as mass, color, and volume (the amount of
space occupied by a sample). Physical properties can be extensive or intensive.
o Extensive properties vary with the amount of the substance and include mass,
weight, and volume.
o Intensive properties, in contrast, do not depend on the amount of the substance;
they include color, melting point, boiling point, electrical conductivity, and
physical state at a given temperature.
o For example, elemental sulfur is a yellow crystalline solid that does not conduct
electricity and has a melting point of 115.2 °C, no matter what amount is
examined. Scientists commonly measure intensive properties to determine a
substance’s identity, whereas extensive properties convey information about the
amount of the substance in a sample.
 Chemical properties describe the characteristic ability of a substance to react to form
new substances; they include its flammability and susceptibility to corrosion. All samples
of a pure substance have the same chemical and physical properties.
For example, pure copper is always a reddish-brown solid (a physical property) and always
dissolves in dilute nitric acid to produce a blue solution and a brown gas (a chemical
property).
 CHANGES IN MATTER
 Physical changes are changes in which no chemical bonds are broken or formed. This
means that the same types of compounds or elements that were there at the beginning of
the change are there at the end of the change. Because the ending materials are the same
as the beginning materials, the properties (such as color, boiling point, etc.) will also be
the same. Physical changes involve moving molecules around, but not changing them.
Some types of physical changes include:
o Changes of state (changes from a solid to a liquid or a gas and vice versa)

o Separation of a mixture
o Physical deformation (cutting, denting, stretching)
o Making solutions (special kinds of mixtures)
 Chemical changes occur when bonds are broken and/or formed between molecules or
atoms. This means that one substance with a certain set of properties (such as melting
point, color, taste, etc.) is turned into a different substance with different properties.
Chemical changes are frequently harder to reverse than physical changes.
o One good example of a chemical change is burning paper. In contrast to the act of
ripping paper, the act of burning paper actually results in the formation of new
chemicals (carbon dioxide and water, to be exact). Another example of chemical
change occurs when water is formed. Each molecule contains two atoms of
hydrogen and one atom of oxygen chemically bonded.
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

 An atom is the smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element and
can enter into a chemical combination.
Pure substance has a constant composition. All specimens of a pure substance have exactly the
same makeup and properties. Any sample of sucrose (table sugar) consists of 42.1% carbon,
6.5% hydrogen, and 51.4% oxygen by mass.
o Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical
changes are called elements.
 Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, and are malleable (they
can be hammered into sheets) and ductile (they can be drawn into wire).
 Nonmetals are (usually) poor conductors of heat and electricity, and are not
malleable or ductile; many of the elemental nonmetals are gases at room
temperature, while others are liquids and others are solids.
 The metalloids are intermediate in their properties. In their physical
properties, they are more like the nonmetals, but under certain
circumstances, several of them can be made to conduct electricity. These
semiconductors are extremely important in computers and other electronic
devices.
 o Pure substances that can be broken down by chemical changes are called
compounds. This breakdown may produce either elements or other compounds, or
both.
 Organic Compounds
 Organic compounds are characterized by the presence of carbon
atoms in them
 Organic compounds consisting of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and their
other derivatives
 Organic compounds are said to be more volatile and also highly
inflammable
 These compounds have the carbon-hydrogen bonds
 Inorganic Compounds
 Most inorganic compounds do not have carbon atoms in them (some
exceptions do exist)
 They do not possess hydrogen or oxygen and their derivatives
 These compounds are not inflammable and are non-volatile in nature
 These do not have the carbon-hydrogen bonds
The primary difference that lies between these organic compounds and inorganic compounds
is that organic compounds always have a carbon atom while most of the inorganic
compounds do not contain the carbon atom in them. Almost all the organic compounds
contain the carbon-hydrogen or a simple C-H bond in them.
Mixture is composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts
and can be separated by physical changes, such as evaporation (you will learn more about this
later).
o Mixture with a composition that varies from point to point is called a
Heterogeneous mixture.
o Homogeneous mixture, also called a solution, exhibits a uniform composition and
appears visually the same throughout.

Tyndall Effect
 The Tyndall Effect is the effect of light scattering in colloidal dispersion, while
showing no light in a true solution. This effect is used to determine whether a mixture
is a true solution or a colloid.
 SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
 Chromatography is the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension or
as a vapor (as in gas chromatography) through a medium in which the components move
at different rates.
 Distillation is an effective method to separate mixtures comprised of two or more pure
liquids. Distillation is a purification process where the components of a liquid mixture are
vaporized and then condensed and isolated.
 Evaporation is a technique used to separate out homogenous mixtures where there are
one or more dissolved solids. This method drives off the liquid components from the
solid components. This method is suitable to separate a soluble solid from a liquid.
 Filtration is a separation method used to separate out pure substances in mixtures
comprised of particles some of which are large enough in size to be captured with a
porous material. Particle size can vary considerably, given the type of mixture.
 Handpicking is method involves simply picking out all the unwanted substances by hand
and separating them from useful ones.
 Threshing is method is mostly done during the harvesting of crops. Normally, the stalks
of the wheat are dried once it is harvested. The grain is then separated from the stalks and
grounded into the floor by beating the dry stalks to shake off the dried grains.
 Winnowing is when the grains are collected from the process of threshing, it needs to be
cleared out of husks and chaffs before it is turned into flour. The husk and chaff are
blown away by the strong wind when the farmers drop the mixture from a certain height
to the ground. The heavier grains are collected at one place.
 Sieving is done to separate mixtures that contain substances mostly of different sizes. The
mixture is passed through the pores of the sieve. All the smaller substances pass through
easily while the bigger components of the mixture are retained.
 Magnetic Separation is when one substance in the mixture has some magnetic
properties then this method is quite useful. Strong magnets are commonly used to
separate magnetic elements.
What are chemical methods of separation?
 Distillation, crystallization, adsorption, membrane procedures, absorption and stripping, and
oxidation are the typical chemical engineering methods of isolation and purification.
How can you separate sand and salt?
 It either remains in the bath as sand is applied to the bath or forms a film on the bottom of the
bottle. Consequently, sand does not dissolve in water and is insoluble. Through separating the
mixture, it is easy to segregate sand and water. Salt by evaporation may be isolated from a solution.
What are two types of mixtures?
 Two types of mixtures exist: heterogeneous and homogeneous. Two or more ingredients (or phases,
regions with standardized structure and properties) intermingle in heterogeneous mixtures but
remain physically distinct.