TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

Quiapo, Manila
Summer, SY 2020

Research Work – History of Computer

CPE001 – ES11FC1-C20

7:30 to 10:30 MWF

Date Performed: October 7, 2020

Date Submitted: October 7, 2020

Submitted By:

Agbuya, Jasper M.

Submitted to:

Engr. JULIE ANN B. SUSA

Faculty
Write an additional information of the following topics.

1) Abacus

 An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations.

 The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
 The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C.
 It used to perform basic arithmetic operations .

EARLY ABACUS MODERN ABACUS

2) John Napier

 John Napier of Merchiston (1 February 1550 – 4 April 1617), nicknamed Marvellous Merchiston, was
a Scottish landowner known as a mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. He was the 8th Laird of
Merchiston. His Latinized name was Ioannes Neper.

John Napier is best known as the discoverer of logarithms. He also invented the so-called "Napier's
bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics.

Napier's birthplace, Merchiston Tower in Edinburgh, is now part of the facilities of Edinburgh Napier
University. Napier died from the effects of gout at home at Merchiston Castle and his remains were
buried in the kirkyard of St Giles. Following the loss of the kirkyard there to build Parliament House,
he was memorialised at St Cuthbert's at the west side of Edinburgh.
 John Napier
3) Blaise Pascal

 Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor,
philosopher, writer and Catholic theologian.

He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest
mathematical work was on the conics sections; he wrote a significant treatise on the subject of
projective geometry at the age of 16. He later corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability
theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. In 1642, while
still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines (called Pascal's calculators
and later Pascalines), establishing him as one of the first two inventors of the mechanical calculator.

Blaise Pascal

4) Analytical Engine

 The analytical engine is a machine, first proposed by Charles Babbage in 1837, that is considered to
be the concept for the first general mechanical computer. The design featured an ALU (arithmetic
logic unit) and permitted basic programmatic flow control. It was programmed using punch cards
(inspired by the Jacquard Loom. It also featured integrated memory. For these reasons, historians
consider it to be the first design concept of a general-purpose computer.
 Analytical engine

5) Herman Hollerith

 Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929) was an American businessman, inventor,
and statistician who developed an electromechanical tabulating machine for punched cards to assist
in summarizing information and, later, in accounting. His invention of the punched card tabulating
machine, patented in 1884, marks the beginning of the era of semiautomatic data processing
systems, and his concept dominated that landscape for nearly a century.

Hollerith founded a company that was amalgamated in 1911 with several other companies to form
the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. In 1924, the company was renamed "International
Business Machines" (IBM) and became one of the largest and most successful companies of the 20th
century. Hollerith is regarded as one of the seminal figures in the development of data processing

Herman Hollerith

6) punch cards

 A punched card (also punch card[1] or punched-card[2]) is a piece of stiff paper that can be used to
contain digital data represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. Digital
data can be used for data processing applications or used to directly control automated machinery.

Punched cards were widely used through much of the 20th century in the data processing industry,
 where specialized and increasingly complex unit record machines, organized into semiautomatic
data processing systems, used punched cards for data input, output, and storage.[3][4] The IBM 12-
row/80-column punched card format came to dominate the industry. Many early digital computers
used punched cards as the primary medium for input of both computer programs and data.

Punched cards

7) vacuum tube

 A vacuum tube, also called a valve in British English, is an electronic device used in many older model
radios, television sets, and amplifiers. The cathode is heated, as in a light bulb, so it will emit
electrons. This is called thermionic emission. The anode is the part that accepts the emitted
electrons. The device may have other parts. Vacuum tubes must be hot to work. Most are made of
glass, thus are fragile and can break. Vacuum tubes were used in the first computers like the ENIAC,
which were large and need much work to continue operating.

vacuum tube

8) ENIAC

 In 1942, physicist John Mauchly proposed an all-electronic calculating machine. The U.S. Army,
meanwhile, needed to calculate complex wartime ballistics tables. Proposal met patron.

The result was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), built between 1943 and
1945—the first large-scale computer to run at electronic speed without being slowed by any
mechanical parts. For a decade, until a 1955 lightning strike, ENIAC may have run more calculations
than all mankind had done up to that point.
 ENIAC

9) EDVAC

 This computer was called by acronym EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
and its public presentation was carried through in 1947

This machine should be abel to hold any programme in memory that was fed to it. This would be
possible because EDVAC was going to have more internal memory than any other computing device
to date. In other words a multipurpose computer.

EDVAC

10) UNIVAC

 UNIVAC was designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly (designers of the ENIAC). Their
company, the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company, was purchased by Sperry-Rand.

The UNIVAC handled both numbers and alphabetic characters equally well. The UNIVAC I was
unique in that it separated the complex problems of input and output from the actual computation
facility. Mercury delay lines were used to store the computer's program. The program circulated
within the lines in the form of acoustical pulses that could be read from the line and written into it.
 UNIVAC

11) transistor

 A transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic
signals. Transistors consist of three layers of a semiconductor material, each capable of carrying a
current.

The transistor was invented by three scientists at the Bell Laboratories in 1947, and it rapidly replaced
the vacuum tube as an electronic signal regulator. A transistor regulates current or voltage flow and
acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals. A transistor consists of three layers of a semiconductor
material, each capable of carrying a current. A semiconductor is a material such as germanium and
silicon that conducts electricity in a "semi-enthusiastic" way. It's somewhere between a real conductor
such as copper and an insulator (like the plastic wrapped around wires).

Transistor

12) Integrated Circuits

 An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip)
is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material that is
 normally silicon. The integration of large numbers of tiny MOS transistors into a small chip results in
circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of
discrete electronic components. The IC's mass production capability, reliability, and building-block
approach to integrated circuit design has ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of
designs using discrete transistors. ICs are now used in virtually all electronic equipment and have
revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances
are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size and
low cost of ICs.

Integrated circuit
13) Microprocessor

 A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central

processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components
including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th
century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to
searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs,
and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second.

Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used
that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some
microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very
simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when opened. A few especially
powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.

Microprocessor

14) Artificial Intelligence

 Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are
programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. The term may also be applied to any
machine that exhibits traits associated with a human mind such as learning and problem-solving.
 The ideal characteristic of artificial intelligence is its ability to rationalize and take actions that have
the best chance of achieving a specific goal.

Artificial intelligence

15) Voice Recognition

 Alternatively referred to as speech recognition, voice recognition is a computer software program or

hardware device with the ability to decode the human voice. Voice recognition is commonly used to
operate a device, perform commands, or write without having to use a keyboard, mouse, or press any
buttons. Today, this is done on a computer with ASR (automatic speech recognition) software
programs. Many ASR programs require the user to "train" the ASR program to recognize their voice
so that it can more accurately convert the speech to text. For example, you could say "open Internet"
and the computer would open the Internet browser.

Voice recognition
REFERENCES:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Napier

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal

 https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/analyten.htm#:~:text=The%20analytical%20engine%20is
%20a,permitted%20basic%20programmatic%20flow%20control.

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Hollerith

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card
 https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube#:~:text=A%20vacuum%20tube%2C%20also
%20called,that%20accepts%20the%20emitted%20electrons.

 https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/birth-of-the-computer/4/78
 https://www.thocp.net/hardware/univac.htm

 https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/transistor#:~:text=A%20transistor%20is%20a
%20device,capable%20of%20carrying%20a%20current.

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit

 https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor#:~:text=A%20microprocessor%20is%20an
%20electronic,and%20diodes%20that%20work%20together.
 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/artificial-intelligence-ai.asp#:~:text=Artificial%20intelligence
%20(AI)%20refers%20to,as%20learning%20and%20problem%2Dsolving.

 https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/v/voicreco.htm#:~:text=Alternatively%20referred%20to
%20as%20speech,mouse%2C%20or%20press%20any%20buttons.