Clase 

XIII 
Clase XIII –– Tratamiento Térmico I
RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS
RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS
Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental 
Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental 
U i
Universidad de los Andes
id d d l A d
Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
 International Experiences in Thermal
Treatment of Hazardous Waste

Professor Dr.
Dr.--Ing. Dipl.
Dipl.--Chem. Erwin Thomanetz
University of Stuttgart, Germany

Bogota, November 2008

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

 The Beginning of Waste Incineration
in Germany,
y, Hamburg,g, 1895

Main Reasons:

- Hygienic Aspects (Cholera in Hamburg !)

- Reduction
R d ti off W
Waste
t AAmountt (P
(Population
l ti IIncrease))

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

 Historic Photo of the first Municipal Waste
Incineration Plant in Germany, Hamburg, 1895,
constructed by experienced English Companies

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

 Incineration in Technical Scale
Main Problem:
How can the Fuel perfectly be mixed with aerial Oxygen ?

Fuel Gas (e.g. Natural Gas): Technically no Problem. Easily mixable

with Air in a Gas Burner

Liquid Fuels (e.g. Heating Oil): Technically more complex. Need for a
Carburator
Ca bu ato oor a Vaporizor
apo o to makea e tthe
e Liquid
qu d “gas-like”
gas e

Solid Fuels (e.g. Hard Coal): Technically complex. Need for a Mill and
a Dust Burner to make the Solid “gas-like”
g

Waste: Technically complex because Waste is a Mix of hard and soft

Stuff which cannot be made “gas-like” by milling. Need for a Moving
Grate or a Rotary Kiln with a downstream Afterburner

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

 The Further Development of Municipal Waste
Incineration with Grate Systems after World War II

The Reasons were the same as at the Beginning:

- Hygienic Aspects
- Reduction of Waste Amount
andd more andd more th
the Awareness:
A
- Incineration is Ecologically Better than Landfilling

On the other hand Citizen's Groups tried to impede Waste

Incineration because of its Emissions
Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
 St i Type
Stair T Grate
G t

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

 70 Municipal Waste Incineration
Plants in Germany (2007)

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
 At Sea Incineration (North Sea)
At-Sea End of Incineration: 1991
Incineration Ship for Liquid Haz.
Waste, mainly Chloroorganics
Capacity: about 100 000 Mg/a
Port of Registry: Antwerpen

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
 The most important Invention
y
on Hazardous Waste Incineration was the System:
Rotary Kiln with a downstream Afterburner Chamber by the
BASF Company in 1970.

Why ?

- a Rotary
R t Kil
Kiln is
i an “Omnivore”
“O i ” and
d a perfect
f t Slagger
Sl

- an Afterburner Chamber assures the complete Burnout of

the Fumes from the Rotary Kiln

T d
Today, hundreds
h d d off R
Rotary
t Kil
Kiln S
Systems
t are working
ki on H
Hazardous
d W
Waste
t IIncineration,
i ti worldwide
ld id

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
 Waste Feed System

After-
Primary
y burner Three-Pass
Air Boiler
Waste Delivery 1200 °C 350 °C
Bunker 4 s (min)
Economizer Flue Gas to
Purification
Rotary System
Kiln

up to
1400 °C

Barrel Lift Secundary

Air
Wet Deslagger

Waste Incineration Plant (AVG, Hamburg, Germany), Incineration- and Boiler Section
Capacity: 2 Lines, each 6.3 t/h, availability: > 7000 h/a, in service since 1997

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

 Secondary
Air Feed

Boiler

Primary Feed System

Air Feed and Barrel Lift

Focus on the Feed and Incineration Section

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
 2 Rotary Kilns with Solid Waste
Afterburners Bunkers (1000 m³)

Container/ Scrubber
Canister House
Storage
(1000 m³)
Tank
Farm
(2000 m³)
Offices

Scales/Labs Boilers

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

 Bunkers for Solid Waste
Hazardous Waste Incineration Plant Biebesheim (Germany)
Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
 View into the Bunker for Solid Hazardous Waste
(3 Bunkers, each 350 m³, Depth: 5 m, Steel-lined)
Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
 Rotary Kiln (length: 11 m, diameter: 3.5 m, throughput: up to 7 t/h
Hazardous Waste Incineration Plant Biebesheim (Germany)
Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
 incineration fumes
upwards to afterburner

Rim

molten slag
g downwards
to water basin

View onto the back end of an operating kiln

Rotary Kiln, Hazardous Waste Incineration Plant Biebesheim (Germany)

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
 Mass Balance of a Hazardous
10 Mg Air
(about 7 500 m³)
Waste Incineration Plant

1 Mg Haz. Waste*

1.5 Mg Water Hazardous Waste

12.3 Mg Exhaust Air
Incineration Plant (about 9 500 m³)
((Rotary
y Kiln))
0.04 Mg Additives
(NaOH, NH3, A-Carbon)

* Haz. Waste Mix from

the Small and Medium 0.01 Mg
g 0.06 Mgg
Sized Industry Fe-Scrap Salts
Heating Value: 12.5 MJ/kg 0.12 Mg 0.04 Mg
Water Content: 10 Mass% Slag Dust

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
 Findings:
i di
The following Parameters (the 3 T’s) are the most important
p
ones for a complete Incineration Process
(Complete means: CO-Concentration in the Flue Gas nearly Zero. No Soot)

Temperature in the Afterburner Chamber

for Municipal Waste: minimum 850 °C
for Hazardous Waste: minimum 1100 °C

Time Flue Gas Residence Time in the Afterburner Chamber:

minimum 2 sec

Turbulence Realized by Secondary Air Injection at Pressure into

the Afterburner Chamber

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

 Basic Information about Flue Gas Purification

The bad Image

g of Waste Incineration in some Places comes
from olden Plants until the nineteen-eighties which had no
efficient Gas Cleaning Systems.

Today the Flue Gas Purification Techniques have a high

Standard. All Limit Values comply with national and EU
Regulations and mostly go below the Limits.

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
 Are there Technical Alternatives for
Thermal Treatment of Hazardous Waste ?

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

 Waste Incineration
with
ith Fluidized
Fl idi d Bed
B d Incinerator
I i t

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

 Fluegas

Waste Input

Fluidized sand bed

(extremely turbulent
like a boiling liquid)
Fan-
burner Nozzle floor

Stationary
Fl idi d Bed
Fluidized B d Incinerator
I i t
(in Germany mainly used for dewatered
and partly dryed sewage sludge)

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

 Waste Pyrolysis
and
Waste Gasification

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
 Stack

Afterburner

Feeder System

Pyrolysis Chamber Boiler

with De-Asher (Heat Recovery)

Small Size Pyrolysis Plant (Feed up to 0.5 t/h) for Industrial Waste,
with Afterburner and Boiler (HOVAL, Vaduz)
Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
 Thermoselect Waste Pyrolysis Plant, Karlsruhe Rheinhafen, Germany

3PProcess Li
Lines, Pl
Planned
dWWaste
t Th
Throughput:
h t 225 000 M Mg/a
/
Start of Construction: March 1997, Shutdown: March 2004, Accounting Loss: about 450 Mill €

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

 Thermal Treatment of Waste
with Plasma Technology

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

 Definition Plasma:

A Gas whose Atoms or Molecules

are Partly or Totally Ionized

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

 gas feed high temperature
(whatever gas) plasma “flame”
negative
tube electrode 3000 °C and more
.......................
positive
tube
electrode .......................
fast rotating high temperature
electric arc (red) heats up the gas
which is transformed into plasma*

P i i l off a Plasma
Principle Pl Torch
T h
(electrical connectors, gas feed tubes, cooling devices etc. are omitted)

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

 Big Plasma Torch, operating
Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010
 Plasma Gasification Reactor
W ti h
Westinghouse Plasma
Pl C
Corp.

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

 Coke
+
Lime Turbine +
Generator Activ. Quick
Carbon Lime

Plasma
Reactor After- Quench Bag
Waste Burner Boiler
Pit Scrubber Filter

Plasmatron

Water-
Basin
Fly Ash + Salts
Slag Alloy

P i i l off a Plasma
Principle Pl Plant
Pl t for
f Thermal
Th l Waste
W t Treatment
T t t (Afterburner
(Aft b Mode)
M d )
Study Westinghouse Corp. (Constructed and operating in Japan ?)

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010

Manuel S. Rodríguez Susa / 2010