Sudan University of Science and

Technology
College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering

Modeling of Firefighting System

A Research Submitted in partial Fulfillment for the Requirement of
the Degree of B.Sc. (Honors) in Mechanical Engineering

Prepared by:
1. Mohammed Dawelbait Bilaila Hammad
2. Musab Albasheer Mohammed Alnoor
3. Mustafa Adam Alzain Adam

Supervisor:
Dr. Alsawi Abdallah Yahya

October 2017
 ‫ﺑﺴﻢ اﻟﻠﻪ اﻟشﺣﻤﻦ اﻟشﺣﯿﻢ‬

‫ﺻدﻕ اﻟﻠﻪ اﻟؼظﯾﻡ‬

‫)‪(35‬ﺳﻭسة اﻟﻧﻭساﻵﯾﺔ‬

‫‪i‬‬
 EDICATION

To

Our parents, family, teachers, friends and all

persons who be devoted to me.

To

All those heroes who have lost their

altruistic lives during firefighting and fire
rescue.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First we thank God that helps us with his blessings to

accomplish this dissertation.

The full support and encouragement from Dr. Alsawi Abdallah

yahya who supervises this research very closely and guides us up all
the time to develop this thesis.

Special thanks to engineer Mohamed Magdi who provides us

technical and software information needed.

I wish to thank our families and our friends. Especially thanks

to our parents for their love and support all through our life.

iii
 Abstract

Fire is the main hazard that is enough to cause a huge damage, so

fire safety is a system of work that is paramount system for different
engineering works such as architecture, electrical and mechanical
engineering. Fire fighting system is consider aims very effectively which
could be implemented by; prevention to make sure fires don’t start,
precaution to minimise the damage from fire and procedures as an action
to take in the event of fire.
Different systems can be used to design a fire fighting system depend on
the agent that uses in the system. In this thesis two cases used to analysis
two firefighting systems. first case is storge building for clothes,in this
case compared between analytical calculation and software simulation of
wet sprinkler system. In the second case FM-200 system applied
separately in office storge managemen , using software simulations.

iv
 ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﻠص‬

‫اﻟحشائﻖ ﻣﻥ اﻟﻣﺧﺎطش اﻟسئﯾﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺳﺑب ﻓﻲ أﺿساس ﻭﺧﯾﻣﺔ‪ ,‬ﻟرا ﻓﺈﻥ ﻧظﺎﻡ اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻥ اﻟﺣسﯾﻖ ﯾؼﺗﺑس ﻧظﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻬﻣﺎ ﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠف ﻣﺟﺎﻻت اﻟﻬﻧدﺳﺔ ﻣﺛل ﻫﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣؼﻣﺎس ﻭاﻟﻬﻧدﺳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻛﻬسﺑﺎئﯾﺔ ﻭاﻟﻬﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻧظﺎﻡ ﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ اﻟﺣسﯾﻖ ﯾساػﻲ ػﻣﻠﯾﺎ ﻣﺟﻣﻭػﺔ أﻫذاف ﻣﺛل ؛‬
‫ﻣﻧغ اﻧدﻻع اﻟﻧﯾساﻥ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﯾل اﻷﺿساس اﻟﻧﺎﺟﻣﺔ ػﻥ اﻟﻧﯾساﻥ ﻭ ػﻣل ﺑؼض اﻹﺟساءات ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل‬
‫إﻧدﻻع اﻟﻧﯾساﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻧﺎك اﻟؼدﯾد ﻣﻥ اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺻﻣﯾﻡ أﻧظﻣﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ اﻟﺣسﯾﻖ إػﺗﻣﺎدا ػﻠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟؼﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧظﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫزا اﻟﻤششﻭع ﺗﻡ إﺳﺗﺧداﻡ ﺣﺎﻟﺗﯾﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺗﯾﻥ ﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل‬
‫ﻧظﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ أﻧظﻤﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ اﻟﺣسﯾﻖ ‪ ,‬اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷﻭﻟﻲ ػﺑﺎسة ػﻥ ﻣﺴتﻮدع ﺗخضﯾﻦ اﻟﻤالﺑس ‪ ,‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻫزﻩ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻡ ﺗطﺑﯾﻖ ﻧظﺎﻡ اﻟسﺷﺎﺷﺎت اﻟسطب ﺑﺈﺳﺗﺧداﻡ اﻟطشﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﻭ ﺑسﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎة‬
‫ﻭﺗﻣت اﻟﻣﻘﺎسﻧﺔ ﺑﯾﻧﻬﻣﺎ ‪,‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻘد ﺗﻡ ﻓﯾﻬﺎ ﺗطﺑﯾﻖ ﻧظﺎﻡ اﻟغﺎصات اﻟﻨظﯿﻔﺔ ‪(FM-‬‬
‫)‪ 200‬ﻟﻤكتب أداسة اﻟﻤﺴتﻮدع ﺑﺈﺳﺗﺧداﻡ ﺑسﻧﺎﻣﺞ ) ‪. ( FM-200 calculation‬‬

‫‪v‬‬
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Page No
‫اآلية‬ I

Dedication II

Acknowledgements III
Abstract IV

‫اﻟمستخﻠص‬ V
Table of contents VI

List of tables XII

List of figures XV

Abbreviations XVIII
CHAPTE ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction 2

1.2. Problem Definition 2

1.3. Purpose of the Thesis 3

1.4. Scope 3

1.5. Methodology 3
CHAPTR TWO
FIRE SAFETY

2.1. definition of fire 5

2. 2. Definition of firefighting 5

vi
2. 3. Basics of a Fire 5

2. 4. The Fire Triangle 6

2. 5. Classifications of fire 6

2. 6. The Fire Tetrahedron 7

2. 7. Firefighting System Classification 8

2.8. Types of Fire Extinguishers 8
2.8.1 Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers 9
2.8.2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers 10

2.8.3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers 10

2.8.4. Foam Fire Extinguishers 11

2.8.5 Dry powder Fire Extinguishers 12

CHAPTER THREE
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
& FM-200AGENT SYSTEM
3.1. Background 15
3.2. Sprinkler System 15
3.2.1 Definition of Sprinkler System 15
3.2.2 Types of Sprinkler Systems 16
3.2.2.1. Antifreeze Sprinkler System 16
3.2.2.2. Circulating Closed-Loop Sprinkler System 17
3.2.2.3. Combined Dry Pipe-Pre action Sprinkler System 17
3.2.2.4. Deluge Sprinkler System 17
3.2.2.5. Dry Pipe Sprinkler System 17

vii
3.2.2.6. Gridded Sprinkler System 18
3.2.2.7. Looped Sprinkler System 18
3.2.2.8. Pre action Sprinkler System 18
3.2.2.9. Wet Pipe Sprinkler System 18
3.2.3 System Components 18
3.2.3.1. Branch Lines 18
3.2.3.2. Cross Mains 19
3.2.3.3. Feed Mains 19
3.2.3.4. Flexible Listed Pipe Coupling 19
3.2.3.5. System Riser 19
3.2.4. Classification of Sprinklers 19
3.2.4.1. Suppression Fast-Response (SFR) Sprinkler 19
3.2.4.2. Extended Coverage Sprinkler 19
3.2.4.3. Large Drop Sprinkler 20
3.2.4.4. Nozzles 20
3. 2.4.5. Old-Style/Conventional Sprinkler 20
3. 2.4.6. Open Sprinkler 20
3.2.4.7. Quick-Response Early Suppression (QRES) Sprinkler 20
3.2.4.8. Quick-Response Extended Coverage Sprinkler 20
3.2.4.9. Quick-Response (QR) Sprinkler 20
3.2.4.10. Residential Sprinkler 21
3.2.4.11 Special Sprinkler 21
3.2.4.12. Spray Sprinkler 21
3.2.4.13. Standard Spray Sprinkler 21
3.2.4.14. Concealed Sprinkler 21
3.2.4.15. Flush Sprinkler 21

viii
3.2.4.16. Pendent Sprinkler 21
3.2.4.17. Recessed Sprinkler 21
3.2.4.18 Sidewall Sprinkler 22
3.2.4.19. Upright Sprinkler 22
3.2.5. Classification of Occupancies 22
3.2.5.1. Light Hazard Occupancies 22
3.2.5.2. Ordinary Hazard Occupancies 22
3.2.5.3. Extra Hazard Occupancies 23
3.2.6. Position, Location, Spacing, and Use of Sprinklers 23
3.2.6.1. General 23
3.2.6.2. Protection Areas per Sprinkler 23
3.2.6.3. Sprinkler Spacing 24
3.2.7. Design Area 25
3.2.8. Hydraulic Calculation Procedures 25
3.2.8.1. General 25
3.2.8.2. Friction Loss Formula 26
3.2.8.3. Equivalent Pipe Lengths of Valves and Fittings 26
3.2.9. Schedule for Light Hazard Occupancies 27
3.2.10. Schedule for Ordinary Hazard Occupancies 27
3.3. FM-200 Agent 28
3.3.1. Definition 28
3.3.2. FM-200 Extinguishing Agent 28
3.3.2.1. Cleanliness 29
3.3.2.2. Physical Properties of FM-200 (HFC-227ea) 29
3.3.2.3. Fill Density 30
3.3.3. System Description 30

ix
3.3.3.1. Operating Pressure 32
3.3.3.2. Operating Temperature Range Limitations 32
3.3.4. Component Descriptions 32
3.3.4.1. FM-200 Cylinder/Valve Assemblies 32
3.3.4.2. Cylinder Mounting Bracket 33
3.3.4.3. Fire trace Flexible Detector/Actuation Tubing 33
3.3.4.4. Discharge Nozzles 34
3.3.4.5. Pressure Switch 34
3.3.4.6. Recharge Adapters, FM-200 Cylinder 35
3.3.4.7. Cylinder Nitrogen Recharge Adapter 35
3.3.4.8. Cylinder Hydrostatic Pressure Test Adapters 35
3.3.4.9. FM-200 Warning Nameplate 35
3.3.5. System Design and Limitation 36
3.3.5.1. General 36
3.3.5.2. Design Procedure 36
CHAPTR FOUR
CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1. Calculations of sprinkler system 39
4.1.1 Classification of Occupancies 39
4.1.2. Number of Sprinklers, and Spacing between Sprinklers 40
4.1.3. Area Coverage per Sprinkler (Asp) 41
4.1.4. Selection of the Sprinklers Network 41
4.1.5. Selection of the Pipes Diameters 41
4.1.6. Designing Area 42
4.1.7. Calculation of GPM and Pressure 42
4.1.8. Tank Capacity 48

x
4.1.9. Calculation 48
4.1.9.1 Calculation Results 54

CHAPTR FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. Conclusion 56
5.2. Recommendation 63
REFERENCES 64
APPENDIX 65

xi
 LIST OF TABLES

PAGE
TABLE NO.
NO.

3-1 Protection Area Limitation per Sprinkler 19

Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Spray
3-2-a
Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for Light Hazard 20
Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Spray
3-2-b
Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for Ordinary Hazard 20
3-2-c Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard
Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for Extra Hazard 21
3-3 Equivalent Schedule 40 Steel Pipe Length 24
3-4 Light Hazard Pipe Schedule 25

3-5 Ordinary Hazard Pipe Schedule 26

3-6 Cylinder Assemblies 31

3-7 DOT Specifications Used for the Manufacture of the
FM-200 Cylinders 31
3-8 Cylinder Gauge, Pressure-Temperature Relationship 32
3-9 Enclosure Size Limitation 35
3-10-a The Minimum Safety Factor Required for the Hazard 36
3-10-b The Minimum Design Concentration Required 36
3-11 Total Flooding Quantity 37
3-12-a Maximum Volume That Can Be Protected By 3 Lb. Unit 38
3-12-b Maximum Volume That Can Be Protected By 6 Lb. Unit 38

xii
 Maximum Volume That Can Be Protected By 12 Lb.
3-12-c 39
Unit
3-13 Maximum Nozzle Limitation 39
3-14 Maximum Tubing and Fitting Limitation 40
4-1 Comparing between Analytical Results and
Simulation Results 56
4-2 Input Parameter 57

xiii
 LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
FIGURE
NO.
3-1 Area/Density Curves 22

3-2 Isometric Diagram of FM-200 28

4-1 Geometric dimension of the workshop 42

4-2 Selected Spacing between Sprinklers 43

4-3 Sprinklers Network Using the Tree Network System 44

4-4 Selected Diameters of Pipes 44

4-5 Positions of the Sprinklers inside the Design Area 46

4-6 Designed Diameters of Pipes 52

4-7 General Project Data 53

4-8 Edit Pipe Data 53

4-9 Edit Pipe Node Data 54

4-10 Simulation Results of Elite Program 55

4-11 Demand Graph of the Hydraulic Supply 55

4-12 Geometric Dimension of the Lab 57

4-13 Calculation Program of Plumbing and Firefighting
Calculations for Fm-200 Agent 58
4-14 Calculation Results for Fm-200 System 58
4-15 Designed Fm-200 Network of the Case 59

xiv
4-16 Calculation Program of Plumbing and Firefighting
Calculations for CO2 Agent 60
4-17 Calculation Results for CO2 System 61

xv
 ABBREVIATIONS

APW Air-Pressurized Water

As Area of coverage per sprinkler
C Friction loss coefficient
CO2 Carbon dioxide
d Actual internal diameter of pipe in inches
Dd Designing density
FM Factory Mutual research global
GPM Gallon per minute
HFCs Hydro fluoro Carbons
K Nozzle Factor
L Larger distance between sprinklers
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
ODP Ozone Depletion Potential
P Pdrop Frictional resistance in psi per foot of pipe
Pressure drop

xvi
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1
1.1. Introduction

Modeling of firefighting system is the one of the most benefits

technique that used to estimate the damage of fire , study and analysis of
firefighting system .
Unfortunately, tragic lessons were learnt from recent building and structural
fires. The aftermath was devastating, resulting in the damage to assets and
loss of lives. Fires in a building with inadequate fire protection features can
present severe problems and create complexity in a fire fighting operation.
This inevitably causes deficiency in the protection of occupants and contains
from fire and smoke during the egress or evacuation.

The fire professionals, consultants and contractors have been adopting

mostly on standards from the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association)
with regards to the life safety design, building construction, fire protection,
firefighting, fire alarm and smoke ventilation systems. This thesis will
analyze different two firefighting systems depend on the agent that use to
fight the fire, these systems are; wet sprinkler system, FM-200 agent system
.
1.2. Problem Definition
Through firefighting system design, companies are differ on applying,
the following parameters:
. Fluid sciences
. Pipes diameter, length and material.
. Cost saving.
This thesis will describe the appropriate implementation of the parameters
above.

2
1.3. Purpose of the Thesis
Fire is the main hazard that is enough to cause a huge damage, so fire
safety is a system attends wide scope in engineering field. Fire safety could
be implemented by
• PREVENTION: Make sure fires don’t start
• PRECAUTIONS: Minimize the damage from fire
• PROCEDURES: Action to take in the event of fire
So a fire fighting system is to consider the mentioned aims very effectively.
For these considerations study of fighting system is very important. The
main objectives of this research are:

• Study firefighting system principles.

• Firefighting network classification.

• Modeling and simulation of firefighting system by using rivet mep.

1.4. Scope

Modeling and simulation of firefighting systems in building by using

wet sprinkler system , FM-200 agent system and analyze the results.

1.5. Methodology

Using NFPA, the thesis work focus on designing two types of

firefighting according to fluid used such as: wet sprinkler system and FM-
200 system.

3
CHAPTER TWO
Fire Safety

4
2.1. Definition of fire
Fire is rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical
process of combustion releasing heat , light , and various reaction products
slower oxidative processes like rusting or digestion are not included by this
definition.
2.2. Definition of firefighting

Is the act of attempting to prevent the spread of and extinguish

significant unwanted fires in buildings, vehicles, woodland, etc. a fire fighter
suppresses and extinguishes fires to property lives and to prevent the
destruction of property and of the environment. Firefighters may provide
other services to their communities. [24].
2.3. Basics of a Fire
Fire is a phenomenon with which everyone is familiar. We use it daily
to heat our homes and cook our meals. When harnessed, the power and
energy from fire serves us well; however, when it is uncontrolled a fire can
quickly consume and destroy whatever lies in its path.
While we are all familiar with fire, few of us are aware of its nature and
complex processes this section examines the phenomena and various
mechanisms at work within a fire and is intended to provide a better
understanding of the requirements in fire-fighting scenarios. [23].

5
2.4. The Fire Triangle
Fire safety, at its most basic, is based upon the principle of keeping
fuel sources and ignition sources separate. Three things together produce the
chemical reaction that is fire. Take away any of these things and the fire will
be extinguished. These three things must be present at the same time to
produce fire:

• Enough OXYGEN to sustain combustion

• Enough HEAT to reach ignition temperature

• Some FUEL or combustible material

2.5.Classification of Fire
Class A: Wood, paper, cloth, trash, plastics—solids that are not metals.
Class B: Flammable liquids—gasoline, oil, grease, acetone. Includes
flammable gases.

Class C: Electrical energized electrical equipment. As long as it’s

―plugged in.‖

Class D: Metals potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium. Requires Metal-

X, foam, and other special extinguishing agents. Most fire extinguishers
will have a pictograph label telling that which types of fire the extinguisher
is designed to fight. Show table (2.1). [25].

6
Table ( 2-1 ) fire classification

2.6. The Fire Tetrahedron

a tetrahedron is a solid figure with four triangular faces and is useful
for illustrating the combustion process because it shows the chain reaction
and each face touches the other three faces, show figure ( 2.1 ) [23]

figure )2.1( fire tetrahedron

7
 2.7. Firefighting system classification
2.7.1. Water system
 Sprinkler system
 Hazel system
 Fire hydrant system
2.7.2. Gas system
 Fire Extinguisher
 FM-200, CO2, FE-13
2.8. Types of Fire Extinguishers
Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to fight different
classes of fire. The 3 most common types of fire extinguishers are:

• Water fire extinguishers

• Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers
• Dry Chemical fire extinguishers
• Foam fire extinguishers
• Dry poder fire extinguishers
Show figure (2.2) Types of fire extinguishers. [23]

8
Figure (2.2) Types of Fire Extinguishers

2.8.1. Water Fire Extinguishers

Large silver fire extinguishers that stand about 2 feet tall and weight
about 25 pounds when full. APW stands for ―Air-Pressurized Water.‖ Filled
with ordinary tap water and pressurized air, they are essentially large squirt
guns. The characteristics of APWs are:

• Extinguish fire by taking away the ―heat‖ element of the Fire Triangle.

• Designed for Class A fires only: wood, paper, cloth. Using water on a
flammable liquid fire could cause the fire to spread. Using water on an
electrical fire increases the risk of electrocution. If there have no choice but

9
to use an APW on an electrical fire, electrical equipment must be un-
plugged or de-energized.

• They will be found in older buildings, particularly in public hallways, as

well as in residence halls, they will also be found in computer laboratories. It
is important to remember, however, that computer equipment must be
disconnected from its electrical source before using a water extinguisher on
it.

2.8.2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher

The pressure in a CO2 extinguisher is so great, bits of dry ice may
shoot out of the horn. The characteristics of CO2 are:

• Their cylinders are red. They range in size from 5 lbs to 100 lbs or larger.
On larger sizes, the horn will be at the end of a long, flexible hose.

• They are designed for Class B and C (Flammable Liquids and Electrical
Sources) fires only.

• They will frequently be found in laboratories, mechanical rooms, kitchens,

and flammable liquid storage areas.

• All CO2 extinguishers must undergo hydrostatic testing and recharge

every 5 years. Carbon dioxide is a non-flammable gas that takes away the
oxygen element of the fire triangle. Without oxygen, there is no.

• Very cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well.
• Ineffective in extinguishing a Class A fire because it may not be able to
displace enough oxygen to successfully put the fire out. Class A materials
may also smolder and re-ignite.
•

10
2.8.3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers
Dry chemical extinguishers calls (ABC) fire extinguishers depending
on class A, B and C of fire. They put out fire by coating the fuel with a thin
layer of dust. This separates the fuel from the oxygen in the air. The powder
also works to interrupt the chemical reaction of fire. These extinguishers are
very effective at putting out fire. ABC extinguishers are red. On campus,
they range in size from 5 to 20 lbs. ABC fire extinguishers are filled with a
fine yellow/white powder. The greatest portion of this powder is composed
of mono ammonium phosphate. the extinguishers are pressurized with
nitrogen. Dry chemical extinguishers come in a variety of types; DC (for
―Dry Chemical‖), ABC (can be used on Class A, B, or C fires) and BC
(designed for use on Class B and C fires). It is extremely important to
identify which types of dry chemical extinguishers are located in the design
area; An ―ABC‖ extinguisher will have a label, indicating it may be used on
Class A, B and C fires. Dry chemical extinguishers with powder designed
for Class B and C fires (―BC‖ extinguishers) may be located in places such
as commercial kitchens and areas with flammable liquids. On campus,
ABC’s can be found in public hallways of new buildings, in laboratories,
break rooms, offices, chemical storage areas, mechanical rooms, University
vehicles, etc [3].
2.8.4. Foam fire extinguishers
Foam fire extinguishers or (AFFF fire extinguishers) are more
versatile than water and are lighter in weight compared with water
equivalents delivering similar suppressant performance Foam fire
extinguishers can be used for class A&B fires but are not recommended for
fires involving electricity unless the electrical current can be disconnected

11
first. Foam fire extinguishers are colour coded with a cream label. A Foam
fire extinguishers discharges a foam solution under pressure that forms a
blank or film on the surface of a burning liquid creating a barrier between
the fire vapours and the air necessary to support combustion thereby
smothering the fire. [5 ]
2.8.5. Dry powder fire extinguishers
Dry powder fire extinguishers are similar to dry chemical except that
they extinguish the fire by separating the fuel from the oxygen element or by
removing the heat element of the fire triangle.
However, dry powder extinguishers are for class D or combustible metal
fires , only they are ineffective on all other classes of fires. [ 25]
2.9. Literature Review
There are so many studies in firefighting, some engineers designed
samples of firefighting systems.
In 2006 model of sprinkler system was designed by engineer Tamer A.
Ghbai, a wet riser sprinkler selected using tree network to complete design
including the hydraulic calculation that required to the sprinkler network [1]

In March 2010 Ahmed M.Sami represent a project of sprinkler system

using NFPA13, the calculation of the system expressed using the Elite for
Firefighting Calculation program, the system was designed by Gulf
Consulting Group in Doha [2].

12
 CHAPTER THREE
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
&
FM-200AGENT SYSTEM

13
3. sprinkler system

3.1. Background

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 13), Standard for the

installation of sprinkler systems, was prepared by the technical committee
on hanging and bracing of water-based fire protection systems, the technical
committee on sprinkler system discharge criteria, and the technical
committee on sprinkler system installation criteria, released by the technical
correlating committee on automatic sprinkler systems, and acted on by the
National Fire Protection Association, Inc., at its May meeting held May 17-
20, 1999, in Baltimore. It was issued by the standards council on July 22,
1999, with an effective date of August 13, 1999 [4].

3.2. SprinklerSystem

3.2.1 Definition of Sprinkler System

For fire protection purposes, an integrated system of underground and

overhead piping designed in accordance with fire protection engineering
standards. The installation includes one or more automatic water supplies.

The portion of the sprinkler system aboveground is a network of

specially sized or hydraulically designed piping installed in a building,
structure, or area, generally overhead, and to which sprinklers are attached
in a systematic pattern. The valve controlling each system riser is located in
the system riser or its supply piping.

Each sprinkler system riser includes a device for actuating an alarm

when the system is in operation.National Fire Protection Association (NFPA

14
13), Standard for the installation of sprinkler systems, was prepared by the
technical committee on hanging and bracing of water-based fire protection
systems, the technical committee on sprinkler system discharge criteria, and
the technical committee on sprinkler system installation criteria, released by
the technical correlating committee on automatic sprinkler systems, and
acted on by the National Fire Protection Association, Inc., at its May
meeting held May 17-20, 1999, in Baltimore. It was issued by the standards
council on July 22, 1999, with an effective date of August 13, 1999 [4].

For fire protection purposes, an integrated system of underground and

overhead piping designed in accordance with fire protection engineering
standards. The installation includes one or more automatic water supplies.
The portion of the sprinkler system aboveground is a network of specially
sized or hydraulically designed piping installed in a building, structure, or
area, generally overhead, and to which sprinklers are attached in a
systematic pattern. The valve controlling each system riser is located in the
system riser or its supply piping.

Each sprinkler system riser includes a device for actuating an alarm

when the system is in operation The system is usually activated by heat
from a fire and discharges water over the fire area[4].

3.2.2. Types of SprinklerSystems

3.2.2.1. Antifreeze SprinklerSystem

A wet pipe sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers that are

attached to a piping system ,that contains an antifreeze solution and that are
connected to a water supply.

15
 The antifreeze solution is discharged, followed by water, immediately
upon operation of sprinklers opened by heat from afire.

3.2.2.2 Circulating Closed-Loop Sprinkler System

Awet pipe sprinkler system having non-fire protection connections to

automatic sprinkler systems in a closed-loop piping arrangement for the
purpose of utilizing sprinkler piping to conduct water for heating or cooling,
where water is not removed or used from the system but only circulated
through the piping system.

3.2.2.3. Combined Dry Pipe-Pre action SprinklerSystem

A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers attached to a piping

system containing air under pressure with a supplemental detection system
installed in the same areas as the sprinklers.

Operation of the detection system actuates tripping devices that open

dry pipe valves simultaneously and without loss of air pressure in the
system. Operation of the detection system also opens listed air exhaust
valves at the end of the feed main, which usually precedes the opening of
sprinklers. The detection system also serves as an automatic fire
alarmsystem.

3.2.2.4 Deluge SprinklerSystem

A sprinkler system employing open sprinklers that are attached to a piping
system that is connected to a water supply through a valve that is opened by
the operation of a detection system installed in the same areas as the
sprinklers.

16
 When this valve opens, water flows into the piping system and
discharges from all sprinklers attachedthereto.
3.2.2.5 Dry Pipe SprinklerSystem

A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers that are attached to a

piping system containing air or nitrogen under pressure, the release of which
(as from the opening of a sprinkler) permits the water pressure to open a
valve known as a dry pipe valve, and the water then flows into the piping
system and out the opened sprinklers.

3.2.2.6 Gridded SprinklerSystem

A sprinkler system in which parallel cross mains are connected by multiple

branch lines.An operating sprinkler will receive water from both
endsofitsbranchlinewhileotherbranchlineshelptransferwaterbetween
crossmains.

3.2.2.7 Looped SprinklerSystem

A sprinkler system in which multiple cross mains are tied together so as to

provide more than one path for water to flow to an operating sprinkler and
branch lines are not tied together.

3.2.2.8 Preaction SprinklerSystem

A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers that are attached to a

piping system that contains air that might or might not be under pressure,
with a supplemental detection system installed in the same areas as the
sprinklers.

17
3.2.2.9 Wet Pipe SprinklerSystem

A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers attached to a piping

system containing water and connected to a water supply so that water
discharges immediately from sprinklers opened by heat from a fire.

3.2.3. System Components

3.2.3.1. Branch Lines

The pipes in which the sprinklers are placed, either directly or through
risers.

3.2.3.2. Cross Mains

The pipes supplying the branch lines, either directly or through risers.
3.2.3.3. Feed Mains

The pipes supplying cross mains, either directly or through risers

3.2.3.4. Flexible Listed Pipe Coupling

A listed coupling or fitting that allows axial displacement, rotation, and at

least 1 degree of angular movement of the pipe without inducing harm on
the pipe. For pipe diameters of 8 in. (203.2 mm) and larger, the angular
movement shall be permitted to be less than 1 degree but not less than 0.5
degree sprinkler systems.

3.2.3.5. System Riser

The aboveground horizontal or vertical pipe between the water supply and
the mains (cross or feed) that contains a control valve (either directly or
within its supply pipe) and a water flow alarm device.

18
3.2.4. Classification of Sprinklers

Sprinklers are classified in two categories; according to design and

performance characteristics and according to orientation for these types.

3.2.4.1. Suppression Fast-Response (SFR)Sprinkler

A type of fast-response sprinkler is listed for its capability to provide
fire suppression of specific high-challenge fire hazards.

3.2.4.2. Extended Coverage Sprinkler

A type of spray sprinkler with maximum coverage areas.

3.2.4.3. Large Drop Sprinkler

A type of sprinkler that is capable of producing characteristic large
water droplets and that is listed for its capability to provide fire control of
specific high-challenge fire hazards.

3.2.4.4. Nozzles

A device for use in applications requiring special water discharge patterns,

directional spray, or other unusual discharge characteristics.

3. 2.4.5. Old-Style/Conventional Sprinkler

A sprinkler that directs from 40 percent to 60 percent of the total

water initially in a downward direction and that is designed to be installed
with the deflector either upright or pendent.

3. 2.4.6. Open Sprinkler

A sprinkler that does not have actuators or heat-responsive elements.

19
3.2.4.7. Quick-Response Early Suppression (QRES)Sprinkler

A type of quick-response sprinkler that is listed for its capability to provide

fire suppression of specific fire hazards.

3.2.4.8. Quick-Response Extended Coverage Sprinkler

A type of quick-response sprinkler that complies with the extended

protection areas.

3.2.4.9. Quick-Response (QR)Sprinkler

A type of spray sprinkler that is listed as a quick-response sprinkler for its

intended use.

3.2.4.10. Residential Sprinkler

A type of fast-response sprinkler that has been specifically investigated for

its ability to enhance survivability in the room of fire origin and is listed for
use in the protection of dwelling units.

3.2.4.11 Special Sprinkler

A sprinkler that has been tested.

3.2.4.12. Spray Sprinkler

A type of sprinkler listed for its capability to provide fire control for a wide
range of fire hazards.

3.2.4.13. Standard Spray Sprinkler

A spray sprinkler with maximum coverage areas.

3.2.4.14. Concealed Sprinkler

A recessed sprinkler with cover plates.

20
3.2.4.15. Flush Sprinkler

A sprinkler in which all or part of the body, including the shank thread, is
mounted above the lower plane of the ceiling.

3.2.4.16. Pendent Sprinkler

A sprinkler designed to be installed in such a way that the water stream is

directed downward against the deflector.

3.2.4.17. Recessed Sprinkler

A sprinkler in which all or part of the body, other than the shank thread, is
mounted within a recessed housing.

3.2.4.18. Sidewall Sprinkler

A sprinkler having special deflectors that are designed to discharge
most of the water away from the nearby wall in a pattern resembling one-
quarter of a sphere, with a small portion of the discharge directed at the wall
behind the sprinkler.

3.2.4.19. Upright Sprinkler

A sprinkler designed to be installed in such a way that the water

spray is directed upwards against the deflector.
3.2.5. Classification of Occupancies

Occupancy classifications for this standard shall relate to

sprinklerdesign, installation, and water supply requirements only.

They shall notbeintended to be a general classification of

occupancy hazards.

21
3.2.5.1.Light Hazard Occupancies

Light hazard occupancies shall be occupancies or portions of other

occupancies where the quantity and/or combustibility of contents is low and
fires with relatively low rates of heat release are expected.

3.2.5.2.Ordinary Hazard Occupancies

Ordinary hazard divided in two groups; ordinary hazard (Group 1)
occupancies shall be occupancies or portions of other occupancies where
combustibility is low, quantity of combustibles is moderate, stockpiles of
combustibles do not exceed 8 ft (2.4 m), and fires with moderate rates of
heat release are expected.
Ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be occupancies or portions of
other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of contents is
moderate to high, stockpiles do not exceed 12 ft (3.7 m), and fires with
moderate to high rates of heat release areexpected.

3.2.5.3.Extra Hazard Occupancies

Extra hazard also is divided in two groups; (Group 1) occupancies shall be
occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity
andcombustibilityofcontentsisveryhighanddust,lint,orothermaterials are
present, introducing the probability of rapidly developing fires with high
rates of heat release but with little or no combustible or flammable liquids.
And extra hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall include occupancies
with moderate to substantial amounts of flammable or combustible liquids
or occupancies where shielding of combustibles is extensive.

22
3.2.6.Position, Location, Spacing, and Use of Sprinklers

3.2.6.1.General

Sprinklers shall be located, spaced, and positioned in accordance with the

requirements of this section. Sprinklers shall be positioned to provide
protection of the area consistent with the overall objectives of this standard
by controlling the positioning and allowable area of coverage for
eachsprinkler.
3.2.6.2. Protection Areas perSprinkler
3.2.6.2.1. Determination of the Protection Area ofCoverage
The protection area of coverage per sprinkler (As) shall be determined as;
Along Branch Lines. Determine distance between sprinklers (or to wall or
obstruction inthe case of the end sprinkler on the branch line) upstream and
downstream.
Choose the larger of either twice the distance to the wall or the
distance to the next sprinkler. This dimension will be defined as S. And
Between Branch Lines. Determine perpendicular distance to the sprinkler on
the adjacent branch line (or to a wall or obstruction in the case of the last
branch line) on each side of the branch line on which the subject sprinkler
is positioned.
Choose the larger of either twice the distance to the wall or
obstruction or the distance to the next sprinkler. This dimension will be
defined as L.
The protection area of coverage of the sprinkler shall be established by
multiplying the S dimension by the L dimension, as follows:
As = S * L ………………… (3.1)

23
Where:

As = Area coverage per sprinkler. S = Along Branch Lines.

L = length Between Branch Lines

3.2.6.2.2.Maximum Protection Area of Coverage

The maximum allowable protection area of coverage for a sprinkler (As)

shall be in accordance with the value indicated in the section foreach type or
style of sprinkler.

The maximum area of coverage of any sprinkler shall, table (3.1)

explain protection area limitation persprinkler.

3.2.6.3.Sprinkler Spacing

3.2.6.3.1.Maximum Distance between Sprinklers

The maximum distance permitted between sprinklers shall be based on the

centerline distance between sprinklers on the branch line or on adjacent
branch lines. The maximum distance shall be measured along the slope of
the ceiling. The maximum distance permitted between sprinklers shall
comply with the value indicated in Tables (3-2)(a ,b ,c ) for each type or style
of sprinkler.

3.2.6.3.2. Maximum Distance fromWalls

The distance from sprinklers to walls shall not exceed one-half of the
allowable maximum distance between sprinklers. The distance from the wall
to the sprinkler shall be measured perpendicular to the wall.

24
 3.2.6.3.3. Minimum Distance from Walls

Sprinklersshallbelocatedaminimumof4in.(102mm) from a wall. The distance

from the wall to the sprinkler shall be measured perpendicular to the wall.

3.2.6.3.4. Minimum Distance between Sprinklers

A minimum distance shall be maintained between sprinklers to prevent

operating sprinklers from wetting adjacent sprinklers and to prevent
skipping of sprinklers. Sprinklers shall be spaced not less than 6 ft (1.8 m)
on center.

3.2.7.Design Area

The water supply for sprinklers only shall be determined either from the
area/density curves of Figure (3-1) where area/density criteria is specified
for special occupancy hazards.

When using Figure (3-1), the calculations shall satisfy any single
point on the appropriate area/density curve.

3.2.8.Hydraulic Calculation Procedures

3.2.8.1.General
A calculated system for a building, or a calculated addition to a system in an
existing sprinklered building, shall supersede the rules in this standard
governing pipe schedules, except that all systems shall continue to be
limited by area and pipe sizes shall be no less than 1 in. (25.4 mm) nominal
for ferrous piping and 3/4 in. (19 mm) nominal for copper tubing or
nonmetallic piping listed for fire sprinkler service.

25
 The size of pipe, number of sprinklers per branch line, and number of
branch lines per cross main shall otherwise be limited only by the available
water supply.
However, sprinkler spacing and all other rules covered in this and
other applicable standards shall be observed.

3.2.8.2.Friction Loss Formula

Pipe friction losses shall be determined on the basis of the Hazen- Williams
formula, as follows:

p = (4.52Q1.85/ C1.85d4.87) ..……………… (3.2)

Where

p = frictional resistance in psi per foot of pipe

Q = flow in gpm

C = friction loss coefficient

d = actual internal diameter of pipe in inches

3.2.8.3.Equivalent Pipe Lengths of Valves and Fittings

Table (3-3) shall be used to determine the equivalent length of pipe for
fittings and devices unless manufacturer’s test data indicate that other
factorsareappropriate.Forsaddle-typefittingshavingfrictionlossgreater
thanthatshowninTable(3-3),theincreasedfrictionlossshallbeincluded in
hydraulic calculations. For internal pipe diameters different from Schedule
40 steel pipe, the equivalent feet shown in the table shall be multiplied by a
factor derived from the followingformula:
(Actual inside diameter/Schedule 40 steel pipe inside diameter)=Factor

26
3.2.9. Schedule for Light Hazard Occupancies

Branch lines shall not exceed eight sprinklers on either side of a cross main.
Exception: Where more than eight sprinklers on a branch line are necessary,
lines shall be permitted to be increased to nine sprinklers by making the two
end lengths 1 in. (25.4 mm) and 11/4 in. (33 mm), respectively, and the sizes
thereafter standard.
Ten sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed on a branch line,
making the two end lengths 1 in. (25.4 mm) and 11/4 in. (33 mm),
respectively, and feeding the tenth sprinkler by a 21/2-in. (64-mm) pipe.
Pipe sizes shall be in accordance with Table (3-4).
Each area requiring more sprinklers than the number
specifiedfor31/2-in.(89-mm) pipe in table(3-4)and without subdividing
partitions (not necessarily fire walls) shall be supplied by mains or risers
sized for ordinary hazard occupancies.

3.2.10. Schedule for Ordinary Hazard Occupancies

Branch lines shall not exceed eight sprinklers on either side of a cross main.
Exception: Where more than eight sprinklers on a branch line are
necessary, lines shall be permitted to be increased to nine sprinklers by
making the two end lengths 1 in. (25.4 mm) and 11/4 in. (33 mm),
respectively, and the sizes thereafter standard. Ten sprinklers shall be
permitted to be placed on a branch line, making the two end lengths 1 in.
(25.4 mm) and 11/4 in. (33 mm), respectively, and feeding the tenth
sprinkler by a 21/2-in. (64-mm) pipe.
Pipe sizes shall be in accordance withTable (3-5). Where the distance
between sprinklersonthebranchline exceeds 12 ft (3.7 m) or the distance

27
between the branch lines exceeds 12 ft (3.7 m), the number of sprinklers for
a given pipe size shall be in accordance with Table (3.5 ).

3.3. FM-200 Agent

3.3.1. Definition

FM-200 Agent is extinguishing agent. The Fire trace Indirect FM-

200 Clean Agent Automatic Fire Extinguisher Unit is UL Listed by
Underwriters Laboratories, ULC Listed by Underwriters’ Laboratories of
Canada, and approved with Factory Mutual research global (FM). These
units are designed for total flooding applications, using FM-200 Clean
Agent, in accordance NFPA-2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire
Extinguishing Systems.

3.3.2.FM-200 Extinguishing Agent

The extinguishing agent used in firetrace pre-engineered automatic indirect
fire suppression units is Heptaneflourpropane, more commonly known as
FM-200. FM-200 (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, CF3CHFCF3) is a
colorless odorless gas, low in toxicity, electrically non- conductive, leaves
no residue, and is an extremely effective fire suppression agent.
FM-200 extinguishes a fire by a combination of chemical and
physical mechanisms without affecting the available oxygen. This
allows personnel to see and breath, permitting them to safely leave the fire
area.
It is an effective Total Flooding extinguishing agent that can be used
on many types of fires. It is effective for use on Class A surface fires, Class
B flammable liquid fires, and Class C electricalfires.

28
3.3.2.1. Cleanliness
FM-200 is clean and leaves no residue, thereby minimizing after fire
clean up, along with keeping expensive downtime to a minimum. Most
materials such as steel ,aluminum, stainless steel ,brass ,as well as plastics,
rubber and electronic components are not affected by exposure to FM-
200. This agent is also environmentally friendly, having an ozone depletion
potential (ODP) of 0.00.

3.3.2.2.Physical Properties of FM-200 (HFC-227ea)

• Chemical Name: Heptafluoropropane (CF3CHFCF3).

• Molecular Weight 170.0

• Boiling Pont (oF) at 14.7psia

• Freezing Point 204 (oF)

• Critical Temperature 214 (oF)

• Critical Pressure 422 (psia)

• Critical Volume 0.0258 (ft3/Ibm)

• Critical Density 38.76 (Ibm/ft3)

• Specific Heat, Liquid (BTU/Ib-oF) at 77oF

• Specific Heat, Vapor (BTU/Lb-oF) at constant 0.185 pressure (1 A.) at

77oF

• Heat of Vaporization (BTU/Ib) at Boiling Point 56.7

• Thermal Conductivity (BTU/h ft) of Liquid at 77oF 0.040 Viscosity,

Liquid (Ib/fthr) at 77oF 0.433, Vapor Pressure 66.4 (psi) at 77oF

29
• And Ozone Depletion Potential 0.00

3.3.2.3. Fill Density

Each Fire trace FM-200 storage cylinder has been designed for a maximum
fill density as shown in Table 3-2, and super- pressurized with nitrogen to

150 psig +10, -0 psig at 70oF (10.4 bars gage + 0.7, -0 bars gage at 21oC).

It is important that these values not be exceeded. Fill density and

temperature significantly affect the pressure in the storage cylinder. At
elevated temperatures the rate of increase in pressure is very sensitive to fill
density (Figure 3.2). If the maximum fill density is exceeded; the pressure
will increase rapidly with temperature increase so as to present a hazard to
personnel and property.

Adherence to the limits on fill density and pressurization levels will

prevent excessively high pressures from occurring if the storage cylinder is
exposed to elevated temperature. This will also minimize the possibility of
an inadvertent discharge of agent through the cylinder pressure relief device,
where provided.

It is recommended to not mount the cylinder in direct sunlight if this

would create elevated cylinder temperatures.

3.3.3.System Description

The Fire trace FM-200 Automatic Indirect units are available in 3 sizes,
namely:
• Model ILP 300: Charged with 3.0 Lbs. ofFM-200

• Model ILP 600: Charged with 6.0 Lbs. of FM-200

30
• Model ILP 1200: Charged with 12.0 Lbs. of FM-200

These units are designed for use in Total Flooding applications only, where
the hazard is normally unoccupied.

The Fire trace indirect units can be used, but are not limited, to
protect; electrical and electronic cabinets, telecommunication areas, data
Processing areas and cabinets, other high value assets, laboratory fume
/exhaust cabinets, pump enclosures, UPS units, flammable chemicals storage
cabinets, generator enclosures, transformer cabinets, computer/data storage
cabinets, CNC & VMC Machining centers, and many other applications.
FM-200 is a gaseous fire-extinguishing agent that is effective for use
on class A – surface type fires, class B – flammable liquid fires, and class C
– electrical equipment fires .
FM-200 should not be used where pyrotechnic chemicals containing
their own oxygen supply, reactive metals such as lithium, sodium,
potassium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, uranium and plutonium, metal
hydrides, or chemicals capable of undergoing auto thermal decomposition,
such as certain fire trace FM-200 Automatic Indirect units consists of ; FM-
200 Cylinder/Valve assembly, cylinder mounting Bracket, fire trace
detector/actuation tubing and fittings (no substitute), discharge nozzles,
pressure switch, and discharge tubing and fittings (furnished by others).
Once installed, the Fire trace Automatic Unit becomes a self- contained,
self-actuating unit that does not require an external source of power or
electricity.
The unit utilizes unique Fire trace flexible tubing that is attached to
the top of the cylinder valve. This tubing is pressurized with dry nitrogen to
maintain the cylinder valve in the closed position. This tubing is temperature

31
sensitive, and acts as a continuous linear thermal detector that ruptures at

approximately 212oF (100oC). Once the detector tubing is ruptured, the

cylinder valve automatically opens, allowing the FM-200 agent to flow
through the discharge tubing, distributing the extinguishing agent through
the nozzle(s) into the protected area.
Upon actuation the pressure switch can be used to indicate discharge,
shutdown ventilation, close all openings, shut-off electrical power, etc. as
may be required.

3.3.3.1. Operating Pressure

The FM 200 cylinder is super-pressurized with dry nitrogen to 150 psig at

70oF.

3.3.3.2. Operating Temperature Range Limitations

The ambient operating temperature range for all unit components is: 0 oF to

+130oF (-17.8oC to +54.4oC).

3.3.4. Component Descriptions

3.3.4.1.FM-200 Cylinder/Valve Assemblies

FM-200 is stored in DOT steel cylinders as a liquefied compressed gas,

super-pressurized with nitrogen to 150 psig at 70oF (1,034 KPa at 21oC).

The cylinder/valve assemblies are available in 3 sizes,namely:
• 3 LB size; filled with 3.0 LBS (1.36 Kg) ofFM-200
• 6 LB size; filled with 6.0 LBS (2.72 Kg) of FM-200
• 12 LB size filled with 12.0 LBS (5.45 Kg) of FM-200

32
Each cylinder is equipped with a brass valve, a pressure gauge to monitor
cylinder pressure ,and a quarter turn ball valve that interfaces with the Fire
trace detector tubing. The ball valve must be kept closed at all times when
the cylinder is not in service. In addition, the 6 and 12Lb size cylinder valves
valve is equipped with a pressure relief (rupture disc) device in compliance
with DOT requirements.
Each valve is also equipped with (2) discharge outlet ports. Each
outlet port is provided with a safety plug that must be installed in the
discharge outlet whenever a cylinder is not in service.
These plugs are safety devices designed to prevent uncontrolled
discharge of the cylinder in the event that the valve is accidentally actuated.
Table (3-6) describes the 3, 6, and 12 LB cylinder assemblies.
Each cylinder is equipped with a straight siphon tube and can only be
mounted in a vertical (upright)position.
The Fire trace FM-200 units are designed for an operating

temperature range of 0oF to +130oF. Table (3.8) shows the cylinder gauge,
pressure-temperature relationship based on a maximum fill density of 75

Lb/Ft3; and a charging pressure of 150 psig at 70oF.

3.3.4.2. Cylinder Mounting Bracket

A wall mounted painted steel bracket is used to mount the cylinder/valve

assembly in a vertical (upright) position. Each bracket is equipped with (2)
integral quick-clamp straps.

33
3.3.4.3 .Fire trace Flexible Detector/Actuation Tubing

The Fire trace tubing is used as a combination linear heat detector

andunitactivationdevicetocauseactuationoftheFM-200agentcylinder. The
tubing is installed throughout the hazard volume, with one end connected to
the top of the FM-200 cylinder valve.

The tubing is pressurized with nitrogen to 150 psig while maintaining

the ball valve in the ―OFF‖ position.

An optional pressure gauge or pressure switch can be connected to the

other end of the detector tube to monitor unit pressure and/or signal unit
actuation etc.

The detector tubing is heat sensitive and in a fire situation is designed

to rupture at any point along the tube when the temperature reaches 212oF

(100oC).

The rupture of the tube releases the nitrogen pressure causing the FM-
200 cylinder valve to actuate, resulting in complete discharge of the FM-200
agent through the nozzles.

3.3.4.4. Discharge Nozzles

Discharge nozzles are used to distribute FM-200 agent uniformly throughout

the hazard area. Two size nozzles are available.

The small nozzle is for use with the 3 Lb. size unit only.

The medium size nozzle is for use with the 6 Lb. and 12 Lb size units.

The nozzles discharge in a 360o pattern and are designed to be installed at

34
the top of the hazard in the center of the area being protected. The nozzles
are brass with female NPT pipe threads.

3.3.4.5. Pressure Switch

A pressure switch is provided as a standard part of the cylinder valve
assembly and is connected directly into the pressurized portion of the
cylinder valve.
This pressure switch is used to monitor unit pressure, unit actuation
and or to energize or de-energize electrically operated equipment. An
additional pressure switch is available as an optional item.
This switch is connected at the end of the line of the fire trace detector
tubing to provide additional electrical functions as may be required.
Fire trace recommends that all units use a pressure switch coupled
with some device to alert personnel in the event of discharge.

3.3.4.6. Recharge Adapters, FM-200 Cylinder

The recharge adapter is installed in one of the cylinder valve discharge ports
during the cylinder recharging procedure.

The adapter is used for refilling the cylinder with FM-200 agent.

3.3.4.7. Cylinder Nitrogen Recharge Adapter

The recharge adapter is connected to a fire trace tubing, and the other end of
the tubing is attached to the ball valve, located on top of the cylinder valve,
during the charging procedure.

The adapter is used to apply nitrogen pressure to internally seat the

valve piston, and to super pressurize the FM-200 cylinder with nitrogen.

35
3.3.4.8. Cylinder Hydrostatic Pressure Test Adapters

These adapters are available for use when a cylinder hydrostatic test is
required in order to comply with DOT regulations.

3.3.4.9.FM-200 Warning Nameplate

The warning plate is required to warn personnel not to enter the hazard area
during or after discharge.

Warning signs shall be provided in aconspicuous location, at the

entrance to the protected areas, or in the case of cabinet protection on the
front face of the cabinet.

3.3.5. System Design and Limitation

3.3.5.1. General
The fire trace series of FM-200 Agent pre-engineered automatic indirect
units were tested and limits established by fire trace. Units are listed by
Underwriters Laboratories Inc and Underwriters’ Laboratories of Canada,
and approved by Factory Mutual Research Corp.
These units were subjected to numerous performance and fire tests in
order to verify their suitability and to establish design limitations for, hazard
volume, nozzle area coverage and heights, nozzle placement, discharge time
and flow rates, design concentrations & design factors, and Detector tubing
placement.
3.3.5.2. Design Procedure
The procedures should be used to design a fire trace model ILP FM-
200 pre-engineered automatic unit are conduct a survey and analysis of the

36
hazard to be protected and determine the height, length, and width of the
enclosure.

Calculate the volume using table(3-9).

Determine the anticipated minimum and maximum ambient temperatures

expected within the enclosure to be protected.

Determine the minimum design concentration required for the hazard

using table (3-10-a) and table (3-10-b).
Determine the integrity of the enclosure. Are there any openings that
must be closed at the time of agent discharge.
Calculate the quantity of FM-200 agent required to provide the proper
design concentration at the minimum anticipated ambient temperature in the
hazard enclosure using table (3-11)
Determine the cylinder size required, based on the hazard volume
limitations, enclosure size, and quantity of FM-200 agent required.
Calculate the maximum concentration anticipated, based on the total
quantity of FM-200 agent being used at the maximum ambient temperature
expected within the enclosure.
Table ( 3-12) (a, b, c) : Maximum Volume That Can Be Protected By 3 Lb.
Unit
Determine the location of the FM-200 cylinder. Determine the location and
quantity of nozzles required, based on the size and configuration of the
enclosure using table (3-13).
• Determine the routing and quantity of discharge pipe (tubing) required.
The discharge pipe (tubing) and fitting limitations must not be exceeded
using table (3-14).

37
 CHAPTER FOUR
CALCULATIONS AND ANALYSIS

38
4.1. Calculation of sprinkler system

4.1.1. Classification of Occupancies

The case of the design is a storage building , included number of workshop
machines, height of occupancies inside the workshop 1.8 m, and combustibility of
contents is moderate to high, so the classification of occupancies is ordinary
hazard (Gruop2).

Figure 4-1: Geometric dimension of the storage

39
4.1.2. Number of Sprinklers, and Spacing between Sprinklers
No. of Sprinkler = Area / Area coverage per Sprinkler
Area=01 *20 = 200 m2

For ordinary hazard, maximum area coverage per Sprinkler = 12.1 m2 from
table (3-1).
Number of Sprinklers = 200/12.1 ≈ 16

Maximum spacing between sprinkler 15 ft (4.56 m), from table (3.2.a), and
the distance from sprinklers to walls shall not exceed one-half of the
allowable distance between sprinkler. For these considerations and for
distribute the sprinklers to be consentient with the surface area let the
number of sprinklers 20.

Figure (4-3): Selected Spacing Between Sprinklers

40
4.1.3. Area Coverage Per Sprinkler (Asp)
Asp = 4*2.50 = 10 m2
Using table (3-2-a), this value is acceptable ( Less than maximum spacing
130 ft2).
4.1.4. Selection of the Sprinklers Network:
Tree network system can be used for this case, the design calculations using
this way is not complex.

Figure (4-4). Sprinklers Network Using the Tree Network System

4.1.5. Selection of the Pipes Diameters

Ordinary hazard pipe schedule can be used to select the diameters of the
pipes depend on the numbers of the sprinklers which the pipe feeds. Using
steel pipe, the selected diameters of the pipes can be shown in the figure
bellow in accordance with Table (3-5):

41
 Figure (4-5): Selected Diameters of Pipes

4.1.6. Designing Area

Minimum designing area for ordinary hazard (group2) is 139 m2 with
0.2 gpm/ft2 density, as shown in the figure (3-1), these values can be used in
this case .
Number of sprinkler in design area = Design area / Area Coverage Per
Sprinkler
NO. of sprinklers in design area = 200 / 10 = 20
To create a rectangular Area, let the number of sprinkler is 20 sprinklers.
4.1.7. Calculation of GPM and Pressure
4.1.7.1. Calculation of discharge at the farther sprinkler head
(Qst)
Qst = Asp * Dd ……………………….(4.1)
42
Where:
Asp = Area coverage per sprinkler ( ft2).
Dd = Designing density (gpm / ft2).
Asp = 10 m2 = (10 *3.28 *3.28) ft2
Dd = 0.2 from the chart
Qst = 10 * 3.28 * 3.28 *0.2 = 21.52 gpm
4.1.7.2. Calculation of Pressure at the Farther Sprinkler Head
(Pst)
Qst = k √Pst …………………………. (4.2)

Where:
Pst = Pressure at the Farther Sprinkler Head (psi).
k = Nozzle Factor, For standard sprinkler heads the value of nozzle factor is
5.65
Pst = (Qst/k)2
Pst = (21.52/5.65)2 = 14.50 psi

Figure ( 4-6 ). Positions of the Sprinklers inside the Design Area

43
 4.1.7.3. Calculation of Pressure and (gpm) at the Sprinkler
Head
Number (2):
P2 = Pst + Pressure drop between point 1 and point 2 ( Pdrop12)
Pdrop12 = P * Leq12 ………. (4.3)
Where:
p = friction losses in the pipe (psi/ft), it can be calculated using equation (3.2):

p = 4.52 Q1.85 /C1.85 D4.87

Where:

Q = Volumetric flow rate (gpm)

D = Inside diameter of the pipe (inch)
C = The factor of friction losses, for equivalent schedule 40 steel pipe
C = 120
P = 4.52 * (21.52)1.85 / (120)1.85 * (1.049)4.87 = 0.149 psi/ft
Leq12 = Equivalent length, this value includes the real length of the pipe
and the equivalent length of the pieces and the joints throw the pipe, it can
be found from the table (3-3).
In the pipe between point 1 and point 2 there are 90 standard elbow,
diameter of pipe is 1", let the length between sprinkler and the branch line 1
ft.
Lequ12 = (real length between 1 and 2) + (the length between sprinkler and
the branch line) + (equivalent length of the elbow)
Lequ12 = 2.50*3.28 + 1 + 2 = 11.2 ft
Pdrop12 = p * Lequ12 = 0.149 * 11.2 = 1.67 psi

44
P2 = P1 + Pdrop12 = 14.50 + 1.67 = 16.17 psi
Q2 = 5.65 * √ P2 = 5.65 * √16.17 = 22.72 gpm
4.1.7.4. Calculation of Pressure and (gpm) at point A
QA = Q1 + Q2 = 21.52 + 22.72 = 44.24 gpm
= (real length between 2 and A) + 2 (900 long turn elbow with 1
pipe diameter)
Leq2A = 1.25*3.28 + 2 = 6.1 ft
P2A = (4.52*Q1.85)/(C1.85*d4.87)
P2A = (4.52*44.24.85 )/ (1201.85 * 1.0494.87 ) = 0.57 psi
Pdrop2A = P2A * Lequ2A = 0.57 * 6.1 = 3.45 psi
PA = Pdrop2A + P2 = 3.45 + 16.17 = 19.64 psi
4.1.7.5. Calculation of Pressure and (gpm) at point B
PB = PA + PdropAB
PdropAB = PAB * LequAB
LequAB = Length between A and B = 4*3.28 = 13.12 ft
PAB = (4.52*44.241.85 )/ (1201.85 * 1.384.87 ) = 0.149 psi/ft
PdropAB = PAB * LequAB = 0.149 * 13.12 = 1.95 psi
PB = PdropAB + PA = 1.95 + 19.62 = 21.57 psi
In the same way QB = QC = QD = QA because branch lines are
similar, but friction losses between these points must be consider, so gpm at
these points can be calculate using following equation:
QNew = Q * √(PNew / P) …………. (4.4)
QB = 44.24 * √ ( 21.57 / 19.62) = 46.39 gpm
4.1.7.6. Calculation of Pressure and (gpm) at point C
QBC = QB + QA = 44.24 + 46.39 = 90.63 gpm
At Qc = 44.24 gpm and Pc = 19.62 psi

45
PdropBC = PBC * LequBC
PBC = (4.52*90.631.85 )/ (1201.85 * 1.614.87 ) = 0.26 psi/ft
LequBC = Length between C and B = 4*3.28 = 13.12 ft
PdropBC = 0.26 * 13.12 = 3.47 psi
PC = PB + PdropBC = 21.57 + 3.47 = 25 psi
QC = 44.24 * √ ( 25 / 17.17) = 49.94 gpm
4.1.7.7. Calculation of Pressure and (gpm) at point D
QCD = QC + QBC = 49.94 + 90.63 = 140.57 gpm
PdropCD = PCD * LequCD
PCD = (4.52*140.571.85 )/ (1201.85 * 2.0674.87 ) = 0.18 psi/ft
LequCD = Length between C and D = 4*3.28 = 13.12 ft
PdropCD = 0.18 * 13.12 = 2.36psi
PD = PC + PdropCD = 25 + 2.36 = 27.36 psi
QD = 44.24 * √ ( 27.36 / 19.62) = 52.24 gpm
Total GPM at the right side of design area = QD + QCD
Qtotal RIGHT = QD + QCD = 52.24 + 140.57 = 192.18 gpm
Total GPM = Qtotal RIGHT * 2 = 192.18 * 2 = 385.62 gpm
4.1.7.8. Calculation of Pressure at point E
LeqDE = 5*3.28 + 3 (from the table , 900 long turn elbow and 2" tube) =
19.4 ft
PdropDE = PDE * LeqDE
PDE = (4.52*192.811.85 )/ (1201.85 * 2.0674.87 ) = 0.32 psi/ft
PdropDE = 0.32 * 19.4 = 6.14 psi
PE = PD + PdropDE = 27.36 + 6.14 = 33.5 psi
4.1.7.9. Calculation of Pressure at point F
PF = PE + PdropEF

46
LeqEF = 4.555 *3.28 + 10 (Tee flow turned 900 and 2" tube)
LeqEF = 24.94 ft
PEF = (4.52*192.811.85 )/ (1201.85 * 2.0674.87 ) = 0.32psi/ft
PdropEF = 0.32 * 24.94 = 7.90 psi
This value is not acceptable, Pdrop must be less than 7 psi. So pipe
diameter can be change to be 2.5".
PEF = (4.52*192.811.85 )/ (1201.85 * 2.4694.87 ) = 0.13psi/ft
LeqEF = 4.555 *3.28 + 12 (Tee flow turned 900 and 2.5" tube)
LeqEF = 26.94 ft
PdropEF = 0.13 * 26.94 = 3.50 psi (acceptable value)
PF = PE + PdropEF = 33.5 + 3.50 = 37 psi
4.1.7.10. Calculation of Pressure at point G
PG = PF + PdropFG + Pelevation
Pressure Drop by Elevation = H / 10.28
Where: H is the head (meter)
Pelevation = H / 10.28 = 6 /10.28 = 0.58 bar
Pelevation = 0.31 * 14.5 = 4.5 psi
PFG = (4.52*385.621.85 )/ (1201.85 * 2.4694.87 ) = 0.48 psi/ft
The pipe from the out let of the pump (point G) to the point F include;
one 900 standard elbow, and one butter fly valve, with 2.5" pipe diameter.
Real length between F and G = 6m + 2m (length of the main riser)
Real length between F and G = (6 + 2) * 3.28 = 26.24 ft
LeqFG = 26.24 + 6 +7 = 30.06 ft
PdropFG = PFG * LeqFG = 0.48 * 30.06 = 14.43 psi (not acceptable)
Using 3" pipe diameter:
PFG = (4.52*385.621.85 )/ (1201.85 * 3.0684.87 ) = 0.17 psi/ft
LeqFG = 26.24 + 7 + 10 = 43.24 ft

47
PdropFG = 0.17 * 43.24 = 7.35 psi (acceptable value)
PG = PF + PdropFG + Pelevation = 37 + 7.35 + 4.5 = 48.85 psi
Ppump = 48.85 / 14.5 = 3.37 bar
Qpump = 385.62 * 3.78 = 1457.64 L/min
New values of diameters after the design can be shown in the following
figure:

Figure) 4.7) :Designed Diameters of Pipes

4.1.8. Tank Capacity

For ordinary hazard time of flow is 75 min
Tank Capacity = Qpump * time of flow
Tank Capacity = 1457.64 * 75 = 109,323 L
4.1.9 Calculation
Using the program of Elite for Firefighting Calculation; general project
data, edit pipe data and edit pipe node data can be entered to the program as
shown in figures below.

48
Figure ( 4-8 ): General Project Data

49
Figure 4-9. Edit Pipe Data

50
Figure ( 4-10 ): Edit Pipe Node Data

51
Figure ( 4-11 ): Edit Pipe Node Data

52
4.1.9.1 Calculation Results

Using Elite software application that demonstrates NFPA13 system design,

the software results is shown in figure
(4-10).

Figure ( 4.12 ): Simulation Results of Elite Program

53
4.2.3 Calculation Results

The results of the simulation is shown in figure (4-14), when the simulation
program of plumbing and firefighting calculations used. Let the number of
nozzles 4.

Fig (4-15 ): The Calculation Results for Fm-200 System

The program shows that

2
• Room volume is 128 m .
• Total weight of Fm-200 required is 69.87 kg.
• One Fm-200 cylinder of 70 kg weight can be used.
• Nozzle size is 1.5 inch.

54
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLU SION AND RECOMMENDATION

55
5.1. Conclusion
This thesis described the appropriate implementation of the
firefighting system design parameters using the standards from the NFPA
(National Fire Protection Association). In this thesis different two cases
selected to apply the accurate design.
First case was storage building for clothes , for this case a complete design
of the sprinkler system was done which included; selection of the
sprinklers network, selection of the pipes materials and diameters,
calculation of GPM and pressure and the tank size.
The program of Elite for firefighting calculation software is used to
calculate the mentioned parameters beside the analytical calculation, there
are few different between the results in the two ways of calculation for
differed fuzziness in each way. Second case was office contain electirical
devices, for this case designs of FM-200 Agent System ware done using
the simulation program of plumbing and firefighting calculations, each
design included total weight and number of cylinders required..

56
5.2. Recommendation
From the results it recommended that
 From the results obtained by using NFPA in this work we
recommend ate to use BS&ISO standard .
 Use firefighting system in storage building and work shop .
 Confidence firefighting system in service building .

57
Reference
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statistics. Available: http://www.usfa.fema.gov/data/statistics/
[2] P. F. OvidiuVermesan, Internet of Things: Converging
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[8] G. Monitors. (2013, 27 June). Combustible Gas Safety
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detection

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[12] M. Labs. (2015). MediaTek LinkIt™ ONE Developer's Guide.
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Pi Controller," Master, Department of Electrical Engineering,
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[15] (2014). An Introduction to Wi-Fi.
[16] K. Pripužić, H. Belani, and M. Vuković, "Early Forest Fire
Detection with Sensor Networks: Sliding Window Skylines
Approach," in Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and
Engineering Systems. vol. 5177, I. Lovrek, R. Howlett, and L.
Jain, Eds., ed: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008, pp. 725-732.
[17] H. Y. T. Chen, G. Su and W. Fan, "An automatic fire searching
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39, 2004.
[18] M. A. H. Mehmood, A. Tauseef and A. Sikandar, "8051/
AT89S52
based SMOKE DETECTOR and FIRE ALARM SYSTEM,"

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[19] F. j. O. D. Pozo, and L. Alados-Arboledas, "Fire Detection and
Growth Monitoring a Multi temporal Technique on AVHRR Mid-
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[20] E. Obi, "Optimization of flame and gas detectors," Master,
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[23] Fire-fighting Guidance Notes_e-Feb15.pdf
[24] Fire Services Handbook

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60
[26] REVIT_Walkthrough_getting-Started.pdf

61
APPENDICES

62
 Figure 3-1. Area/Density Curves.

Figure 3-2: Isometric Diagram of FM-200

63
Figure( 4-2 ): Geometric dimension of the storage

64
Table 3-1: Protection Area Limitation per Sprinkler
protection Area Limitation per Sprinkler

Hazard Area (m2) Distance between

sprinklers (m)

Light Hazard 18.6 6.4

Ordinary Hazard 12.1 6.4
Extra Hazard 9.3 3.7

Table 3-2-a: Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard

Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for Light Hazard
Protection Area Spacing
Construction Type System ft2 m2 f
Type
All All 130 12.1 15

Table 3-2-c. Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard

Spray Upright/Standard Spray Pendent) for Extra Hazard
Protection Area Spacing

Construction System Type ft2 m2 f

Type
All Pipe schedule 90 8.4 12

All Hydraulically 100 9.3 12

calculated with
density ≥ 0.25
All Hydraulically 130 12.1 15

calculated with
density above 0.25

65
 Table 3-3: Equivalent Schedule 40 Steel Pipe Length
Fittings and Fittings and Valves Expressed in Equivalent Feet of Pipe
Valves
1/2" 3/4" 1" 11/4" 11/2" 2" 21/2" 3" 31/2" 4" 5" 6" 8" 10"

400 Elbow 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 7 9 11

900 Standard 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 18 22
0 0.5 1 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 8 9 13 16
90 Long
Elbow

TurnorElbow
Tee Cross 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 17 20 25 30 35 50

Butterfly . . . . . 6 7 `10 . 12 9 10 12 19

Gate valve
Valve . . . . . 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5
Swing check . . 5 7 9 11 14 16 19 22 27 32 45 55

Table 3-4: Light Hazard Pipe Schedule

66
Table 3-5. Ordinary Hazard Pipe Schedule

Table 3-6: Cylinder Assemblies

Non Assy Outside Dia. Overall Internal FM-200 Fill

Size Part No Height Volume Agent Density

In. cm In. cm In3 Cm3 Lb. kg Lb/ Kg/

ft3 m3
3 100300 3.0 7.62 16.2 41.15 71 1163 3 1.36 73 1169
6 100600 4.25 10.8 17.7 44.96 149 2441 6 2.72 70 1121

12 101200 5.09 12.93 23.0 58.42 300 4916 12 5.44 69 1105

Table(3-7)describes the DOT Specifications used for the manufacture

of the FM-200 cylinders.
Nominal Size DOT Spec Cylinder Service DOT Cylinder Test
Pressure psig Pressure
psig kpa
3 4B24ET 240 480 3310
6 4B-225 225 450 3103
12 4B-225 225 450 3103

67
Table 3-8: The Cylinder Gauge, Pressure-Temperature Relationship

Cylinder Pressure

Temperature Pressure

0F 0C psig kpa
0 -17.8 91 672
10 -12.2 97 689
20 -6.7 104 717
30 -1.1 111 765
40 4.4 119 820
50 10.0 128 882
60 15.5 139 958
70 21.1 150 1034

80 26.7 163 1124

90 3202 177 1220

100 37.8 192 1324

110 43.3 209 1441

120 48.9 228 1572

130 54.4 249 1717

Table 3-9: Enclosure Size Limitation

Maximum Coverage

Model FM-200 Length Width Height Area Volume

(ft) (ft) (ft) (ft2) (ft3)

ILP-300 3.0 6(a) 6(a) 12 36 (b)
(Lbs)

ILP-600 6.0 6(a) 6(a) 12 36 (b)

ILP-1200 12.0 6(a) 6(a) 12 36 (b)

68
Table 3-10-a: The Minimum Safety Factor Required for the Hazard
Hazard Type Minimum Safety Factor

Class A (surface fires ), including

plastic materials typically found in electrical/

1.2
electronic equipment
Class B Flammable Liquids 1.3

Class C Electrical 1.2

Table 3-10-b. The Minimum Design Concentration Required

Fuel Extinguishing Minimum Design

Concentration 0/0 Concentration 0/0
Class A (surface fires)
6.23 7.48
Including plastic smaterials
typically found in electrical/
electronic equipment
Class B Fuels

Aceton 6.9 10.01

Methanol Ethanol 8.7 12.62

Commercial grade haptane 6.7 9.72

Methanol 10.5 15.23

2-Propanol 7.4 10.74

Toluene 5.2 7.55

69
Table 3-11: Total Flooding Quantity

70
Table 3-12-a: Maximum Volume That Can Be Protected By 3 Lb.
Unit

71
Table 3-12-b: Maximum Volume That Can Be Protected By 6 Lb.
Unit

72
Table 3-12-c: Maximum Volume That Can Be Protected By 12 Lb.
Unit

73
Table 3-13: Maximum Nozzle Limitation

Table 3-14: Maximum Tubing and Fitting Limitation

74