CETTM MTNL

LAN
(Local Area Network )

Module Id : INETLAN001

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CETTM
Topics Covered MTNL

1. Introduction to Computer Networks

2. Network Topology
3. Networking Devices
4. Protocols and Types
5. Cables
6. Network Services

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Communication Networks MTNL

Communication network is a set of nodes

connected by links and able to communicate
with one another.

A computer network is a communication

network in which nodes are computers.

The purpose of the network is to serve users,

which can be humans or processes.
Network links can be point-to-point or
multipoint and implemented with several
transmission media.
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Centralized Processing MTNL

Early Networks used centralized processing

Many terminals connected to One centralized

server (Mainframe Computer)

Eg: A Unix System with a no. of vt100

terminals

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Distributed Processing MTNL

With the advent of PCs Terminals became

intelligent and Computer networks started as
a mean for Distributed processing

Thus the Client-Server Architecture was

evolved which reduced the load on the
Centralised Servers and the Network
bandwidth

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CETTM
Computer Networks MTNL

A network is any collection of independent

computers that exchange information with
each other over a shared communication
medium

A distributed computing environment in

which a group of computers perform in a
coordinated manner to perform a set of
interrelated tasks by exchanging data

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Network Topology MTNL

• Mesh
• Bus
• Ring
• Star
• Extended star

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MESH Topology MTNL

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BUS Topology MTNL

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RING Topology MTNL

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STAR Topology MTNL

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Extended Star Topology MTNL

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Network Devices MTNL

• REPEATERs
• HUBs
• BRIDGEs
• SWITCHes
• ROUTERs
• GATEWAYs

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REPEATER MTNL

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HUB MTNL

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BRIDGE MTNL

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SWITCH MTNL

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ROUTER MTNL

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GATEWAY MTNL

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End User Devices MTNL

Clients: PCs/MACs,LAPTOPs
Servers: FILE / APPLICATION / PRINT
SERVERS
NICs :Network Interface Card

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Network Protocols MTNL

The main types of network protocols in use

today are: TCP/IP (for UNIX, Windows NT,
Windows 95 and other platforms);
SPX/IPX (for Novell NetWare);
DECnet (for networking Digital Equipment
Corp. computers);
AppleTalk (for Macintosh computers), and
NetBIOS/NetBEUI (for LAN Manager and
Windows NT networks).

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Network Types MTNL

Centralized Mainframe Network

All the resources are kept on a centralized
computer and the terminals access these
server to get the service.
Peer to Peer Networks
In this there is no centralized control or
resources. All the participating nodes are
either clients to some peers or servers to
some others

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Network Types Contd... MTNL

Client Server Networks

The Servers have all the resources to
share. The clients get the services from
these servers. The clients can do some
processing without depending on the
servers

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Types of Networks MTNL

● LAN (Local Area Network)

● WAN (Wide Area Network)
● CAN (Campus Area Network)
● PAN (Personal Area Network)
● GAN (Global Area Network)
● MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
● SAN (Storage Area Network)

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Local Area Network MTNL

Groups of computers usually confined to a

limited geographic area, such as a single
building or a college campus owned by an
organization

Driving forces for LANs:

Lowering cost, LSI Cheaper and powerful
computers-PCs,Need for better resource
sharing

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Local Area Network MTNL

Characteristics: High speed , Easy deployment

LAN Technologies

Wired

Ethernet,Fast Ethernet,Gigabit Ethernet,Token

ring, FDDI, ARCNET and AppleTalk

Ethernet 100Mbps has become the de facto LAN

by late 90s

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Ethernet MTNL

Ethernet is a family of frame-based

computer networking technologies for local
area networks (LANs).
The name comes from the physical concept
of the ether. It defines a number of wiring
and signaling standards for the physical
layer, through means of network access at
the Media Access Control (MAC)/Data Link
Layer, and a common addressing format.

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Token Ring MTNL

Token Ring is another form of network configuration

which differs from Ethernet in that all messages are
transferred in a unidirectional manner along the ring
at all times. It uses IEEE 802.5 standard protocol
Data is transmitted in tokens, which are passed
along the ring and viewed by each device. When a
device sees a message addressed to it, that device
copies the message and then marks that message
as being read. As the message makes its way along
the ring, it eventually gets back to the sender who
now notes that the message was received by the
intended device. The sender can then remove the
message and free that token for use by others.
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FDDI MTNL

FDDI provides a standard for data transmission in a

local area network that can extend in range up to 200
kilometers (124 miles).
Its protocol is derived from the IEEE 802.4 token bus
timed token protocol.
A FDDI network contains two token rings, one for
possible backup in case the primary ring fails. The
primary ring offers up to 100 Mbit/s capacity. When a
network has no requirement for the secondary ring to
do backup, it can also carry data, extending capacity
to 200 Mbit/s. The single ring can extend the
maximum distance; a dual ring can extend 100 km
(62 miles)
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ARCNET MTNL

Attached Resource Computer NETwork) is a

local area network (LAN) protocol, similar in
purpose to Ethernet or Token Ring.
It is standardised by ANSI
ARCNET was the first widely available
networking system for microcomputers and
became popular in the 1980s for office
automation tasks

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AppleTalk MTNL

AppleTalk is a proprietary suite of protocols

developed by Apple Inc for computer
networking
One key differentiator for AppleTalk was that
the system contained three protocols aimed
at making the system completely self-
configuring
Today AppleTalk support is provided for
backward compatibility in many products, but
the default networking on the Mac is TCP/IP.
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LAN Technology- Wireless MTNL

Wireless LANs, or WLANs, use radio frequency

(RF) technology to transmit and receive data
over the air.
This minimizes the need for wired connections.
WLANs give users mobility as they allow
connection to a local area network without
having to be physically connected by a cable.
This freedom means users can access shared
resources without looking for a place to plug in
cables, provided that their terminals are mobile
and within the designated network coverage
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LAN Technology- Wireless MTNL

Wireless LANs, or WLANs has following features:

● Use radio frequency data communication over the air
● Minimizes the need for wired connections
● Gives users mobility
● Connection is wireless
● Users can access shared resources easily

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CETTM
WLAN Standards MTNL

Specification Data Rate

802.11 1 or 2 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band
802.11a 54 Mbps in the 5 GHz band
802.11b 11 Mbps (with a fallback to 5.5, 2,
and 1 Mbps) in the 2.4 GHz band

802.11g 54 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band

802.11n 72.2/150 Mbps

Operates in both 2,4 GHz and 5 GHz

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CETTM
WLAN Architecture MTNL

Wireless Stations
All components that can connect into a
wireless medium in a network are referred
to as stations. All stations are equipped
with wireless network interface cards
(WNICs). Wireless stations fall into one of
two categories:
● Access points
● Clients

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Wireless Stations MTNL

● Access points
Access points (APs) are base stations for
the wireless network. They transmit and
receive radio frequencies for wireless
enabled devices to communicate with.
● Clients
Wireless clients can be mobile devices
such as laptops, personal digital assistants,
IP phones, or fixed devices such as
desktops and workstations that are
equipped with a wireless network interface.
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Wide Area Networks MTNL

Wide area networking combines multiple LANs

that are geographically separate.
This is accomplished by connecting the several
LANs with dedicated leased lines such as a
T1/E! or a E3/T3, by dial-up phone lines (both
synchronous and asynchronous), by satellite
links and by data packet carrier services
WANs can be as simple as a modem and a
remote access server for employees to dial into,
or it can be as complex as hundreds of branch
offices globally linked.

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WAN Technologies MTNL

● X.25
● Frame Relay
● HDLC
● PPP
● ATM

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CETTM
Campus Area Networks (CAN) MTNL

A campus area network (CAN) is a computer

network made up of an interconnection of
local area networks (LANs) within a limited
geographical area.
It can be considered one form of a
metropolitan area network, specific to an
academic setting.

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PAN (Wired) MTNL

A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network

used for communication among computer devices
(including telephones and personal digital
assistants) close to one person.
The devices may or may not belong to the person in
question. The reach of a PAN is typically a few
meters. PANs can be used for communication
among the personal devices themselves or for
connecting to a higher level network and the
Internet.
Personal area networks may be wired with computer
buses such as USB and FireWire.
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PAN (Wireless) MTNL

A wireless personal area network

(WPAN) can also be made possible with
network technologies such as
• IrDA
• Bluetooth,
• UWB( Ultra-wideband)
• ZigBee

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CETTM
Global Area Networks MTNL

Global Area Network (GAN) refers to any

network that is composed of different
interconnected computer networks (WANs)
and also covers an unlimited geographical
area.
Internet can be classified as a Global Area
Network

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CETTM
Metropolitan Area Networks MTNL

MAN is a group of LANs interconnected using

a high bandwidth backbone within a
metropolitan city area
Higher speed than LANs (155 Mbps and
above)

Covers a larger area (such as a city) mostly

using fiber as the transmission media

Connecting LANs and LANs to WANs

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CETTM
Storage Area Networks MTNL

A storage area network (SAN) is an architecture to

attach remote computer storage devices (such as
disk arrays, tape libraries and optical jukeboxes) to
servers in such a way that, to the operating system,
the devices appear as locally attached

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CETTM
Internetworking MTNL

Proprietary Networks DECNET, SNA,

APPLETALK
had problems for inter operability.

This has contributed to the development of

•Layered Network architecture

•Packet switching technology
•Packet routing in heterogeneous networks
•TCP/ IP
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INTERNET MTNL

A collection of networks interconnected and

function as a single worldwide network is
known as INTERNET

WAN is used for interconnection of various

LANs and TCP/IP Protocol Suite is used

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Intranet MTNL

An intranet is a private network utilizing

Internet-type tools, but available only within
that organization. For large organizations, an
intranet provides easy access to corporate
information for designated employees.
It is a private ( corporate ) network using TCP/
IP for the the use within the organization

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Extranet MTNL

An extranet is commonly used by companies

to share data in a secure fashion with their
business partners.
Internet-type tools are used by content
providers to update the extranet.
Encryption and user authentication means
are provided to protect the information, and
to ensure that designated people with the
proper access privileges are allowed to view
it.
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Virtual Private Networks MTNL

These are Corporate Networks which share a

public network infrastructure like Internet
The data security is taken care of by
encrypting/tunneling Since these are
vulnerable no dedicated links connecting the
various nodes, security
(encryption/tunneling ) is implemented

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Media-Wired MTNL

● Coaxial Cable
● Twisted pair Cable
● Optic Fiber Cable

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Coaxial Cable MTNL

Coaxial
• Thinnet
• Thicknet
Connectors BNC Connectors

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Twisted Pair Cable MTNL

STP
Shielded Twisted Pair Cable
UTP
Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable
Connectors RJ-45

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Shielded Twisted Pair Cable MTNL

Used in environments prone to Electro

Magnetic Induction.
The shielding nullifies the effect of such EMI
by earthing.

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Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable MTNL

Cat-5 , 5e
4 twisted pairs of copper wire -- terminated by
RJ45 connectors 100 MHz Up to 1000Mbps
supports ATM, Token Ring,1000Base-T,
100Base-TX, 10Base-T

Cat-6
4 twisted pairs of copper wire -- terminated by
RJ45 connectors 250 MHz 1000Mbps
supports 10Base-T, 100Base-TX, 1000BaseT
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UTP Straight Cable MTNL

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UTP Crossover Cable MTNL

Rollover cable (also known as Cisco console

cable) is a type of null-modem cable that is
most commonly used to connect a computer
terminal to a router's console port.
This cable is typically flat (and has a light
blue color) to help distinguish it from other
types of network cabling. It gets the name
rollover because the pinouts on one end are
literally rolled over when RJ45 plugs are
used at both ends.

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UTP Crossover Cable MTNL

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Cross or Straight Cable MTNL

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Roll-over Cable MTNL

Type of network cable that connects a dumb

terminal or computer to a network switch or router
console port. Often this type of cable is flat or
yellow to help prevent any type of confusion
between other Cat5 network cables.

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Optic Fiber Cable MTNL

Single Mode
In fiber-optic communication, a single-mode optical
fiber (SMF) is an optical fiber designed to carry only
a single ray of light (mode). This ray of light often
contains a variety of different wavelengths.
Multi Mode
Multi-mode optical fiber is a type of optical fiber
mostly used for communication over shorter
distances, such as within a building or on a campus.
Multi-mode fibers support applications from 10 Mbit/
s to 10 Gbit/s over link lengths of up to 550 meters—
more than sufficient for the majority of premises
applications.
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Network Services MTNL

Web
Web servers provide web service using http
protocol.
Web clients are browsers which can read the
globalised standard format of document viz.
html (hyper text markup language)
Eg: Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox,
Netscape Communicator etc

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Network Services- Contd... MTNL

FTP
File Transfer Protocol service enables the
users to upload/download any type of
document across the network using ftp
protocol.
Email
Email service helps to send /receive
electronic mail across the network. This
service uses the following protocols
POP3,IMAP,SMTP
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Network Services- Contd... MTNL

Telnet
This service enables remote login into a server
for any routine/administrative tasks without
physically go to a network station
DNS: Domain Name Service helps to map the
domain name of the server to its ip address for
accessing the server.
DHCP: Dynamic Host Control Protocol helps to
allocate IP addresses to hosts dynamically from
a pool of IP Addresses available

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Summary MTNL

➼ Client-Server Model of Network reduced

load on Servers and Bandwidth
➼ There are different types of Network
Topology
➼ Different devices are used to connect the
components
➼ There are different Network types
➼ Different types of wires are used to
established a wired Network
➼ Various services can be used over a
Network
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References MTNL

➼ Books:
1. CCNA Cisco certified network associate -
T. Lammle
2. Data communication Networks and
system - T. C Bartee
3. Data Communications and distributed
networks - U.D Black

➼ URLs:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org
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