Quarter 1 Week 3

Science 9
HEREDITY:
INHERITANCE AND
VARATION (Part 2)
Learning Competency

Explain the different

patterns of non Mendelian
inheritance( S9LT-Id-29).
Objectives
1. Explain how sex in humans is determined
2. Solve problems related to sex-linked traits
3. Describe sex-limited and sex-influenced traits
4. Identify the components of a DNA molecule
5. Construct a model of a molecule of DNA
RECALL
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
A. Incomplete Dominance

A heterozygote shows a phenotype that is intermediate between the two

homozygous phenotypes. Neither allele is dominant over the other.
An example of incomplete dominance is flower color in four o’clock plant. When
a pure red-flowered four o’clock plant is crossed with a pure white flowered four
o’clock plant, the offspring will produce neither red nor white flowers. Instead, all
flowers will be pink.
RECALL
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
B. Codominance

This results when one allele is not

dominant over the other. The resulting
heterozygotes exhibit the traits of both
parents.
A good example of codominance is
roan fur in cattle as shown below.
Cattle can be red (RR = all red hairs),
white (WW = all white hairs), or roan Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/VAbiCd3z8S9HzVwL9
(RW = red & white hairs together).
RECALL
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
C. Multiple Alleles

Have more than two types of alleles available. This will also lead to more than two
phenotypes expressed.

Blood group system in humans, the ABO system, is an example of a character

governed by multiple alleles.

Source:
https://images.app.goo.gl/t
iNvpDp4PuCAF2We9
RECALL
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
C. Multiple Alleles

Mother (O)

i i
Therefore, the
possible blood
IA IAi IAi
types of the
Father (A) (A) children are
(A) type A and O.
i ii ii
(O) (O)
RECALL

Non-Mendelian
Patterns of Inheritance

D. POLYGENIC TRAITS
Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

____________________1.Contains the information needed to

form and control the physical make-up and chemical
processes of an organism.
Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

_________DNA___________1.Contains the information

needed to form and control the physical make-up and
chemical processes of an organism.
Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

____________________2. A word to describe chromosomes

that are not found on X and Y
Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

____Autosomal___2. Chromosomes that are not found on

X and Y
Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

____________________3. These are reproductive cells that

unite during sexual reproduction to form a new cell called
a zygote
Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

_______Gametes______3. These are reproductive cells that

unite during sexual reproduction to form a new cell called
a zygote
Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

____________________4.A specific sequence of

nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is located usually on
a chromosome
Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

_______Genes_______4.A specific sequence of

nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is located usually on
a chromosome
Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

____________________5.The rod-shaped or threadlike DNA-

containing structures of cellular organisms that are located
in the nucleus
Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

______Chromosomes______5.The rod-shaped or threadlike

DNA- containing structures of cellular organisms that are
located in the nucleus
Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

____________________6. The union of two gametes

Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

_______Fertilization______6. The union of two gametes

Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

____________________7. The process where a single cell

divides twice to produce four cells containing half the
original amount of genetic information
Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

________Meiosis________7. The process where a single

cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half
the original amount of genetic information
Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

____________________8.The feature of an organism

Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

_______Traits______8.The feature of an organism

Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

____________________9. A cell formed by the union of two

gametes
Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

_______Zygote______9. A cell formed by the union of two

gametes
Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

____________________10.Chromosomes those are

responsible for body development
Pre-assessment
WORD BANK
Genes DNA Gametes Zygote Chromosomes

Meiosis Fertilization Autosomal Somatic Traits

________Somatic______10.Cells that contain the body

chromosomes
Introduction
The inheritance of some characters does not strictly follow
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment. There are many traits
that are inherited together more frequently. For example, the
expression of certain traits depends on whether one is male or
female. Apparently, the expression of the traits is determined by
or related to one’s sex.
Introduction
Draw a Punnett square which shows the inheritance of the sex
chromosomes. Represent the female sex chromosomes with
XX and the male sex chromosomes with XY.
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

Mother (XX)

X X Therefore, the
possibility that
the couple can
X XX XX
have a son is 50%
Father (Girl) (Girl) and the 50% also
(XY) of having a
Y XY XY chance to have a
daughter.
(Boy) (Boy)
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell.

Observation of the human body cells shows 23 pairs of
chromosomes for both males and females. Twenty- two
pairs are somatic chromosomes. The 23rd pair consists
of sex chromosomes. Human males and some other
male organisms, such as other mammals and fruit flies,
have non-identical sex chromosomes (XY). Females
have identical (XX) sex chromosomes.
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
What if a gene for a particular trait (like a disease) is
linked to either of the X or Y chromosomes? What effect
does it give to the offspring?

Xc Yc

Where, c is a gene for a diseases.

Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
Sex-Linked Genes
Genes located on the X chromosomes are called
X-linked genes. Genes on the Y chromosomes are called
Y-linked genes.

Xc Yc

X-Linked Genes Y-Linked Genes

Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
X-Linked Genes
Examples of X-linked genes are hemophilia and color
blindness.

1. Hemophilia - A person suffering from hemophilia

could die from loss of blood even from a small wound
because the blood either clots very slowly or does not
clot at all.
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
X-Linked Genes
1. Hemophilia
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
X-Linked Genes
2. Color Blindness- a person with color blindness have
difficulty recognizing colors in a normal way. This is also
known as color deficiency.
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
X-Linked Genes
2. Color Blindness
Test
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
X-Linked Genes
Color Blindness
For a female to become color-blind, she must be homozygous (Xc Xc) for
the colorblind genes. The trait is, therefore, recessive in females. If a
female has only one X chromosome with the allele for color blindness, she
becomes normal but can pass on the trait to her offspring. She is therefore
a carrier of the trait. Since males have only one X chromosome, the gene
for color blindness when present in the male, will always be expressed
because it does not have an allele to hide or prevent its expression. Thus,
the male will be color- blind. This is the reason why color blindness is
more common in males than in females.
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
X-Linked Genes
Color Blindness
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
X-Linked Genes
Color Blindness

Read the given problem:

Color-blindness is a recessive, X-linked disorder in
humans. A color-blind man has a child with a
woman who is a carrier of the disorder.
KEY:
XcY = color blind male XXc = normal female,
carrier of the gene
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
X-Linked Genes
Color Blindness Mother (XXc)

X Xc

Xc XcX XcXc
(Girl-normal but (Girl- color blind)
Father carrier)
(XcY)
Y XY XcY
(Boy-normal) (Boy-color blind)
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
X-Linked Genes
Color Blindness Mother (XXc)
Question:
X Xc 1. What is the
probability
Xc XcX XcXc that this pair
will have
(Girl-normal (Girl- color
Father but carrier) blind) color-blinded
(XcY) children?
Y XY XcY
(Boy-normal) (Boy-color
blind)
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
X-Linked Genes
Color Blindness Mother (XXc)
Question:
X Xc 1. What is the
probability
Xc XcX XcXc that this pair
will have
(Girl-normal (Girl- color
Father but carrier) blind) color-blinded
(XcY) children?
Y XY XcY Answer: 50%
(Boy-normal) (Boy-color
blind)
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
X-Linked Genes
Color Blindness Mother (XXc)
Question:
X Xc
2. What will be
Xc XcX XcXc the chances that
their daughter
(Girl-normal (Girl- color
Father but carrier) blind) will be
(XcY) color-blind?
Y XY XcY
(Boy-normal) (Boy-color
blind)
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
X-Linked Genes
Color Blindness Mother (XXc)
Question:
X Xc
2. What will be
Xc XcX XcXc the chances that
their daughter
(Girl-normal (Girl- color
Father but carrier) blind) will be
(XcY) color-blind?
Y XY XcY Answer: 50%
(Boy-normal) (Boy-color
blind)
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
X-Linked Genes
Color Blindness Mother (XXc)
Question:
X Xc
3. What will be
Xc XcX XcXc the chances that
their son will be
(Girl-normal (Girl- color
Father but carrier) blind) color-blind?
(XcY)
Y XY XcY
(Boy-normal) (Boy-color
blind)
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
X-Linked Genes
Color Blindness Mother (XXc)
Question:
X Xc
3. What will be
Xc XcX XcXc the chances that
their son will be
(Girl-normal (Girl- color
Father but carrier) blind) color-blind?
(XcY) Answer: 50%
Y XY XcY
(Boy-normal) (Boy-color
blind)
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
Y-Linked Genes
An example of a Y-linked trait is
Hypertrichosis pinnae auris, a
genetic disorder in humans that
causes hairy ears. Since the trait is
found in the Y chromosome, then
only males can have the trait. A
father who has the condition will
pass it on to all his sons, and they, in
turn, will pass it on to their own sons.
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
Y-Linked Genes

If a man has a Y-linked gene

for hairy airs, what will
happen to his daughter’s
ears? Why? How about his
son’s ears? Why?
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
Sex-Limited Traits
Sex-limited traits are generally autosomal, which means
that they are not found on the X or Y chromosomes. The
genes for these traits behave exactly the same way that
any autosomal gene behaves. The difference here
comes in the expression of the genes in the phenotype
of the individual. Sex-limited traits are expressed in only
one gender.
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
Sex-Limited Traits
Examples:
1. Milk lactation in cattle. These genes are carried by
both males and females, but it is only expressed in
females.
2. Beard growth. Usually males are the ones have beard
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
Sex-Limited Traits

Can you think of other examples of sex-limited trates?

Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
Sex-Influenced Traits
Sex-influenced traits are also autosomal,
it means that there are not carried on the
sex chromosomes. These traits are
expressed in both sexes but more
frequently in one than in the other sex.
One classic example of a sex-influenced
trait is pattern baldness in humans,
though the condition is not restricted to
males.
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
Sex-Influenced Traits
This gene has two alleles, “bald” and
“non-bald”. The behaviors of the products of
these genes are highly influenced by the
hormones in the individual, particularly by the
hormone testosterone. All humans have
testosterone, but males have much higher
levels of this hormone than females do. The
result is that, in males, the baldness allele
behaves like a dominant allele, while in
females it behaves like a recessive allele.
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
DNA:The Genetic Material

Scientists now know that the genetic material is DNA

(Deoxyribonucleic Acid). Modern research techniques
helped scientists to answer many questions about DNA and
heredity. The work of earlier scientists gave Watson and
Crick a lot of information about DNA. By the end of the
1940’s, scientists had found that DNA consists of long
strands of nucleotides (basic building blocks of DNA).
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
DNA:The Genetic Material
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
DNA:The Genetic Material
Components of nucleotides:
1. Pentose sugar called
deoxyribose
2. Phosphate group
3. Four nitrogenous bases:
Thymine (T) is paired with Adenine (A)
Guanine (G) is paired with Cytosine (C)
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
DNA:The Genetic Material
DNA is composed of chains of nucleotides built on a sugar and
phosphate backbone and wrapped around each other in the form
of a double helix. The backbone supports four bases: guanine,
cytosine, adenine, and thymine. Guanine and cytosine are
complementary, always appearing opposite each other on the
helix, as are adenine and thymine. This is critical in the
reproduction of the genetic material, as it allows a strand to
divide and copy itself, since it only needs half of the material in
the helix to duplicate successfully.
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
DNA:The Genetic Material
DNA:The Genetic Material
Wrap Up:
● Males have 44 body chromosomes and two sex chromosomes X
and Y. The males determine the sex of their children. Females
have 44 body chromosomes and two sex chromosomes, both X.
The total number in each cell of an individual is 46. These
chromosomes contain the genes, which are the factors of
heredity.
● In humans, XX chromosomes determine femaleness and XY
determine maleness.
● A sex-linked trait is on the X chromosome. Females have two X
chromosomes; they can inherit or carry the trait without being
affected if it acts in a recessive manner.
Wrap Up:
● Sex-limited traits are those that are expressed exclusively in one
sex.
● Sex-influenced traits are expressed in both sexes but more
frequently in one than in the other sex.
● Genes are located in the chromosomes.
● DNA contains the information needed to form and control the
physical make-up and chemical processes of an organism.
● DNA is a double-stranded helix made up of repeating units of
nucleotides.
● A nucleotide is composed of the following: sugar and phosphate
molecules, and nitrogeneous bases. The base can either be
adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine.
Assessment

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