(

--
---- PROBLEMS 729

38-7 A ray of light in au' strikes a glass surface. Is there a has set, and that the day is therefore longer than it would
range of angles for which total reflection occurs? be if the earth had no atmosphere. First, what does he
mean by saying the sun can be seen after it has set? Sec-
38-8 As shown in Table 38-1, diamond has a much larger
ond, comment on the validity of his conclusion.
refractive index than glass. Is theTe a largeT or smalleT
range of angles for which total internal reflection occurs 38-13 Can sound waves be reflected? Refracted? Give
for diamond, than for glass? Does this have anything to do examples. Does Huygens' principle apply to sound waves?
with the fact that a real diamond has more sparkle than a 38-14 Why should the wavelength of light change, but
glass imitation? not its frequency, in passing from one mater:ial to another.
38-9 Light is usually observed to travel in straight lines, 38-15 When light is incident on an interface between two
while radio waves seem to be able to bend around obsta- materials; the angle of the refracted ray depends on the
cles. If both are electromagnetic waves, why the differ- wavelength, but the angle of the reflected ray does not.
ence? Why should Ulls be?
38-10 Sunlight or starlight passing through the earth's 38-16 A room is completely lined with mirrors. A light
atmosphere is always bent toward the vertical. Why? Does source inside the room is turned on and then off. Does the
this mean that a star isn't really where it appears to be? light continue to reflect forever') If not, what happens
38-11 The sun or moon usually appears flattened just to it?
before it sets. Is this related to refraction in the earth's 38-17 When light slows davin as it enters glass from vac-
atmosphere, mentioned in Question 38-1O? uum, and speeds up again as it emerges, does it gain and
38-12 A student claimed that, because of atmospheric lose energy in the process? Momentum?
refraction (cf. Question 38-10), the sun can be seen after it

Problems
"\ 38-1 What is the wavelength in meters, microns, nanom- ~rove that a ray of light reflected from a plane mi.r-
eters, and angstrom units of (a) soft x-rays 'of frequency ror rotates through an angle '21J when the mirror rotates
2 X 1017 Hz? (b) green light of frequency 5.6 X 1014 Hz? through an angle e about an axis perpendicular to the
38-2 The visible spectrum includes a wavelength range' plane .of incidence.
from about 400 nmi to about 700 nm. Express these wave- '~ A parallel beam of light is incident on a prism, as
lengths in inches. shown in Fig. 38-16. Part of the light is reflected from one
"a-8-3 Assuming the radius of the earth's orhit to be face and part from another. Show that the angle between e
92,900,000 mi, and taking the best value of the speed of the two reflected beams is twice the angle A between the
light, compute the time required for light to travel a dis- two reflecting surfaces.
tance equal to the diameter of the earth's orbit. Compare
with Roemer's value of 22 min.
38-4 Fizeau's measurements of the speed of light were
continued by Cornu, using Fizeau's ~aratus but with the
distance between mirrors increased to 22.9 km. One of the
toothed wheels used was 40 mm in diameter and had 180
teeth. Find the angular velocity at which it should rotate
so that light transmitted through one opening will return
through the next.
38-5 A ray of light trayeling with speed c leaves point 1 of
Fig. 38-15 and is reflected to point 2. Show that the time
required for the light to travel from 1 to 2 is (Yl sec 1 + e
y~ sec e~)/c.

i.-8
Figure

A parallel beam of light makes an angle of 300 with

38-16

the surface of a glass plate having a refractive index of 1.50.

I
j
i
,"" a) What is the angle between the refracted
surface of the glass? '
beam and the I
I

b) What should be the angle of incidence 0 with this

; Figure 38-15 plate for the angle of refraction to be 0/2?
~?=>?
.---~v~
~
 -==:=:: X--ITURE AND PROPAGATION OF LIGHT

strikes a glass plate at an angle of incidence of

- -~t
b)
~- of the beam being reflected and part refracted. It
ed that the reflected and refracted portions make
_ ""gle of 90° with each other. What is the index of re-
~on of the glass?
10 A ray of light is incident on a plane surface sepa-
raring two transparent substances of indices 1.60 and lAO.
Tbe angle of incidence is 30° and the ray originates in the
/r::edi~f higher index. Compute the angle of refraction.
~l !'..
parallel-sided prate of glass having a refractive
./ mdex of 1.60 is held on the surface of water in a tank. A ray
coming from above makes an angle of incidence of 45 ° wjth
the top surlace of the glass. Figure 38-17
a) What angle does the ray make wjth the nonnal in the
water? among all possible paths between two points, the one
actually taken):>y a ray of light is that for which the
b) How does this angle vary wjth the refractive index of time of trav~IS a milZffmum. (In fact,' there are some
the glass?
cases where the time is I;l. maximum rather than a min-
38-12 An inside corneT of a cube is lined with mirrors. A imum.)
ray of light is reflected successively from each of three
38-18 A point light source is 5 cm below a water-air sur-
mutually perpendicular mirrors; show that its final direc-
face. Compute the angles of refraction of rays from the
tion is always exactly opposite to its initial direction. This
source making angles with the normal of 10°,20°,30°, and
principle is used in tail-light lenses and reflecting highway
40°, and show these rays in a carefully drawn full-size dia-
gram.
38-19 A glass cube in air has a refractive index of 1.50.
-~ a) ~hat is the speed of light of wavelength 500 nm (in Parallel rays of light enter the top obliquely and then
vacuum) in glass whose index at this wavelength is strike a side Of the cube. Is it possible for the rays to
1.50? emerge from this side?
b) What is the wavelength of these waves in the glass? I~ point so~rce of lig~t is 20 cm below t~e su~face of
38-14 A glass plate 3 mm thick, of index 1.50, is placed rabody of water. Fmd the. dian:eter of the largest CIrcle at
between a point source of light of wavelength 600 nm (in the surface through whIch light can emerge from the
vacuum) and a screen. The distance from source to screeD water. . \" ' , '. ....-----
is 3 cm. How many waves are there between source and 38-21 The index of refraction of the prism shown in Fig.
ceen? 38-18 is 1.56. A ray of light enters the prism at point a and

v?i . ~-15 Th.e speed of light of wavele~gth 6?6 nm in heavy

flmt glass IS 1.60 X 108 m ·S-I. What IS the mdex of refrac-.
tion of this glass?
38-16 Light of a certain frequency has a wavelength in
'.
f?llows in the prism the path ab, which is parallel to the
lme cd.
a) Sketch carefully the path of the ray from a point out-
side th~ prism .at the lef~, thro.ugh the glass, and out
water of 442 nm. What is the wavelength of this light when some distance mto the aIr agam.
it passes into carbon disulfide?
..J.. 38-17
r A ray of light goes from point A in a medium where
the v~loc~ty of lig~t is. VI to point B in a medium wh~re the
velOCIty 18 V2, as m FIg. 38-17. . "
a) Show that the time required for the light to go n-pm A
to B is
hI sec 81 h2 sec 8
t = VI
+ --=----"-
V
2 c
2

b) Take the derivative of t wjth respect to 81, noting that

81 and 82 are functionally related by the fact that
l =hI tan 81 +h2 tan 82, Set this derivativee.qual to
zero to show that this time reaches its minimum value
when n1 sin 81 =
n2 sin 82, This is an example of
. Fer:mat's principle of least time, which states that
Figure 38-18
 PROBL£MS 731

'" ::::e angle between the original and final di- 38-26 A parallel beam of light containing wavelengths A
.....
~- ........
=:::::arr. and B is incident on the face of a triangular glass prism
~es are construction lines only.) having a refracting angle of 60°. The indices of refraction

- ~:: is incident normally on the short face of a

are n.1 =
lAO and nB = l.60. If beam A goes through the
prism at minimUID deviation, find (a) the angle of emer-
-::0= prism, as in Fig. 38-19. A drop of liquid is g,ce ~ach beam and (b) the angle of deviation of each.
we hypotenuse of the prism. If the index of the
~ :;'.50, find the maximum index the liquid may have ~ A,ray of light is incident at an angle of 60° on one.
surface of a glass plate 2 cm thick, of index l.50. The me-
_ ~ !ight is to be totally reflected. I, . dium on either side of the plate is air. Find the transverse
,displacement between the incident and emergent rays.
( ¥-;-;-
The prism of Fig. 9{l-21 has a refractive index of
l.4~, and the angles A an/]Q? Two light rays m and n are
~.mallei as they enter the prism. What is the angle between
them after they emerge?

Figure 38-19

/08-23 A 45°_45°_90° prjsmi~s i=ersed in water. What

is the minimum index of refraction the prism may have ifit
is to totally reflect a ray incident normally on one of its
shorter faces? ; . .
38-2.4 The velocity of a sound Wave is 330m's-1 in air
and 1320 m 'S-l in water. 0

a) What is the critical angle for a sound ,\lave incident on

the surface between air and water? . Figure 38-21

b) Which medium has the higher "index of refraction" for

gJ
d?
0U

5 Light is incident at an angle CPl(as in, Fig. 38-20)

' , ~ght passes symmetrically through a prism having
apex angle A, as shown in Fig. ,38-22. Show that the angle
of deviation 8 (the angle,between'the initial' and final clirec-
on the upper surface of a transparent plate, the surfaces of
tions of the ray) is giveri' by
the plate being plane and parallel to each other.
a) Prove that <!>l= CP2'·
. A +8 '. A, ,~-'
sm --2-' - =.n sm 2 .
b) Show that this is true for any number of different par-
allel pIa tes.
c) Prove that the lateral displacement d of the emergent
.beam is given by the relation

d = t sin(cpl - <h') ,
cos cPt'
where t is the thickness of the plate.

Figure 38-22

T 38-30 Use the result of Problem 38-29 to find the angle of

deviation for a ray of light-passing symmetrically through

) 1 ~
a prism having tlu:.ee equal angles (A = 60°) and n =
1.50.
A certain glass has a refractive index of l.50 for red
light (700 nm) and l.52 for violet light (400 nm). If both
colors pass through symmetrically, as described in Prob-
lem 38-30, and if A = 60°, find the difference between the
angles of deviation for the two colors, using tQe result of
j Figure 38-20 Problem 38-29.
J
1
 748 IMAGES FORMED BY A SINGLE SURFACE

Questions
--?:
~an a person see a real image by looking backward infinite series of reflections can be seen. Discuss this phe-
along the direction from which the rays come? A virtual nomenon in terms of images. Why do the distant images a) I
image? Can you tell by looking whether an image is real or appear d k ? t1
virtual? Hov>'can the two be distinguished? 9- n observing fish in an aquarium filled with b) I
39-2 Why does a plane mirror reverse left and right but ater; one can see clearly only when looking nearly per- a
not top and bottom? pendicularly to the glass wall; objects viewed at an oblique 39-1:
39-3 For a spherical mir'ror, if s = f, then s' = oo,and the angle always appear blurred. Why? Do the fish have the conVI
lateral magnification m is infinite. Does this make sense? If same prob,m when looking at you? posit
o, w, at does it mean? 9- an an image for:med by one reflecting or refract- 39-1
; 4 According to the discussion of the preceding chap- 1 surface serve as an object for a second reflection or from
~ ter ,toliaM ravs...
are reversible. Are the formulas in Table 39-1 refraction? Does it matter whether the first image is real or poin1
still valid if object and image are interchanged? What does virtual? this'
reversibility imply with respect to the forms of the various 39-11 A concave mirror (sometimes surrounded by lights) a)
for:mulas? is often used as an aid for applying cosmetics to the face.
39-5 If a spherical mirror is immersed in water, does its Why is such a mirror always concave rather than convex?
focal length change? What considerations deter:mine its radius of curvature? b)
39-6 For what range of object positions does a concave 39-12 A student claimed that one can start a fire on a c)
spherical mirror for:ma real image. What about a convex sunny day by use of the sun's rays and a concave mirrror.
spherical mirror? How is this done? Is the concept of image relevant? Could
39-:
.
39 - 7 If a pIece f h t
0 p 0 ograp lC
h' film'IS P I ace d a t th e 1oca-~e do the -- me thing with a convex mirror?
tion of a real image, the film will record theimage. Can this, . person loo.ks~t his.reflectio~ in the concave .side
be done with a virtual image? How might one record a a shmy spoon. Is It TIghtSldeup or mverted? What If he
virtual image? looks in the convex side?
39-8 When a room has mirrors on two opposing walls, an

,a)

b)
7ro~ms
~ What is the size of the smallest vertical plane mirror tance from the earth is 386,000km. Find the diameter of
in which an observer standing erect can see his full-length the image of the moon formed by a spherical concave tele-
image? . I~,e mirror of focal length 4 m.=-\, -. j , ,
39-2 The image of a tree just covers the length of a 5-cm \[(~ A spheric.a~oncave shaving mirror has a radius of
plane mirror when the mirror is held 30 cm from the eye. curvature of'30 cri{) -
The tree is 100m from the mirror. What.is its height? a) What is t'he-~;gnification when the face i@cm from'
me
39-3 An object is placed between two mirrors arranged at the vertex of the mirror?
tra'
right angles to each other. b) Where is the image?
a) Locate all of the images of the object. 39-8 A concave spherical mirror has a radius of curvature
3S;
wa:
b) Draw the paths ofrays from the object to the eye of an of 10 cm. Make a diagram of the mirror to scale, and show fre!
[ , ~rver. rays incident on it parallel to the axis and at distances of 1, wl1
~ An object 1 cm high is 20 cm from the vertex of a 2, 3, 4, and 5 cm from the a~is. .using a pr~tractor, c~n-
39:
concave spherical mirror whose radius of curvature is 50 cm. struct the reflected rays and mdicate the pomts at which hE!
Compute the position and size of the image. Is it real or l~~ss
the axis. ofi
\rrtual?Erect or inverted? - !" ',' ,. ~~...:.'!'::
object i~ 16cm from the center o! a silvered ar:
I

\\39-5 A concave mirror is to form an image of the filament spheTIcalglass C~~tmas tree or~ame~t 8 cm.m .dlameter. di'
of a hea~ght lam~ on a, screen. 4 m fr?m the mirror. ~he /VJ:,:?:
at are the pOSItionand magnlficatlOn of ItS nnage? ali
J
filament IS 5= hIgh, an3-_thennage IS to be 40 cm high.~_uL __~ concave mirror of radius 5 cm has a radius of
311
a) What should be the radius of curvature ofthe mirror? curvature of 20 cm. - Al. I
r
~39-6
b) How far in front of the vertex of the mirror should the
filament be placed? .
The diameter of the moon is 3480 Ian and its dis-
a) What is its focal length?
b) If the mirror is immersed in water (refractive index
1.33), what is its focal length?
IT;

d
I'
'i
I
 IIJI
PROBLEMS 749
I1
!1
1

'
~i1 An object 2 cm high is pl~ced 5 cm away from a parent sphere in order that paraxial rays from an infinitely II
concave sphencal mIrror havmg radius of curvature of distant object will be brought to a focus at the vertex of
20 cm. t~e s~ce opposite the point of incidence? II
I
i!
~J~i ..•.
I.J
a) Draw a principal-ray diagram showing' formation of ~ The left end of a long glass rod 10 em in diameter, !:
the image. of index 1.50, is ground and polished to a convex hemi- I' "

b) Determine-the position, size, orientation, and nature spherical surface of radius 5 cm. An object in the form of ~ I

of the image .. an arrow 1 rom long, at right angles to the axis of the rod, is
located on the axis 20 cm to the left-of the vertex of the
39-12 Prove that'the image formed of a real object by a
convex surface. F:ind the positi9P 'and magnification of the
i
~
convex mirror is always virtual, no matter what the object
image of the arrow formed by paraxial rays incident on the
~osit~ convex surface.
~ If light striking a convex mirror does not diverge
39-22 A transparent rod 40 cm long is cut flat at one end
from an object point but instead is converging toward a and rounded to a hemispherical surface of 12 cm radius at
point at a (negative) distance s to the right of the mirror,
the other end. A small object is embedded within the rod
this pain t is called a L'irtual object. along its axis and halfway between its ends. When viewed
a) For a convex mirror having radius of curvature 10 cm, from the fiat end of the rod the apparent depth or-the
for what range of virtual-object positions is a l'eal object is 12.5 cm. What is its apparent depth when viewed
image formed? from the curved end?
b) What is the orientation of the image? ~solid glass hemisphere having a radius of 10 cm
c) Draw a principal-ray diagram showing formation of and a refractive index of 1.50 is placed with its flat face
such an image .. downward on a table. A parallel beam of light of circular
cross sec_tion 1 cm in diameter travels directly down ward
39-14 A tank whose bottom is a mirror is filled with water
and enters the hemisphere along its diameter. Wh,at is the
to a depth of 20 cm. A small object hangs motionless 8 cm
diameter of the circle of light formed on the table?
under the surface of the water. What is the apparent depth
of its image when viewed at normal incidence? 39-24 A small tropical fish is at the center of a spherical
fish bowl 30 cm in diameter. Find its apparent position and
. ;39-15 A ray of light in air makes an angle of incidence of
magnification to an observer outside the bowl. The effect
V 45 at the sur:face of a sheet of ice. The ray is refracted
0
of the thin walls of the bowl may be neglected.
within the ice at an angle of 30 0
•

39-25 In Fig. 39-20a the first focal length f is seen to be

a) What is the critical angle for the ice?
the value of s corresponding to s' =
co; in (b) the second
b) A speck of dirt is embedded 2 cm below the surface of focaUength I' is the value of s' when s co. =
the ice. What is its apparent depth when viewed at
• n~al incidence?
a) Prove that nln' = fll'.
b) Prove that the general relation between object and
~ .A microscope is focused on the upper surface of a
image distance~.is
glass plate. A second plate is then placed over the flrst. In
order to focus on the bottom sur:face of the second plate,
the microscope must be raised 1 mm. In order to focus on
the upper surface it must be raised 2 mm farther. Find the
index of refraction of the second plate. (Tills problem illus-
trates one method of measu_ring index of refraction.)
39-17 A layer of ether (n =
1.36) 2 cm deep floats on
water (n =
1.33) 4 cm deep. What is the apparent distance
from the ether surface to the bottom of the water layer,
when viewed at normal incidence?
39-18 The end of a long glass rod 8 cm in diameter has a
hemispherical surface 4 cm in radius. The l'efractive index (al
of the glass is 1.50. Determine each position of the image if
an object is placed on the a.xis of the rod at the following
distances from its end:
a) infinitely far, b) 16 em, c) 4 cm.
~The rod of Problem 39-18 is immersed in a liquid.
An object 60 cm from the end of the rod and on its axis is
- imaged at ;p;;int 100 cm inside the l'od. What is the refrac-
tive index of the liquid?
39-20 What should be the index of refraction of a trans- (bl Figure 39-20

___~""'i"~,,~~~~~~:;:~~~;~~
 PROBLEMS 769

An arrow 1 mm long, at right angles to the axis and 20 cm is that of an equilateral hyperbola having as asymp-
to the left of the first vertex, constitutes the object for the totes the lines x = f and y = f.
first surface. b) Construct a graph with object distance s as abscissa,
a) What constitutes the object for the second 'surface? and image distance s' as ordinate for a lens of focal
b) What is the object distance for the second surface? length f, and for object distances from 0 to 00.
c) On the same set of axes, construct a graph of magnifi-
c) Is the object feal or virtual?
cation (ordinate) vs. object distance.
d) What is the position of the image formed by the sec-
40-10 A converging lens has a focal length of 10 cm. For
ond surface?
object distances of 30 cm, 20 cm, 15 cm, and 5 cm deter-
e) What is the height of the final image?
mine
40-4 The same rod as in Problem 40-3 is now shortened
a) image position, :
to a distance of 10 cm between its vertices, the curvatures
of its ends remaining the same. b) magnification,

a) What is the object distance for the second surface? c) whether the image is real or viJ:tual, .-.

b) Is the object real or virtual? d) whether the image is erect or inverted. _l

c) What is the position of the image fOfmed by the sec- 40-11 Sketch the various possible thin lenses obtainable
ond surface? by combining two surfaces whose radii of curvature are, in
absolute magnitude, 10 cm and 20 cm. Which are converg-
d Is the image real or virtual, erect or inverted, with
ing and which are diverging? Find the focal length of each
respect to the original object?
lens ~e of glass of index 1.50.
e) What is the height of the final image?
2 The radii of curvature of the surfaces of a thin lens
40-5 A glass rod of refractive index 1.50 is ground and are + 10 cm and + 30 cm. The index is 1.50.
polished at both ends to hemispherical surfaces of 5 cm
a) Compute the position and size of the image of an ob-
radius. When an object is placed on the axis of the rod,
ject in the form of an arrow 1 cm high, perpendicular -
20 cm from one end, the final image is formed 40 cm from
to the lens axis, 40 cm to the left of the lens.
J:.he ~ite end. What. is the length of th~ rod?
b) A second similar lens is placed 160 cm to the right of _
~~"~ ~s,olid glass sphere of radius R and index 1.50 is the first. Find the position of the final image.
silvered over one hemisphere; as in Fig. 40-25. A small ob-
ject is located on the axis of the sphere at a distance 2R ---------
c) Same as (b), except the second lens is 40 cm to the
from the pole of the unsilvered hemisphere. Find: the posi- righ t of the first.
tion of the final image after all refractions and reflections d) Same as (c), except the second lens is diverging, of
I have taken place. focal length -40 cI1}.
I 40-13 An object is placed 18 cm from a screen.
a) At what points between object and screen maya lens
of 4 cm focal length be placed to obtain an image on
s
--------- the screen?
b) What is the magnification of the image for these posi-
Figure 40-25 tions of the lens?
~n object is imaged by a lens on a screen placed

I
I
l
40-7 A narrow b-eam of parallel rays enters a solid glass
sphere in a radial direction. At what point outside the
sphere are these rays brought to a focus? The radius of the
sphere is 3 cm and its i.ndex is 1.50_
12 cm from the lens. When the lens is moved 2 cm farther
from the object, the screen must be moved 2 cm closer to
the object to refocus it. What is the focal length of the
lens?
40-15 Three thin lenses, each of focal length 20 cm, aTe
40-8 A glass plate 2 cm thick, of index 1.50, having plane aligned on a common axis and adjacent lenses are sepa-
parallel faces, is held with its faces horizontal and its lower
rared by 30 cm. Find the position of the image of a small
face 8 cm above a printed page. Find the position of the
object on the axis, 60 em to the left of the first lens.
image of the page, formed by rays making a small angle
with the normal to the plate. 40-16 An equiconvex thin lens made of glass of index 1.50
has a focal length in air of 30 cm. The lens is sealed into an
40-9 opening in one end of a tank filled with water (index =
a) Show that the equation 1.33). At the end of the tank opposite the lens is a plane
mirror, 80 cm distant from the lens. Find the position of
the image for:med by the lens-water-mirror system. of a