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1.1 Functions of Two Variables

This document discusses functions of two and three variables. It defines functions of two variables as rules that assign a unique real number to each point in the domain of the xy-plane. The domain is the set of points where the function is defined, and the range is the set of all real numbers produced by the function. Graphs of functions of two variables exist in 3D space. Level curves and contour maps are used to sketch these graphs. Functions of three variables are similarly defined and their graphs consist of level surfaces that can provide insight into how the function behaves.

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jin
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60 views

1.1 Functions of Two Variables

This document discusses functions of two and three variables. It defines functions of two variables as rules that assign a unique real number to each point in the domain of the xy-plane. The domain is the set of points where the function is defined, and the range is the set of all real numbers produced by the function. Graphs of functions of two variables exist in 3D space. Level curves and contour maps are used to sketch these graphs. Functions of three variables are similarly defined and their graphs consist of level surfaces that can provide insight into how the function behaves.

Uploaded by

jin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1: Multivariable Functions

1.1 Functions of two variables


Definition:
A function f of two real variables, x, and y, is a rule that
assigns a unique real number f ( x, y ) to each point ( x, y )
in some set D of the xy –plane.

1.1.1 Domain and Range


The domain of a function is a set of points at which the
function is defined.
The range of a function is the set consisting of all real
numbers f ( x, y ) .

𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

Means that z is a function of and x and y in the sense that


a unique value of the dependent variable z is determined
by specifying values for the independent variables x and
y.
(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧

𝑧 ∈ 𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞
x and y: the two different independent variables
z: the dependent variable

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Domain: {(x, y): x ∈ ℝ , y ∈ℝ , ??? }
↑
any constraint ?
??? may consist:

*Sometimes we need to sketch the domain of


the given function.

Range – z-values that results when (x,y) varies over


the domain
(i) z positive ? (ii) z negative ? (iii) z zero ?
(iv) z has maximum value ?
(v) z has minimum value ?

Range: {z : z ∈ ℝ , ??? }
↑
put the limitation of z here!!

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Example 1.1:
Let f ( x, y ) = 3x 2 y − 1. Find f (1,4) , f (0,9) , and the natural
domain of f.

Example 1.2
Find the domain and the range of the following functions.
For each function, sketch the natural domain
(a) 𝑧 = �64 − 4𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
(b) f ( x, y ) = ln( x 2 − y )
1
(c) f ( x, y ) =
xy

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1.1.2 Graph of a Function of Two Variables

3-D coordinate system

Coordinate Planes

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The graph of the function f of two variables is the set of
all points (x, y, z ) in three-dimensional space, where the
values of (x, y) lie in the domain of f and 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).

The graphs of 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is called a surface in 3D


system or three-space (𝕽𝟑 ).

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Common surfaces in 3D : Plane, parabolic cylinder,
circular cylinder, paraboloid, hyperboloid, ellipsoid,
cone, sphere

HOW TO SKETCH THE GRAPH?

Some common surfaces do not represent functions


𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚), but still we need to know how to sketch
their graphs.

Example 1.3 (Plane): ( Given as a constant equation with


one-variable.)

Sketch the graphs of each of the following surfaces in


three dimensions
(a) 𝑥 = 4 (b) 𝑦 = −2 (c) 𝑧 = 5

Note:
If one variable missing
1) Determine the variables
2) Sketch the trace in coordinate planes (based on the
variables exist)
3) Make the projection onto the trace-plane which is
parallel to the (variables which is not exists)-axis

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Example 1.4 (Plane): ( Given as a linear equation with
two-variables.)

Sketch the graphs of each of the following surfaces in


three dimensions
(a) 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 6 (b) 𝑧 + 𝑥 = 4

Example 1.5 (Plane): ( Given as a linear equation with


three-variables.) – no variable missing

Sketch the graphs of each of the following surfaces in


three dimensions
(a) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 (b) 𝑧 = 6 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑥

Example 1.6:
Sketch the graphs of each of the following surfaces in
three dimensions
(a) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 (b) 𝑥 2 + (𝑧 − 3)2 = 9
(circular cylinder)

(𝑐 ) 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 (parabolic cylinder)

(d) 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 = 9 (hyperbola)
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What if no variable missing??
Note: 3 useful steps while sketching surface
𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)

1. Find the level curves/ contour lines/contour map


2. Find the xz-trace (set y=0)
3. Find the yz-trace (set x=0)
4. Check the domain and range

Definition: A level curve of a function f ( x, y ) is the


curve f ( x, y ) = c on the xy-plane. It consists of the points
( x, y ) where the function has the value c.
Contour map – set of level curves on xy-plane

Example 1.7:
Sketch the level curves/contour lines of the following
function and hence sketch the graph
(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 for c = 0,1,2,3,4,9
(b) 𝑧 = �𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 for c = 0,1,4,9
(c) 𝑧 = 6 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 for c = 0,2,4,6

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Exercise:
Sketch the graph of the following functions:

(a) 𝑧 = −𝑥 2 − y 2
(b)

Hyperboloid of one sheet?

Hyperboloid of two sheet?

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1.2 Functions with three variables

Definition
A function f of three variables is a rule that assigns to
each ordered triple (x,y,z) in some domain D in space a
unique real number 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧).
The range consists of the output values for w.

Example 1.8
Identify the domain and range for the following functions.
(a) 𝑤 = �𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

(b) 𝑤 = �1 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
1
(c) f ( x , y , z ) =
x2 + y 2 + z 2
(d) f ( x, y, z ) = xy ln z

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1.2.2 Level Surfaces
The graphs of functions of three variables consist of
points lying in four-dimensional space.
• Graphs cannot be sketch effectively in three-
dimensional frame of reference.
• Can obtain insight of how function behaves by
looking at its three-dimensional level surfaces.

The graph of the equation 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑘 will generally be


a surface in 3-space which we call the level surface with
constant k.

Remark
The term “level surface” is standard. It need not be level
in the sense being horizontal; it is simply a surface on
which all values of f are the same.

Example 1.9
Describe the level surfaces of
(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
(b) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

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2 2 2
Level surfaces of f (x,y, z) = x + y +z

Level surfaces of
2 2 2
f (x,y, z) = z − x − y
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Example 1.10:
If w = f ( x, y, z ) = z − x + y = k , sketch the level
2 2

surfaces of f , for k.

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