Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Title
CALIFORNIA SOLAR DATA MANUAL

Permalink
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/86g1q5pk

Author
Berdahl, P.

Publication Date
1978

eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library

University of California
 o
",
I
i ~

! I ,

I :
i ~
~ !

i 1
ii, '

l.. ~ E~ ~:;(. I.\f;~ Y /:;'!,N [)

[)OCUME:i'1T'S SE;C!TION'

11 For Reference

)I Not to be taken from this room

CALIFORNIA
I(

11
\\
I I
I ,i
SOLAR DATA MANUAL
';
"
;
.
i
Jan uary 1978
, I
I.!

!I, JI
ENERGY and ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
LAWRENCE BERI<ELEY LABOI~ATORY
11 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 94720
[ J
Supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under
Contract No. W-7405-ENG-48 and the State of California

Ii Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission

under Contract No. 4-0016
~
I

U
[1
[__ iJ

II
-)
!
I i
I. )

I-I

, . - - - - - - - - LEGAL NOTICE - - - - - - - . . . ,
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the
United States Government. Neither the United States nor the Depart-
II
ment of Energy, nor any of their employees, nor anyof their pon-
tractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty,
express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for
Ii
the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, appa-
ratus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would
not infringe privately owned rights.

fI

[1
\ ;
i '
'.j

!' I
I I
I I

1
Printed in the United States of America .J
Available from
National Technical Information Service
U. S. Department of Commerce
11
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield , VA 22161
Price: Printed Copy, $11.75 Domestic; $23.50 Foreign l1
Microfiche, $ 3.00 Domestic; $ 4.50 Foreign

I~ J
 · .,
'--".J

"

L L-5971

LIFORNIA SOLA DATA MANUAL

Jan 1

Paul Berdahl, Donald Grether, Marlo Martin, and Michael Wahlig

Solar Energy Group, Energy and ronment Division
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720

Supported by:
Energy Alternatives Implementation Division
California Energy Resources Conservation & Development mission
1111 Howe Avenue
Sacramento, California 95825
James Lerner and Mat Ginosar, Program Managers

and

Division Solar Energy

Energy Research and Development ministration (now DOE)
Massachusetts Avenue N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20545
Fred Koomanoff and Michael Riches, Program Managers
 , ~

l.,} .. ) i
;J .l
iJ
ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are grateful to the many people who contributed to the
development and production of this data manual, Laboratory staff members
Dean Anson, Janette Bacon, Merry Blodgett, Sharon Forsberg, Susan Gillett,
and Kenneth Wilcox assisted with the myriad details necessary to prepare
the data tables and text, Norman Albright and Claudette Lederer provided
much of the computer analysiS of the data, Thomas Webster helped with the
simplified design methods, Robert Walker and Christine Weber were responsible
for much of the reworking of the text from a draft version of the manual,
Many people outside the laboratory provided data and guidance for the
manual, Of particular note are James Goodridge, Engineering Climatologist
for the California Department of Water Resources, who shared his extensive
knowledge of solar data and the climate of California; and Harold Bulk,
Climatologist at the University of Arizona, who developed the solar zones,
The manual reflects, to a large extent, the comments made by the many
people who took the time to carefully review earlier versions,
Finally, we thank Candace Voelker, Robert Hendrickson and other members
of the Laboratory's Technical Information Department for their professional
job of assembling the manual,
 ,- J

iii

PREFACE

This solar data manual is aimed at the needs of designers, architects,

engineers, homeowners, builders, and the growing number of ingenious and
enthusiastic individuals through whose efforts the widespread use of the
sun's energy will become a reality.
Because it contains the most reliable solar data presently available
in the State of California. this manual provides the basic solar data needed
to design residential or commercial heating systems, solar heated swimming
pools, and solar air conditioning systems, Many other uses of the data are
possible - for example, for agricultural applications. The data are provided
in a variety of representations as an attempt to make them accessible and
useful to the broadest possible audience, The design of passive solar
heating and cooling systems is in its infancy, but might well revolutionize
our approach to architecture and building construction in the near future.
Statistical distributions showing the variability and patterns of the solar
climate are presented in the hope of aiding such efforts.
This manual is not intended to show how to design a solar heating system
for a home, or tell how many square meters of solar collector area are needed
to heat a swimming pool. As the use of solar energy becomes more widespread,
standard design criteria and "rul es of thumb" will gradually emerge and will
vastly simpl ify des i gn procedures for standard appl i cat; ons. Until that time
the solar designer must base decisions on computer simulations, simplified
design procedures based on computer simulations (a guide to these is included
in Section VIII), calculations based on simplifying assumptions, an awareness
of the commercially available hardware options, common sense, and a knowledge
of the requisite solar and weather parameters. This manual can supply only
the latter.
 v

CONTENTS

Acknowledgments, ,i i
Preface, , , , iii

I, Introducti on , , , . 1

II. . Availability and Quality of the Data 5

A, Data Availability, , , , , , , . 7
1. So 1a r Da ta . . . , , . , , , . , , , " , 7
a, Total Radiation on a Horizontal Surface. 7
b. Direct Beam (Normal Incidence)Radiation 9
c, Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface. , . 9
2, Climate Data, . . , , , . . . . . . , . , . . 9
a, Cloud Cover and Percent Possible Sunshine. . 9
b. Weather Data . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . .10
B. Solar Data Errors, . . , . . , , , , , , , , . , ,10
1, Errors in the Total Horizontal Radiation . . , , . , , . . . ,lD
2, Errors in the Direct Beam and Tilted-Surface Calculations, , . ,11
C. Consequences of Data Errors on System Designs, , ,11
1. General Cost Impact of Errors in the Data., . ,12
II L So 1a r Zones. . . . , , . . , , , , , . , . , . . . , 13
Solar Zones, Data Stations, and Climate Stations (map) . , .17
Zone 1 (map) . . . . . . .18
Zone 2 (map) . . , , , , , .20
Zones 3 and 4 (map) . . , .22
Zones 5 and 6 (map) . . , .24
Zones 7, 8, and 9 (map), .26
Zones 10 and 11 (map), ,28
Zones 12 and 13 (map), .30
Zone 14 (map), , , . .32
Zone 15 (map) . . . , .34
IV. Guide to the Data, " . . . . ,. , .35
A. Guide to Section V: Solar Data, , . ,37
1. Exhibit', Monthly Solar Data .37
a. Solar Radiation. , , . , . . , , , , . , . . . .37
b, Percent Possible Sunshine and Mean Cloud Cover ,39
c. Fraction of Extraterrestrial Radiation (KT)' . ,39
2. Exhibit 2. Monthly Total Horizontal Radiation. . .39
3. Exhibit 3. Monthly Total/Extraterrestrial (KT). . . , .40
4. Exhibit 4, Occurrences of Cloudy Days. . . . . . . . . . . .40
5. Exhibit 5, Possible Error in Direct Beam (Normal Incidence) . . 41
6, Exhibit 6 (a) and (b). Clear Day Plots for Solar Radiation. , .42
7. Exhibit 7 (a) and (b). Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface . . . 43
8. Exhibit 8 (a), (b) and (c). Possible Error in the Total
Radiation on a Tilted Surface . . , . . , , , . . . .47
9. Exhibit 9. Direct Beam Conversion Factor from Horizontal
to Tilted Surface . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . , . . .48
10. Exhibit 10 (a) and (b). Daily Solar Histograms . . . . , , , . . 49
 vi

B. Guide to Section VI: Climate Data · . .51

11. Exhibit 11. Monthly Climatological Data .. · . .51
C. Guide to Section VII: Sky Charts.
12. Exhibit 12. Sky Chart . . . . .52
V. Solar Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · .59
(A) Solar Data for Butler Valley Ranch .63
(8) Solar Data for San Rafael .. .69
(C) Solar Data for Richmond. . . .. .75
(D) Solar Data for Redwood City . . . , . • .81
(E) Solar Data for San Jose . . . . . . • .87
(F) Solar Data for Santa Maria. . . . . . . . . .. . .93
(G) Solar Data for los Angeles (Civic Center) . . . . . .99
(H) Solar Data for los Angeles (International Airport) · 105
(I) Solar Data for Riverside. . . . . . . .... . III G Ii) 111
() 0 () <i'

(J) Solar Data for la Jolla. . . . . . . . .. . · 117

(K) Solar Data for San Vicente Reservoir · 123
(l) Solar Data for Barrett Res'ervoir . . • 129
(M) Solar Data for Medford, Oregon . . . · 135
, (N) Solar Data for Davis . . . . . . . • 141
(0) Solar Data for Fresno . . . . . . . • 147
{P} Solar Data for Reno, Nevada . . . . . 153
(Q) Solar Data for China Lake/Inyokern , . . · • . . . . 159
(R) Solar Data for las Vegas, Nevada · 165
(S) Solar Data for El Centro . · . 1
VI. Climate Data . . . . . . . . • • 177
A. Climate Tables . . . . . · • 179
a) Eureka. . . . . . . . .. . • • • • • • 180
b) San Rafael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
c) San Francisco (Federal Office Building). • 182
d) Oakland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • 184
e) San Francisco (International Airport) .. • 186
f) Mountain View (Moffett eld NAS). 189
g) Monterey (Fort Ord) . . . . . . 190
. h) Santa Maria . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
i) Oxnard (Oxnard AFB) . . . . . . . . · 193
j) San Bernardino (Norton AFB) . . . . . 194
k) Los Angeles (Civic Center) . . . . · . 195
1) los Angeles (International Airport). 197
m) Riverside (March AFB) . . . . . . . . • . . 199
n} long Beach . . . . . . . . 200
0) Santa Ana (El Toro MCAS) . · 201
p) San Diego . . . . . .
q) Ream Field (Imperial Beach NAS). • • • • • 204
r) Medford~ Oregon. • • • • . • 205
s) Mount Shasta . . . . 207
t) Red Bluff . . . . . . • • • • • • 208
u) Beale AFB . . . . . . o
v) Sacramento. . . . . . . • • 211
w) Fairfield (Travis AFB) . 3
x) Stockton. . . . . . . • 214
y) Merced (Castle AFB) .. • 216
z) Fresno. . . . . . . . . 7
 . ,

vii

aa) Reeves Field (Lemoore NAS) 219

bb) Bakersfield. 220
cc) Blue Canyon. , , , , 222
dd) Reno, Nevada . , , , 223
ee) Las Vegas, Nevada, , 225
ff) China Lake/Inyokern, 227
gg) Edwards AFB, , , , , 228
hh) Sandberg,·, , , , , , , 229
ii) Victorville (George AFB) 230
jj) Yuma, Arizona, , , , , , 231
B, Limited Climate Data Stations, , 233
(map), , , , , , , . , , 234-235
Climatography of California. , , , 237
Preface, . . . , . , " , , , , , , , " , 237
1, Normals for National Weather Service Offices
and Principal Climatological Stations, , · 237
2, Normals for Substations, , , 238
3, References.",. , , , , 238
4, Notes, , , , , , , , , , , , , 239
5, Mean Temperatures (NWS), , , 240
6, Precipitation Normals (NWS), 243
7, Heating Degree Day Normals , 248
8, Cooling Degree Day Normals, , , , , . , , , , · 251
9. Location and Elevation of Temperature Stations , 254
10. Location and Elevation of Precipitation Stations , 256
VI1. Sky Cha rts , , , 259
A. 41 0 Latitude 261
B, 39 0 Latitude 262
C, 37 0 Latitude 263
D, 35 0 Latitude · 264
E, 33 0 Latitude , , 265
VIII, Guide to Simplified Performance and Cost Methods 267
A, Introduction to Types of Methods , , 269
B, Detailed Computer Simulation Methods , 269
1, TRNSYS, , , , , , , , , , , , 269
2, Cal - ERDA 0 , , , , , , , , , , 0 , , 270
C, Simplified Methods, , , . , , , , , , , , , · 270
1, University of Wisconsin Method (F-chart) 271
a, Original Papers, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 271
bo FCHART-The University of Wisconsin Interactive
Solar Heating Design Program, , , , 0 , , , , 271
c, Solar Heating of Buildings and Domestic Hot Water, 272
do Intermediate Minimum Property Standards for Solar
Heating and Domestic Hot Water Systems, , 272
2, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) Method, , . 273
a. Original Paper, , , , . , , . , . , , , , . , 273
b, ERDA's Pacific Regional Solar Heating Handbook 273
3. Martin Marietta Method (SOLCOST) , , , . , 0 • , , 274
 viii

IX. General Solar Information. . . . . ...

A. Solar Spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .•.
B. l'he Solar Constant. . . . . . . . . . . 283
C. Solar Time and Standard Time . . . 284
D. Location of the Sun in the Sky. ... . . 285
E. Useful Relationships . . . .. . ........... .
1. Case 1: South-Facing Surface, Any Tilt . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
2. Case 2: Vertical Surface, East or West Orientation. . . 289
x. Estimating Unmeasured Solar Radiation Quantities . . . . . . · 291
A. Need for Estimation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B. General Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 293
C. Estimating Direct Beam and Diffuse Components of Total
Horizontal Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • · 294
D. Calculating the Direct Beam Radiation at Normal Incidence ..
E. Calculating the Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface . . . . . . . .
1. Direct Beam Conversion Facto~.~~~eam) . . . . . .
2. Diffuse Conversion Factor {Rt 1 eu~l~ t . . . . . 299
3. Reflection Conversion Factor (R t
F. Estimate of Uncertainty in Calculatlon .
c)..........
. . . .
.
.
299
300
1. Error 1n LQ . . . . beam . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . 300
2. Error in RH eam and Rt ...... . 300
3. Uncertai nty in Isotropi c Ass umpti on. . . . . . . . . . 301
4. Error in the Total Horizontal Radiation. . . •... 302
XI. Appendices . 303
Appendix A - Solar Radiation Glossary. · 305
Appendix B - Convers i on Factors. 309
Appendix C - Bi b1i ography. · 310
Appendix 0 - References. , . . , . . . · 311
 1

I. I nt
 L)
3

California has relatively high population densities in generally sunny

areas. This combination of people and sun creates a high potential for solar
energy use. Solar-heated swimming pools are common, and many homes have been
built or retrofitted for heating by the sun. However, the amount of energy
involved is still quite small, when compared to the total energy use of the
state. To facilitate widespread use of solar energy, it is important to provide
potential users with a description of the solar energy resource. The California
Solar Data Manual describes this resource through an assembly of existing and
derived data.
Several types of solar data have been collected throughout California for
varying periods of time and with various degrees of accuracy. These data were
scrutinized for the manua1 and accepted or rejected on the basis of certain
criteria. For some of the important solar data types there are no records.
In these cases, the data were derived by the application of standard methods.
All the data were then organized into graphical or tabular displays. The manual
also contains relevant climatological data.
Each section of the manual elaborates on a different aspect of the solar
resource description, and may be useful in determining the physical and economic
advisability of a particular solar energy application, in optimizing an actual
design, or in evaluating options about where to place collectors.
Section II presents the factors that determined the data contents of the
manual. Estimates of errors in the data are provided, and the impact of these
errors on solar design is discussed.
To facilitate organization of the data in a way most usable by readers,
we have divided the state into 15 solar zones of roughly similar solar radiation
conditions. These zones are illustrated in Section III, along with page
references to the most relevant solar and climate data in Sections V and VI.
Section IV provides a guide to the data tables and graphs, which are
then displayed in Sections V, VI, and VII,
One useful application of the various data is as input to simpl; ed design
methods to predict the performance and cost of solar energy systems for the
heating and cooling of buildings, Section VIII gives a guide to these methods.
 4

For the interested reader, Section IX briefly summarizes the nature of

solar radiation as received at the surface of the earth. Section X describes
the technique used to calculate unmeasured solar radiation quantities, given
measurements of other solar quantities.
Appendix A is a solar radiation glossary, and Appendix B provides conversion
factors between Engineering (English) and SI (metric) units. Appendix C contains
a general bibliography, and Appendix D provides a supplementary list of specific
references.
 5

II. iI iii u Ii th
 7

A, DATA AVAILABILITY

There are over 100 locations in California where solar data of one kind or
another have been collected for varying periods, Although one might think that
the state would be more than adequately covered by these sites, close examination
has revealed that this is not the case, This section describes the types of
data, collection instruments, and inadequacies in data records.

1, Solar Data
Solar energy is a general term that may be loosely defined as the radiated
energy produced by the sun's thermonuclear reactions, Other more specific terms
are useful for the practical implementation of solar devices. Total radiation
on a horizontal surface is the amount of energy that falls on a horizontal plane
at the earth's surface. This quantity has two components: direct beam and
diffuse radiation. Direct beam radiation is the radiation that comes directly
from the sun, Diffuse radiation is that which comes from the sky after the
atmosphere has scattered the incoming solar rays,

<i. TOTAL RADIATION ON A HORIZONTAL SURFACE

This quantity, sometimes called "insolation" or "global radiation," is the

most frequently recorded solar measurement, Typically, this measurement is made
with a pyranometer, which produces a voltage proportional to the temperature
difference between a black surface heated by the sun and a cooler surface that is
either shaded from the sun or painted white, A calibration constant is supplied
with each instrument in order to convert the voltage to energy units (W/m 2 or
Btu/ft 2 h) .
A similar instrument, the pyranograph (sometimes called an actinograph),
uses a piece of metal that expands or contracts in proportion to the intensity
of insolation, which can then be determined by a calibration constant. Many
pyranograph measurements have been recorded in California, usually for short
periods of time, Pyranographs, however, are generally considered less accurate
than pyranometers.
A few places in the state have instruments that use solar cells, With such
devices, radiation can be estimated from the amount of electricity produced.
 8

A disadvantage with solar cells is that they only measure a part of the solar
spectrum, usually the red and infrared portion,
Decisions on which data to include in the manual were based on three
criteria. The first concerned the need for long-term data, four or five years
were considered adequate, because in this period of time, statistical averages
can be calculated with reasonable certainty.
The second criterion concerned the type of instrument used to gather the
solar data. Since there is some contention as to the relative quality of the
various instruments, standard references on solar instrumentation were consulted
and opinions from experts outside LBL were sought. In addition, on-site field
inspections were conducted by LBL staff members for 24 solar measurement stations.
The third criterion dealt with the quality of the data record. Over the
years, many solar-measuring instruments have suffered damage or deterioration,
periodic recalibrations have sometimes been neglected, and recording systems
have occasionally malfunctioned. Consequently, raw data records often contain
errors, To deal with these instrumentation problems, a 'Iclear-dayll analysis
was used. Application of the clear-day analysis is complicated (Martin et al.,
1977), but a simplified'description will explain the principle.
The original data were obtained in the form of daily radiation values
measured by a pyranometer. Each daily quantity was then divided by the value
a pyranometer would measure in the absence of the earth's atmosphere, This
latter value, which can be observed at the edge of the atmosphere, is known as
the extraterrestrial radiation (ETR). Daily pyranometer values divided byextra-
terrestrial radiation produce the quantity KT, Clear days are those with the
highest values of KT,
After many KT computations were performed, the behavior of clear-day values
was studied. On the basis of this examination, decisions concerning the data
were made. In some cases, the examination revealed that instrumentation had
malfunctioned for periods of time, and data from these periods were discarded,
In other cases, long-term deterioration in the instrumentation was observed,
Data affected by long-term deterioration were treated by correction factors based
on theoretical clear-day KT values.
There is, unavoidably, some residual error in the adjusted data. as discussed
in Section B below. However, this error is far less than that observed in much
of the original data, Some pyranometers were discovered measuring values 15%
too low, and others 20% too high,
 9

After applying the three criteria, the solar-cell data were considered
unusable. The pyranograph measurements were judged to be of rather poor quality,
but were included in the manual when no other measurements were available for
an area. The bulk of the pyranometer data was judged acceptable. However, a
large fraction of the data required adjustment of the calibration constant by
the clear-day approach. Out of the 100 possible sites, the solar-data tables
in Section V have measurements from 19 locations in or close to California.

b. DIRECT BEAM (NORMAL INCIDENCE) RADIATION

Direct beam (normal incidence) radiation is the direct beam radiation that
falls on a hypothetical surface that is always perpendicular (normal) to the
direct incoming rays. This radiation can be measured by a pyrheliometer. The
most commonly used pyrheliometer works much the same as a pyranometer, but has
a long tube, called a collimator, that restricts the field of view of the
instrument so that it "sees" only a small portion of the sky. The pyrheliometer
must be mounted on a sun-tracking device so that the sun is always near the
center of the field of view.
Few long-term pyrheliometer measurements are available in the U.S.; none
are available in California. One reason is that, because of the sun-tracking
devices, they are relatively expensive and require attention every few days.
The data tables contain calculated values for the direct beam radiation made
according to a technique described in Section X.

c. TOTAL RADIATION ON A TILTED SURFACE

Total radiation on a tilted surface is simply the direct, diffuse~ and
reflecteu radiation that falls on a surface tilted at some specified angle from
the horizontal. Knowing this quantity is important since most solar applications
that employ flat-plate collectors have the collectors tilted towards the south
in order to maximize the energy received during the winter. As no long-term
tilted-surface measurements exist for California, these data were also calculated
by a technique outlined in Section x.

2, Climate Data
a. CLOUD COVER AND PERCENT POSSIBLE SUNSHINE
Cloud cover is an estimate, made by a trained observer, of the fraction
of the sky covered by clouds. Percent possible sunshine is the percentage of
time that the sun is shining during the period from sunrise to sunset.
 10

This latter quantity is obtained from an instrument having a "sunshine switch"

that is "onl! whenever the solar radiation is above some threshold, usually
defined as the amount of light necessary to cast a shadow.
Cloud cover and percent possible sunshine are sometimes used to estimate
the amount of solar radiation when actual measurements are not available. Long-
term averages of these quantities are published by the National Weather Service
(NWS) for a number of places in California, and are included in the data tables.
Long-term values of cloud cover are also available for many military bases in
the state. But since these estimates are for day and night combined, they are
probably not as strongly correlated with the solar radiation as are the NWS
values. The military base values are given in the data tables when no other
source of cloud cover data is available in the area.
LBL did not attempt to verify the quality of either the cloud cover or
sunshine data.

b. WEATHER DATA
For 20 locations in or close to California the NWS has published summaries
that provide climatological descriptions for the locations and long-term values
for most of the important weather parameters. All the descriptions and many of
these values have been included in the manual. Similar information for military
bases is available through the Air Weather Service (AWS). These data are also
included, except for bases very near the NWS locations.
A few basic types of data (average temperature, heating and cooling degree-
days) are available for 203 locations and precipitation data for 349 locations
from a climatological summary of California published by the NWS. A copy of
this summary appears in Section VI .

. SOLAR DATA ERRORS

The major contribution of this manual towards fulfilling California's solar

data needs is the presentation of pyranometer measurements that have been analyzed
and adjusted by the clear-day technique. LBL has also estimated the errors in
these data and analyzed the consequences of designing solar energy systems with
erroneous solar quantities.

1. Errors in the Total Horizontal Radiation

The clear day analysis effectively compensates for many of the error
sources that afflict pyranometer measurements. The major remaining source
 t.) .J

11

of error is inherent in the clear day technique itself, For the data in this
manual, adjustments to the calibration constant were based on summertime measure-
ments when the skies are cloud-free for extended periods of time, But even under
these conditions, the calibration cannot be set exactly; for summer months, it
is estimated that the data are accurate to within ±5%,
In the spring, autumn and winter, other problems arise, One is that certain
instruments may read differently for cold temperatures than for warm; another
arises if the instrument does not properly account for the lower position of the
sun in the sky during the winter, Based on the available literature and some
practical experience with the instruments, LBL estimates that the error during
the spring, autumn, and winter months increases to as much as ±lO%,

Errors in the Direct Beam and Tilted-Surface Calculations

Because direct beam and tilted-surface radiation are calculated from total
horizontal radiation data, they both suffer from errors inherent in the clear day
analysis, In addition, there are uncertainties in the computational techniques.
which compound the overall error in these values. Graphs included in Section V
provide estimates for the possible error in the calculations, assuming the total
horizontal radiation error to be ±5%. Since this number is probably low for
the winter months, a good rule of thumb is to choose the greater of the estimate
provided by the graph and ±lO%,

C, CONSEQUENC OF DATA ERRO ON SYSTEM NS

Consider a solar energy system that is designed using data in error by a

certain amount, What. then, will be the effect on the performance and cost of
the system? LBL investigated this question for two hypothetical cases: a
residence heated by flat-plate collectors, with a conventional back-up furnace;
and a solar electric power plant (Berdahl, et aL. 1977), The results of the
two investigations were similar and are briefly summarized here for the solar
heating case,
A computer program was used to study a design for a standard-sized residence
with solar energy supplying from 50% to 70% of the hea ng load, depending on
the area of the solar collector, The analysis was carried out for a heating load
and long-term values of solar radiation characteristic of the climate of Davis.
The analysis was then repeated for a climate like that of Los Angeles. The
 12

following results are essentially the same for both climates, and are considered
applicable to any solar heating system in California that supplies between 50%
and 70% of the heating load.
If the solar data overestimate the actual long-term solar radiation by a
certain percentage, then the amount of usable solar energy that is collected
will be less than anticipated by about half that percentage. For example, if
the solar data are too high by 10%, the usable solar energy will be about 5%
less than expected. These percentages are reflected in cost calculations over
the lifetime of the solar heating system: one can expect to pay about 5% more
than anticipated if the design data are 10% too high. Gross overestimates of
the solar radiation may cause buildings to be equipped with solar systems when
they should not be.
An inverse relationship holds for data that underestimate the actual 10ng-
term solar radiation. For example, if one uses solar data that are 20% lower
than the actual radiation values, then the usable solar energy collected will
be about 10% more than expected. This circumstance will also result 1n an
annual cost about 10% lower than expected, Thus, underestimated solar data
may deter construction of solar equipped buildings when such data indicate that
there is not enough solar energy to make such a venture economically viable,

1, General Cost Impact of Errors in the Data

There is another more subtle effect caused by errors in the data, Suppose
the solar system is designed to minimize costs (optimized) using erroneous
numbers, Optimal performance will not be observed, and overall heating costs
will then be higher than if the correct values of solar data had been used,
This increased cost occurs regardless of whether the data are overestimated or
underestimated, For an individual building the cost penalty turns out to be
small (-0,5%) as long as the solar data are not in error by more than 10%,
 , ,
L'l c>
;> i ;-} i

13

'III. n
 15

As discussed in Section II, there are only 19 solar measurement stations

in or near California with data of acceptable record length and quality, so
many sites of potential solar energy applications will be some distance from
any of the stations. Unfortunately, there is no accepted procedure for using
the values from one or more stations to determine the solar radiation at a
distant location. The hills, valleys, mountains, and coast line of California
make such a procedure quite difficult to derive.
To provide some guidance to the use of the solar data, California was
divided into 15 "solar zones," which are depicted in the map on page 17 and shown
in more detail on the maps on pages 18-33, Within each zone, a characteristic
solar potential is expected to prevail, The division into zones was made by a
climatologist (Bulk, 1977) on the basis of topography and atmospheric conditions
related to solar radiation. The most important atmospheric condition was cloud
cover, but such factors as fog and air-pollution levels were taken into account
as well,
It must be emphasized that the solar zones are only approximate, as there
were not enough accurate data to determine the exact boundaries. Furthermore,
there will often be microclimates within a zone where the local solar radiation
differs from that characteristic of the zone as a whole. For example, coastal
radiation will vary from that immediately inland due to the influence of fog.
Thus, the zones should be used as guides, together with the user's knowledge
of local conditions,
The maps on page 17 and on pages 18-33 show the locations of the 19 measure-
ment stations relative to the solar zones. Since the zone boundaries were
chosen independently of these stations, it is not surprising that some zones
have more than one station while others have none,
Users fortunate enough to have a solar application within one of the mul
station zones should, as a general rule, use the solar data from the nearest
one. It 1s advisable, however, to consider for comparison purposes the data
from the other stations within or close to the zone.
Users in a zone with one solar measurement location should normally use
the corresponding data. Discretion is advised, particularly near zone boundaries
that do not run along mountain ridges.
 16

Care must also be taken in sparsely monitored zones that straddle large
latitude intervals like zone 6. The user living in Ventura might question the
suggestion to use data from the San Vicente reservoir for a solar energy appli-
cation. In such an instance, the user might consider the data from Santa Maria,
as well as from San Vicente.
Users living in zones devoid of solar data stations will be harder pressed
in obtaining reliable data for solar energy applications, Except for those
applications quite close to a measurement station, a good procedure is to
consider the data from several stations. For example, a user in Red Bluff
(zone 8) might be interested in using a simplified design method (see Section
VIII) to estimate the optimal solar collector area for a home heating application.
The user could try the data both for Davis (zone 10) and Medford (zone 7). The
two results will likely bracket the estimate that would have been obtained,
had data been available for Red Bluff.
The solar zones are not intended to indicate regions of similar climate.
Although solar energy plays a significant role in determining the climatic
conditions (temperature, precipitation, wind) of a given area~ other factors,
like topography, are also important. This is especially so for solar zones
that circumscribe both mountain ranges and expansive valleys. Throughout such
zones, the solar radiation will be roughly the same, whereas the climate will
differ markedly between the highlands and valleys. The climate station sites
are shown on the solar zone maps for the reader's reference, and each solar
zone lists the nearby sources for both solar and climate data. However, the
user is warned that the climatological data presented in Section V of this
manual are not specific to the solar zones in which the stations are located.
Use of these data, then, must be undertaken with discretion.

A Climate Stations ~ A Climate Stations page A Climate Stations page

a) Eureka 180 m) Riverside 199 y) Merced 216
b) San Rafael 181 n) Long Beach 200 z) Fresno 217
c) San Francisco (Fed.) 182 0) Santa Ana 201 aa) Reeves Field 219
d) Oakl and 184 p) San Diego 202 bb) Bakersfield 220
e) San Francisco (Air.) 186 q) Ream Field 204 cc) Blue Canyon 222
f) Mountain View 189 r) Medford, OR 205 dd) Reno, NV 223
g) Monterey 190 s) Mount Shasta ;;:07 ee) Las Vegas, NV 225
h) Santa Maria 191 t) Red Bluff 208 ff) China Lake 227
i) Oxnard 193 u) Beale AFB 210 gg) Edwards AFB 228
j) San Bernardino 194 v) Sacramento 211 hh) Sandberg 229
k) Los Angeles (ClV.) 195
1) Los Angeles (Air.)
w) Fairfield 213 in Victorville 230
197 x) Stockton 214 jj) Yuma, AZ 231
 17

• So 1ar Data Stat; ons Page

A Butler Valley Ranch 63
B San Rafael 69
C Richmond 75
D Redwood City 81
E San Jose 87
F Santa Mari a 93
G Los Angeles Civic Center 99
H Los Angeles International 105
Ai rport
I Riverside 111
J La Jolla 117
K San Vicente Reservoir 123
L Barrett Reservoir 129
M Medford 135
N Davis 141
o Fresno 147
P Reno, Nevada 153
Q China Lake/Inyokern 159
R Las Vegas, Nevada 165
S El Centro 171

,Aif.

Solar Zones Page

1 18
2 20
3,4 22
5,6 24
7,8,9 26
10,11 28
12,13 30
14 32
15 34
 18

Zone 1

fAtSE

Sugarloof
Island
CAPE
... IENDOC/NO

PUNTA
GORDA

© By North American Meps, San Francisco, CA - All Rights Reserved

Reprinted with Permission of North American Maps.
 -) " ...
19

Zone 1 (continued)

• Solar Stations in Zone Page i

A Butler Valley 63 a) Eure 180
b) San Rafael 181
• Solar in Adjacent Zones r) Medford 205
B San Rafael 69 s) Mount Shas 207
t) Red Bluff 208
C Richmond 75
M Medford 135

Rockport

Union Landing

© By North American Maps, San Francisco, CA - All Rights Reserved

Reprinted with Permission of North American Maps.
 20

Zone 2

Wildlife Refuge
San Francisco
FA~A{lON

© By North American Maps, San Francisco, CA ~, All Rights Reserved

Reprinted with Permission 01 North American Maps,
 ,- }

21

@ Solar Stations in Zone 2 Page • Climate Stations Pa~

B San Rafael 69 b) San Rafael 181
C Richmond 75 c) S.F. Federal 182
D Redwood City 81 d) Oakland 184
E San Jose 87 e' S.F. Airport
I 186
f) Mountain View 189
@ Solar in Adjacent Zones v) Sacramento 211
w) Fairfield 213
N Davis 141 x) Stockton 2'14
 22

a, N,,,, '.'''0,"
• Reprinted M.,., ''"
With PermiSsion """"".,
of North _ '" ""'" R""""
OA Maps.
American
 /
23

nes 3 and 4 (continued)

&II
Solar Stations in Zone 3 Page £
F Santa Maria Climate Stations
93
.. Solar Stations in Zone 4
e) S.F. Airport
f) Mountain View
186
189
none g) Monterey 190
h) Santa Mari a 191
.. Solar in Adjacent Zones i) Oxnard
x) Stockton
193
214
D Redwood City 81 aa) Reeves (Lemoore) 219
E San Jose 87 bb) Bakersfield 220
hh) Sandberg

-------~----

By North American Maps, San Francisco, CA _ All Rights Reserved

Reprinted with Permission of North American Maps.
Leo Car'illo 55
 24

Zones 5 and 6

~ Solar Stations in Zone 5 Page

G Los Angeles Civic 99
H Los Angeles Airport 105
I Riverside 111
J La Jolla 117

~ Solar Stations in Zone 6

K San Vicente Reservoir 123
L Barrett Reservo; r 129

~ Solar in Adjacent Zones

F Santa Maria 93

© By North American Maps, San Francisco, CA - All Rights Reserved

Reprinted with Permission of North American Maps.

Hew
 ·1

25

5 6( in ) A Climate ons Pa
h) Santa Maria 191
. ) Oxna
1I 'j
j) Bernardino 1
k) Los Angeles Civic 195
1) Los Angeles Airport 197

A Climate Stations Paqe

~

m) Riverside 199
n) Long Beach 200
0) Santa Ana 201
p) San Diego 202
q) Ream Field
(Imperi a1 Beach) 204
gg) Edwards AFB 228
hh) Sandberg 229 '" By North American Maps, San Francisco, CA .- All Rights Reserved
ii) Victorville 230 Reprinted with Permission of North American Maps.
 26

Zones 7, 8, and 9
~ Solar Stations in Zone 7 • Solar Stations in Zone 8
Medford

© By North American Maps, San Francisco, CA - All Rights Reserved

Reprinted with Permission of North American Maps.
 7,8, 9 n
I!i> Solar Stations in Zone 9 A Climate Stations
none b) n Rafael 181
r) ~1edford
I!i> Solar in acent Zones Page s) Mt. Shasta 207
t) Red Bluff 208
B San Rafael 69
75
u) Beale AFB 210
C Richmond v) Sacramento 211
N Davis "141 w) Fairfield 213
cc) Blue Canyon 222

© By North American Maps, San Francisco, CA - All Rights Reserved

Reprinted with Permission of North American Maps.
 28

~
Solar Stations Zone 10 Page
N Davis 141
0 Fresno 147

~ Solar Stations Zone 11

none

© By North American Maps, San Francisco, CA - All Rights Reserved

Reprinted with Permission of North American Maps.
 10 a~d 11 (continued) ,

A imate Stat; Page

u) Beale AFB 210
v) Sacramento 211
w) Fairfield 213
x) Stockton 214
y) ~lerced 216
z) Fresno 217
aa) Reeves (Lemoore) 219
bb) Bakersfield 220

© By North American Maps, San Francisco, CA - All Rights Reserved

Reprinted with Permission of North American Maps.
 30

~ Solar Stations in Zone 12

none
~ Solar ons in Zone 13 Page
P Reno 153
~ Sol ar in acent Zones Page
Q China Lake 159
R Las Vegas 165
A Climate Stations Page
bb) Bakersfield 220
cc) Blue Canyon 222
dd) Reno 223
ee) Las Vegas 225
ff) China Lake 227
99) Edwards AFB 228
hh) Sandberg 229

'. ""

A):i'~1:!.
t",h .~J'

© By North American Maps, San Francisco, CA - All Rights Reserved

Reprinted with Permission of North American Maps.
31

12 d 13(contin

See page 33 for southeas

tip of Zone 13

© By North American Maps, San Francisco, CA _ All Rights Reserved

Reprinted with Permission of North American Maps.
 32

Zone 14

GRAN/JE

A N B ERN A N 0
[A<ill: unl
b. 0. 55"
'dOl ~,,'O)

Tfackmg SI8

, Irwin

Uf\C{NT
OUt

Stedman

B ERN A R

e Sol ar Stati in Zone 14 Page

By North American Maps, San Francisco, CA - All Rights Reserved
Q China Lake (Inyokern)
©
159 Reprinted with Permission of North American Maps.
R Las Vegas 165
A Climate Stations ~~
ee) Las Vegas 225
ff) China Lake 227
99) Edwards AFB 228
hh) Sandberg 229
ii) Vi ctorvi 11 e 230
 33

Zone 14( continued) and southeastern tip of ne 13

I/\L

See page 34 for southern

part of Zone 14.

R N A N 0

;,P Trucklflg Sia

for: irWin

D
E Midland

© By North American Maps, San francisco,CA - All Rights Reserved

Reprinted with Permission of North American Maps.
 34

e 15 and hern part of 14

~ Solar ons in Zone 14

see preceding two pages
~ Solar Stations in Zone 15 Page
S E1 Centro 171

\ill Solar in Zones Page

L ervoir 129
A Climate Stations Page
j j Yuma 231

© By North American Maps, San Francisco, CA All Rights Reserved

Reprinted with Permission of North American Maps.
 35

I . e th ata
 ;
J
"
37

The solar and climate data in the next three sections (V, VI, and VII)
are explained in the following pages 9 along with instructions for their use.
Sample exhibits are described in order of appearance in their respective
sections.
Additional explanatory and resource material is given in Sections IX and X
and is referred to where appropriate.

A. GUIDE TO SECTION V: SOLAR DATA

1. Exhibit 1. Monthly Solar Data
a. SOLAR RADIATION
Solar radiation data provide a measure of the energy that the earth receives
from the sun. These data are broken down into two categories - horizontal surface
and direct beam - each of which is useful in the design of solar systems. For
maximum uti 1ity, the data are presented in both metri c units, kWh/m2 (kil owatt
hours per square meter), and engineering units, kBtu/ft2 (thousands of Btu's
per square foot). Conversion to kilojoules, calories or langleys can be accom-
plished with the aid of conversion factors listed in Appendix B, p.309.

Exhi bit 1.
Monthly Solar Data
Latitude: 36. 77° Longitude: 119.72° Elevation: 336'
--«-
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug !iep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWhJm2 per month)

horizontal surface 64 90 151 192 233 240 243 218 174 130 79 54 1868
direct beam (normal incidence) 95 126 195 229 273 279 285 262 224 186 122 79 2356

SOLAR RADIATION (KBtu/ft 2 per month)

horizontal surface 20 29 48 61 74 76 77 69 55 41 25 17 592
direct beam (normal incidence) 30 40 62 73 86 88 90 83 71 59 39 25 746

PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHINE 50 66 79 85 89 94 96 96 95 88 67 46 82

MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 3 5 7 4

FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL
.44 .52 .61 .65 .69 .70 .70 .69 .67 .61 .51 .40 .60
RADIATION (l(T)

Recording interval: 1952-1975

Source of solar data: NWS, Eppley lightbulb pyranometer until 1974, Eppley PSP since 1974.
 38

Horizontal Surface Radiation (also referred to as Total Horizontal Radiation)

is the total radiation available on a flat plane at the earth's surface, This
radiation is comprised of two components, Direct Beam Radiation and Diffuse
Radiation, Direct Beam radiation is the energy that comes directly from the sun,
Diffuse radiation is contributed by the sky after radiation coming from the sun
is scattered by the atmosphere, The direct beam values presented in the tables
are normal incidence values. This means that they give the direct solar beam
radiation falling on a hypothetical surface that remains perpendicular to the
direct solar beam. To envision this value, one might imagine the light falling
through a long, narrow tube that tracks the sun. Direct beam (normal incidence)
radiation was calculated from the total horizontal radiation according to the
method outlined in Section X,
The lower value of horizontal surface radiation in the winter, as compared
to the summer, results from the lower position of the sun in the sky, the shorter
day, and the generally cloudier conditions. The direct beam (normal incidence)
radiation is reduced mainly by the shorter day and cloudier conditions; the
normal incidence orientation greatly reduces the influence of the lower position
of the sun in the sky. Thus, the direct beam (normal incidence) radiation shows
less winter-to-summer variation than the horizontal surface radiation.

EXAMPLE: Find solar radiation values for February.

Read across the table to the month of February and observe a
value of 90 for the horizontal surface radiation and a value
of 126 for the direct beam (normal incidence) radiation. Thus,
90 kWh/m2 of total solar energy can be expected to fallon
the earth's surface during the entire month. 126 kWh/m 2 of
direct beam energy falls from the solar disk onto a perpen-
dicular surface during this same period, The fact that the
direct beam radiation is higher than the horizontal surface
radiation may seem counter-intuitive, It must be kept in
mind that direct beam radiation, as given in the exhibits,
is the normal incidence value, and thus, as explained above,
it is not particularly affected by the low position of the
sun in the sky in February, On the other hand, the horizontal
surface radiation is substantially reduced by this effect.
 39

b. INE AND MEAN CLOUD COVER

Percent Possible Sunshine and Mean Cloud Cover both provide measures of
the extent to which the sky is clear or cloudy, Percent possible sunshine
indicates the percentage of time during the daylight hours of the month that
the sun shines. Mean cloud cover describes the average extent of cloudiness
for the month. Continuing the example for the month of February, we observe
that percent possible sunshine is 66% and mean cloud cover is 0.6. Thus duri
the daytime in February the sun can be expected to shine 66% of the time, and
for the month an average of six-tenths of the sky will be covered by clouds.
The apparent discrepancy between the two values can probably be accounted for
by the fact that they measure different quantities. Percent possible sunshine
provides a measurement of the time during the day in which the sun is bright
enough to cast shadows, Mean cloud cover is an estimate of the spatial extent
of cloud cover, It is sometimes possible to observe shadows when the sky is
overcast, and thus a sky with a cloud cover of 1.0 might still correspond to
a sunshine condition,

C. FRACTION OF RADIATION (KT)

Extraterrestrial Radiation is the solar energy incident at the top of
the earthls atmosphere, The fraction of extraterrestrial radiation (K ) is the
T
ratio of total horizontal radiation at the earth's surface to extraterres al
radiation falling on a surface parallel to the ground. Calculated in this way,
KT essentially cancels out the effect of the position of the sun in the sky
(low in winter, high in summer) and the length of the day, This fraction is
therefore a good indicator of the gen~ral climatic conditions for any given
month. For February, KT is 0.52. Thus, 52% of the radiation impinging on the
edge of the atmosphere finally makes it to the earth's surface; the remaining
48% is lost due to the atmosphere.

2, 2, Iy Horizontal iation

Exhibit 2 shows how the average monthly total horizontal radiation changes
throughout the year. The maximum and minimum monthly values obtained during
the recording interval are also presented as dashed lines on this graph. The
range between these values demonstrates the effect of year-to-year weather
fluctuations on the amount of available sunlight. The extraterrestrial radi on
is indicated by a dotted line.
 40

t 2 Exhibit 3
-~---

Monthly Horizontal Monthly Total/Extraterrestrial (KT)

Il.ve, Min, Max for 1959-1975 Ave, Min, Max for 1959-1975
400 1.0 ,--
Extra terrestrial 0.9

100 .c 0.8
.c
*'c:
300 -'
c: 0.7
----.~ ...... - ""
0 / /, "-
0
~ / / ....... ~--
~
"- c: 06 / /
"- " "-
.- 0.5 / /
\ b. 0 / "- "-
b. /
Q) \
<!J
Q., 200
Q., ~ / \
ttl
/ \
OJ
I \
'"Ei 50 ""'
'- ~ 0.4 I \
"-.. /
"-.. ::I \
.c .., 0.3 /
\
~ t:!:l /
\
..I<: 100 ..I<:
0.2
/
\
/ 0.1
"-
0 0 10.0
J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Month of Year Mon th of Year

30 Exhibit 30 Monthly Total/Extraterrestrial (KT)

Exhibit 3 depicts the yearly variation of KT, the ratio of total horizontal
radiation to extraterrestrial radiation. As discussed above, plotting the data
in this manner nearly cancels out the effect of the changing position of the
sun in the sky during the course of the year; the variation in KT is then almost
entirely due to weather conditions. A plot that is relatively flat (winter
values about the same as summer values) indicates that the location has about
the same amount of cloudiness during the winter as the summero A peaked plot
(summer values higher than winter) suggests a climate that is cloudier in winter
than in summer. In this figure, the maximum and minimum values for KT (dashed
lines) indicate the high and low months of record.

Exhibit 40 Occurrences of Cloudy Days

Exhibit 4 shows the number of times that cloudy weather of a specified
duration can be expected to occur. Such cloudy day statistics may be helpful
in determining the optimal thermal storage size for certain applications. Two
curves are presented: one for the entire year, and one for the period from
October to March when heating might be necessary (heating season). For example,
the graph indicates that one can reasonably expect five episodes of two consec-
 41

Exhi bit 4 Exhi bit 5

--
------~~

rrences
Cloudy Day Definition: KT< 40

~l
25
20

CIl
(l)
20 x··········)( Tot a! for Year ~

~
~------- " " B B

u
r::
OJ o----------B Heating Season <I)
10
N till

1
N (Oc t - Mar) c
;J
15
tl!
U c;;:
U (!J 0
0 '-
lJ-.i
0 10·
0
:::!!
".,.,
<I)

tl!
1-1
(l)
'-
0
.-..,
IE
-10
11;J ro
w
I/)

t
~
z 5

\~~ -20

0
0 Z 3 4 5 {) 7 8 9 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Month of Ye ar

utive cloudy days during the heating season, If one needs to know how many
times two more cloudy days occur in a row, it is necessary to add the number
of occurrences of two consecutive cloudy days plus the number of occurrences of
three cloudy days plus the number of occurrences of four cloudy days, and so on,
Continuing the above example. two or more consecutive cloudy days can be expected
to occur ten times,
It should be noted that the definition of a cloudy day will vary somewhat
from application to application, The definition chosen for this graph is that
a day is cloudy when KT < 0.4. which corresponds roughly to days during which
90% or more of the sky is covered with clouds.

ibit 5, POSS! Error in irect Beam (Normal Incidence)

Exhibit 5 provides an estimate of the range of uncertainty in the ca<lcu-
Tation of the direct beam (normal incidence) radiation tabulated in Exhibit 1,
For example. the figure shows that for the month of December the actual amount
of direct beam radiation could be 20% more or 20% less than the tabulated
value. Section X describes how this range of uncertainty was esti~ated,
 42

6. ibit 6 (a) and (b). for Sol Radiation

In Exhibits 6a and 6b radiation estimates for a very clear day are plotted
against solar time (hours). Exhibit 6a presents direct beam (normal incidence)
radiation, and Exhibit 6b, total horizontal radiation. In each figure, radia-
tion values for the equinoxes (March 21 and September 21), the summer solstice
(June 21), and the winter solstice (December 21) are plotted as separate curves,
As might be expected, radiation is maximum in the summer, minimum in the winter,
and intermediate during the spring and fall. These figures are useful for
describing the maximum radiation values that can be expected at any hour during
any time of the year.
The vertical axis shows power density units or energy per unit area per
unit time. The horizontal time axis is subdivided into hours of local solar
time. Solar time is specific to a given location, and is calculated by assuming
that the sun is most directly overhead at solar noon.
In a single time zone, all clocks measure one standard time (or daylight
time) for convenience. This standard time corresponds approximately to the
local solar time for the central meridian of a time zone. Local solar time is

Exhibit 6.
Clear Plots for Solar

(a) Di reet Beam (Normal Incidence) (b)Total Radiation on a

Horizontal Surface
--r--r-'--, . I •

1000

b; .c
'"E <II

5
"-
(I) 200 '":: "-!J) 200 '"::
-'
<J "- -' "-
<\l 500
::J
-'
""'<\l 500 ..,::J
lI!: o:l lI!: o:l

100 100

J=t=
' - O " C 21
-M&f 21. Sel' 21
- - - June 21
O~~~~~~~.~~~~~ O~_~~~~~~.~ 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 HI 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Local Solar Time Local Solar Time
 43

more appropriate for solar energy applications because it derives from the
exact position of the sun, The relationship between solar time and standard
time is discussed in Section IX,

7. ibit 7 (a) (b), Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface

Exhibits 7(a) and (b) present monthly values for total radiation on a
tilted surface, which were calculated by a method given in Section X, This
quantity is the sum of direct, diffuse, and reflected radiation that falls on
a surface tilted from the horizontal, and is useful since flat-plate collectors
are often tilted in order to maximize collection during the winter months.
The two exhibits contain the same data, but metric units, kWh/m2 (kilowatt
hours per square meter), are used in 7(a) and engineering units, kBtu/ft 2
(thousands of Btu's per square foot), in 7(b),
The top section of each exhibit provides total radiation values that do
not include reflected radiation, In the bottom section, reflection values are
given for a typical grassy ground cover that scatters light in all directions,
a behavior known as diffuse reflection. Some surfaces behave like a mirror

Exhibit 7

(a) Total Radiation on a Tilted (Calculated Values)

Metric Units (kWh/m:.!)
SURFACE AIIIGLE
ORIEIIIT- OF TIL T
All 0111 (OEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GRDUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
1Z0NTAl) JI'\III FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUl AUG SEP OCT 1110\1 DEC AIIINUAL
SOUTH 15 81 108 170 201 233 23'1 239 22'1 190 15'1 9'1 68 19'19
SOUTH 30 93 119 178 I'ilS 219 215 221 216 1'15 168 113 1'1 201'1
SOUTH '15 99 12'1 176 18'1 193 18'1 I'll 196 183 ITI 121 85 1'112
SOUTH 60 100 121 16'1 159 1% 1'1'1 152 \6'1 ITO 165 121 86 IHH
SOUTH 15 95 III 1'12 125 112 98 106 12'1 I'll 1'18 11'1 82 13'H
SOUTH 90 8'1 9'1 III 85 65 51 51 78 105 123 100 73 1021
SE, SW 15 75 102 163 197 232 235 239 221 18'1 1'16 93 6'1 1951
51', SW 30 82 109 167 193 220 21'1 22'1 213 186 15 :3 101 70 !931
SE, SW '15 Il"i 109 162 180 1'18 1'1'1 200 1'16 171 153 10'1 12 1830
Sf, SW 60 83 103 1'19 159 In 162 168 110 160 I'll 101 71 16
51', SW 7'5 76 92 128 131 13'4 125 131 138 136 121 92 65 1
Sf, SW 90 65 77 102 99 96 87 '13 102 106 10'1 78 56 1066
f,W 15 63 8'1 1'18 IIH US 213 170 128 78 53
E,W 30 60 8'1 1'10 1T6 213 19 1 200 161 121 1'1 51 I
f,W '10; % 18 12'1 ltd 193 1'il1 ZOO 1111 1'17 112 6'il '11 1510
E,W 60 51 10 11'1 I'll 168 110 173 1"i8 130 100 62 '13 13eo
f,W 15 '1'1 60 'H liS 139 1'10 1'43 132 110 85 5'1 31 1159
f,W 90 36 '19 78 93 109 10'1 112 10'1 iH 69 '1'1 30 '119
GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFLECTIVITV = .2 (MULTIPLV IlY RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTIVITY ~ RHO)
ANI' 15 0 0 I I I I I I 1 0 0 0 (,
RNI' 30 I I :2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 i I 25
IINV 'I"> 2 3 'I I, 7 7 7 6 5 'I 2 2 55
RNY 60 3 8 10 12 12 12 II 'I 7 'I 3
AN ...
ANY
75
90 "
(,
"9
1 II
15
1'1
19
IT
23
18
2'1
18
2lj
16
22
13
11
10
13
(,
8
'I
5
I
IIH
 44

(b) Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Engineeri Units (kBtu/ft2)
SURFACE ANGLE
ORlnlT- OF TILT
AliGN ( DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANI\IUAL
SOUTH 15 21> 3'1 '!ill 6'1 7'4 7'4 76 71 60 '4'1 31 22 633
SOUTH 30 29 38 % 63 69 68 70 68 62 53 36 25 (, 38
SOUTH '15 31 3'1 % 58 61 58 61 62 60 5'1 38 27 606
SOUTH 60 32 38 52 50 '19 '16 '18 52 5'1 52 38 27 '539
SOUTH 75 30 35 '15 '10 36 31 33 39 '15 'IT 36 26 '1'13
SOUTH 90 27 30 35 27 21 16 18 25 33 3'1 32 23 325

51', sw 15 2'1 32 52 62 13 7" 16 70 58 '16 2'1 20 618

SI',5W 30 26 31i 53 61 70 69 71 68 59 Ii') 32 22 61'1
5E, SW '+" 27 35 51 57 63 61 63 62 56 'HI 33 23 580
SI', SW 60 26 33 '17 50 53 51 53 5'1 51 '15 32 22 519
51', Ski 15 2'1 29 'II '12 '12 '10 '12 '1'1 '13 '10 29 21 '136
51', SW 90 21 2'l 32 31 31 28 29 32 3'1 33 25 16 338

E,W 15 20 28 '17 59 72 1'1 75 67 5'1 '10 25 17 '579

E,1iI 30 1'1 27 '1'1 56 68 6'1 70 63 51 36 2'4 16 5'15
E,IM '15 18 25 'II 51 61 62 63 57 '11 36 22 IS '198
I',W (,0 16 22 3b '15 53 5'1 55 50 'II 32 20 1'1 '137
E,W 75 1'+ 19 31 37 '1'1 '1'1 '+" '12 35 27 17 12 367
E,W 90 II 15 25 30 3'l 35 35 33 28 22 1'+ 10 291

GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFLECT!VITV = .2 (MULTIPLV 8'0' RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTIVITV = RHO)
$\1\1'0' 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
AI\I'" 30 0 0 I 1 I I I I I I 0 0 B
ANV '15 I I I 2 :2 <' 2 2 <' I 1 () 11
liN I' 3 'I 'I Ii 3 30
A1\1 I'
bO
15
I
2
2
I
2
3
2
'I
5
'4
(,
5
7
6
8
6
8
5
7
3
'I
6
2
3
'I
..3I 1
I '1'1
59
AN'" 90 2

and reflect light directly (specular reflection). Others reflect some of the
incoming light directly and some of it diffusely. Many surfaces, such as an
asphalt highway, reflect light diffusely for most of the day, but when the sun
is low enough in the sky, during morning and evening hours, they reflect more
like a mirror. Though there are many types of behavior, the surfaces encountered
in solar applications usually reflect light diffusely during most of the sun-
light hours.
Because reflection is a function of ground cover, inclusion of this
component in the total radiation calculation would have made the tables unwieldy.
Given reflection values for a typical grassy ground cover, the interested reader
can calculate reflection from many other surfaces by use of a reflectivity
ratio. This is done by multiplying the appropriate radiation value in the
bottom section by the ratio of the reflectivity (rho) of the ground cover in
question to the typical grassy ground cover reflectivity (-0.2), that is, by
rhojO.2. liu and Jordan (1961) quote the following reflecti ties.
 ,
'J J ~ c·)

45

Surface Rho
Desert 0,24 - O.
Fields~ various types 0.03 - 0.28
Forest, green 0.03 - 0.10
Grass, various conditions 0.14 - 0.37
Ground, bare 0.07 - 0.20
Mo 1d, bl ad 0.08 - 0.14
Sand, dry 0.18
Sand, wet 0,09
Snow or ice 0.46 - 0,86

Once calculated, reflection values for specific sites can then be added
to the corresponding values from the top section~ thereby producing composite
values for total radiation on a tilted surface. Note, however~ that reflection
values are often a very small component of the total radiation. Thus~ for
reasonable estimates of the total radiation, the top section in each exhibit
should suffice, except at the largest tilt angles.
A collector may face any direction and be tilted to any degree, and every
position will have a characteristic incident radiation. An extreme case of
positioning is the collector tilted vertically and facing east. In this
position, all the direct beam and much of the diffuse radiation will cease at
noon, and thus values for total radiation will be low. The first column at
the far left of each exhibit gives the orientation, or the direction that the
surface faces, The second column gives the angle of tilt for the surface. In
the top section of each exhibit, five directions and six angles of tilt define
30 possible positions and their respective radiation values. Though there are
an infinite number of collector positions, it is assumed that these are suffi-
cient for most purposes. Radiation for intermediate values can be calculated
by interpolation, It should be noted that in column one there are sometimes
two orientation values per row (for example E,W) and one radiation value for
both orientations. This results from the fact that the orientations are
symmetric with respect to the sun1s motion through the sky. In the bottom
section of each exhibit, there is no restriction on the surface orientation
because it is assumed that reflection is the ,same from every direction.
However, reflection does differ with angle of tilt, and thus radiation values
are given for the same six inclination angles used in the top section.
 46

EXAMPLE: Find the monthly total radiation on a tilted surface for a

collector oriented SW and inclined 25° from the horizontal.
The month is February and the collector is located in a
bare ground terrain.
First, determine total radiation on a tilted surface
(minus reflection) by consulting the top section of one of
the exhibits. As there is no value for a 25° tilt, it must
be obtained by interpolation between the nearest higher and
lower values: 15° and 30°. From exhibit 7(a) the radiation
values for these tilt angles and a SW orientation are 102
kWh/m 2 and 109 kWh/m 2, respectively. Since 25° is 2/3 of
the way between 15° and 30°, the corresponding radiation
value will lie 2/3 of the way between 102 kWh/m2 and 109
kWh/m 2, This value is 106.7 kWh/m2,
Next, determine reflected radiation for normal grassy
ground cover by consulting the bottom section of one of the
exhibits. Once again, there is no value for a 25° tilt,
so interpolation must be repeated, The radiation value 2/3
of the way between 0 kWh/m 2 and 1 kWh/m 2 is 0.7 kWh/m2.
Then, calculate reflection for the specified ground
cover. Obtain reflectivity for the ground cover in question
and form the ratio, rho/0.2.

rho := 0.12 Approximate reflectivity

coefficient for bare
ground from Liu and
Jordan (1961).
rho/0.2 = (0.12/0.2) = 0.6 Reflection adjustment
factor (rho/0.2),
(0.6) x 0.7 kWh/m2 :: 0,4 kWh/m 2 Reflection radiation
from bare ground.
Finally. determine total radiation on the tilted surface
by adding the calculated values.
106.7 kWh/m 2 + 0.4 kWh/m2 107.1 kWh/m2
Total radiation on Reflection radiation Total radiation
surface tilted 25° from bare ground on surface tilted
from horizontal onto surface tilted 25° from horizontal
(without reflection). 25°. (with reflection)
 47

8. ibit 8 (a),(b)
d (c), Possib Error in the iationon a
Ited urface
Exhibit 8(a), (b) and (c) presents the estimated error of the calculated
values for total radiation on a tilted surface. These error estimates are
provided to help the user understand the uncertainties implicit in the data
presented in Exhibit 7. The separate figures give information for various
degrees of tilt (30 0 , 60°, 90 0 ) . Within each figure, the error for five
different orientations is plotted: south, southeast (SE), southwest (SW), east
and west. The SE and SW orientations both produce identical error estimates,
as do the east and west orientations, because these two sets are symmetric
with respect to the sun's daily motion through the sky.

Exhibit 8

Possible Error the Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface

(b)
Till 01 60° (C)Till 01 90°
30 .---,--r'--;rr-
ORIENTATION
G------£J SOUTH
0'''''''0 SE,SW
*--x E.¥/'
20

-0
W

~ -lol;~~~."
····c~:~:~:
~

E
(!) ~10

·'''1 .. ~. C~
JI'MAMJJASOND
..•• 0 .1 -20.

J F
!
M
j I

A M J J
I _ . .1- I !

A SON
I !

D
Month of Year Month of Year of Year

EXAMPLE: Find the possible error in February for the value of total
radiation falling on a southward-facing collector tilted
30° from the horizontal.
First, consult Exhibit 8(a) and follow the south orien-
tation line to February, where a double error value is
observed. The data can be 8% higher or 7% lower than
estimated. Next, refer to Exhibit 7(a), and find the
estimated value for total radiation on a surface tilted 30°
facing south. For February, t:lis value is 119 kWh/m2.
Finally, use the error percentages to define a range for
the radiation value:
 48

(119 kWh/m 2.) x 0.08 "" 9.5 kWh/m 2

(119 kWh/m2) x 0.07 ::;::
8.3 kWh/m2
119 kWh/m2 + 9.5 kWh/m '" 128,5 k~~h/m2
119 kWh/m 2 8.3 kWh/m ::: 110,7 kWh/m 2

Thus, for the month of February, the long-term average of

radiation on a collector facing south and tilted 30° could
lie any~ilhere between 110,7 kWh/m2 to 128.5 k\~h/m2. Error
values for tilt and orientation positions intermediate
between those presented in the exhibits must be interpolateo,

9, Exhibit 9, Direct Beam Conversion Factor from Horizontal to

Tilted Surface
The calculation methods that were used to estimate the direct beam (normal
incidence) and tilted-surface radiation include factors that convert the direct
beam radiation on a horizontal surface to normal incidence or to tilted-surface
values, These factors are difficult to calculate without a computer, and thus
they are presented in Exhibit 9 to benefit the user who might want to perform
a tilted-surface calculation for input data different from those used for the
calculated values in Exhibit 7 or the normal incidence values in Exhibit 1,
Like Exhibit 7, this Exhibit is divided into top and bottom sections,
The top section contains factors whereby direct beam radiation on a horizontal

Exhi bit 9
Factor to Convert Direct Beam Radiation on a Horizontal Surface
SURFACE ANGLE
to Direct Beam on a Tilted Surface, Calculated using
ORIENT- OF TILT Nominal Solar Profiles
ATTON (DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUIII JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
SOUTH 15 1.'16 1. 3! l. 18 l. 07 1. 00 .97 .98 1. 0'1 I. 13 l. 25 1.'<' l."1
SOUTH 30 1. 82 l. 53 1. 28 I. 07 .9'1 .S8. .90 1.01 I. 18 1.'12 l. 72 1.92
SOUTH '15 2.06 1.65 l. 30 1.00 .82 .7'1 .77 .91 1.16 l.r;o I. 92 2.20
SOUTH 60 2.16 l. 66 l. 22 .86 .65 .56 .59 .75 1. 05 1.'17 I. 98 2.32
SOUTH 75 2.11 1. 55 !. 06 .66 .'1'1 .35 .38 .55 .87 I. 3'1 l. 91 2.29
SOUTH 90 1.92 1. 3'1 .83 .'12 .21 .13 .16 .32 .eli I. 12 1.71 2.11

51':, SW 15 l. 32 !. 21 I. 12 1. 05 I. 00 .97 .98 I. 02 1. 09 l.IT l. 28 I. 35

5E, SW 30 1.55 I. 35 l. 18 l. 0'1 .9'1 .90 .92 .99 I. 11 I. 27 l.'IB I. 61
SE, SW
SE, SW '60I" 1.68
I. 69
1.'10
I. 36
l. 16
1. 08
.91
.86
.85
.72
.79
.65
.82
.68
.91
.79
1.07
.98
1. 29
I. 2'1
1. 5 B
1.51
1.77
1. 80
SE ,SW 75 1.60 !. 2'1 .9'1 .10 .56 .'19 .52 .63 .83 I. 10 1.'17 I. 72
SE, SW 90 1.'10 1. 0'< .75 • '5 2 .39 .33 .35 • '16 .6'f .91 1. 27 1.5.2

E,W 15 .98 .9S .98 .91 .97 .97 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .95 .9'4 .93 .92 .91 .90 .91 .91 .92 .93 .9'1 .95
E ,W 'f'i .90 .81 .85 .83 .82 .81 .81 .82 .8'1 .86 .89 .90
E,W 60 .82 .79 .76 .73 .71 .70 .70 .72 .75 .77 .81 .83
E,W 75 .72 .68 .65 .61 .59 .57 .58 .60 .63 .61 .71 .73
E,W 90 .60 .56 ., .2 .'18 .'16 .'1'1 .'15 .1;7 .50 .5'1 .59 .61

NORMAL INCIDENCE 2.60 .2.15 !. 81 1.60 l.., 1 1.'f8 l. 50 1.55 1.71 I. 99 .2 .'13 2.75
 49

surface can be converted into direct beam radiation on a tilted surface. The
bottom section, which 1s only one row of numbers, contains the factors used
to convert direct beam radiation on a horizontal surface into direct beam
(normal incidence) radiation.
In the top section, the factors are organized according to tilt angle
and surface orientation in a manner like that used to present the total radi-
ation on a tilted surface (Exhibit 7). In fact, the two left columns indicate
the same orientation and tilt conditions. The bottom section requires no
specification of orientation and tilt, due to the nature of direct beam
(normal incidence) radiation.
For use of this table, the reader is referred to Section X. "Estimating
Unmeasured Solar Radiation Quantities."

10. Exhibit 10 (a) and (b). Iy Solar Histograms

Exhibit 10(a) shows the number of days each month that the total radiation
on a horizontal surface reaches various levels. Exhibit 10(b) presents similar
information for the fraction of extraterrestrial radiation (KT). Each histo-
gram is comprised of data averaged over the years for which reliable information
is available. The number N on both histograms is the actual number of dany
values used to construct the histogram. It should be noted that the vertical
axis values are average numbers of days that the radiation or fraction lies
within a certain range and thus these values need not be integers. For the
radiation histogram, the horizontal axis unit is 0.5 kWh/m2, and in the fraction
of extraterrestrial radiation histogram, 0.05 (dimensionless number).

EXAMPLE: Find the number of days in February that the daily radiation
value lies between 4 kWh/m2 and 4.5 kWh/m2. Then determine
the number of days in the month that the sun will produce at
least 4 kWh/m2 of radiation.
Locate 4 kWh/m2 and 4.5 kWh/m2 on the horizontal axis and
observe the corresponding vertical axis value, 6.0 days.
Thus, on an average of 6.0 days every February, the sun will
produce between 4 kWh/m2 and 4.5 kWh/m2 of energy. To determine
the number of days during which more than 4 kWh/m2 of radiation
will be produced, add the average day values for each 0.5 kWh/m2
range above 4 kWh/m 2 :
 50

Exhibit 10

(a) Radiation Histogram (b) Total/Extraterrestrial (K T) Histog ram

10 10
JUL JAN JUL
N=494 N=50S N=494
5 5

10 ~ 10
FEB AUG z FEB AUG
, N=477 N=495 o N=477 N=495
5 :::E 5
0::
W
0.. 10
MAR (f) SEP
N=526 r N=4S0
C3 5
~
o 10
APR APR
N=509 0:: N=509
W
~ 5
::>
z 10 ~~C-_ _~_ _~~~_ _~~
MAY w MAY NOV
N=527 c:J N=527 N=510
<l:!
5 t;3 5
>
<l:!
10 JUN 10 JUN
N=479 N=479
5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 1 0.5 1
KWh/m2 PER DAY FRAcrION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliab data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 51

6.0 days + 3.5 days + 0.5 days "" 10 days

(4-4.5) (4.5 - 5.0) (5.0 - 5.5)
k~Jh/m2 k~Jh/m2 kWh/m2
Thus, for the month of February, daily radiation values will
exceed 4 k\~h/m2 on an average of 10 days. The fract; on of
extraterrestrial radiation (KT) histogram can be used exactly
like the radiation histogram.

. G IDE TO ION VI: LI E

This section contains tables of climate data for 36 weather stations in

California. The data sources include both National Weather Service (NWS) and
Air Weather Service (AWS) locations. The NWS narrative climate summaries are
included with the corresponding tables. No such summaries exist for the AWS
sites.
Following the tables are lists of mean temperatures and heating and cooling
degree-day normals, along with the geographic coordinates of the 203 stations
where these data were collected. Precipitation normals for 349 stations are
also given, including the geographic locations for these sites.

11. Exhibit 11, Monthly limatoiogical

The data presented in this table are average values observed over many
years of measurement. Most of the entries presented are self-explanatory.
A possible exception is the 'Degree Days' category. Each degree that the mean
daily temperature is above a specified temperature (65°F) is a cooling degree-
day unit, and each degree of the daily mean below that temperature is a heating
degree-day unit. Monthly values for both heating and cooling are the sums of
the respective degree-day units for each day of the designated month.
 52

Exhibit II
eli for San Diego
latitude: 32°44' Longitude: 117°10' Elevation: 13'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May lun Jul Aug Sep Ocl Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(oF)
average monthly 55.2 56.7 58.1 60.7 63.3 65.5 69.6 71.4 69.9 66.1 60.8 56.7 62.9
65 66 66 68 69 71 75 77 77 74 70 66 70
average d'l
31 y
max
min 46 48 50 54 57 60 64 65 63 58 52 4'f 55
max 86 85 85 91 91 90 92 90 111 107 97 88 111
extreme
min 31 38 39 44 48 51 57 58 56 43 38 36 31

DEGREE DA VS
heating (base 65°F) 314 237 219 144 79 52 6 0 16 43 140 257 1507
cooling (base 65°F) 10 0 0 15 26 67 149 201 163 77 14 0 722

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 5.6 6.3 7.2 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.1 7.0 6.7 6.3 5.7 5.5 6.7
39 35 46 37 27 26 23 23 25 31 51 34 51
Max. speed* (mph)
Prevailing direction NE WNW WNW WNW WNW ssw WNW WNW NW WNW NE NE WNW

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH <0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <0.5

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

average
1.88 1.48 1.55 0.81 0.15 0.05 0.01 0.07 0.13 0.34 1.25 1.73 9.45
6.26 5.31 5.89 3.58 0.95 0.38 0.l3 0.87 1.90 2.90 5.82 7.6u 1.60
~ -T 0.00 T T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00
min

RELATIVE HUMIDITY(%)
4AM 68 72 74 74 76 80 81 80 78 74 73 70 75
10 AM 54 56 59 58 64 69 69 67 65 58 57 55 61
4 PM 55 57 59 58 63 67 66 66 64 61 63 57 61
10 PM 68 71 72 71 74 78 79 78 77 73 73 70 74

*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed lominute value.

Source of climatological data: NWS climatic summary.

C. GUIDE ECTION VII: SKY CHARTS

This section contains five sky charts, given for every two degrees of
latitude in the state of California. (Latitude and longitude coordinates for
over 350 weather stations in California are given in Section VI-b.)

12. Exhibit 12. Sky Chart

The sky chart is a plot that describes the relationship between time of
the year, hour of the day, and position of the sun in the sky. The bowed
curves that slope up at either end specify a time of year, or date. The vertical
curves that intersect the date lines at approximately right angles indicate the
time of day. The concentric circles each represent an altitude angle, and the
radial lines represent an azimuth angle. One need only locate the date and
 53

Exhibit 12 True
north
o
Al ti tlll:ie

Hour of the day

JUL 22
JUN 2 1 - - - - - AUG 21
MAY 2 2 - - -
APR 21--_ _ SEP 21

OCT 21
MAR 22
NOV 20
FEB 20 ---..,l~

JAN 20

DEC 21

180
True
South

time to determine the azimuth and altitude angles which~ when taken together~
pinpoint the sun's position in the sky. The altitude angle measures the sun's
height in degrees above the horizon~ and the azimuth angle determines its
angular distance, measured clockwise, from true north.

EXAMPLE: Find the altitude and azimuth angles of the sun on November
at 10 AM~ solar time. (The procedure for converting from
local standard time to solar time is given in Section IX.)
Using the sky chart shown, observe that October 21 is
the closest date on the chart to November 1. Follow this line
to the point where it intersects with the 10 AM curve. Since
November 1 falls approximately 1/3 of the way between October
 54

21 and November 20, move 1/3 the distance toward November 20

along the 10 AM curve, At this point, the altitude is 32°
and the azimuth is 144°,
Thus, the sun is 32° above the horizon, and if an
imaginary vertical line is dropped from the sun, its point
of intersection on the horizon will lie 144 0 from the north
(measured clockwise).
Sky charts are also useful for determining the extent to which obstructions
such as buildings or trees will shade a solar collector, The procedure is to
stand at the position of the collector and measure the altitudes and azimuths
of all visible obstructions. The outlines of these obstructions can then be
plotted on the sky chart for the particular locale. The collector will be
shaded during any interval in which the sun's daily path passes through the
outline of one of the obstructions.
EXAMPLE: Determine the extent to which a south-facing collector is
blocked from the sun by a nearby building. From the collector,
assume the southern horizon looks like this:

[[J

Horizon

First, take altitude and azimuth angles for the part of the
building's outline that stands above the horizon. Then plot
 55

these angles on the sky chart. The azimuth angles can

be obtained with a magnetic compass. For measurement of the
altitude angles, a protractor with a weighted string will
suffice. One can take the coordinates for as many points
on the outline as desired, although not that many are needed
unless the structure is complex.

7
6 ~

4
5

3
2

Horizon
1 9

Suppose 9 points are considered adequate, and that the

measured coordinates from the ~osition of the collector are
Point Azimuth Altitude
1 170 0
0°
2 170° 7°
3 165° 8°
4 175 0 18°
5 19P 18 0
6 191 0 3]0
7 199 0 37°
8 207.0 35 0
9 207 0
0°
Now, transfer these coordinates to the sky chart.
 56

True
north
o
Altitude

HOllr of the da y

JUL 22
JUN 2 1 - - - - AUG 21
MAY 22~--
SEP 21
APR 21-_~

OCT 21
MAR 22
NOV 20
FEB 20--~

JAN 20

DEC 21

180
True
South

The shaded area on the sky chart corresponds to the outline

of the structure. The cross-hatched area formed by the date
and time curves defines 1 possible positions of the sun in
the sky. The intersection of the shaded and cross-hatched
areas determines the extent to which the structure blocks the
sun, Thus, it is observed that from about November 1 to
February 10, the sun is obstructed for some portion of the day.
On December 21, the sun is blocked from approximately 12:35
to 1:45. By February 15, the period of time blocked has changed
to approximately 12:30 to 1:30. It will be noted that in all
instances, except for the summer and winter solstice, two dates
are represented by the same horizontal curve; example,
 57

October 21 and February 20. This is because on these two da

the earth's declination is identical, and the sun's motion
through the sky appears the same for both cases,
The sky chart determines the sun's position in the SkY9
and thus inferences made concerning solar-energy obstruction
pertain primarily to the direct beam component of the total
radiation, Some diffuse and reflected energy will normally
be present regardless of the obstruction,
 59

v.
 U (J

61

The solar data in this section are arranged in order of their

on the solar zone maps (Section I I I).

Solar .- Data Station Pa~

A Butl er Va 11 ey Ranch 63
B San Rafael 69
C Richmond 75
D Redwood City 81
E San Jose 87
F Santa Maria 93
G Los Angeles Civic Center 99
H Los Angeles International Airport 105
I Riverside 111
J La Jolla 117
K San Vicente Reservoir 123
L Barrett Reservoir 129
M Medford, Oregon 135
N Davis 141
a Fresno 147
P Reno, Nevada 153
Q China Lake/Inyokern 159
R Las Vegas, Nevada 165
S El Centro 171
 63

(A) SOLAR R
 64

Month Solar Data. Butler Val Ranch

Latitude: 40.77 ° Longitude: 123.90° Elevation:421'

Jail Feb Mar Apr May JUl1 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (IIWh/m 2 per month)

horizontal surface 50 55 95 140 171 194 215 190 146 83 50 43 1432
77 62 99 145 168 200 237 218 181 99 67 69 1623
direct beam (normal incidence)

SOLAR RADIATION (KBtu/ftZper month)

horizontal surface 16 17 30 44 54 61 68 60 46 26 16 14 454
direct beam (normal incidence) 24 20 31 46 53 63 7S 69 57 32 21 22 514

42 46 50 55 55 57 52 47 53 49 42 40 50
PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHlNE*

MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths)* 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 6 6 7 7 7

FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL .39 .36 .41 .49 .51 .56 .62 .61 .58 .43 .37 .38 .48
RADIATION (KTl

Recording interval: 1971-1975

*Data for Eureka, 40° 48'N, 124°10' W, elevation 43'
Source of solar data: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, pyranograph.

Monthly Total Horizontal Radiation Monthly Total/Extraterrestrial (K T)

Butler Valley Ranch Valley Ranch
Ave, Min. Max Co I' 1971~1975 Ave, Min, Max for 1971-1975
400 1.0

Extr. t.rr:~t'lal\d/ 0.9

0.8
100 .t:::
.t:::
..., 300 ...t:::
i:: : 0.7
0 0
:
::l!l
k
!!l
:

./0-
/ "-
::l!l
I.
<l>
t::: 0.6
.-~
0
I
;- -- - - - --

"-
\
\
\
"
./
. ZOO 0. I "-
0.
I
I
;
; \.
\., 0.5 I \.
,, \

,,- - -
l!J

-...,
'"..... /
'"E I
I I \ \ '.'. 50
k
r.r.. 0.4
"- /
I \
I
........
.t::: /
I
I
I \
\
\
\
" '.
........
::I
0.3
"..
I--
-- I
, ,/ /
""
.l1i 100 / -- \
\ ~
\
!l':l
.l1i
O.Z
\ :>-
\ ....
'- 0.1
0 0 0.0
J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Month of Year Month of Year
 , j

65

Cloudy Day Definition:

25

20 x···· .. ·· ..x Total for Year

Heating Season 10
(Oct - Mar)
15

10
...
o -10

Ob-~b-~~~ __- J_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~_ _~

o 23 4 5 6 7 8 9 M A M J J A S o N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Month of Year

Plots for Solar Radiation

Di (Normal Incidence)
Butler Valley

1000 1000
300 300

.;::
'"Ei
~i200 :
OJ

Ei
""'- 200 '"-' ""'-
(J)
-'
-'
co
--
""'-
::l
(I)
-'
-'
"
500 -' <\l 500 .",
~ co ~ co

100 too
-Dec 21
Mar 21. 5e!> 2
June 21
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0
20
Loe "I So 1 sr Time Loe al Solar Time
 66

Total Radiation on a Ited Surface (Calculated Values)

Metric Units (kWh/m2)
Butler Valley Ranch
SURFACE ANGLE
ORIENT- OF TIL T
ATION ( DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP DC T NOV DEC ANNUAL
SOUTH 15 6'1 65 105 PH 172 I'll 213 197 161 96 61 56 1529
SOUTH 30 7'1 70 110 1't6 16'1 178 201 193 167 10'1 70 66 1,'12
SOUTH 'l5 81 72 108 137 I'H 156 177 177 162 106 7'1 72 1'171
SOUTH 60 82 TO 101 121 123 127 1'15 152. 1'19 102 7'1 7'1 1320
SOUTH 75 79 65 88 98 93 92 106 118 1~6 92 70 72 1100
SOUTH 90 71 55 7J 71 6I % 6'1 80 97 78 62 65 831
SE, SW 15 60 61 102 145 171 I'll 213 19'1 156 92 58 52 1493
SE, SW 30 66 65 103 142 163 180 (02 IS9 158 % 62 58 I~ 85
SE, SW '15 69 6'1 100 13'1 149 162 182 176 152 95 6'1 61 1'108
SE, SW 60 68 6\ 92 119 129 138 156 15'1 139 69 62 61 1267
SE, SW 75 63 55 80 100 10'1 109 12'1 127 119 79 57 57 107'1
SE, SW 90 55 '16 65 77 78 79 90 96 95 66 '19 50 8'14

t.W 15 '19 5'i 93 137 167 189 209 186 143 81 '19 '12 1'101
E;W 30 '17 52 89 130 157 178 197 175 135 78 '17 'II 1325
E,W 'i5 '15 '18 82 119 1'13 161 178 160 125 72 '1'1 38 121'1
E,W 60 '10 '13 73 105 125 1'10 1~5 1'10 111 6'1 '10 35 1072
E,W 75 35 37 62 88 105 117 129 118 9'1 55 3'1 30 906
E,W 90 29 30 50 70 82 92 102 94 76 '15 28 25 723
GROUND REFLECTION .OR REFLECTlV lTV " .2 (MUL TlPL V BV RHO/.2 FOR RHLECTlV lTV = RHO)
ANY 15 0 0 0 0 1 I I I 0 0 0 0 5
ANY 30 I 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 I I 19
ANY '15 I 2 3 'I 5 6 /:, 6 4 2 1 1 '12
ANY 60 2 3 5 7 9 10 11 10 7 'I 2 2 72
ANY 75 'I 'I 7 10 13 1'1 16 1'1 11 /:, 'I 3 106
ANY 90 5 (, 9 14 17 19 21 19 15 8 5 'I 1'13

Total Radiation on a Ited Surface (Calculated Values)

Engineering units (kBtu/ft2)
SURFACE ANGLE
Butler Valley Ranch
ORIEWi- OF TIL T
ATION (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) J A~J FEB MAR APR MAY JUI\I jJL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL
SOUTH 15 20 20 33 '17 5'1 61 68 62 51 30 19 18 '18'1
SOU TH 30 2'1 22 35 '16 52 56 6'1 61 53 33 22 21 '189
SOUTH li5 26 23 3'1 '13 '17 '19 56 56 5I 3'1 23 23 '166
SOUTH 60 26 22 32 38 39 '10 '16 'i8 '17 32 23 24 '118
SOUTH 75 25 20 28 31 30 29 3'1 38 '10 29 22 23 3'19
SOUTH 90 23 18 22 22 19 18 20 25 31 25 20 21 263

SE, SW 15 19 19 32 46 5'1 61 67 62 49 29 18 17 '173

SE, SW 30 21 20 33 ~5 52 57 6'1 60 50 30 20 18 '170
SE, SW '15 22 20 32 '12 'H 51 58 56 '18 30 20 19 '146
SE, SW 60 21 19 29 38 '11 '1'1 '19 '19 '1'1 28 20 19 '102
SE, SW 75 20 17 25 32 33 35 39 '10 38 25 18 18 340
SE, SW 90 17 15 21 2'1 25 25 29 30 30 21 15 16 267

E,W 15 Ib 17 29 '13 53 60 66 59 '15 26 16 13 41j1j

E,W 30 15 16 28 'l1 50 56 62 56 '13 25 15 13 '120
E,W '15 1'1 15 26 38 '15 51 56 51 39 23 1'1 12 385
E,W 60 13 \'1 23 33 '10 '1'1 '19 '15 35 20 13 II 3'10
E,W 75 11 12 20 28 33 37 41 37 30 18 II 10 287
E,W 90 9 10 16 22 26 29 32 30 2'1 1'1 9 8 229
GROUND REFl EC Tl ON FOR REFLECTlV lTV :: .2 (MUL TI PLY BV RHO/.2 FOR REFLEC T! V I TV " RHO)

ANV 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
ANY 30 0 0 0 1 1 I 1 1 ! 0 0 0 6
ANY '15 0 ! 1 1 2 2 2 2 I 1 0 0 13
ANV 60 1 I 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 ! I 1 23
ANY 75 ! I 2 3 'i 5 5 'I 3 2 1 1 3'1
ANV 90 2 2 3 lj 5 6 7 6 5 3 2 1 '15
 ,J

67

in

0
Till of 30 0 Ti Il of 60 Tilt of 90°

30r----r-~',~,',.",',;1'
ORIENTATION ORIENTATION
SOUTH SOUTH
0-"""0 SE.SW U'······u SE,8W
*--x E,W *--x , E,'\1
20,

.....(\..
v
10 ",
"'"
'0 •. ,

m x---i(__ *_'~_~~'-'~':.:*_.x __ ~_-7< l

'"
~ O~,------------------------- E---~-----~
1

~'~J
oj

i-l0r~~~ -10

-20:
J F M A M J J A SON
,~ D
-20

J F M A M J J A SON D
Month of Year Month of Year Month of Year

SURFACE ANGLE
ORIENT- OF TILT
AlION ( DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT I\IOV DEC

SOUTH 15 1.55 1. 36 1. 21 l. 09 1. 02 .99 l. 00 1. 06 1.16 1. 30 ! .'18 1.61

SOUTH 30 1. 99 l. 6 3 I. 3'1 I. 11 .97 .91 .9'1 1. 0'1 1.23 l. 51 l. 86 2.11
SOUTH '15 2.29 I. 79 1. 38 I. 06 .86 .78 .81 .96 !. 23 1. 6 1 2.12 2.'17
SOUTH 60 2.'1'1 1. 8 3 1. 33 .93 .70 .6 I .6'1 .82 l. 1'1 l. 61 2.22 2.65
SOUTH 75 2.'13 1.7'1 l. 18 .7'1 .50 .'10 .'I'f .62 .97 1.50 2.18 2.66
SOUTH 90 2.25 1. 5'1 .96 .51 .27 .19 .22 .39 .7'1 I. 28 1. 99 2. '19

SE, SW 15 l. 38 1. 25 1. 1'1 I. 06 l. 0 1 .99 .99 1. 0'1 1. 11 1. 20 1.33 I. '12

SE, SW 30 l. 6 7 l. '12 1. 22 1. 07 .97 .93 .9'1 1. 02 1. 15 I. 33 1.,,8 1. 7'1
Sf, SW '15 1. 8'1 l."O 1 . 23 l. 0 1 .88 .82 .85 .95 1. 13 1. 38 I. 72 1. 95
SE, SW 60 l. 90 1.48 1 16 .91 .76 .69 .72 .83 1. 0'1 1. 3'1 1. 7'1 2.03
SE, SW 75 1.82 1. 37 1. 03 .76 .60 .53 .56 .68 .90 I. 22 1.66 1. 97
SE, SW 90 I. (, 3 1.18 .8/j .58 .'13 .36 .39 .51 .71 1. 03 1. 46 1. 78

E,W 15 .99 .98 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .96 .95 .93 .92 .91 .91 .91 .92 .93 .9'1 .96 .96
E,W '15 .93 .89 .87 .8'1 .83 .82 .82 .83 .86 .88 .91 .93
E,W 60 .86 .82 .78 .7'1 .72 .71 .71 .73 .76 80 .85 .8'1
E,W 75 .77 .72 .67 .63 .60 .59 .59 .6 :;> .65 .70 .75 .78
E,W 90 .65 .60 .55 .50 .'17 .'16 .'16 .'19 .53 .58 .63 .66

I\IORMAL INCIDEI\ICE 2.91 2.33 1. 92 1.66 1.55 1.52 1.,,3 1. 61 I. 79 2.1'1 2.70 3.12
 68

Val
Total Radiation Histogram Total/Extraterrestrial (KT) ram

10 10
JUL JAN JUL
N=121 N=147 N=121
5 5

~ 10 ~ 10
z AUG Z FEB AUG
o N=109 o N= 135 N=109
~ 5 ~ 5
0:: 0::
W W
0., 10 0., 10
C/J C/J
MAR SEP
>-- >- N=148 N=119
~ 5 ~ 5
~ ~
010 010
0:: 0::
w w
CCl 5 CCl 5
~
;::)
z z
w 10 MAY NOV
v N=142 N=113
<C
~ 5
>
<C
10 10

5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 0.5 1
KWh/m2 PER DAY FRAcr ION OF EXT RAT ERREST RIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 69

(8) SOLAR DATA FOR SAN RAFAEL

Nearby Climate Station - San Rafael
 70

Monthly Solar Data, San Rafael

latitude: 37.97" Longitude: 122.53° Elevation: 25 '
-~

Jan Feb Mar Apr May lun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m 2 per month)

horizontal surface 65 89 40 194 225 237 243 220 170 115 68 54 1820
direct beam (normal incidence) 105 129 78 238 259 275 287 268 221 158 99 86 2302

SOLAR RADIATION ("Bluff/ 2 per month)

horizontal surlace 21 28 44 61 71 75 77 70 54 36 22 17 576
direct beam (normal incidence) 33 41 56 76 82 87 91 85 70 50 31 27 729

PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHlNE~

MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths)* 6 5 5 5 4 3 2 3 2 4 5 6 4

FRACTION OF EXTRA TERRESTRIAL .46 .53 .58 .67 .66 .69 .70 .70 .66 .56 .45 .42 .59
RADIATION (KT )

Recording interval: 1970-1974

Source of solar data: BAAPCD, Eppley lightbulb pyranometer.

Monthly Total Horizontal Radiation Monthly Total/Extraterrestrial (K T )

San Rafael San Rafael
Ave. Min. Max fol' 1970-1974 Ave. Min. Max f 0 I' 1970-1974-
400 1.0

EX1"'I.r:.~I'ial···~:7
0.9

100 .c: O.B

.c:
....
, 300 ..,
t:: 0.7 ----~
t:: .. 0
-, "-
0 /' "- "-
2 . 2 /
; ...... ..... / -... '\
t:: 0.6 I
b 0
/ \ "-
b / / \ '\
(j)
f!)
0- 200 /' ~:-.. '.
0- u 0.5 I \
;: ~\ <Il I \
/ / \ '".., ~
b
0.4- /'
/'-~

""
E / / \ \ 50 /
"'- / I \ \
'. "'-
.c:
~
/ /
\ \ ....;:l 0.3
/ J 00
.;,: 100 /
\ \ .;,:
/
/ /
'\ \ 0.2
/' '\ "
/' '-
0.1

o 0 0.0
J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Month of Year Month of YesI'
 i
"

71

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible Error in Direct Beam

San Rafael (Normal Incidence)
San Rafael

20

20 )(-·""",.x Total for Ye ar

~

~ Heating Season 10
I!J
(Oct - Mar) I>Il
15 ;::
<II
tl:::
Q)
0
'" 'tI
10
0
:::.l ...
I!J

<II

.-
b
0 E
-10
-'
w II)

5 -l, 1:&1

-20

2 3 4 5 6 '7 8 9 J F M A M J J A S o N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Month of Year

Clear Day Plots Solar Radiation

Direct Beam (Normal Incidence) Total Radiation on a

San Rafael Horizontal Surface
San Rafael

1000 1000
300 300

.J:: .J::
'"E
200 '":: ""- 200 '"::
...,
!Il
""-
""-
::s
-'
tIl
-'
<!l
~
500 ...::s
tIl

100 100

~D"c 21
--+-- 21. Sap
Mar :2
..-+--f-- June 21
o 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Local Solar Time Local Solar Time
 Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)
Metric Units (kWh/m2)
SUR"ACE ANGLE
Rafael
OlHENT- OF TIL T
ATION (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR filAY JUN JUL AUG SEll OCT NDV DEC ANNUAL
SOUTH 15 8~ lOS 158 205 225 231 2'10 226 187 136 8'1 70 1955
SOUTH 30 98 120 166 203 213 213 223 220 192 1'18 96 82 197'1
SOUTH '15 106 125 165 190 188 IS'I 19'1 200 186 151 102 89 1880
SOUTH 60 107 123 15'1 165 15'1 1'15 155 169 169 1't6 102 'll 1679
SOUTH 75 102 113 133 13 I 112 100 109 128 1'12 131 96 87 1386
SOUTH 90 91 97 106 90 67 5'1 61 82 106 109 85 79 1026
SE, sw 15 78 102 152 201 22'1 232 2'10 223 181 129 79 65 1906
SE, SW 30 86 109 156 198 213 217 226 216 182 135 86 72 1897
SE, SW '15 90 110 1'51 185 193 193 202 199 175 135 88 75 1796
SE, SW 60 88 105 139 16'1 165 162 171 173 1'59 127 85 7'1 1612
SE, SW 75 81 9'1 121 135 131 126 13'1 I'll 135 112 78 69 1358
SE, SW 90 70 79 97 103 95 89 95 105 106 92 66 60 1057
E,W 15 6'1 88 137 190 220 231 237 21'1 166 113 66 53 1780
E,W 30 62 8'1 130 179 206 216 222 201 157 108 6'1 51 1680
E,W '15 58 78 120 163 186 195 200 183 1'1'1 100 59 'i8 153'1
E,W 60 52 70 107 1'13 162 169 17'1 160 127 89 53 '13 1350
E,W 75 '15 60 91 120 135 l'iO l'i'i 13'1 108 16 '16 38 1136
E,W 90 37 '19 73 95 106 109 112 105 86 62 38 31 903
GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFLECTIVITY ::: .2 (MUL TIPLV BV PHO/.2 FOR REFLECTIVITV ::: RHO)
ANI' 15 () () 0 I I I J I ! 0 0 P /:,
ANI' 30 I I 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 J 2'1
ANI' '15 2 3 'I (, 7 1 7 (, 5 3 2 2 53
ANY 60 3 'I 7 10 11 12 12 11 8 6 3 3 91
ANY 75 5 7 10 1'1 17 18 18 16 13 9 5 'I 135
ANY 90 1 9 1" 19 23 2'1 2'1 22 l7 12 7 5 182

Total Radiation on a Ited Surface (Calculated Values)

Eng ng Units (kBtu/ft2)
SURFACE liNGLE
San Rafael
ORIENT- On TIL T
AllON ( DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL
SOUTH 15 27 3'1 50 65 71 73 76 72 59 '13 27 22 619
SOUTH 30 31 38 53 6'1 67 68 71 70 61 '17 30 26 626
SOUTH '15 33 '10 52 60 60 58 62 63 59 '18 32 2$ 596
SOUTH 60 3'1 39 '19 52 '19 '16 '19 53 5'1 'l6 32 29 ,,32
SOUTH 75 32 36 '12 'II 36 32 35 '11 '15 '12 31 28 '139
SOUTH 90 29 31 33 28 21 17 19 26 3'1 35 27 25 325
SE, SW 15 25 32 '18 6'1 71 73 76 71 57 '11 25 21 60'1
SE, SW 30 27 35 '19 63 68 69 72. 69 58 '13 27 23 601
Sf, SW 'i5 28 35 '18 59 61 61 6'1 63 55 '13 28 2'1 569
SE, SW 60 28 33 '1'1 52 52 51 5'1 55 50 'to 27 2'1 511
SE, SW 75 26 30 38 '13 '12 'to '12 '15 '13 36 25 22 '130
SE, SW 90 22 25 31 33 30 28 30 33 3'1 29 21 19 335

E,W 15 20 28 '1't 60 70 73 75 68 53 36 21 17 56'1

E,W 30 20 27 "I 57 65 68 70 64 50 3" 20 16 '532
E,W '15 18 25 38 52 59 62 63 58 't6 32 19 15 '186
E,W 60 11 22 3'1 '15 51 53 55 '5 I '10 28 11 I'! '128
E,W 75 1'1 19 29 38 '13 'I'! '16 '12 3'1 2'1 \5 12 360
E,W 90 12 15 23 30 3'1 3'1 36 33 27 20 12 10 286

GROUND f<HLECTION FOR REFLECTIIiITY .2 (MUL TlI'LV BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLEC Tl II lTV " RHO)
"
ANY 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
ANY 30 0 0 I I I I I 1 I 0 0 0 8
ANY '15 I 1 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 I 1 17
ANY
1\1\11'
60
75 2
\ I
2
2
3
3
'5
't
'5
'i
(,
'I
6 .,
3 3
'i
2
3
!
:2
I
I
29
'13
ANY 90 2 3 'I 6 7 8 8 7 '5 'l 2 2 58
 73

Possible Error in the Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface

San Rafael

Tilt of 30· Till of $0·

30r-'-'-'-'O-R'IE-N'TA-T-IOrN-'-'-'-'~ 30r-.-'-,-~~~-+,~-.-,-,~
ORIENTATION ORIENTATION
SOUTH n----D SOUTH SOUTH
&······0 SE,SIlI (;-····"0 SE,SW &······0 SE.SW
x---x E,W *--x [,VI x---x E,W
20 20 20

"
~

S
~ -10 fl· ....

'"
-20 -20 -20

J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D

Month of Year Month of Year Month of Year

Factor Convert rect Beam Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

to Direct Beam on a Tilted Surface, Calculated ng
Nominal Solar Profiles
San Rafael
SURFACE AIliGLE
ORIEIIIT- OF TILT
AIIOIII ( DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZOIliTAL) JAIII FEB MAR APR MAV JUI\I JUL AUG SEP OCT I\IOV DEC

SOUTH 15 1. '18 1. 33 1. 19 I. 08 1. 0 1 .98 .99 I. 0'1 1. 1'1 I. 27 1. '13 1.5'1

SOUTH 30 I. 87 1.,6 1. 30 1. 08 .95 .89 .91 !. 02 I. 20 1.'15 I. 76 I. 97
SOUTH '15 2.12 1.69 1. 32 1. 02 .83 .75 .78 .92 I. 18 1. 53 I. 97 2.27
SOUTH 60 2.23 I. 70 1. 25 .88 .66 .57 .61 .77 I. 08 1." I 2.0'1 2 .'11
SOUTH 75 2.19 1.60 I. 10 .69 .'16 .36 .'10 .57 .90 I. 38 l. 98 2.39
SOUTH 90 2.00 1. 39 .87 .'15 .23 .15 .18 .3'1 .67 1. 16 I. 78 2.20

SE,SW 15 1. 33 l. 22 I. 13 l. 05 1. 00 .98 .99 I. 03 l. 09 1. 18 1. 29 1. 37

SE, SW 30 1.58 1. 37 1.19 1. 0'1 .95 .91 .93 1. 00 1.12 1. 29 1.50 I. 65
SE, SW '15 1.72 1.'13 1.18 .98 .86 .80 .82 .92 l. 09 I. 32 1.6l I. 81
SE, SW 60 I. 7'1 1.'10 1.10 .87 .73 .66 .69 .so I. 00 1.27 1.62 1.86
Sf, SIAl 75 1.65 1. 28 .97 .72 .57 .50 .53 .6'1 .85 1. 1'1 1.52 1. 78
SE, SW 90 I. 't6 l. 08 .78 .5'1 .'10 .3'1 .36 .'17 .66 .9'1 I. 32 1.59

E,W 15 .98 .98 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .95 .9'1 .93 .92 .91 .91 .91 .91 .92 .93 .9'1 .95
E,W '15 .90 .88 .86 .8'1 .82 .81 .82 .83 .85 .87 .89 .91
E,W 60 .83 .80 .76 .73 .71 .70 .71 .72 .75 .78 .82 .8't
E,W 75 .73 .70 .65 .62 .59 .58 .58 .60 .6'1 .68 .72 .7'1
E,W 90 .61 .57 .53 .'19 .'16 .'15 .'15 .'17 .51 .55 .59 .62

IIIORMAL INCIDENCE 2.67 2.19 1.8'1 1.62 l. 5 2 1. 50 1.51 I. 56 1.73 2.03 2.'19 2.8'1
 74

Total Radiation H ram Total/Extraterrestrial (K T ) H

10
JUL JAN JUL
N= 93 N= 110 N= 93
5 5

10 ~ 10 +J.-=---:;......,....--'=:!...--+---=-:;=-u.,.,~--1
- FEB AUG Z FEB AUG
N=l N= 93 o N=113 N= 93
5 ~ 5
0:::
til
0.. 10 ..j..d=-----.:::l.........j...---==-,.~____4
MAR SEP
N=124 N= 90

I:t..
10 o 10 -f-L!=--==------r,.-l----+-......d=-w:~---'----i
APR
N= 90 0:::
w
5 ~ 5
:::;
z z
w
10 10
w MAY NOV
o N= 92 N= 90
<!!
5 e;:: 5
w
>
<:
10 10

5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 5 1
KWh/m2 PER DAY FRAcrION OF EXTRATERRES'I'RIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 'J

75

(C) SOLAR DATA FOR RICHMOND

Nearby Climate Stations - San Rafael, Oakland
 76

L1titude: 37.95" Longitude: 122.37" Elevation: 0

Jan Feb Mal' Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Noy Dec Annual

(kWh/m 2 per month)

sutface 71 93 143 183 204 215 216 194 157 llO 65 61 1712
(norma! incidence) 121 138 183 217 220 233 235 218 194 145 93 106 2101
~~

(KBtn/ft 2 pel' month)

l1onzontal ,surface 22 29 45 58 65 68 68 62 50 35 21 19 542

(normal incidence) 38 44 58 69 70 74 74 69 61 46 29 34 666

OF POSSIBLE SUNSHlNE*
I

r I -,

MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths)* 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 4 6 6 5

6

FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL
RADIATION (KT ) .51 .56 .59 .63 .60 .62 .62 .61 .61 .53 .41, .48 .57

Recording interval: 1970-1974

*Data for Oakland 37" 44' N 122 0 12' W, elevation 6'

Source of solar data: BAAPCD, Eppley 1ightbu1b pyranometer.

Total Horizontal iation Monthly TotallExtraterrestrial (Kr)

R
Ave, Min, Max for UHO-1974 Ave, Min, Max for 1970-1914
400 _ 1.0 1--,

~"7
0.9

:
100 .&: 0.8
.&: 300 ,.d
oW
c: : !:l 0.7
0 "
0 ;----- ~ - ~-
:li
:li
c: 0.6
0 !
!
...... --~----
'" '" "-
60 ~ - 60
~
ill
0. ZOO /.
" ,- - '"'" '" ~
'.
(!)

0. 7: 0.5
/
/
/
\
"-
"-
" '" '\ ~ "
N
(\j "-
"- /
/ \
\ /
'"Ei !
/
I '\ \
50
.".,
""
I:z.., 0.4 "- \ /
I \ -'- \/
I
"
.&:
~ I
I I
\ \
\ \ oW
III
::l
0.3
~ 100 I
!
/
" \
\ \
\ '-.,
~
0.2
\-
0.1

0~~~.~~~~~~~~-b~~0 0.0
J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Month of Year Month of Ye ar
 ,
, J

77

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible in Direct Beam

Richmond (Normal Incidence)
Cloudy Day Definition: K T <.40 Richmond
25
20

20 x·· .. · .. · ..x To tal r 0 I" Year ~

~ Heating Season 10
(!)
t>IJ
(Oct - Mar) ~
15
til
C<:
<I) 0
b "tl
0
10 ::>! ...,
(!)

<tl

.-""'
b
0 E
-10
co rJl
t.l
5 ..j"
>< ........ -20

0
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Month of Year

Clear Day Plots for Solar Radiation

Direct Beam (Normal Incidence) Total Radiation on a

Richmond Horizontal Surface
Richmond

1000 1000
300 300

,;;;: ,;;;:
'"E
200 '":: -....... 200 '""-
-'
-.......
::l
..,...,
rJl
-.......
-'
::l
Cll
<IS 500 -'
~ Cll

100 100

- D e c 21
"--+--Mar 21. Sap 2
-+--+-- June 21
o 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Local Solar Time Local Solar Time
 78

SURFACE ANGLE
ORIENT~' OF TILT
AT! ON ( DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDfOI
FROM HOR~
llONTAl I JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL
SOUTH 15 93 113 16 i 193 20'1 210 213 199 172 128 81 81 18lJ8
SOUTH 30 109 127 170 191 193 19'1 198 193 lT6 139 92 96 1877
SOUTH '15 118 132 168 178 171 168 113 176 170 1'12 97 105 1799
SOUTH 60 121 130 157 155 1'10 133 1'10 149 15'1 136 97 108 1620
SOUTH 75 116 120 136 123 103 9'1 100 114 129 123 91 10'! 1353
SOUTH 90 10'1 103 108 85 63 53 58 7" 97 102 80 9'1 1021
SE, Stu 15 86 107 155 189 203 210 213 197 166 122 76 75 1799
SE, SW 30 96 115 159 186 193 197 200 190 168 12B 82 8'1 1797
SE, SW '15 100 116 155 174 175 175 180 175 160 127 8 LI 88 1709
SE j ~t'J 60 99 III IIJ 3 154 150 1'18 152 153 145 119 81 87 15" 1
5E, SIu 75 91 100 123 127 120 115 120 124 123 105 74 82 1306
SE,SuJ 90 79 83 99 97 87 82 86 93 97 86 63 71 102'1

E,W 15 70 92 1'10 179 199 210 211 189 15'1 107 64 60 1675
E,W 30 67 88 133 169 187 196 197 178 1'f5 102 61 58 1582
E,W '15 63 81 122 15 'I 169 177 178 162 133 95 57 5 L} !'1'17
E,W 60 57 73 109 135 1'18 15'1 155 142 118 8'1 ., ! '19 1275
E,W 75 50 63 92 11'1 1?3 127 128 118 100 72 'I" 1J3 101'1
E,W 90 'II 51 7'1 90 96 99 100 93 80 58 36 35 855

GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFLECTIVITY = .2 (MULTIPLY BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTlVITV = RHO I

ANY 15 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 6
ANY 30 1 I 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 I 1 ! 23
ANY
ANY
'15
60
2
'f
3
5
'1
7
5
9
6
10 11
6 6
11
6
10
5
8 .,3 2
.,3
2
.,
3 86
50

ANY 75 7 11 14 15 16 16 1'1 12 8 127

ANY 90 9 1'1 18 20 21 22 19 16 11 7 6 171

SURFACE ANGLE
ORIENT~ OF TILT
AT! ON (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECT! ON EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR'-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV D~C ANNUAL

SOUTH 15 29 36 51 61 65 67 67 63 5'1 '11 26 26 585

SOU Ttl 30 35 '10 54 61 6! 61 63 6! 56 '1'1 29 30 595
SOUTH '15 38 li2 53 56 5'1 53 55 56 5'1 '15 31 33 570
SOU TH 60 38 'II 50 '19 '1'1 '12 4'1 '17 '19 '13 31 34 513
SOUTH 75 37 38 '13 39 33 30 32 36 'II 39 29 33 '129
SOUTH 90 33 33 3'1 27 20 17 18 2'1 31 32 25 30 324

SE, Stu 15 27 3'1 '19 60 6'1 67 67 62 53 39 24 2'1 570

SE, SW 30 30 36 50 59 61 62 63 60 53 '10 26 27 569
SE, SW '15 32 37 '19 55 55 56 57 55 51 40 27 28 5'11
5E,SW 60 31 35 '15 '19 47 '17 '18 48 % 38 26 28 '188
SE, So! 75 29 32 39 '10 38 37 38 39 39 33 23 26 Lj J'I
Sf:, SW 90 25 26 31 31 28 26 27 29 31 27 20 23 325

E,W 15 22 29 '1'1 57 63 66 67 60 49 30, 20 19 531

E,W 30 21 28 '12 5'1 59 62 63 56 46 32 19 18 501
E,W '15 20 26 39 '19 54 56 56 51 "2 30 18 IT '158
E, uJ 60 18 23 3'1 '13 47 "9 '19 '15 37 27 16 16 'W'l
E, uJ 75 16 20 29 36 39 40 '11 37 32 23 ]'1 llJ 3'10
E,W 90 13 16 24 29 31 31 32 30 25 19 11 II 271

G~OUND REFLECTION FOR REFLECTlV lTV = .2 (~IULTlPLV BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTlV lTV = RHO)

ANV 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
ANY 30 0 0 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 0 0 0 7
ANY '15 I 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 I 1 1 I 16
ANY 60 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 I 1 27
ANV 75 2 2 3 'I 5 5 5 4 3 2 1 '10
ANY 90 2 3 5 6 6 7 6 3 2 2 5'1
 79

Possible Error in the Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface

Richmond

Till

30 '---'--'--"'--'O-R'I.-""A'-I
"" 0
of

0"-"
SOUTH
SE sW
30°
-'-'--"1 30
Tilt
ORIENTATION

&"''''0
*--x
of

SOUTH
SE,SW
60° Tilt 01 90°
30r-.-"'-'-~~~~~-'-'-'~
ORIENTATION
G----fl
0"····"0
x---x
SOU T H
SE,SW

:: ~~~~.~:::
E, W E,W
20 20
~

v
""c
•
'" ~ O~----------------------~
~
w
O~-----------------------4
'"•
~
*'@ *'
@

e S
•S -:-.!<--*--.x
..... -10 *'
...•.. 1) .... 0

~ ~

'" '"
-20 -20

J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D

Month of Year Month of Year Month 01 Year

Factor to Convert Direct Beam Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

to rect Beam on a Tilted Surface, Calculated using
Nominal Solar Profiles
SURFACE ANGLE Richmond
ORIENT- OF TILT
ATION (DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
SOUTH 15 1.'18 1. 33 I. 19 l. 08 1. 0 1 .98 .99 l. 0'1 1. 1'1 1.27 1.'13 1.5'1
SOUTH 30 I. 87 1.56 I. 30 1.08 .95 .89 .91 1. 02 1. 20 1.'15 1.76 1. 97
SOUTH '15 2.12 1.69 I. 32 I. 02 .83 .75 .78 .92 1.18 1.53 I. 97 2.26
SOUTH 60 2.23 1. 70 1. 25 .88 .66 .57 .61 .77 !. 08 1.51 2.0'1 2.'11
SOUTH 75 2.19 1. 60 l. 10 .69 .'16 .36 .'i0 .57 .90 !. 38 1. 98 2.39
SOUTH 90 2.00 1.39 .87 .'i5 .23 .15 .18 .3'1 .66 1.16 1. 78 2.20

SE, SW 15 1. 33 1. 22 I. 13 1. 05 1. 00 .98 .99 1. 03 1. 09 1. 18 1. 29 1.37

51:, SW 30 1.58 1. 37 1.19 I. 0'1 .95 .91 .93 1. 00 I. 12 1.29 l. 50 1.65
SE, SW '15 1. 72 1.'13 1. 18 .98 .86 .80 .82 .92 1. 09 1.32 1. 61 1. 81
Sf,SW 60 1.1'1 1.'10 1. 10 .87 .73 .66 .69 .so .99 !. 27 1. 61 1. 86
Sf, SW 75 1.65 1.28 .96 .72 .57 .50 .53 .6'1 .85 1.1'1 1.51 l. 78
5E,5W 90 1.'16 1. 08 .78 .5'1 .'10 .3't .36 .'17 .66 .9'1 1. 32 1.59

E,W 15 98 .98 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .95 .9'i .93 .92 .91 .91 .91 .91 .92 .93 .9'1 .95
E,W '15 .90 .88 .86 .8'1 .82 .81 .82 .83 .85 .87 .89 .91
E,W 60 .83 .80 .76 .73 .71 .70 .71 .72 .75 .78 .82 .8'1
E,W 75 .73 .70 .65 .62 .59 .58 .58 .60 .6'1 .67 .72 .7'1
E,W 90 .61 .57 .53 .'19 .'16 .'t5 .'15 .'17 .51 .55 .59 .62

NORMAL INCIDENCE 2.67 2.19 1. 8'1 l. 62 1. 5 2 1. 5 0 1. 51 1.56 1.73 2.03 2.'19 2.8'1
 80

Richmond
Total Radiation Histogram Total/Extraterrestrial (KT) H ram

10 10
JAN JUL JAN JUL
N= 5 N= 124 N= 55 N=124
5 5

~ 10 -i------L---+-----L----'----i ~ 10
Z FEB AUG Z FEB AUG
o N= N=124 o N= 76 N=124
~ 5 ~ 5
0::: 0:::
W W
0.. 10 +L_ _-=:l-._ _+-~....l::------l~ 0.. 10
MAR
N=141 en
>-
<t
Q
5
G.,
0 10
0:::
w
cc 5
~
:::::J
Z

10 10

5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 0.5
KWh/m2 PER DAY FRACI'ION OF EXT RAT ERREST RIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 81

( SOLAR DATA FOR REDWOOD CITY

Nearby Climate Stations - San Francisco International Airport, Mountain View
 82

Monthly Solar Redwood

Latitude: 37.48' Longitude: 122.22° Elevation: 0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m 2 per month)

horizontal surface 73 94 146 196 231 236 239 208 170 122 79 63 1857

direct beam (normal incidence) 123 137 187 241 269 272 278 244 219 172 125 107 2375

SOLAR RADIATION (KBtu/ft 2 per month)

horizontal surface 23 30 46 62 73 75 76 66 54 39 25 20 589

direct beam (normal incidence) 39 43 59 76 85 86 88 77 69 54 40 34 752

PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHlNE*

MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths)* 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 6 4

FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL .51 .55 .59 .67 .68 .68 .69 .66 .66 .59 .52 .1,8 .61
RADIATION (K T )

*Data for Hountain View (~loffett Field) 37°25" 122'13 t IV, elevation 34'
Recording interval: 1970-1976
Source of solar data: BAAPCD, Eppley 1ightbu1b pyranometer.

Monthly Total Horizontal Radiation Month TotalJExtraterrestrial (KT)

Redwood City Redwood City
Ave. Min. Max for 1970-1976 Ave. Min. Max Co r 1970-1976
400 1.0

EXlr.I.:r,.'lri.I. . ~a7 0,9

100 ..<:: 0,8

..<:: 300
""I::
"
---"
~

I:: "
0,7 /"""""- .....
,/
0 0 ,/ "-

--
,/
~
~ ,/
-/
"
..
(l) (
I
I-

/
,/
\ " "- \
"
".
(l)
I::
0
".,
0,6 /

I
/
I
" \. ....... /\
\
\
" -
t:l.. 200 I ,/ \ t:l.. g 0,5 /'-~
"-

" "'\ \ \ . / "-

--
-
/ I \ <ll
'"e ;
I I '".., r... 0.4
I '-
50 I
I I "-
"- \ \
..<:: I I \ \ " ;:J
0,3
~
.:.: 100
! I
/. I
\ \ ""
tIl
.:.:
I " \
\

"-
..... 0,2
I
0,1
0 0 0,0
J Ii' M M J J A S 0 N D
A J Ii' M A M J J A S 0 N D
Month of Year Month of Year
 83

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible Error in Direct Beam

Redwood City (Normal incidence)
Cloudy Day Definition: K T <.40 Redwood City
25r-~r-~---'~~--~--~---'~-'---'

20

Ul 20
())
()
t::
())
~
~ 15
()
()
o

Clear Day Plots for Solar Radiation

rect Beam (Normal Incidence) Total Radiation on a

Redwood City Horizontal Surface
Redwood City

1000 1000
300 300

.e OJ .e
'"E E
"'- 200 '":: "'- 200 '"::
'"
-' "'- '"
.,.,
-' "'-
-' ::J ::J
ctJ 500 -'
ctJ 500 -'
ill:: III ill:: III

100 100

-Dec 21
Mar 21. Sap 21
June :0 I
0 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 6 8 10 12 14- 16 18
Loe a I Sol ar Time Loe a! Solar Time
 84

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Metric Units (kWh/m2)
su RFA CE liNGLE Redwood City
ORIENT- OF TIL T
ATION (DEGREES 01 REe T BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL

SOUHI 15 95 113 16~ 207 231 230 236 214 187 l';~ 100 82 2002
SOUTH 30 III 126 173 205 218 212 219 207 192 157 115 97 2031
SOU HI '15 120 132 171 191 192 182 190 188 185 161 123 106 19'12
SOUTI- 60 123 129 160 165 156 It; 3 152 158 168 155 124 109 1742
SOUTH 75 117 119 138 131 113 99 106 120 1'10 I~O 117 105 1445
SOU TH 90 105 102 109 89 66 53 59 77 105 116 103 95 1079
Sf, SW 15 88 107 158 203 230 230 236 211 181 137 93 76 19'19
SE, SW 30 98 114 162 199 218 215 222 204 182 I~~ 102 85 19%
SE, SW '15 102 115 157 186 197 191 198 188 17'1 1'13 105 89 1847
SE, SW 60 100 110 1'15 165 168 160 167 163 158 135 102 89 1662
SE, SW 75 93 99 125 136 ! 3'1 12'1 131 \'33 13'1 119 93 83 1'103
SE, SW 90 80 82 100 103 97 87 93 99 105 98 80 72 1096
E,W 15 72 92 1'13 192 225 230 233 203 166 120 77 62 1815
E,W 30 69 88 136 181 211 215 218 191 157 11'1 7'1 59 1713
E,W '15 65 82 125 165 191 19'1 197 173 1'14 106 69 56 1565
E,W 60 58 73 III 1'15 166 168 171 152 127 9'1 62 50 1378
E,W 75 51 63 9'1 121 138 139 1'12 127 108 81 5'1 '14 1159
E,W 90 '11 51 75 96 108 108 110 100 86 65 '14 36 921

GROUND REFL EC Tl ON FOR REFL EC Tl V lTV = .2 (MULTIPLV BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTIV lTV = RHO)
ANY 15 0 0 0 I I 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 6
ANY 30 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 25
ANY 45 2 3 'I 6 7 7 7 6 5 'I 2 2 54
ANY 60 'J 5 7 10 12 12 12 10 9 6 't 3 93
ANY 75 5 7 11 15 17 17 18 15 13 9 6 5 138
ANY 90 7 9 15 20 23 2'1 2'1 21 17 12 8 6 186

. Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Engi ng Units (kBtu/ft2)
SURFACE ANGLE Redwood
OR II':NT- OF TI L T
ATION (DEGREES 01 REC T BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL

SOUTH 15 30 36 52 66 73 73 75 68 59 '16 32 26 63'1

SOUTH 30 35 40 55 65 69 67 69 66 61 50 36 31 6'13
SOUTH '15 38 '12 5'1 60 61 58 60 60 59 51 39 3'1 615
SOUTH 60 39 41 51 52 50 45 '18 50 53 '19 39 35 552
SOUTH 75 37 38 4'1 41 36 31 34 38 '1'1 4'1 37 33 '158
SOUTH 90 33 32 35 28 21 17 19 2'1 33 37 33 30 3'12

SE, SW 15 28 3'1 50 64 73 73 75 67 57 '13 29 24 618

SE, SW 30 31 36 51 63 69 68 70 65 58 '16 32 27 616
SE,SW '15 32 37 50 59 62 61 63 59 5" '15 33 28 585
SE, SW 60 32 35 '16 52 53 '51 53 52 50 '13 32 28 526
SE, SW 75 29 31 <;0 '13 '12 39 42 '12 '12 38 30 26 '1'15
SE, SW 90 25 26 32 33 31 28 30 31 33 31 25 23 3'17

E,W 15 23 29 45 61 71 73 7'1 6'1 53 38 2'1 20 '375

E,W 30 22 28 '13 57 67 68 69 61 50 36 23 19 543
E,W '15 20 26 '10 52 61 61 62 55 % 33 22 18 '196
E,W 60 18 23 35 % 53 53 5'1 '18 40 30 20 16 '136
E,W 75 16 20 30 38 '1'1 44 '15 '10 34 26 17 I'! 367
E,W 90 13 16 2'1 30 34 3'1 35 32 27 21 1'1 11 292

GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFLEC Tl V lTV = .2 (MULTIPLY BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTIV lTY = RHO)

ANV 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
ANY 30 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 0 0 8
ANY 'l5 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 I 1 17
ANY 60 1 1 2 3 'I 'I 't 3 3 2 1 1 29
ANY 75 2 2 3 '3 5 6 6 '3 '1 3 2 I 44
ANY 90 2 3 5 6 7 7 8 7 5 'I 2 2 59
 85

Possible Error in the Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface

Redwood City

Till of 30° Till of 60° Till of 90°

30~r-'-'-'O-R'I.~N'TA-T-'O'N-'-'-'-T~ 30~~,.---,-:)1
ORIENTATION
30r-r-,-.-~,-.--,-,-,-,-,~
ORIENTATiON
~ SOUTH G-----£J SOUTH !3-----e SOUTH
t\'······O SE,SW & ...... <) SE,SW &······0 SE.SW
*--x E.VI x---x E,W *--x E.W
20 20 20

-20 -20

J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D

Month of Year Month of Year Month of Year

Factor to Convert Direct Beam Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

to Direct Beam on a Tilted Surface, Calculated using
Nominal Solar Profiles
SURFACE ANGLE Redwood City
ORIENT- OF TILT
ATION ( DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
SOUTH 15 1.'17 1. 32 1. 19 1. 08 1. 01 .97 .99 I. 0'1 1. 13 1. 26 1.'12 I. 53
SOUTH 30 1. 85 1. 55 1. 29 1. 08 .95 .89 .91 1. 01 1. 19 1.'1'1 \. 7'1 I. 95
SOUTH '15 2.09 1.68 J. 31 1. 0 1 .83 .75 .78 .92 1. 17 1.52 1. 95 2.2'1
SOUTH 60 2.20 1.69 I. 2'1 .87 .66 .57 .60 .76 r. 07 1.'19 2.02 2.38
SOUTH 75 2.15 1. 58 1. 08 .68 .'15 .36 .39 .56 .89 1. 36 l. 95 2.35
SOUTH 90 1.96 1. 37 .85 .'1'1 .22 .1'1 .17 .33 .65 I. 1'l 1. 75 2.17

SE, SW 15 1. 33 I. 22 1. 13 1. 05 1. 00 .98 .99 I. 02 1. 09 1.! 8 l. 29 1. 36

SI':, SW 30 1.56 I. 36 l. 18 1. O'l .95 .91 .92 1. 00 l. 12 1. 28 1.'l9 1. 6'1
SE, SW '15 1. 70 1. 'l2 1.17 .98 .85 .80 .82 .92 1. OS 1. 31 1.59 l. 80
SE, SW 60 1. 72 1. 38 1. 10 .87 .72 .66 .68 .79 .99 l. 25 1. 59 1. 8'1
SE, SW 75 1. 6 3 1. 26 .95 .71 .56 .50 .52 .6'l .8'1 I. 12 I. '19 1. 76
SI':, SW 90 1. '13 1. 07 .77 .53 .39 .33 .36 • '16 .66 .93 I. 29 1.56

E,W 15 .98 .98 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .95 .9'1 .93 .92 .91 .91 .91 .91 .92 .93 .9'1 .95
I':,W '15 .90 .88 .85 .S3 .82 .81 .81 .83 .8'1 .87 .89 .91
E,W 60 .82 .80 .76 .73 .71 .70 .70 .72 .75 .78 .SI .8'l
E,W 75 .72 . {, 9 .65 .61 .59 .58 .58 .60 .63 .67 .71 .7'1
E,W 90 .60 . 'i 7 .52 .'19 . '16 .'15 .'15 .'H .51 .55 .59 .62
NORMAL INC lDENCE 2.63 2.18 1. 8 3 1. 61 1.52 1.'19 1.50 1. 56 1. 72 2.02 2.'17 2.81
 86

Redwood
Total Radiation Histogram Total/Extraterrestrial (KT) Histogram

10 10
JUL JAN JUL
N=124 N=139 N=124
5 5

10 ~ 10
AUG z FEB AUG
N=124 o N= 114 N=124
5 ~ 5
a::
w
CL. 10
MAR SEP Ifl
MAR SEP
N=155 N= 87 >< N=155 N= 87
2§ 5
c... c...
o 10 o 10
APR
a:: N=120 a::
w w
00 5
~ 5
~
z z
10 10
w
v
<:::
5 ~ 5
>
<:::
10 10

5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 0.5 1
KWh/m2 PER DAY FRAcr ION OF EXT RAT ERREST RIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
U) { ~ l
r{

87

(E) SOLAR DATA FOR SAN JOSE

Nearby Climate Station - Mountain View
 88

Latitude: 37.33° longitude: 121.88° Elevation: 0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May lun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
~

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m 2 pel' month)

horizontal surface 74 90 144 192 219 231 236 210 170 123 78 63 1829
direct beam (normal incidence) 123 128 183 232 246 262 271 247 217 173 122 104 2310

SOLAR RADIATION (KBtu/ft 2 per month)

horizontal surface 23 29 46 61 69 73 75 67 54 39 25 20 579
direct beam (normal incidence) 39 40 58 74 78 83 86 78 69 55 39 34 732
~---~~

1
PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHINE'
-~ ~. L
6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 6 4
MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths)*
._. ~~~

r---
FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL .51 .53 .58 .66 .65 .67 .68 .66 .65 .59 .51 .47 .60
RADIATION (K T )

Recording interval: 1970-1976

*Data for Mountain Vie~v Field) 37" 25', 122" 03' W, elevation 34'
Source of solar data: Eppley lightbulb py·canorneter.

(KT)

Ave, Min, Mal( for 1910-1916 Ave, Min, Mal( for 1970-1976
400 1.0 ·~r~· , --I -,
0.9

100 0.8
£: £:
300
t:: c: .,/" ~ ~ ~ ........

0 0
0.7
--==--==" "
::ll ::ll ,/
,/

I"
/ .= ~ "-
""
" h: 0.6 ,/
"/
/
""
k,
"\ h 0 /
"
<J)
id, 200
\
\
\
<!l
id, ...
0 0.5 /
/ "-

" \
<D
E
h
0.4 " "- "-
'-...
£:
'-...
;:l
"'"
iii< 0.3
~ 100 I !l'I
I ~

"-
02L_
0.1
0 0 0.0
J J J A S D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Month of Ye ar Mon th of Year
 ,
ji '_,1 -.!,I

89

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible Error in Direct Beam

San Jose (Normal Incidence)
San Jose

20

20 x...... ·· ..x Tolal r 0 r Year

--
~

10
()-----{l Heating Season III
I>J)

15
(Oct - Mar) I:
<;:!
~
III 0
-0
'"0 ...,III
10 !:II
<;:!

'"
0

<0
.-
E
oW
Vl
-10

5 w
-l.-
-20

0
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Month of Ye ar

Clear Day Plots Solar Radiation

Direct (Normal Incidence) Total Radiation on a

San Jose Horizontal Surface
San Jose

1000 1000
300 300

..6: ..6:
'"Ei '"E
'-..
Vl
.,d
....,
<ll 500
200 '"::::
'-..
::l
....,
'-..
Vl
....,
oW

<ll 500
-...,
200 '"....,
' -..
::l
~ 00 ~ 00

100 100

q.=.- Dec 21
Mar 21. Sep 21
June 21
0 0 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Loe a I So I ar Time Loe a I So I ar Time
 90

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Metric Units (kWh/m2)
SURFACE ANGLE San Jose
ORIENT- OF Tl L T
ATION (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM .. DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOI'l-
l ZONTAl ) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL

SOUHI 15 95 108 162 202 219 225 232 215 186 1~5 98 82 1970
SOUTI-' 30 III 120 170 200 206 207 216 208 I'll 158 112 97 1997
SOUTH '15 121 125 168 186 182 178 187 189 18'1 162 120 106 1909
SOUTH 60 123 122 157 161 1'19 1'10 1'19 159 167 156 120 108 \712
SOUTH 75 117 112 136 127 108 97 105 121 139 1'10 11'1 105 1'121
SOUTH 90 105 96 107 87 6'1 53 59 77 10'1 116 100 9't 1062
SE, SW 15 88 102 156 198 218 226 232 213 180 138 91 76 1918
5E, SW 30 98 109 159 195 207 211 218 206 181 1'15 100 85 191'1
5E, SW 't5 102 110 155 182 187 187 195 189 173 1'1'1 103 89 1817
51'", SW 60 101 10'1 1'12 161 160 157 165 16t; 157 135 100 88 163'1
5E, SW 75 93 93 123 133 127 122 129 133 133 120 91 82 1380
SE, SW 90 80 78 98 101 92 86 92 99 10'1 98 78 71 1078
E,W 15 72 88 l'tl 188 21'1 225 230 205 166 121 76 62 1788
E,W 30 69 8'1 13'1 177 201 210 215 193 157 115 13 59 \687
E,W '15 65 78 123 161 182 190 19't 175 1'1't 106 68 55 1541
E,W 60 59 70 109 1't2 158 16't 168 153 127 95 61 50 1357
E,W 75 51 60 93 119 131 136 139 127 107 81 53 'It; 11'12
E,W 90 '12 '19 7'1 9't 103 106 109 100 86 66 '13 36 907
GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFLECTIVITV ::: .2 (MUL TIPLV Bv RHO/.2 FOR REFlECTlV lTV ::: RHO)
ANY 15 0 0 0 1 1 1 J 1 1 0 0 0 6
ANY 30 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 I 2'1
ANY '15 2 3 It 6 6 7 7 6 5 'I 2 2 5'1
ANY 60 'I 'I 7 10 II 12 12 10 8 6 'I 3 91
ANV 75 5 7 II 1'1 16 17 17 16 13 9 I> 5 136
ANY 90 7 9 1't 19 22 23 2'1 21 17 12 8 {, 183

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Engineering Units (kBtu/ft2)
SURFACE ANGLE San Jose
ORIENT- OF TIL T
ATlON ( DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUNO REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL

SOUTH 15 30 3't 51 6'1 69 71 7'1 68 59 '16 31 26 62'1

SOUTH 30 35 38 5'1 63 65 66 68 66 60 50 36 31 I> 33
SOUTH 't5 38 'to 53 59 58 56 59 60 58 51 38 3'1 605
SOUTH 60 39 39 50 51 '17 '1'1 '17 50 53 '19 38 3'1 5'12
SOUTH 75 37 36 '13 'to 3'1 31 33 38 '1'1 '1'1 36 33 't50
SOUTH 90 33 30 3'1 28 20 17 19 2't 33 37 32 30 336
SE, SW 15 28 32 '19 63 69 71 7'1 67 57 '1'1 29 2'1 608
SF:, SW 30 31 35 51 62 66 67 69 65 57 '16 32 27 b06
SE, SW '15 32 35 '19 58 59 59 62 60 55 '16 33 28 575
SE, SW 60 32 33 '15 51 51 50 52 52 50 ~3 32 28 518
SE, SW 75 29 30 39 '12 '10 39 'tl '12 '12 38 29 26 '137
SE,SW 90 25 25 31 32 29 27 29 31 33 31 25 23 3'12

E,W 15 23 28 '15 60 68 71 73 65 53 38 2't 20 566

E,W 30 22 27 '12 56 6'1 67 68 61 50 36 23 19 ., 35
E,W '15 21 25 39 51 58 60 62 55 'to 3'1 22 18 '188
E,W 60 19 22 35 '15 50 52 53 'is '10 30 19 16 '130
E,W 75 16 19 29 38 '12 '13 '1'1 '10 3'1 26 17 1'1 362
E,W 90 13 15 2't 30 33 3'1 3'1 32 27 21 1'1 II 287

GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFLECTIVITV :: .2 (MUL TI PLY BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTlV lTV ::: RHO)

ANY 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
ANY 30 0 0 1 I I 1 I I I 1 0 0 8
ANY 'i5 1 I 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 I I I !7
ANY 60 I 1 2 3 3 'I 'I 3 3 2 I I 29
ANV 75 2 2 3 5 5 5 6 5 'I 3 2 I '13
ANY 90 2 3 5 6 7 7 7 7 5 'I 2 2 58
 91

Possible Error in the Radiation on a Ited Su

San Jose

Till of 30° Tilt of 60° Tilt of 90°

ORIENTATION
30'-~~~~~~~~~~~~

ORIENTATION
30>.-'-'-'-'~~r-~'-'-'-'-"
ORIENTATION
G------EJ SOUTH SOUTH SOUTH
!1" ••.... Q SE,SW SE,S'fi' &"""0 SE,SW
x---x E,W x---x E,W *--x E,W
20 20 20
!<

v
'"
~
~
10~.
'"
"-;;;•
S
~ -10
w
w

-20 -20

J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D

Month of Year Month of Year Month of Year

Factor to Convert Direct Beam Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

to Direct Beam on a ited Surface, Calculated using
Nominal Solar Profile
SURFACE ANGLE San Jose
ORIENl- OF TIL 1
AlION ( DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOli DEC
SOUTH 15 1.'17 1. 32 1. 19 1. 07 l. 00 .97 .99 l. 0'1 I. 13 I. 26 1.'i2 1.52.
SOUTH 30 1. 8'1 1.55 1. 29 1. 08 .9'1 .89 .91 l. 0 1 1. 19 l. 'i 3 1. 7'1 1. 9'1
SOUTH '15 2.09 1. I> 7 1.31 I. 0 1 .82 .75 .78 .92 1. ! 7 1.51 1. 9'1 2.23
SOUTH 60 2..19 1. 68 1. 23 .87 .65 .56 .60 .76 1.0.6 1.t;8 2. 01 2.37
SOUTH 75 2..15 1. 57 1. 08 .67 .'15 .35 .39 .56 .89 l. 36 I. 95 2..3'1
SOUTH 90 1. 95 1. 36 .85 .'1'1 .22 .1" .17 .32 .65 I. 1'1 l. 75 2..15

SE, SW 15 I. 33 1.22 1. 12 1. 05 1. 00 .98 .99 1. 02 I. 09 1. 18 1. 29 1. 3~

SE, SW 30 1.,,6 1.36 !. 18 1. 0'1 .95 .91 .92 .99 1. 12 1. 28 1.'49 1.63
Sf:, SW '15 1. 70 1.'11 1.17 .98 .85 .80 .82 .92 I. 08 1. 31 1. 59 I. 79
SE, SW 60 1. 72 1. 38 !. 09 .86 .72 .66 .68 .79 .98 !.25 1.59 l. 83
SE, SW 75 1.63 I. 26 .95 .71 .56 .50 .52 .6'1 .8'1 l. 12 1. '19 !. 75
SE, SW 90 ! . '13 1. 06 .76 .53 .39 .33 .36 .'16 .65 .93 1.29 1.56

E,W 15 .98 .98 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .95 .9'1 .93 .92 .91 .91 .91 .91 .92 .93 '.95 .95
E,W '15 .90 .88 .85 .83 .82 .81 .81 .83 .8'1 .87 .89 .91
E,W 60 .83 .79 .76 .73 .71 .ro .70 .72 .75 .78 .81 .8'1
E,W 75 .73 .69 .65 .61 .59 .58 .58 .60 .63 .67 .71 .7'1
",W 90 .61 .,,7 .52 .'19 . 't6 .'15 .'15 .'17 .5 ! .55 .59 .62

Nor,MAL IIIIC lDEIIICE 2.63 2.17 !. 83 !. 61 1.,,2 l. '19 1.50 1. 56 l. 72 2.01 2.'17 2.80
 92

San Jose
Total Radiation Histogram Total/Extraterrestrial (KT) Histogram

10 10
JUL JAN JUL
N=123 N=145 N=123
5

~ 10 ~ 10
z AUG z FEB AUG
o N=148 o N=142 N=148
::E 5 :::E 5
0::: 0:::
t:;;:J t:;;:J
Cl. 10 Cl. 10
U'.l U1
MAR SEP
r r N=153 N=115
c:5 5 c:5 5
t.J;..
o 10
0:::
t:;;:J

~ 5
:::>
z
t:;;:J
10 10
t:;;:J
u u
<: <:
0:::
t:;;:J
5 ~ 5
> >
<: <:
10 10

5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 0.5 1
KWh/m2 PER DAY FRAcr ION OF EXT RAT ERREST RIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 93

(F) SOLAR DATA FOR SANTA MARIA

Nearby Climate Stations - Santa Maria, Oxnard
 94·

Monthly Solar Data, Santa Maria

Latitude: 34.93' Longitude: 120.42' Elevation: 234 '

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m 2 per month)

horizontal surface 89 104 157 185 207 212 221 202 159 131 94 83 1844
149 149 199 211 221 225 239 225 188 178 149 148 2282
direct beam (normal incidence)

SOLAR RADIATION (KRlu/ft 2 per month)

horizontal surface 28 33 50 59 66 67 70 64 50 42 30 26 585
47 47 63 67 70 71 76 71 60 56 47 47 723
direct beam (normal incidence)

PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHlNE*

MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths)* 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 3 4 4 4 5 4

FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL
RADIATION (KT) .56 .58 .62 .62 .61 .62 .64 .63 .60 .60 .57 .57 .60

Recording interval: 1952-1975

Source of solar data: NWS, Eppley lightbu1b pyranometer.

Month Total Horizontal Radiation Monthly Total/Extraterrestrial (K T )

Santa Maria Santa Maria
Ave, Min, Max fo r 1953-1975
Ave, Min, Max for 1953-1975
400
1.0

Extrot.r:~s'ria.' .. ~~d7 0.9

100 .t:: 0.8

.t::
..., 300
:" \
....
t::
t:: :
0 0.7
0
: ~
~ '.
/-~
"- '. b t:: 0.6
b
<!J '\ <!J o
/
0.. 200 \ 0..
/ ~ 0.5
.E I / "\ \
'.
<II
<Il

, I
/
I

I
I
/ \
\
\
'\
"-
50 ,.w

:!
~ 0.4
.t:: \ "-
ill:
./ I \ "- .."
0.3
./ '\ !Xl
..I!: 100 I \
I \ ..I!:
0.2

0.1

o 0 0,0 ~~=-,~~--1-~--:.""~~_~~~_J.....-'
J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D
Man t.h of Ye ar Month of Year
 95

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible in Direct Beam

Santa Maria (Normal Incidence)
Cloudy Day Definition: KT<·40 Santa Maria
25 I I

20
~.,
20 x,·········x To tal for Ye ar B El
Ul
(j) ~ " " " B
" " B

I;)
r::
(j) t3-----B Heating Season Ii)
10
!>-I ( Oct - Mar)
I>lJ
!>-I 15 I:
;:i ((j
I;)
I;)
0::
0
tl) 0
lH
'"0 "0
...,
Ii)

0 10 ~
((j

!o-I
(J) '"
0
.-...
E
-10
~;:! to
'"
til
Z 5 t ~B 8
" " " 8 B o~

-20
.....
0 _L I I
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Month of Year

Plots for Solar iation

Direct Beam (Normal I Radiation on a

Santa Horizontal Surface
Santa Maria

1000 1000
300 300

..c:: ..c::
'"E '"E
<II
200 "-
-' .........
200 '":::
......... '"
-'
-'
.........
::l ::l
..... ((j
500 ...,
!Xl ~ !Xl

100 100

- D e c 21
Mar 21. 5@p 21
Jun" Z I
0 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Loc al Solar Time Loc a I Solar Time
 96

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Metric Units (kWh/m2)
SURFACE ANGLE
ORIENT- OF T! L T
AnON (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL
SOUTH 15 11'1 125 175 192 206 205 216 205 112 152 118 109 1989
SOUTH 30 132 138 183 189 192 188 199 197 17'1 165 13'1 129 2019
SOUTH '15 1'13 1'12 180 17'1 169 160 172 177 166 167 1'13 I'll ! 9 3'1
SOUTh 60 1'1'1 138 166 1'19 136 126 136 l'I7 1'19 159 1'13 1'1'1 1738
SOUTH 75 137 126 1'12 116 \8 86 9'1 110 123 1'12 13'1 138 1'1'18
SOUTH '10 122 106 110 78 57 '17 52 69 90 116 117 12'1 1088
SE, SW 15 106 U8 169 189 205 206 216 203 167 1'15 110 101 1935
SE, SW 30 117 125 172 18'1 19'1 192 202 195 167 152. 120 113 1931
SE, SW 'i5 121 125 166 171 17'1 169 180 178 158 150 123 118 1833
SE, SW 60 118 1I9 152. 150 1'18 I'll 151 15'1 1'12 139 119 117 16'18
SE, SW 75 109 105 130 123 117 109 118 12'1 119 122 108 108 1392
SE, SW 90 93 87 103 93 8'1 77 83 91 93 99 91 9'1 1088
E,W 15 87 102 15'1 181 202 206 215 197 156 128 92 81 1802
E,W 30 83 97 1'15 170 190 193 201 185 1'17 122 88 78 1699
E,W '15 77 90 133 155 171 17'1 181 167 13'1 112 82 73 1550
E,W 60 70 80 118 135 1'19 150 157 1% 118 100 73 66 1361
E,W 75 60 68 99 113 123 12'1 130 121 99 85 63 57 11'12
E,W 90 '1'1 55 79 89 96 'J6 101 95 79 68 51 '16 905
GROUND ~EFLECTTON FOR REFLECTIVITV . 2 (MUL TIPLV BV RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTIVITY ::; RHO)
'"
ANV 15 0 0 I 1 1 1 I 1 I 0 0 0 6
A'lIV 30 I 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 I 1 25
ANV '15 3 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 't 3 5'1
ANV
ANV
60
75
'I
7
5
8
8
12
9
1'1
10
15
11
16
11
16
10
15
8
12 10
7 5
7
"
'! 92
137
ANV 90 9 10 16 18 21 21 22 20 16 13 9 "
8 IS'!

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Engineering Units (kBtu/ft2)
SURFACE ANGLE Santa Maria
ORIENT- OF Tl L T
AllON (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM .. DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OC T NOV DEC ANNUAL
SOUTH 15 36 39 56 61 65 65 68 65 5'1 '18 37 35 630
SOUTH 30 '12 '1'1 58 60 61 59 63 62 55 52 '13 '11 6'10
SOUTH '15 '15 '15 57 55 53 51 5'1 56 53 53 '15 '15 613
SOUTH 60 '16 '1'1 52 '17 '13 '10 '13 'il '17 50 '15 'l6 551
SOUTH
SOUTH
75
90
'13
39
'10
3'1
".,35 37
25
31
18
27
15
30
16
35
22
39
28
'i5
37
'13
37
'1"1
39
'159
3'15
SE, SW 15 33 37 5'1 60 65 65 68 6'1 53 46 35 32 613
SE, SW 30 37 '10 5'1 58 61 61 6'1 62 53 '18 38 36 612
SF:, SW '15 38 '10 53 5'1 55 5'1 57 56 50 '17 39 38 581
SE, SW 60 37 38 '18 '17 '17 '15 48 '19 '15 '1'1 38 37 522
SE, SW 75 31; 33 '11 39 37 35 37 39 38 39 3'1 3'1 'I'll
SF:, SW 90 29 28 33 29 27 2" 26 29 29 31 29 30 345
E,W 15 28 32 'l9 57 6'1 65 68 62 '19 '11 29 26 57!
E,W 30 26 31 '!6 5'1 60 61 6'1 59 '17 39 28 25 ., 38
E,W '15 25 28 '12 '19 5~ 55 57 53 '13 36 26 23 491
E,W 60 22 25 37 '13 '17 '18 50 '16 37 32 23 21 't 31
E,W 75 19 22 32 36 39 39 '11 38 31 27 20 18 362
E,W 90 16 J8 25 28 30 30 32 30 25 22 16 15 287

GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFLECTIVITV '" . 2 (MUL TlPLV BV RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTIIiITY '" RHO)
ANV 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
ANV 30 0 0 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 0 0 8
ANV '15 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 I I 1 1 17
ANV 60 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2. 1 I 29
ANY 75 2 2 'I 'I 0; '3 '3 5 'I 3 2. 2 '13
ANV 90 3 3 '5 6 7 7 7 6 '3 'I 3 3 58
 97

Possible Error in the Total iation on a Tilted Surface

Santa Maria

Tilt of 30° Tilt of 60° Tilt of 90°

30 r-r-,-,-,o-.',E-N'T'-T'lO-N'-'--'-'-o 30r-'-'-'-'O-R"E-N'TrAT-'OrN-'-'-'-'~ 30r-,-,-,-,-,-",,-,-,-,-,-,
ORIENTATION
SOUTH SOUTH G----{l sour H
&······0 SE,Sit 0- .. ··"0 SE,SW 0-"""0 SE,SW
*--x E.W x---x E,W *--x E,If
20 20 20

'" '" '"

~ w w
'"e
~ ""ec ""e
~

..,'" '" '"

~
~ '"w "-:;;w
~ -:;;
S E E
~ -10 ~
~ ~ ~

'" "' "'

-20 -20

J F II A II J J A S 0 N 0 J F II A M J J A S 0 N D
Mon th of Year Month of Year Month of Year

Factor to Convert Direct Beam Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

to Direct Beam on a Tilted Surface, Calculated using
Nominal Solar Profiles
SURFACE ANGLE Santa Maria
ORIENT- aI' TILT
AT! ON (DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZONTAl) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUl AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
SOUTH 15 1.'f3 1. 29 I. 17 1. 06 .99 .96 .98 1. 03 1. 12 1.2'1 1. 38 1.'17
SOUTH 30 1.76 1.'19 1. 26 1. 05 .93 .87 .89 .99 1. 16 1. 39 1. 66 l. 8'1
SOUTH '15 1. 97 1.59 1. 26 .97 .80 .72 .75 .89 1. 12 1.'15 !. 8'1 2.09
SOUTH 60 2.05 1.5 <) 1.17 .83 .62 .53 .57 .72 1. 0 1 1.'11 !. 88 2.19
SOUTH 75 1. 98 1.'17 l. 0 I .63 .'11 .32 .35 .52 .83 l. 27 l. 80 2.15
SOUTH 90 1. 78 1. 25 .78 .39 .19 .11 .1'1 .28 .59 1. 05 1.60 1. 95

Sf, SW 15 1.29 1. 20 1. 11 1. 0'1 .99 .97 .98 1. 02 1. 08 1. 16 1. 26 I. 32

Sf, SW 30 1.50 1. 32 l. 16 1. 02 .93 .89 .91 .98 1.09 1. 25 1.'1't 1.56
Sf, SW '15 1.61 I. 36 1. 1'1 .95 .83 .78 .80 .89 I. 05 1. 26 1.52 1. 69
SE, SW 60 1. 61 1. 31 I. 05 .83 .70 .b't .66 .77 .95 \. 19 I. 50 I. 71
SE, SW 75 1. 51 1. 18 .90 .68 .5't .'t7 .50 .6 ! .80 I. 06 1. 39 1. 62
SE, SW 90 1. 31 .99 .72 .50 .37 .31 .33 .'1'1 .61 .86 1. 19 1.'12

E,W 15 .98 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .9'1 .93 .92 .91 .91 .90 .90 .91 .92 .93 .9'1 .9'1
E,W '15 .88 .87 .85 .83 .81 .81 .81 .82 .8'1 .86 .88 .89
E,W 60 .80 .78 75 .72 .70 .69 .70 .71 .7'1 .76 .79 .81
E,W 75 .70 . {, 7 .63 .60 .,8 .,7 .57 .,9 .62 .65 .69 .71
E,W 90 .58 .5'1 .51 .'18 .'15 .'1'1 .'1't .46 .'t9 .,3 .57 .59

NORMAL INCIDENCE 2,47 2.07 1.77 1. 58 1.'19 1. '18 1.'18 1. 53 1.67 1.93 2.33 2.61
 98

Santa Maria
Total Radiation Histogram Total/Extraterrestrial (KT) Histogram

10 10
JAN JUL JAN JUL
N= 5 N=516 N=515 N=516
5 5

~ 10 ~ 10
z z
o o
~ 5 ~ 5
0::: 0:::
btJ btJ
CL, 10 CL, 10
(f)
MAR SEP (f)
~ N=527 N=514 ~
c3 5 c3 5
~ ~
o 10 o 10 -1---'L::::::=-----"~-+-~=-=-,,.!.......--1

0:::
btJ
e:::
btJ
~ 5 ro 5
:::::E
:::>
z
10 10
btJ btJ
l) l)
<t <t
t;3 5 e3 5
>
<t >
<t
10 10

5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 0.5 1
KWh/m2 PER DAY FRACT ION OF EXT RAT ERREST RIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
ly values evaluated for that month.
 ;
¥
!if '. ,,,,

99

(G) SOLAR DATA FOR LOS ANGELES (CIVIC CENTER)

Nearby Climate Station - Los Angeles (Civic Center)
 100

Month Solar Data, Los Angeles (Civic Center)

Latitude: 34.05° Longitude: 118.23° Elevation: 540'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m 2 per month)

horizontal surface 83 98 146 167 184 188 217 197 160 121 91 80 1732
130 130 173 177 180 184 232 215 186 151 137 134 2031
direct beam (normal incidence)

SOLAR RADIATION (KBtu/ft 2 per month)

horizontal surface
26 31 46 53 58 60 69 62 51 38 29 25 549
direct beam (normal incidence) 41 41 55 56 57 58 74 68 59 48 44 42 644

PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHINE

69 72 73 70 66 65 82 83 79 73 74 71 73

5 5 5 5 5 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths)

FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL .52 .53 .56 .56 .54 .55 .6, .61 .60 .54 .54 .53 .56
RADIATION (K T )

Recording interval: lYS2-l974

Source of solar data: NWS, Eppley 1ightbulb pyranometer.

Month Total Horizontal Radiation Monthly Total/Extraterrestrial (KT)

Los Angeles (Civic Center) Los Angeles (Civic Center)
Ave. Min. Max fol" 1952-1972 Ave. Min. Max fol" 1952-1972
1.0 ,--.-,--.-,,--...-----,--,----,-....,------,--,----,
400

E.'''''.''~.triO'····~··7
0.9

O.B
100 J:
300 .."
.. .' .......
t:: 0.7
0
--=--~,
~
t:: 0.6 "
...
<!l "
...
Q) .-
0
-'
0.. 200 / "" 0.. () 0.5
I
I

/
/ /'
/
/\ I
I "
I" \
"
"\
....
". 50
'"
""
"-
<U
...
I:<., 0.4 --...- \
,,;
I
'-...
/
//' ' ,
\ I " \
\ \, ~
0.3
I / \ \,
/' /' / ""
/Xl
/ .>t:
0.2

0.1

o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o 0.0 b..;-~~_;:;_.l.._;~~~~:_..L.-:-'~~~~~..J

J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D
Month of Yeal" Month of Year
 · .} /

101

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible Error in Direct Beam

Los Angeles (Civic Center) (Normal Incidence)
Cloudy Day Definition: K T <.40 Los Angeles (Civic Center)
25 I I

20

til 20 )<,· .. ······x To lal for Ye ar

(!)
U
~ 10 -
(!)
}..j
).;
::J
15
'\ G----e Heating Season
(Oct - 114 ar)
u
U III
0 r..
0
4-l
0 10 :::Ii
H r..
\

--
(!) 0
-10 I-
~::J '.'. ro
z 5 '. J. ., ., ., ,.---'" ., .,
·x.
IS
" tI

-20 -
·x .........
0 I
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Month of Ye ar

Clear Day Plots for Solar Radiation

Direct Beam (Normal Incidence) Total Radiation on a

Los Angeles (Civic Center) Horizontal Surface
Angeles (Civic Center)

1000 1000
300 300

.c: .c:
'"S '"S
""-
til
200 '":: ""-
til 200 '"::
..- ""- *' ""-
..- ;:;
.,., '*"<Il ;:;
<Il 500 500 -'
~ CQ ~ CQ

100 100

~Dec 21
Mar 2! . Sap 2I
June 21
0 0 0 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Lo c a I So I ar Time Loe a I So jar Time
 102

Radiation on a Ited Surface (Calculated Values)

Metric Units (kWh/m2)
SURFACE AIliGLE (Civic Center)
ORIEIIIT- OF TIL T
All 0111 ( DEGREES DIRECT HAM + DIFFUSE (GROUIliO REFLECT! Dill EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZOIliTAL) JAIII FEB MAR APR MAY JUIII JUL AUG SEP OCT IIIOV DEC ANNUAL
SOUTH 15 105 115 161 173 182 182 212 200 172 138 113 103 185~
SOU TH 30 121 126 167 168 170 166 195 I'll 17'1 l'iS 128 120 1872
SOUTH '15 129 129 163 155 1'19 1'12 167 171 165 1'18 135 131 178'1
SOUHI 60 129 12'1 1'19 132 121 112 132 1'12 I'H 1'10 13'i 133 1597
SOUTH 75 122 113 127 103 87 78 91 106 121 12'1 125 127 1325
SOUTH 90 108 9'i 98 69 52 'f'1 50 66 88 101 109 113 992
SE, SW 15 98 10'1 155 170 181 183 212 198 168 132 106 96 1808
Sf, SW 30 107 115 157 165 171 170 198 189 167 137 11~ 106 1796
SE,5W '15 110 11 ~ 151 153 153 150 176 173 158 134 117 110 1698
SE, SW 60 107 108 137 13'1 130 125 1'17 1'19 I'll 124 112 108 1522
SE, SW 75 98 95 117 109 103 98 115 120 118 108 10 I 100 1282
SE, SW 90 83 78 92 82 75 69 81 88 91 88 85 86 1000
E,W 15 82 96 1'12 163 179 183 212 192 156 118 89 78 1692
E,W 30 78 91 135 15'1 168 172 198 181 1'18 112 ~5 75 1595
E,W '15 73 8'1 123 1'10 152 155 178 163 135 103 79 70 1'15'1
E,W 60 65 75 109 122 132 13'1 15'1 1'12 118 91 71 63 1275
E,W 75 56 63 92 102 109 110 127 118 99 77 61 5'1 1069
E,W 90 '15 51 73 80 85 86 99 93 79 62 'i9 '1'1 8'16
GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFL EC Tl VlTY ~ .2 (MULTIPLY BY RHO/.2 FOR RHLECTIVlTY = RHO)
ANY 15 0 0 0 I 1 1 1 1 I 0 0 0 6
ANY 30 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 23
ANV 'i5 2 3 'I 5 5 5 6 6 5 'I 3 2 51
AIIIY 60 'I 5 7 8 9 9 11 10 8 6 5 4 87
AIliV 75 (, 7 II 12 l'i 14 16 15 12 9 7 6 128
ANV 90 8 10 15 17 18 19 22 20 16 12 9 8 173

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

ineering Un (kBtu/ft2)
SURFACE
ORIENT-
ANGLE Angeles (Civic Center)
OF TIL T
Al10N (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC AIIIIIIUAL
SOUTH 15 33 36 51 55 58 58 67 63 5'1 'i'l 36 33 587
SOU 1H 30 38 'to 53 53 5'1 53 62 60 55 '17 'II 38 593
SOUTH '15 'il '11 52 '19 '17 '15 53 5'1 52 '17 '13 '11 565
SOUTH 60 41 39 '17 '12 38 36 '12 't5 '17 '15 'i3 'i2 506
SOUTH 75 39 36 'to 33 28 25 29 3'1 38 39 'to '10 '120
SOUTH 90 3'1 30 31 22 17 1'1 16 21 28 32 35 36 31'1
SE, SW 15 31 35 '19 5'1 57 58 67 63 53 '12 3'1 30 573
SE, SW 30 3'1 36 50 52 5'1 5'1 63 60 53 '13 36 3'i 569
SE, SW '15 35 36 '18 'f8 '19 '18 56 55 50 '12 37 35 538
SE, SW 60 3'i 3'1 '13 '12 '11 40 47 '17 '15 39 36 3'1 't 82
SE, SW 75 31 30 37 35 33 31 36 38 37 34 32 32 406
SE, SW 90 26 25 29 26 2'1 22 26 28 29- 28 27 27 317
E,W 15 26 30 '15 52 57 58 67 61 50 37 28 25 536
E,W 30 25 29 '13 '19 53 54 63 57 '17 35 27 2'1 505
E,W '15 23 21 39 '1'1 '18 '19 56 52 '13 33 25 22 461
E,W 60 21 2'1 3'1 39 '12 'i2 '19 '15 37 29 22 20 '10'1
E,W 75 18 20 29 32 35 35 'to 37 31 2'1 19 17 339
E,W 90 1'1 16 23 25 27 27 31 29 25 20 16 l't 268

GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFLECTIV lTY .2 (MULTIPLY BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTlV lTV " RHO)
"
AIIIY 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
ANV 30 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 7
ANV '15 I 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 I I 1 1 16
ANY 60 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 27
Alii V 75 2 2 3 4 'I 't 5 5 'I 3 2 2 '11
ANV 90 3 3 5 5 6 6 7 6 5 'I 3 3 55
 103

Possible Error in the Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface

Los Angeles (Civic Center)

Tilt of 30° Tilt of 60°

30r-'-'-'-'O-RI'E-NTTA-TITON-'-'-'-'~ 30r-'-'-'-'O-RITE-NTTA-TITON-'-'-'-'~
&---£J SOUTH G-------£) SOUTH
(1-"""0 SE,SW 6-'"····0 SE.SW
X"--X E,W *-~X E,W
20 20

10~

-10

-20 -20

J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D
Month of Year Month of Year

Factor Convert Direct Beam Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

to Direct Beam on a Tilted Surface, Calculated using
Nominal Solar Profiles
SURFACE ANGLE Los Angeles (Civic Center)
ORIENT- aI' TIL T
ATION (DEGREE S
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

SOUTH 15 1.'l1 1. 28 1. 16 1. 06 .99 .96 .97 1. 03 1. 11 I. 23 1. 37 1.'16

SOUTH 30 1.73 1.'l7 1. 2'1 1. 0'1 .92 .86 .88 .98 1. 15 1. 37 1. 6'1 1. 81
SOUTH '15 1. 93 I. 5 7 1. 2'1 .96 .79 .71 .7'1 .88 1. 1 J 1. 't 3 I. 80 2.05
SOUTH 60 2.00 1.55 1. 15 .81 .61 .52 .55 .71 .99 1. 38 1. 8'1 2.1't
SOUTH 75 I. 93 1. 'I 3 .99 .61 .'10 .31 .3'1 .50 .81 l. 2'1 l. 75 2.09
SOUTH 90 1. 73 1. 22 .75 .37 .17 . 10 .1 i .27 .57 1. 02 1.55 1. 90

SE,SW 15 l. 28 1. 19 \. 11 1. O'l .99 .97 .98 1. 0 1 1. 07 I. 15 1. 25 1. 31

SE, SW 30 1.'l8 1. 31 1. 15 I. 02 .93 .89 .90 .97 1. 09 1. 24 1.42 1.5'1
SE, SW '15 1.58 I. 34 I. 12 .9'1 .83 .77 .79 .89 1. 0'1 I. 2'1 1. '19 I. 66
Sf,SW 60 1.58 1. 29 l. 03 .82 .69 .63 .65 .76 .9'1 1.17 I. 'I 7 1. 68
SE, SW 75 1.'l7 l. 16 .89 .67 .53 .'17 .'19 .60 .78 I. 0'1 1.36 1.58
SE,SW 90 1.27 .96 .70 .'19 .36 .30 .33 .'13 .60 .8'1 1. 16 1.38

E,W 15 .98 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .9'1 .93 .92 .91 .91 .90 .90 .91 .92 .92 .93 .9'1
E,W '15 .88 .86 .8'1 .83 .81 .81 .8 ! .82 .8'! .85 .87 .89
E,W 60 .80 .17 .75 .72 .70 .69 .70 .71 .73 .76 .79 .81
E,W 75 .69 .66 .63 .60 .58 .57 .51 .59 .62 .65 .68 .70
E,W 90 .57 .5'1 .50 .'17 .'15 .'1'l .'1'l . 't6 .'19 .52 .56 .58

NORMAL INCIOENCE 2.'12 2.0'1 l. 75 I. '> 7 1.'l9 1.'l7 1.'18 1.., 3 1. 66 1. 90 2.28 2.56
 104

,
Los Angeles (Civic Center)
Total Radiation Histogram Total/Extraterrestrial (KT) H ram
10 . ~__________, -__________,
JUL 10 ~J-A-N--------~JU~L~--~r-,
N=574 N=638 N=574
5

~ 10 +----~---_+_-~~----'-I 1 0 +LF~E::::B=---~:::>"-'-+---A~U~G='==~~~
z FEB AUG
o N=571 N=645 N=571 N=645
::E 5
5
e:::: e::::
til
til
0.. 10 0.. 1 0 -l-J=M::::A=-R~-----=::l--t--S....
E P--===-----~-1
VJ
MAR SEP
>- N=616 N=625 ~ N=616 N=625
C3 5 CS 5
W:...
o 10 ~~ __~_--=_~="'---_---l__ W:...
APR o 10 APR
e::::
til
N=577 e:::: N=577
til
~ 5 gj 5
::; ;:)
z z
MAY 10 MAY NOV
N=618 til
v N=618 N=560
<
t5 5
>
<
10 10 JUN DEC
N=574 N=665
5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 0.5 1
KWh/m2 PER DAY FRAC"l'ION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number ,of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz··
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated that month.
 105

(H) SOLAR DATA FOR LOS ANGELES (INTERNATIONAL AiRPORT)

Nearby Climate Stations - Los Angeles (International Airport), Long Beach
 106

Month Solar Data, Los Angeles (international Airport)

Latitude: 33.93° longitude: U8.38° Elevation: 126'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m 2 per month)

horizontal surface 86 102 149 182 195 188 217 199 154 123 90 79 1764
direct beam (normal incidence) 135 138 179 204 199 184 232 218 175 157 133 133 2086

SOLAR RADIATION (KBtu/ft 2 per month)

horizontal surface 27 32 47 58 62 60 69 63 49 39 29 25 559
43 44 57 65 63 58 74 69 56 50 42 42 661
direct beam (normal incidence)

PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHINE

MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths) 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5

FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL
RADIATION (KT ) .53 .55 .58 .61 .57 .55 .63 .62 .57 .55 .53 .53 .57

Recording interval: 1951-1975

Source of solar data: NWS, Eppley lightbulb pyranometer.

Monthly Total Horizontal Radiation Monthly Total/Extraterrestrial (KT)

Los Angeles (I nternational rport) Los Angeles (International Airport)

07
Ave, Min, Max for 1957-1975 Ave, Min, Max for 1957-1975
400 1.0

Ext,o,e"es"io'. R 0.9

100 ..c: 0.8

-'
r:: 0,7
0
:::0
~
- - ~

r::: 0,6
"- '"
Q)
0

200 ,/
~ 0.. -'
/ '- 0,5 /
/
/
"\\ \ (J
«l /
N / '"-' -_/

!
!
/
,,/ \ '\ 50 '"
IJ.. 0,4
! /
\ '\ "-
/ / " " "- '\ :1
0,3
100 / I '\ "- m
'\ ~ .><:
/
0,2

0,1

O~~~~~~-d~~~~-L~~O 0,0 ~--L-=,~-L-:--l-~~:-l-~~--L-=,~-L---L----l

JF'MAMJJASOND J F' M A M J J A SON D
Month of Year Month of Year
 107

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible Error in rect Beam

Los Angeles (International Airport) (Normal Incidence)
Cloudy Day Definition: KT< 40 Los Angeles (International Airport)
25 I

20 I-

(f.) 20 \, x······· .. ·x Total for Year

1 G- ..... ".. ..,-
Q) ~
u ~

r::: G-----€l Heating Season 10

OJ III
1-1 (Oct - Mar)
t:>I)
1-1 15 !::
;:J !II
tJ c::
0
U III
!-.
0
.., 0
~ III
10 ::i! <d
0
!II
...
1-1
OJ
~.
0
.-
E
-10
~:;
-'
'. <0 III

:z; 5 '.'. -J"

t.:I
... ~ -..
·x. -20
'.

0
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Mon th of Year

Day Plots Solar Radiation

Direct Beam (Normal Incidence) Total Radiation on a

Los Angeles (I nternational rport) Horizontal Surface
Los Angeles (International Airport)

1000 1000
300 300

£: £:
'"E '"E
"'- 200 '":: "'-
III
200 '"....
-'
.,.,
III
"'- oW
"'-
.... oW
.,.,:::l
!II 500 ....:::l !II
li!<:
500
li!<: III III

100 100

--Dec 21
Mar 21. Sap 21
June 21
0 0 0 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Loc €II So I ar Time Loc a I So lar Time
 108

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated ues)

Metric Units (kWh/m2)
SURFACE ANGLE Los Angeles (i nternational rport)
ORIENT- OF Tl L T
ATION (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLEC Tl ON EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL

SOUTH 15 108 120 164 189 193 182 212 201 165 1't2 110 102 18b~
SOUTH 30 124 131 170 18'1 180 166 195 192 167 151 125 119 1906
SOUTH '15 133 135 166 169 157 1'12 167 172 159 152 132 129 1815
SOUTH 60 133 130 153 145 127 112 132 1'13 I'll 1'1'1 131 131 1622
SOUTH 75 126 118 130 112 91 78 91 107 116 128 122 125 13'13
SOUTH 90 III 99 100 7'1 53 '1'1 50 66 8'1 10'1 106 112 1002
SE, SW 15 101 11'1 159 186 192 183 212 199 161 135 10'1 95 1841
Sf, SW 30 110 120 161 181 181 170 198 I'll 160 1'10 112 105 1829
Sf,SW '15 11'1 119 155 167 162 150 176 174 151 137 11'1 109 1728
Sf, SW 60 110 112 1'10 1'16 138 125 1'17 150 135 127 109 107 1548
Sf, SW 75 101 100 120 119 109 97 11'1 120 113 111 99 99 1302
SE, SW 90 86 82 95 90 79 69 81 89 88 90 83 85 1014

E,W 15 8'1 99 146 178 190 183 212 19'1 151 121 88 78 1723
E,W 30 80 95 138 167 178 172 198 182 1'12 11'1 8'1 75 162'1
E,W '15 7'1 87 126 152 161 155 178 165 130 105 77 69 1'180
E,W 60 67 78 III 133 1'10 13'1 15'1 1'13 11'1 93 69 62 1298
E,W 75 57 66 9'1 111 116 110 127 119 96 79 59 5'1 1088
E,W 90 '17 53 75 87 90 86 99 93 76 63 '18 '1'1 861
GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFLEC Tl V lTV :; .2 (MULTIPLY BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTIVITY = RHO)

ANV 15 0 0 I 1 1 J. 1 1 1 0 0 0 6
ANV
ANY
30
45 3
1 1
3
2
lj ,
2 3
6 ,
3 3
6 6
10
3 2
5
2
'I
1
3
I
2
24
52
ANV 60 'I 5 7 9 10 9 11 8 6 4 'I 88
ANV 75 6 8 11 1'1 1'1 1'1 16 15 11 9 7 6 131
ANV 90 9 10 15 18 19 19 22 20 15 12 9 8 176

Total on a Ti Surface (Calculated Values)

ng Units (kBtu/ft2)
SURFACE ANGLE
(International Airport)
ORIENT- OF TIL T
AT! ON ( DEGREE S D I REe T BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL

SOUTH 15 3'1 38 52 60 61 58 67 6'1 52 '15 35 32 598

SOUTH 30 39 '12 5'1 58 57 53 62 61 53 '18 '10 38 60'1
SOU TN '15 '12 43 53 5'1 50 '15 53 55 50 48 42 '11 575
SOU TH 60 '42 '11 '18 '16 '10 35 42 '15 '15 '16 'II '12 51'1
SOUTH 75 '10 37 'II 36 29 25 29 3'1 37 '10 39 '10 '126
SOUTH 90 35 31 32 23 17 14 16 21 27 33 33 35 318

SE, SW 15 32 36 50 59 61 58 67 63 51 '13 33 30 583

SE, SW 30 35 38 51 57 57 5'1 63 60 51 '1'1 35 33 579
SE,SW '15 36 38 '19 53 51 '18 56 55 '18 '1'1 36 35 5'18
Sf, SW 60 35 36 '15 'f6 '1'1 '10 '17 '17 '13 '10 35 3'1 490
SE, SW 75 32 32 38 38 3'1 31 36 38 36 35 31 31 '113
Sf, SW 90 27 26 30 28 25 22 26 28 28 28 26 27 321

E,W 15 27 32 't6 56 60 58 67 6! 'f8 38 28 25 5'+6

E,W 30 25 30 '1'1 53 56 5'1 63 58 '15 36 27 2'1 515
E,W '15 2'1 28 '10 48 51 '19 56 52 '11 33 25 22 '169
E,W 60 21 25 35 '12 '14 '12 '19 '15 36 30 22 20 '111
E,W 75 18 21 30 35 37 35 '10 38 30 25 19 17 3'15
E,W 90 15 17 2'1 28 29 27 31 30 2'1 20 15 1'1 273

GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFLECTlV lTV " .2 (MUL TIPLV BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTIV lTV = RHO)
ANY 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
ANY 30 0 0 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 0 0 7
ANV '15 I 1 ! 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 16
ANY 60 I 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 I 1 28
ANV 75 2 2 3 'I 5 'J 5 5 '1 3 2 2 'II
ANV 90 3 3 5 6 6 6 7 6 5 ~ 3 3 56
 " }

109

Possible Error in the Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface

Los Angeles (International Airport)

Tilt of 30· Tilt of 60· Tilt 01 90·

30r-r-'-'-'O-'I'EN-T'AT-IO'N-'-'-'-'~ 30C-'-'-'-TO-'ITE-NTTA-T<TO-N'-'-'-~ 30 ORIENTATION
~ SOUTH ~ SOUTH
G----€l SOU TM
'W .••••• f.! SE,S'iI @>"······o SE.SW 0-"''''0 SE.SW
)f---X E,W >t---X E.W )f---X E.W
20 20 20

'" '"
..•
~
@
·..•
~

..,'" '"
• "•
~
~

•E •
S
~
w
-10 ~
'" '"
-20 -20

J F M A M J J A SON 0 J F M A M J J A SON 0
Month of Year Month of Year Yonth or Year

Factor Convert rect Beam Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

to Direct Beam on a Tilted Surface, Calculated using
inal Solar Profiles
SURFACE ANGLE Los Angeles (International Airport)
ORIENT- OF TILT
AllON ( DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR Mil'! JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

SOUHI 15 1.'11 1. 28 1. 16 l. 06 .99 .96 .97 1. 02 l. 11 1.23 1. 36 1.45

SOUHI 30 1. 73 1.47 1. 24 1. 0'1 .92 .86 .88 .98 I. 15 1.37 1. 6'1 1.81
SOUTH '15 1.92 !. 5 6 1.2'1 .96 .79 .71 .7'1 .87 1.11 1.42 I. 80 2.0'1
SOUTH 60 1. 99 1. 55 1. 15 .8 ! .61 .52 .55 .71 .99 1.38 I. 8 3 2.13
sounl 15 1. 92 I. '13 .98 .61 .39 .31 .3'1 .50 .81 I. 2'1 1.75 2.08
SOUTH 90 I. 72 !. 21 .75 .37 .17 .10 .13 .27 .57 1. 0 I 1.54 1.89

SE,SW 15 l. 28 1. 19 1.11 1. 0'1 .99 .97 .98 1. 0 1 1. 07 1. 15 I. 25 1.31

SE,SW 30 1.'18 I. 30 1.15 1. 0 1 .93 .89 .90 .97 I. 09 1 23 I. ~ 2 1. 5 ~
Sf,SW '15 1.58 1.34 l. 12 .94 .82 .77 .79 .88 I. 0'1 \. 24 1.49 1. 66
SE, SW 60 1.57 1. 28 1.03 .82 .69 .63 .65 .76 .93 I. 17 l.lJ 7 1.67
SE, SW 75 1.% 1. 15 .89 .67 .53 .46 .'19 .60 .78 1.03 I. 35 l. '5 7
Sf, SW 90 1. 26 .96 .70 .'19 .36 .30 .33 .43 .60 .84 1. 15 1.37

E,W 15 .98 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .97 .9i' .98 98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .9'1 .93 .92 .91 .91 .90 .90 .91 .92 .92 .93 .9'1
E,W '15 .88 .86 .8'1 .83 .81 .81 .8 I .82 .8'1 .85 .87 .89
E,W 60 .79 .77 .7'! .72 .70 .69 .70 .71 .73 .76 .79 .81
E,W 75 .69 .66 .63 .60 .58 .57 .57 .59 .62 .64 .68 .70
E,W 90 .57 .5'1 .50 .'17 .45 . '13 .'t't . 't6 .'19 ., .2 .55 .58

NORMAL INCIDENCE 2. 'II 2.03 1.75 1. '5 7 1.'19 1.'17 1. '18 1. 5 2 1. 66 1.90 2.27 2.55
 110

Angeles (International Airport)

Total Radiation Histogram Total/Extraterrestrial (KT) Histogram

10 10 ...,--------.,---__--~--,
JUL JAN JUL
N=644 N=686 N=644
5 5

~ 10 10 ~~------~~--~-~~
AUG
z FEB AUG
o N=635 N=675 N=675
~ 5
e:::
w
Cl. 10
MAR SEP MAR SEP
Vl N=653
N=689 N=653 N=689
>--
~ 5
I::r..
APR
0 10 APR OCT
N=662 0:: N=662 N=671
w
cc 5
~
::::::l
Z
10 w 10 MAY NOV
w
U u N=697 N=644
<t <t
0:: 5 0::
w 5
w
> >
<t <t
10 10 JUN DEC
N=631 N=667

5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 0.5 1

KWh/m2 PER DAY FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL

RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 111

(I) SOLAR DATA RIVERSIDE

Nearby CI Stations - Riverside, .San Bernardino
 112

Monthly Solar Data, Riverside

latitude: 33.97° Longitude: 117.33° Elevation: 1050'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m 2 per month)

horizontal surface 88 106 157 182 198 209 224 205 171 132 102 88 1862
direct beam (normal incidence) 142 149 194 203 204 219 244 229 208 175 164 156 2290

SOLAR RADIATION (KBtu/ft 2 per month)

horizontal surface 28 34 50 58 63 66 71 65 54 42 32 28 590
direct beam (normal incidence) 45 47 62 64 65 69 77 73 66 56 52 50 725

PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHINE

MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths)* 4 5 5 5 4 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4

FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL
RADIATION (KT ) .55 .58 .61 .61 .58 .61 .64 .64 .64 .59 .60 .59 .60

*Data for March AFB 35')4'N, 117°15'W, Elevation 1,43'

Recording interval: 1952-1975
Source of solar data: NWS, Eppley lightbulb pyranometer.

Monthly Total Horizontal Radiation Monthly Total/Extraterrestrial (KT)

Riverside Riverside
Ave. Min, Max Co r 1954-11312
400 Ave, Min, Max r0 r 1954-1912
1.0

EX''''t.,:~""a'···~7 0.9
100 .L: 0.8
.L: 300
-' -'
&::
0
:::I!
t:::
0
:::I!
0.7
/'
- ~-

"- '"
,/ , b t::: O.S
/'

b \ '. W 0 I
III '.
Q, 200 /, \ Q, _.----, , I "-
I "- \ '. "'" 0.5 I
"-

, , Q

-...
\
'"E /
/,
"-
/ 0-
50
....
N
III
...
/ \ .... 0.4
" ,, "-
'-. I / '-.
.L: I I :::I
/ \
ll!: /
/ tll 0.3
.:.: 100 I , .:.:
/'
0.2

0.1
0 0
J F M A M J J A S 0 N D 0.0
J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Month of Ye ar
Month of Year
 113

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible Error in Direct Beam

Riverside (Normal Incidence)
Cloudy Day Definition: K'l'<.40 Riverside
25
20

Ul 20 x, .........)( Toll'll for Year

(j) ~
t)
10
Q
Q)
~
~\ ~ Heating Season III
<>0
~
(Oct - Mar) t::
;::l
15 til
t)
0::
t)
III
0
""
b
0 III
4-1
0 10 :::!1 ~

til
E
.-
b
~
Q) 0 -10
.w
~;::l i<.
'.
co Ul
t&I
Z 5 '.'. -J, ~B
" " 8 8 8 8 a--- e 8 --El

'.
-20
·x .....
0 I

0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Month of Year

Clear Plots for Solar Radiation

Direct Beam (Normal Incidence) Total Radiation on a

Riverside Horizontal Surface
Riverside

1000 1000
300 300

OJ J:: OJ J::
E E
200 '""-
N
"'- 200 ~ "'- -'
Ul
...,
Vl

*'
-'
"'-
:l
.., "'-
;;j
ro 500 -' til 500 -'
ill< Cl:l ill< Cl:l

100 100

~Dec 21
Mar 21, Sep 21
June 21
0 0 0 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Loc €.II Solar Time Loc I'll So Ii'll' Time
 114

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Metric Units (kWh/m2)
SURFACE ANGLE
ORIENT- OF TIL T
ATION {DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT I\IOV DEC AIIIIIIUAL
SOUTH 15 112 126 17'! 188 196 202
SOUTH
218 208 185 152 128 115 200'1
30 129 138 180 18'1 183 18'1 201 198 187 16'4
SOUTH '15 138
1'16 136 2031
1'13 177 169 160 157 172 178 178 165 155 1'18 1~t;O
SOUTH 60 139 138 162 1'1'1 129 122 135
SOUTH
1'18 159 157 155 151 17'10
75 132 125 138 112 92 83 93 110 130 139 1'15
SOUTH 90 1'1'1 1'1'15
116 105 106 7'1 5'1 '15 50 67 9'4 113 126 129 1081
SE, SW 15 lOt; 119 168 186 196 203 219 206 180 1'16 120 107 1951
51':,SW 30 115 126 170 180 18'1 188 20'1 197
Sf, SW
SE,SW
SE, SW
'I"
60
75
liB
115
126
119
16<;
1'19
167
1%
165
1'10
166
138
181
151
179
15'1
179
169
152
151
IIl9
138
130
133
129
119
12'1
123
19'1'1
181;2
1653
105 105 127 119 III 107 liB 12't 127 121 117 1I 3 1393
SE, SW 90 89 87 100 90 80 75 83 91 98 98 98 98 1086
E,W 15 87 10'1 153 178 193 20'4 218 200 167 129
E,W 100 86 1819
30 83 99 1'45 167 181 190 20'4 188 158 122 95 83
E,W '15 77 91 17 15
132 152 16'1 171 18'4 110 1'1'4 113 88 77 1563
E,W 60 69 81 117 133 1't2 l'!8 159 1'l8
E,W
126 100 79 69 1371
75 59 69 99 III 117 122 131 123 106 85 68
E,W 90 'l8
60 11'19
5/> 78 87 92 95 102 96 8'1 68 55 '19 909
GROUI\ID REFLECT! 0111 FOR REFLECTIVITV := .2 ( MULTIPLV BY RHO/.2 FOR REFL EC Tl V lTV '" RHO)
A1\1 V 15 0 0 1 1 I I 1 I I
AIIIY
0 0 0 /,
30 1 I 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2
/lillY '15 3
1 I 25
3 5 5 (, 6 7 (, 5 'I 3 3 55
Alii V 60 lj 5 8 9 10 10 II 10 9 7 5 'I 93
AI\IY 75 7 8 12 13 15 15 17 15 13 10 8 7 138
AI\I¥ 90 9 II 16 18 20 21 22 20 17 13 10 9 186

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Engineering Units (kBtu/ff2)
SURFACE AI\IGLE Riverside
ORIENT- OF TILT
AlIOI\I ( DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUI\ID REFLECTIOIII EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUIII JUL AUG SEP OCT IIIOV DEC AIliNUAL
SOUTH 15 36 '10 55 60 62 6'4 69 66 59 '18 '41 37 635
SOUTH 30 '11 '1'4 57 58 58 58 6'4 63 59 52 '16 '13 6'13
SOUTH '15 t;'1 '45 56 5'1 51 50 55 56 56 52 '19 '47 615
SOUTH 60 '1'4 '1'4 51 '16 '41 39 't3 '47 50 50 t;9 '18 551
SOUTH 75 '42 '10 '1'1 35 29 26 29 35 '41 '4'1 '16 t;6 '158
SOUTH 90 37 33 3'4 23 17 1'1 16 21 30 36 '10 '11 3'12
SE, SW 15 33 38 53 59 62 6'1 69 65 57 t;6 38 3'l 618
51: > SW 30 36 '10 5'1 57 58 60 65 62 57 '48 '11 38 616
SE, SW 'l5 37 '10 52 53 52 53 57 57 5'1 '17 '12 39 58'l
SE, SW 60 36 38 '47 '16 '1'1 'It; t;8 '19 '18 '1'1 '11 39 52'1
SE, SW 15 33 33 '10 38 35 3'1 37 39 'to 38 37 36 'I'll
SE,SW 90 28 27 32 28 25 2'1 26 29 31 31 31 31 3'1'1
E,W 15 27 33 '49 56 61 65 69 63 53 '11 32 27 576
E,W 30 26 31 % 52 57 60 65 59 50 39 30 26 5'43
E,W '15 2'1 29 '12 '18 52 5'1 58 5'1 '16 36 28 2'1 '195
E,W 60 22 26 37 '12 '15 '17 50 '17 'to 32 25 22 '13'4
E,W 75 1'1 22 31 35 37 39 '41 39 3'1 27 21 19 36't
E,W 90 15 18 25 28 29 30 32 30 27 21 17 15 288
GROUI\ID REFLECT! 0111 FOR REFLECTlV lTV " .2 ( MULTIPLV BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTIVITV " RHO)
ANY 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
AIIIY 30 0 0 1 1 I I 1 ! 1 0 1 8
AI\IY '15 ! 1 1 2 2 :2 2 2 :2 1 1 I 17
AI\IV 60 1 2 2 3 3 3 't 3 3 2 2 I 29
AIIIY 75 2 2 'I 'l 5 '5 '5 '5 'I 3 2 2 '1'1
ANV 90 3 3 5 6 6 7 7 6 5 'I 3 3 59
 . ,

115

Possible Error in the Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface

Riverside

Ti I t o f 30° Tilt of 60° Tilt of 90°

30r-,-,-,-,-,-,-,--,-,-,-,-,
30'-'-'-'-'0-"'E-""A'-'O"-'-'-'-'-' ORIENTATION ORIENTATION
SOUTH SOUTH G---£I SOUTH
(>-······0 SE,5W (1-······0 SE,SW SE,SW
)t---x E.W *--x E,W ){---x E,i'(
20 20

~
."
C

'""
"
V
¥

"Ei
~ -10
~ ~

"' '"
-20 -20

JFMAMJJ A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D

Month of Year Month of Year Month of Year

Factor to Convert Direct 8eam Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

to Direct on a Tilted Surface, Calculated using
Nominal Solar Profiles
SURFACE ANGLE Riverside
ORIENT- OF TIL T
ATION ( DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZONTAl) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SE!' OCT NOV DEC
SOUTH 15 1.'11 1.28 1.16 L06 .99 .96 .97 1. 03 1. 11 1.23 1. 37 1.'16
SOUTH 30 1.73 1.'17 1. 2'1 1. 0'1 .92 .86 .88 .98 1. 15 1. 37 1.6'1 1. 81
SOUTH '15 1.92 1.56 1. 2'1 .96 .79 .71 .7'1 .87 1.11 1.'12 1.80 2.0'1
SOUTH 60 1.99 1.55 1. 15 .81 .61 .52 .55 .71 .99 1. 38 1. 8'1 2.1'1
SOUTH 75 1.92 I. Ii 3 .99 .61 .39 .31 .31i .50 .81 1. 2'1 I. 75 2.08
SOUTH 90 1. 72 \. 21 .75 .37 .17 .10 .13 .27 .57 I. 0 I 1.5 .. l. 89

SE, SW 15 1. 28 1. 19 1. 11 1. 0'1 .99 .97 .98 l. 01 1. 07 1. 15 1. 25 I. 31

5E, SW 30 l.'iB 1. 30 1. 15 1. 02 .93 .89 .90 .97 l. 09 1. 2'1 1.'12 1.5'1
5E,SW '15 1.58 1. 3'1 1. 12 .9'1 .82 .77 .79 .89 1. 0'1 1. 2'1 1.'19 1.66
SE,SW 60 1.57 1. 29 1. 03 .82 .69 .63 .65 .76 .93 I. 17 1.'l7 1.67
5E,SW 75 1.'l7 1. 16 .89 .67 .53 . '16 .'19 .60 .78 1. 03 1. 35 1.57
SE,5W 90 l. 21 .96 .70 .'19 .36 .30 .33 ... 3 .60 .8'1 I. 15 1. 37
E,W 15 .98 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .97 .91 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .9'1 .93 .92 .91 .91 .90 .90 .91 .92 .92 .93 .9'1
E,W '15 .88 .86 .8'1 .83 .81 .81 .81 .82 .8'1 .85 .87 .89
E,W 60 .79 .77 .7'1 .72 .70 .69 .70 .71 .73 .76 .79 .81
E,W 75 .69 .66 .63 .60 .58 .57 .'57 .59 .62 .65 .68 .70
E,W 90 • '5 7 .5'1 .50 .'17 ... 5 .'13 .'1'1 .'16 .'19 .52. .5 " .58

NORMAL INCIDENCE :2 .'11 2.03 I. 75 l."7 1.'19 l. 't 7 1.'l8 1. 5 3 1.66 1. 90 2.2.7 2.55
 116

Riverside
iation H ram H ram

10 10
JUL JAN JUL
N=339 N=370 N=339
5 5

10 ~ 10 ¥-=:..------l-r~-==-___rr~
AUG z FEB AUG
N=370 o N=339 N=370
5 ~ 5
a:::
til
0.. 10
(JJ
>-- N=353
~ 5
~
10 o 10
APR OCT
N=384 a::: N=358
til
~ 5
:::J
Z
10 10 MAY NOV
til
v N=399 N=358
5
<
0:::
w 5
>
<
10 10

5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 0.5 1

KWh/m2 PER DAY FRACI'ION OF EXT RAT ERREST RIAL

RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 117

(J) SOLAR DATA FOR LA JOLLA

Nearby Climate Stations - Imperial Beach, San Diego
 118

Monthly Solar La Jolla

Latitude: 32.83° Longitude: 117.25° Elevation: 85'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh!m Z per month)

horizontal surface 94 102 150 171 198 180 195 179 148 125 102 85 1729
direct beam (normal incidence) 149 135 178 181 203 170 195 183 162 156 159 140 2010

SOLAR RADIATION (KBlu/H Z per month)

horizontal surface 30 32 48 54 63 57 62 57 47 40 32 27 548
64 54 62 58 51 49 50 44 637
direct beam (normal incidence) 47 43 56 , 57

71 72 70 65 58 56 68 69 68 67 73 71 67
PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHINE*

5 5 5 5 6 6 5 4 4 4 4 5 5
MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths)*

FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL
RADIATION (l(T) .56 .54 .57 .57 .58 .53 .56 .56 .55 .55 .59 .55 .56

Recording interval: 1929-1942

*Data for San Diego 32°44',117°10' W, Elevation 13'
Source of solar data: Scripps Institute, Eppley 1ightbu1b pyranometer.

Monthly Total Horizontal Radiation Monthly Total/Extraterrestrial (K T )

La Jolla La Jolla
Ave, Min, Max fo r 1933-1942 Ave, Min, Max for 1933-1942
400 1.0
0.9

100 .&: O.B

.&: 300 ...,
"'c::" c:: 0.7
0
::Ii
0
::Ii ----~-
_
.... --, "-
!: 0.6 ' .....
... _ ... 0
ill
<l. 200 1
/ ............ ......

""
ill
<l. "'u" 0.5 - - -- ..... , /' -" /--
/'
I' , " , .....
ctJ
'"..., .......
/
" 1
/

"- -
'./

Ei I --- ,..-, 1 50 0.4

\

""
J::
~
\
\
,
'\
'\
'\
""...,
:::1

III
0.3
.:.: .....
~
0.2

0.1

0 0 0.0
J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Month of Year Month of Year
 '. J
..)

119

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible Error in Di Beam

Jolla (Normal Incidence)
Cloudy Day Definition: K T <.40 La la
25'--'~-'---'---'---'---'---'---'--~

20

20 Total for Year

Heating Season 10

15 - (Oct - Mar)

10
b
o -10 -
1<••••••••
5 '.",
"~ ,,~
" " "
I:>-
·x. " "
....... -20
····x..........
Ob-~ __~__~__~==~~~~~~L-~ I
o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Month of Ye ar

Day Plots Radiation

Direct (Normal Incidence) Total Radiation on a

Jolla Horizontal Surface
La Jolla

1000 1000
300 300

J:: J::
'"e '"e
""'- 200 '":: ""'- 200 '"....
.."
.,.,
(!)
.,.,
(!)

""'- .., ""'-

"""<ll 500 ..,::l t1! 500 ..,::l
iiJl: III iiJl: III

100 100

~Dec :il 1
Mar :ill. Sep :il I
June :il I
0 0 0 0
4 6 8 14 16 18
10 12 20 4, 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Loc al Solar Time Loe al SOIIH Time
 120

Total Radiation on a Surface (Calculated Values)

Metric Units (kWh/m2)
SURFACE ANGLE Jol
ORIENT- OF TIL T
AT! ON (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM .. DIFFUSE ( GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL

SOUTH 15 118 120 165 176 195 173 190 181 158 1'13 127 109 1855
SOUTH 30 135 130 \71 171 182 158 175 172 159 152 1'i'! 127 187'1
SOUTH '15 1'15 133 166 157 158 135 150 15'1 150 152 152 137 1788
SOUTH 60 1'15 128 152 133 127 106 118 127 133 1'13 151 138 1602
SOUTH 75 136 115 128 103 90 73 82 95 109 126 1'10 13 I 1331
SOUTH 90 120 96 98 68 52 '11 '16 59 78 102 121 117 999

SE, SW 15 no 11'1 160 l71t 195 17'1 191 179 15'1 137 119 101 1808
SE, SW 30 120 119 161 168 183 162 178 171 153 I'll 129 112 1797
SE, SW '15 12'; 118 155 155 16'1 1'13 158 156 I'I'J 137 131 116 1699
SE, SW 60 120 III 1'10 135 138 119 132 13'1 128 127 126 113 1523
SE, SW 75 109 98 119 110 109 92 103 107 107 110 11'1 10'1 1282
SE, SW 90 92 80 93 82 78 66 73 79 82 89 95 89 1000
E,W 15 92 100 1'l7 16 ; 193 175 191 175 1'15 122 100 83 1691
E,W 30 88 95 139 157 181 16'1 178 16'+ 137 116 96 80 159't
E,W '15 81 87 127 1'13 163 1'18 161 Ilf9 125 106 88 7'+ 1'152
E,W 60 73 78 112 12'1 1'+2 128 139 129 109 9't 79 66 1273
E,W 75 62 66 9'1 10'1 117 105 115 107 92 "19 68 57 1066
E,W 90 51 53 75 81 91 82 89 81f 73 63 55 '16 8'13
GROUIIID REFLECT! 0111 FOR REFLECTIVITV .2 (MULTIPLV BV RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTIVITY ::: RHO)
"
ANY 15 0 0 1 1 1 I I ! 1 0 0 0 6
ANY 30 1 1 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 23
ANY '15 3 3 'I 5 6 5 6 5 'I 'I 3 2 51
ANY 60 5 5 8 9 10 9 10 9 7 6 5 '1 87
ANY 75 7 8 11 13 15 13 1'1 13 11 9 8 6 128
ANY 90 9 10 15 17 20 18 20 18 15 13 10 9 173

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Engineering Units (kBtu/ft2)
SURFACE ANGLE La Jolla
ORIENT- OF Tl L T
ATION (DEGREES oIREC T BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTIOIII EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR JIlAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL

SOUTH 15 37 38 52 56 62 55 60 57 50 't5 '10 35 588

SOUTH 30 '13 '11 5'1 5'1 58 50 55 5'1 50 '18 '16 '10 594
SOUTH '15 '16 '12 53 50 50 '13 '18 '19 '18 '18 '18 '13 566
SOUTH 60 '16 '11 '18 '12 '10 3'1 38 '10 '12 '15 '18 '1'1 508
SOUTH 75 '13 37 '11 33 29 23 26 30 3'1 '10 '1'1 '12 '122
SOUTH 90 38 30 31 22 16 13 15 19 25 32 38 37 316

SE, SW 15 35 36 51 55 62 55 60 57 '19 '13 38 32 573

SE,5W 30 38 38 51 53 58 51 '>6 5'1 '18 '15 '11 35 %9
5E, SW '15 39 37 '19 '19 52 '15 50 '19 '16 '1'1 'II 37 538
SI':, SW 60 38 35 '1'1 '13 '1'1 38 '12 '12 '11 '10 '10 36 '182
5E, SW 75 35 31 38 35 35 29 33 3'1 31f 35 36 33 '106
SE, SW 90 29 25 30 26 25 21 23 25 26 28 30 28 317

E,W 15 29 32 'H 53 61 55 60 55 '16 39 32 26 '536

E,W 30 28 30 '1'1 50 57 52 57 52 '13 37 30 25 505
E,W '15 26 28 '10 '15 52 '17 51 '17 '10 3'1 28 23 %0
[,IN 60 23 25 35 39 '15 '10 If '1 'II 35 30 25 21 '103
E,W 15 20 21 30 33 37 33 36 31f 29 25 21 18 338
E,W 90 16 17 2'1 26 29 26 28 27 23 20 17 15 267

GROUND REFLECT! ON FOR REFLECTI\lITY .2 (MUL TlPLV BV RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTl II lTV " RHO)
"
ANY 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.
ANY 30 0 0 1 I 1 1 I I I 1 0 0 7
Aill V '15 1 1 1 2. 2. 2. 2. 2 I I 1 ! 16
3 2 2 I 27
ANV
ANY
ANV
60
75
90
1
2.
3
2
2
3
2
'I
5
3
'I
<;
3
5
6 6
3
'I <;
6 6
3
'I 3
5
"3
'I
:2
3
2.
3
'II
55
 121

Possible Error in the Total Radiation on a Ited Surface

La Jolla

Tilt 01 30° Tilt of 60° Tilt of 90°

30r-r-~'-'O-R"E-N'TA-T-'O'N-r-'-'-'~ 30r-'-'-'-'-.,,,-'-'-'-'-'~ 30r-'-'-'-'-'-'-,,-'-'-'-'~
ORIENTATION ORIENTATION
~ SOUTH SOUTH G----€I SOU T H
&'.">,,(> SE,5W C)"······o SE.SW .,. .•.... (1 SE,S\'1
x---x E,W )4---X E.W )(---x E,W
20 20 20
t<

~
•• 0'"
."
,.0'"
C
. _~_-*--K.
"
~

."
..,
ID

"
E
..,
w

'"
-20 -20 -20

J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D J F M o N D
Month of Year Month of Year Month of Year

Factor to Convert Direct Beam Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

to Direct Beam on a Tilted Surface, Calculated using
Nominal Solar Profiles
SURFACE ANGLE La Jolla
ORIENT- OF TILT
AT! ON (DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

SOUTH 15 1. 39 1. 27 1.15 1. 05 .99 .96 .97 1.02 1. 11 1. 22 I. 35 1. It 3

SOUTH 30 1. 69 I. '15 1. 23 1. 03 .91 .85 .87 .97 I. 1'1 1.35 1. 6 I 1.77
SOUTH '15 1.88 I. 5 3 I. 22 .9'1 .77 .70 .73 .86 1. 09 I. 'I 0 1. 76 1. 99
SOUTH 60 1.93 1.51 I. 1 3 .79 .59 .50 .5'1 .69 .97 1. 3't 1.79 2. 07
SOUTH 75 !. 86 !. 38 .96 .59 .38 .29 .32 .'18 .78 1. 20 1.69 2.01
SOUTH 90 1. 66 1.17 .72 .35 .15 .08 .11 .25 .5'1 .97 1.'19 1. 81

SE, SW 15 l. 27 !. 18 !. 10 1. 03 .99 .96 .97 1. 01 !. 07 1. 15 1. 2'1 1. 30

SE, SW 30 l. '16 1.29 1.14 1. 0 I .92 .88 .90 .97 1. 08 1.22 1. 4 0 1. 51
SI', SW '15 1. 55 1. 31 1. 11 .93 .82 .76 .78 .87 1. 03 1. 22 1. 't6 l. 6 2
51', SW 60 1. 5't I. 26 I. 0 1 .81 .68 .62 .6'1 .7'1 .92 1. 15 1. 't'! 1.62
51', SW 75 1. 'I 3 1. 12 .87 .65 .51 .'15 .'18 .58 .77 I. 0 1 1. 32 1. 5 2
SE,SW 90 1.22 .93 .68 .'17 .35 .29 .32 .'11 .58 .81 1. 12 1.32

E,W 15 .98 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .9'1 .93 .92 .91 .91 .90 .90 .91 .92 .92 .93 .9'1
E,W 't5 .88 .86 .8't .82 .81 .81 .81 .82 .83 .85 .87 .88
E,W 60 .79 .76 .7'1 .72 .70 .69 .69 .71 .73 .75 .78 .80
E,W 75 .68 .65 .62 .59 .57 .56 .57 .59 .61 64 .67 .69
E,W 90 .56 .53 .50 .'t6 .'1'1 .'13 .'1'1 .'16 .'18 .51 .55 .57

NORMAL INCIDENCE 2.36 1.99 1. 72 1. 5 5 1.48 1.% I. 'I 7 1.52 1. 6'1 1. 8 7 2.23 2.'18
 122

La Jolla
Total Radiation Histogram Total/Extraterrestrial (KT) Histogram

10 10
JUL JAN JUL
N=271 N=212 N=271
5 5

10 ~ 10
FEB AUG z FEB AUG
N=172 N=290 o N=172 N=290
5 ::e 5
0:::
W
Cl, 10
MAR SEP (fJ
MAR SEP
N=205 N=294 >-' N=205 N=294
~ 5
~ ~
o 10 o 10
APR APR OCT
N=220 0::: N=220 N=305
w
5 ~ 5
::::> ::::>
z z
10 10
w w
v
-<
5 ~ 5
>
-<
10 10

5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 0.5 1
KWh/m2 PER DAY FRAcr ION OF EXT RAT ERREST RIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 123

(K) SOLAR DATA FOR SAN VICENTE RESERVOIR

Nearby Climate Station - San Diego
 124

Month Data, Reservoir

0

Latitude: 32.92 0 Longitude: 116.92 660'

Elevation:

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Anllual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m 2 per month)

horizontal surface 107 112 162 184 212 242 238 209 180 144 112 102 2004
187 156 202 204 227 280 271 235 222 196 185 190 2557
direct beam (normal incidence)

SOLAR RADIATION (KBtu/ft 2 per month)

horizontal surface 34 3S 51 58 67 77 75 66 57 46 35 32 633
direct beam (normal incidence) S9 50 64 65 72 89 86 75 70 62 59 60 810

PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHlNE* 71 72 70 65 58 56 68 69 68 67 73 71 67

5 5 5 5 6 6 5 4 4 4 4 5 5
MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tentils)*

FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL .64 .59 .62 .61 .62 .71 .69 .65 .66 .63 .64 .66 .64
RADIATION (KTl

*Data for San Diego 32 0 44' N 117 0 10' W. Elevation 1~'

Recording interval: 1957-1959
Source of solar data: USGS, Eppley lightbu1b pyranometer.

iation (KT)
San Vicente Reservoir
Ave. Min. Max for 1957-1959 Ave. Min. Max for 1957-1959
400 1.0

i··········~~7
0.9

100 0.8
J::
J:: 300 .... "'" -'
k!
0
I:::
0
0.7 , -,
:::!1 :::!1
r..
I::: 0.6 '"'" ~
\ /
r.. ~ '. 0 \ /
Qj
200 '.
fI>
"'" 0.5 '"
~ ~ ~
()
"- <1l

-
~

I / \ "- 50
'"-' r..
0.4
E!
-........ I
/
/ \
\
\
\
-........
::l
"'"
J:: t/
" -' 0.3
IJJ
"'"
~ 100 ~
0.2

0.1
0 0 0.0
J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Month of Year Month of Ye ar
 '-z-.; '·-il ,/

125

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible Error in Direct Beam

San Vicente Reservoir (Normal Incidence)
San Vicente Reservoir
Cloudy Day D e f .j nit ion: K'I'<.40
25 I I I

20

Ul 20 x.. ·.. ·····)( Total r 0 I' Ye ar ... ~

aJ
(J
I=l
aJ ~ Heating Season
--
~

(I)
10 I-
l-< I:!il
l-< (Oct - Wi ar)
::I 15 :::
(J «J
(J t:J:::
0 <!l
... 0
"CI
0
4-1
0 10 x ::.1 ...,
(I)

<ll
'.
...0
l-<
aJ
i::I to
.-""'
E
V)
-10 -
'x",
Z 5
". 'x
J, t.l
'" --or
~

-20 -
0 I I
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Month of Ye ar

Clear Day Plots for Solar Radiation

Direct (Normal Incidence) Total Radiation on a

San Vicente Reservoir Horizontal Surface
San Vicente Reservoir

1000 1000
300 300

'"E -= OJ
-=
N
E
'-...
V)
200 :: '-...
V)
200 '"::
.." '-... -' '-...
.." -'
;::I
...,;::I
500~
<ll 500 .." <ll
ill: co ill: co

100

~Dec 21
100
[
Mar 21. Sep 21
June 21
0 0 0 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Lo c a I Sol ar Time Loc a! Solar Time
 126

Values)

SURFACE
OR IEI\IT-
AI\IGLE
OF Tl L T
r
ATIOI\I (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECT! 01\1 EXCl.UDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAI\I FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL
SOUTH 15 138 132 180 190 209 233 231 211 19'1 166 I'll 135 2160
SOUTH 30 160 1't5 186 185 19'1 211 212 201 196 179 161 160 2189
SOUTH 't5 173 1'19 182 169 169 177 180 180 186 180 171 17'1 2089
SOUTH 60 17'1 1'1'1 166 PI'l 135 135 l'tO 1'18 165 171 170 178 1869
SOUTH 75 165 130 I'll III 95 88 9'1 109 13'l 151 159 170 15'16
SOUTH 90 1'l5 108 108 72 53 '12 '18 66 96 122 138 152 1150
5E, SW 15 128 125 174 187 209 23'1 232 209 189 159 131 125 2103
SE, SW 30 I'll 132 176 181 196 216 216 200 188 165 1'13 1'10 209'1
SE, SW '15 1'16 132 168 167 175 189 191 182 177 162 1'16 1'16 1982
SE, SW 60 1'13 12'1 153 1'16 1'18 156 159 156 158 150 I'll 1'I'l 1776
Sf, SW 75 131 109 130 119 116 119 122 125 132 13 I 128 133 1'194
SE, SW 90 III 89 102 89 83 82 85 91 10 I 105 107 !!'1 1161
E,W 15 105 109 159 180 207 236 232 204 176 I'll 110 100 1959
E,W 30 100 10'1 150 169 19'1 220 217 I'll 166 133 105 96 lS'I'I
E,W '15 93 96 137 153 175 198 195 173 15 I 122 97 89 1678
E,W 60 8'1 85 121 133 151 170 168 150 132 108 87 80 1'170
E,W 75 72 72 102 III 125 139 139 125 III 92 74 69 1230
E,W 90 58 58 81 87 97 108 107 98 88 73 60 56 972
G~ au 1\10 REFLECTION FOR REFLECTIVITY .2 (MUL TlPLV BY RHOI.2 FOR REFLECTIVITV ~ RHO)
"
AI\IY 15 0 0 1 I I I 1 1 1 0 0 0 7
ANV 30 I 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 27
ANY '15 3 3 5 5 6 7 T 6 5 'I 3 3 59
AI\IY 60 5 6 8 9 11 12 12 10 9 7 6 5 100
AI\IY 75 8 8 12 14 16 18 18 15 13 l! 8 8 1'19
ANY 90 11 11 16 18 21 2'1 2'1 21 18 l't II 10 200

Total ues)

SURFACE ANGLE
OR JENT- OF TIL T
AT! ON (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP DC T NOV DEC ANNUAL

SOUTH 15 '1'1 '12 57 60 66 7'1 73 67 61 53 '15 43 68'1

SOUTH 30 51 % 59 59 62 67 67 64 62 57 51 5I 693
SOUTH '15 55 '17 58 5'1 54 56 57 57 59 57 51f 55 662
SOUTH 60 55 'l5 53 ~6 43 '13 '1'1 'H 52 5'1 54 56 592
SOUTH 75 52 'II 45 35 30 28 30 35 '13 '18 50 54 490
SOU 1H 90 '16 3'1 3'1 23 !7 13 15 21 30 39 '14 'i8 36'1
SE, SW 15 41 'I f) 55 59 66 7'1 7/j 66 60 50 '12 39 666
Sf, SW 30 '15 '12 56 57 62 69 68 63 59 52 '15 '1'1 663
SE, SW '15 '16 '12 53 53 56 60 60 58 56 51 '16 '16 628
SE, SW 60 ~5 39 48 '16 '17 '19 50 49 50 '18 '15 '16 563
SE, SW 75 lil 35 'II 38 37 38 39 If 0 42 'II 40 li2 473
SE, SW 90 35 28 32 28 26 26 27 29 32 33 3'1 36 368
E,W 15 33 35 50 57 66 75 7'1 65 56 '15 35 32 621
E,W 30 32 33 '18 53 61 70 69 61 52 '12 33 30 584
E,W '15 30 30 '13 '18 55 63 62 55 '18 39 31 28 532
E,W 60 27 27 38 42 '18 5'1 53 '18 '12 3'1 27 25 'l66
E,W 75 23 23 12 35 '10 4'1 't'l '10 35 29 24 22 390
E,W 90 19 18 26 28 31 3" 3'1 31 28 23 19 18 308
GROUND R~FLECTlON FOR REFLECTIV lTV ~ .2 (MUL TIPL Y BY RHOI.2 FOR i1EFLECTIV ITV " RHO)
ANI' 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
ANY 30 0 0 1 1 I I 1 1 I 1 0 0 9
ANY 't5 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 I 1 19
ANI' 60 2 2 3 1 3 4 'I 3 3 2 2 2 32
AliiI' 75 3 3 Ij 4 6 6 5 lj 3 3 2 '17
ANY 90 3 lj 5 b 8 8 7 6 5 lj 3 b't
 127

Possible Error in the Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface

San Vicente Reservoir

Till of 30° Till 0/ 60° Tilt of 90·

30r-r-r-'-'O-RI'EN-T'AT-"ON-'-'-'-'~ 30r-'-'-'-'O-RI'E-NTTA-TiTON-'-'-'-'~
13----4) SOUTH G--D SOUTH
.,.····"0 SE,SW "."""{j SE,SVi
x---x E.W x---x E,VI'
20 20

10 10~-

-10

-20 -20

J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D
Month of Year Month of Year Month of Year

Factor to Convert Direct Beam Radiation on a Horizontal SurL:lce

to Direct Beam on a ited Surface, Calculated using
Nominal Solar Profiles
SURFACE ANGLE San Vicente Reservoir
ORIENT- OF TILT
ATION ( DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

SOUTH 15 1.'10 1. 27 l. 15 1. 05 .99 .96 .97 l. 02 1. 11 I. 22 l. 35 1.'1'1

SOUTH 30 1. 70 1.'i5 I. 23 1. 03 .91 .85 .88 .97 I. l'i 1. 35 1.61 1.77
SOUTH 'i5 1. 88 1. 5 3 1. 22 .95 .77 .70 .73 .86 1. 09 l.'iO I. 76 1. 99
SOUTH 60 1. 9'1 1.51 l. 13 .79 .59 .51 .5'i .69 .97 1. 35 1. 79 2.07
SOUTH 75 1.86 \. 39 .96 .59 .38 .29 .33 .'18 .78 1. 20 I. 70 2.01
SOUTH 90 1. 66 1. 17 .12 .35 .16 .09 .11 .25 .5'1 .98 l.'I9 l. 82

5E, SW 15 1. 27 1. 18 l. 10 l. 03 .99 .96 .97 1.01 I. 07 1. 15 1. 2'1 l. 30

SE, SW 30 1.'16 1. 29 1. III 1. 01 .92 .88 .90 .97 1. 08 1. 22 1./j0 l. 51
5E, SW '15 1.55 1. 31 1. 11 .93 .82 .76 .78 .88 1. 03 I. 22 1.'17 1. 62
SE, SW 60 1. 5'1 1. 26 1. 0 1 .8 ! .68 .62 .6'1 .7'1 .92 1. 15 1.'1't 1.63
5E, SW 75 I. '13 1. 13 .87 .65 .52 .'15 .'18 .59 .77 I. 0 1 1. 32 1.52
Sf,SW 90 1. 23 .93 .68 .'17 .35 .29 .32 .'11 .58 .82 l. 12 l. 32

E,W 15 .98 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .9'1 .93 .92 .91 .91 .90 .90 .91 .92 .92 93 .9lJ
E,W '15 .88 .86 .8'1 .82 .81 .81 .81 .82 .83 .85 .87 .88
E,W 60 .79 .76 .7'; .72 .70 .69 .69 .71 .73 .75 .78 .80
E,W 75 .69 .65 .62 .59 .57 .56 .57 .59 .61 .6'1 .67 .69
E,W 90 .56 • '53 .50 .'16 . '1'1 .'13 .'1'1 .'l6 .'18 .51 .55 .57

NORMAL INC !DENCE 2.36 2.00 1. 72 1. 5 5 1.'18 1.'16 1.'17 1.52 1. 6'1 I. 87 2.23 2.'18
 128

San Vicente Reservoir

Total Radiation Histogram Total/Extraterrestrial (KT) Histogram

10
JUL JAN JUL
N= 60 N= 62 N= 60
5 5

10
FEB
N= 54
5

~
SEP
N~ 60 r l, N= 60

u.. u..
°10 o 10
a::: a:::
w w
cc 5 ~ 5
~
::; ::;
z z
10 10
w w NOV
o o N= 30
< <
a::: 5
w ~ 5
> >
< <
10 10

5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 0,5 1
KWh/m2 PER DAY FRAcr ION OF EXT RAT ERREST RIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 129

(L) SOLAR DATA FOR BARRETT RESERVOIR

Nearby Climate Station - San Diego
 130

Monthly Solar Data, Barrett Reservoir

Latitude: 32.68° Longitude: 116.67° Elevation: 1623'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m 2 per month)

horizon!al surface 98 116 163 206 224 239 228 212 178 145 100 91 2000
direct beam (normal incidence) 159 164 203 247 249 275 251 241 218 198 151 154 2510

SOLAR RADIATION (KBtu/ft 2 per month)

horizontal surface 31 37 52 65 71 76 72 67 56 46 32 29 634
direct beam (normal incidence) 50 52 64 78 79 87 80 76 69 63 48 49 795

PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHINP 71 72 70 65 58 56 68 69 68 67 73 71 67

MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths)* 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 4 4 4 4 5 5

FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL .58 .61 .62 .69 .66 .70 .66 .66 .66 .63 .57 .58 .64
RADIATION (KT )

Recording interval: 1959-1961

*Data for San Diego 32°44' N 117° 10' W, Elevation 13'
Source of solar data: USGS, Eppley lightbulb pyranometer.

Month Horizontal Month Total/Extraterrestrial (KT)

Barrett Reservoir Ba.rrett Reservoir
Ave. Min. Max for 1959-1961 Ave, Min, Max for 1959-1961
400 1.0

0.9

100 .<:: 0.8

..b: 300
c: "'c:" 0.7
o 0

-- -
~ ~
"-
c: 0.6
b b 0 " "-
!!>
!!>
a. 200 a. .... 0.5
()
h
.' .' 17
'"'"'
III
b
! 50 0.4

".... ""
I /
1/ ::3
/ 0.3
co
.I<:
0.2

O.!

o ~~~~~d-~~~~~O O. 0 '-;--'--::;--'-:7~:--'--;::-~~-::--'--:--1...~-..I..----L---d
J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D
Month of Year Month of Year
 131

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible Error in Direct Beam

Barrett Reservoir (Normal Incidence)
Cloudy Day Definition: KT<·40 Barrett Reservoir
25
20
~
-'" ~

Ul 20 x··········x Total for Year ....,. = ...... =

ill ~
()
r:::: 10
(!) G----{O Heating Season (I)
H lOll
H 15 (Oct - Mar) c:
::l

0
()
()
(I)
'"
t:l::
0
...0
4-1
0 10 ~
'"
-'
(I)

H
(!)

11::l
...0
<D
-'"
E
..,
III
-10

til = ..,.. J>.

Z 5 -J" tr ....,.
-20

0 I I I

0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Month of Year

Day Plots for Solar Radiation

Incidence) Total iation on a

Barrett Reservoir Horizontal Su
Barrett Reservoir

1000 1000
300 300

.c: .c:
'"E '"E

- -
200 '"-'
N
'-... 200 -' '-...
!Il
-' '-... ...,!Il '-...
oW
::l -' ::l
til 500 -' til 500 -'
ill< C!l ill< C!l

100 100

-Dec 21
Mar 2! . Sep 21
June 21
0 0 0 0
4 6 6 10 12 14 16 18 20 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Loe a I So jar Time Loe a I So lar Time
 132

Total on a Ti rface Values)

Units (kWh/m2)
SURFACE
ORIEIIIT-
AIIIGLE
OF TIL T
r
AT! Dill (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM oj. DIFFUSE ( GROUIIID RF:FLECTIOIII EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR·-
lZOIllTAl) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL
SOUTH 15 121.J 137 180 21'1 221 230 221 215 192
SOUTH
167 123 117 21'1 I
30 1'12 150 187 208 205 208 202 20'1 193 180 139 137 2156
SOUTH '15 152 15'1 182 190 178 175 173 182 183 181 1% jI.J8 20'15
SOUTH 60 153 1'19 166 161 I'll 133 13'1 150 163 III 1'15 150
SOUTH 75 I'I'J 1816
135 I'll 123 98 87 91 110 132 15 I 135 1'13 1';89
SOUTH 90 1£,;, 112 107 79 5lJ 'II '17 66 9'1 117 127
122 1092
SE, SW 15 !l5 130 17'1 210 221 232 2a 213 187 160 115 109 2087
SE, SW 30 126 137 176 20'1 207 21'1 206 203 185 166 125 120 2070
SE, SW '15 130 136 169 188 185 187 182 18'1 175 162 127 125 1951
SE, SW 60 126 128 153 16'1 155 15'! 152 158 156 151 121 122 17'11
SE, SW 75 115 113 130 133 122 lIT liT 126 130 131 109 112 1'157
SE, SW 90 9T 93 102 99 &7 81 82 92 100 105 92 96 1126
E,W 15 96 113 160 201 219 233 222 207 17'1 1'12 98 89 1951J
E,W 30 92 107 15 I 189 205 218 208 19'1 16'1 13'1 93 85 1839
E,W '15 85 99 138 l71 18'1 195 187 176 1'19 123 86 79 Ib 72
E,W 60 76 88 121 1'19 160 168 161 153 131 109 T7 71 1'163
E,W 75 65 75 102 12<; 132 138 133 127 110 92 61
E,W 90 66 1223
53 60 B1 97 102 107 103 99 87 7'1 53 '19 %5
GROUND REFLEC Tl 0111 FOR REFLECTIVITY .2 (MUL TlPLV BV RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTlV lTV ~ RHO)
'"
ANY 15 0 0 I I 1 I 1 ! I 0 0 0
AIIIY
ANY
ANY
30
'15
60 ,
I
3 3
2
, 2
6
3
7
3
7
3 3
7 (,
3
,
2
'I
2 I
3
1
3
7
2T
59
6 8 10 11 12 ]1 11 9 7 5 5 100
AIIIY 75 7 9 12 15 17 18 17 16 13 II 7 7 1'18
ANY 90 10 12 16 21 22 2'1 23 21 18 1'1 10 9 200

Rad

SURFACE ANGLE
ORIEfIIT- OF TIL T
ATION (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM oj. DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUOEV)
FROM HOR-
I ZOfllTAL ) JAN FEB ~lAR APR MAY JUfII JUl AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANIIIUAL
SOUTH 15 39 '13 57 68 70 13 70 68 61 53 39 37 678
SOUTH 30 '15 '18 59 66 65 66 6'1 65 61 57 '1'1 '13 683
SOUTH '15 '18 '19 58 60 56 55 55 58 58 57 '16 '17 6'18
SOUTH 60 '18 '17 53 51 '15 '12 '13 '17 52 5'1 '16 'H 575
SOUTH 75 <;6 '13 '15 39 31 21 29 35 '12 '18 '13 '15 '172
SOUHI 90 'f0 36 3'1 25 17 13 15 21 30 39 37 IJO 3%
SE, SW 15 37 IJ\ 55 67 70 73 70 67 59 51 37 34 661
SI', sw 30 '10 '13 56 65 66 68 65 6'1 59 52 39 38 656
SE, SW '15 'II '13 5'1 60 59 59 58 58 55 51 '10 '10 618
SE, SW 60 '10 'II '19 52 '19 '19 'fB 50 '19 '18 38 3° 551
SE, SW 75 36 36 'II '12 39 37 37 '10 'II '12 35 36 '161
Sf:, SW 90 31 29 32 31 27 26 26 29 32 33 29 30 357
E,W 15 30 36 5I 6'1 69 7'1 70 66 55 '15 31 28 619
E,W 30 29 3'1 '18 60 65 69 66 62 52 '12 30 27 583
E,W '15 27 31 IJ'I 5'1 58 62 59 56 '17 39 27 25 ., 30
E,W 60 2lJ 28 38 '17 51 53 51 '18 'II 3'+ 2'1 22 46'1
E,W 75 21 2'1 32 39 1J2 '1'1 '12 '10 35 29 21 19 387
E,W 90 17 19 26 31 32 3'1 33 31 27 23 17 16 306
GROUNO RHLECTlOIII FOR REFL EC Tl V lTY .2 ,MULTIPLV BV RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTIV lTV = RHO)
"
AfliV 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
AN.,. 30 0 0 I I 1 I I I I I 0 0 8
ANV '15 I I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 I I I 19
AN.,.
ANI'
60
7'>
2
2
2
3
3
'I .,
3
.,
'I 'I
6 .,
Ij
.,3 3
'I
2
.,
3
2
2
I
2
32
'17
ANI' 90 3 Ij 5 7 7 8 7 7 6 3 3 63
 133

Possible Error in Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface

Barrett Reservoir

Tilt of 30· Tilt of 60·

30r-T-'-~'O~R~IE~N-TrAT-IOrN-r-'-'-'~
SOUTH
30 I ! I
ORIENTATION
G----B SOUTH
I 1
~'"'''(I SE,SW ~······o SE,SW
}t---x E, If x---x E,W
20· 20
~

v
""
~
e
"'
"v
M
~

e
~ -10
m

'"
-20 -20

J F M A M J J A SON 0 J F M A M J J A SON D
Month of Year Month of Year Month of Year

Factor to Convert Direct Beam Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

to Direct Beam on a Tilted Surface, Calculated using
Nom! Profi
SURFACE ANGLE
ORIENT- OF TILT
AT! ON (DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SFP OCT NOV DEC
SOUTH 15 1. 39 1.27 l. 15 I. 05 .99 .96 .97 !. 02 1. i 1 1. 22 l. 35 l. '13
SOUTH 30 1. 69 1 . '15 !. 23 1. 03 .91 .85 .87 .97 1. 1'1 1. 35 1. 6 0 \.77
SOUTH '15 I. 87 l."3 1. 21 .9" .77 . 70 .73 .86 1. 09 1. 39 1.75 1. 98
SOUTH 60 1.93 1.50 1. 12 .79 .59 .50 .5'1 .69 .91 1. 3'1 1.78 2.06
SOUTH 75 1.85 l. 38 .95 .59 .37 .29 .32 .'18 .78 1.20 1.69 2.00
SOUTH 90 1. 65 l. 16 .72 .35 .15 .08 .11 .25 .5" .97 1.48 1. 80
SF, SW 15 1. 27 l. 18 1.10 l. 0 3 .98 .96 .97 I. 01 1. 07 1.1'1 I. 2'! l. 30
SE, SW 30 1.'15 1. 29 1. 1'1 1. 0 1 .92 .88 .90 .96 1. 08 1.22 1. 39 1. '51
SE, SW '15 1.5'1 1. 31 l. 10 .93 .81 .76 .78 .87 I. 02 1. 22 1.'16 1.61
SE, SW 60 1. '5 3 1. 25 I. 0 1 .81 .67 .61 .6'1 .7'1 .92 1. 15 1 .'13 I. 62
SE, SW 75 1.'12 l. 12 .86 .65 .51 .'15 .'18 .58 .76 1. 00 1. 31 1.51
SE, SW 90 1. 22 .92 .67 .'i7 .35 .29 .31 .'11 .58 .81 1.11 1. 31
E,W 15 .98 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .9'1 .93 .92 .91 .91 .90 .90 .91 .92 .92 .93 .9'1
E,W '15 .87 .86 .8'1 .82 .81 .81 .81 .82 .83 .85 .87 .88
E,W 60 .79 .76 .7'1 .71 .70 .69 .69 .71 .73 .75 .78 .79
E,W 75 .68 .65 .62 .59 .57 .56 .57 .58 .61 .6'1 .b7 .69
E,W 90 .56 .52 .'19 .46 .,,'! .'13 .'1'1 .'15 .48 .51 .55 .57
NORMAL INCIDENCE 2.35 \. 99 1. 72 1. 5 '5 1.'i8 1.'16 1. "7 1.51 1. 6'1 1. 87 2.22 2. '17
 134

Barrett Reservoir
Total Radiation Histogram Total/Extraterrestrial (KT) Histogram)

10 10
JAN JUL JAN JUL
N= 2 N= 60 N= 62 N= 60
5 5

i510 ~ 10
z Z FEB AUG
a a N= 57 N= 62
:>! 5 :>! 5
0::: 0:::
w W
(l.,10 (l., 10
(f) (f)
;>. ;>.
~ 5 ~ 5
~
a 10
OCT
N= 54
5

MAY
N= 62

10

5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 0.5 1
KWh/m 2 PER DAY FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single mon-th averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each hist.ogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 < ,

135

(M) SOLAR DATA FOR MEDFORD, OREGON

Nearby Climate Station - Medford
 136

Solar Data, Medford, Oregon

Latitude: 42.37' Longitude: 122.87' Elevation: 1321'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m 2 per month)

horizontal surface 41 66 112 159 202 214 237 203 153 97 49 32 1565
direct beam (normal incidence) 59 92 138 183 224 237 282 247 203 138 71 44 1920

SOLAR RADIATION (KBtu/ft 2 per month)

13 21 36 50 64 68 75 64 49 31 16 10 496
horizontal surface
direct beam (normal incidence) 19 29 44 58 71 75 89 78 64 44 22 14 608

PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHINE

8 8 7 7 6 5 2 2 3 6 8 9 6
MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths)

FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL .35 .44 .49 .57 .60 .62 .68 .66 .63 .52 .38 .31 .52
RADIATION (K T )

Recording interval: 1951-1974

Source of solar data: NHS, Eppley lightbulb pyranometer.

Monthly Total Horizontal iation Month Total/Extraterrestrial (KT)

Oregon Medford, Oregon
Ave. Min. Max Co I' 1951-1974 Ave. Min. Max for 1951-1974
400 1.0

E.'r"'.":S"i~'··~~7
0.9

100 .t:: 0.8

.t::
-'
~
300
;' ........
-'
r::
0
0.7 /'
..- - - ~

0
::l!
.' ::l! ""
"" t:: 0.6 , ",
/',
/ '. .... /
0
.... /
Q) / / "-
Q)
Q., 200 I
I
/
/'
\
\
\
Q.,
~ 0.5 I /
/'
" \
\

.e .'
I
I
/
/
/ \
\
\
\
\
50
...
'"
<ll

~ 0.4
I

/
/
/'~~
\
\
\
\
\

I / \ \ "-
"- I / \ \ ;:! I \
.t:: -' 0.3 I \
I I \ \
ill: !Xl I
..:.: 100 I I \ \
I
..:.:
I \ \ 0.2
/ I
\ \
/ I "-
/ \ "- 0.1
/

0 0 0.0
J F M M J J A S 0 N D
A J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Month of Year Month of Year
 ,l
"

137

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible Error in Direct Beam

Medford, Oregon (Normal Incidence)
Medford, Oregon

20

Ul 20 x,····· .. ··x Toll'll for Year

(l) ~
(J
$::I
(l) t::I------fl Heating Season 10
Q)
~ I>!J
(Oct - Mar)
~ 15 ;:::
(J <1l
(J Il::
o Q)
... 0
li-I
o 10
0
::Il
"Q)
oW
ttl
~ ...
~
(l) 0

co
.-
Ei
*'
-10

~ 5 ,l, '"
til

-20

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 J F M A M J J A N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Month of Ye ar

for Solar Radiation

Incidence) Total iation on a

Oregon Horizontal Surface
Medford, Oregon

1000
300 300

.c: '"Ei
'"Ei
'--- 200 '":: '---
..,..,'" '---
:;l
'"
-'
-'
ttl 500 -'
<1l 500
~ !ll ~

100 100

-Dec 21
-~-Me.r 21. Sell 2
-+----t-- J un" 2 1
o 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Local Solar Time Local Solar Time
 138

Total Radiation on a Ti Surface (Calculated Values)

Metric Units (kWh/m2)
SURFACE
OR I ENT-
ANGLE
OF Tl L T
Medford. Oregon
AT! ON ( DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC AI\INUAl
SOUTH 15 52 80 128 169 20'1 212 237 212 171 lI7 62 '11 1683
SOUTH 30 60 90 136 170 196 198 22'1 208 179 129 71 '17 1707
SOUTH '15 65 9'1 136 160 176 17'1 198 193 176 13'1 76 51 163'1
SOUTH 60 66 93 128 1'12 1'18 1'12 162 166 162 131 77 52 IHO
SOUTH 75 63 87 113 116 112 103 119 131 139 120 73 50 1227
SOUTH 90 51 76 '12 8'1 72 62 72 89 108 102 65 '15 925
5E, SW 15 '18 75 122 166 203 21 I 236 208 165 lIO 57 38 16'11
5E, SW 30 53 81 126 16'1 195 200 22'1 ?o'! 168 lIT 63 '12 1639
SE,SW '15 55 82 12'1 155 179 180 20'1 190 163 118 65 '1'f 1560
SI:, SW 60 55 79 115 139 155 153 17'1 168 150 113 6'1 '13 1'109
SE, SW 75 51 72 101 117 126 122 139 139 130 101 59 '10 1196
51:, SW 90 '1'1 61 82 91 93 88 101 105 10'1 85 51 35 'I'll
E,W 15 '10 6'1 110 156 197 209 231 198 150 96 '18 32 1531
E,W 30 39 62 105 1'17 185 196 217 187 1'12 91 '16 31 1'1'19
E,W '15 37 58 97 135 169 177 197 171 131 85 '13 29 1330
E,W 60 33 52 87 120 1'18 155 172 151 117 77 39 26 1177
E,W 75 29 '15 75 101 12'1 129 1'13 127 100 66 3'1 23 997
E,W 90 2't 37 61 81 98 101 113 101 81 5'1 28 19 798
GROU NO REFLECTION FOR REFLECTlV lTV = .2 (MUl TlPl V BI RHO/.2 FOR REFlECTlV lTV = RHO)
ANV
ANV
15
30
0
I
0
I
0
2
I
2
I
3
I
3
1
3
1
3
I
2
0
I
0
I
0 ,
0 21
ANV '15 I 2 3 5 6 6 7 6 't 3 I 1 't6
ANV 60 2 3 6 8 10 11 12 10 8 '5 2 2 78
ANV 7'5 3 '5 8 12 15 16 18 15 11 7 'I 2 116
AIliV 90 'I 7 11 16 20 21 2'1 20 15 10 5 3 157

Total (Calculated Values)

ng Units (kBtu/ft2)
SURFACE
ORIENT-
ANGLE
OF TIL T
Medford, Oregon
ATION (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZOI\ITAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP DC T NOV DEC ANNUAL

SOUTH 15 16 25 'to 5'1 65 67 75 67 5'1 37 19 13 '533

SOUTH 30 19 28 '13 54 62 63 71 66 57 'II 22 15 5'11
SOUTH '15 21 30 '13 5I 56 55 63 61 56 '12 2'1 16 518
SOUTH 60 21 30 '11 't5 '17 't5 '5 I 53 51 'II 2'1 16 '166
SOUTH 75 20 28 36 37 36 33 38 'il '1'1 38 23 16 389
SOUTH 90 18 2'1 29 27 23 20 23 28 3'1 32 21 1'1 293
SE,5W 15 15 2'1 39 52 6'1 67 75 66 52 35 18 12 520
5E, SW 30 17 26 40 52 62 63 71 65 53 37 20 13 519
SE, SW '15 18 26 39 '19 57 57 6'1 60 52 37 21 14 494
SE, SW 60 17 25 37 4'1 '19 '19 55 53 '18 36 20 l'i '1'16
Sf, SW 75 16 23 32 37 '10 39 '1'1 '1'1 'II 32 19 13 379
SE, SW 90 14 19 26 29 30 28 32 33 33 27 16 11 298
E,W 15 13 20 35 't9 62 66 73 63 '17 30 15 10 '185
E,W 30 12 20 33 '17 59 62 69 59 '15 29 15 10 '159
E,W '15 12 18 31 43 53 56 62 5'1 't2 27 14 9 '12 !
E,W 60 11 17 28 38 47 '19 5'1 '18 37 2'1 !3 8 373
E,W 75 9 1'1 2'1 32 39 'Il 45 '10 32 21 II 7 316
E,W 90 8 12 19 26 31 32 36 32 26 17 9 6 253
GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFLECTIV lTV .2 (MULTIPLV BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTlV lTV " RHO)
"
ANV 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ?
ANY 30 0 0 0 I 1 1 1 I 1 0 0 0 7
ANY '15 0 I 1 I 2 2 2 2 I I 0 0 15
ANY 60 I ! 2 3 3 3 lj 3 2 2 I I 25
ANY 75 1 2 5 5 'I 2 1 I 37
ANY 90 I 2
3
'I
'I
5
5
6 7 "
8 6 5 3 2 I 50
 139

ble Error in the

Tilt of 30° Ti 1 t of 60° Tilt of 90°

30r-'-'-'-"O~RI'E~NTTA~T'IO~N'--'~-'~ ~----Y-i i I 30'-'-'-'-"O~RI'E~N-T'A~T'IO~N"-'~-'""
ORIENTATION
SOUTH SOUTH SOUTH
fj-······O SE,SW 0-.- .. ··0 SE,SW
6'''····0 SE,S\'f
x---x E.W *-~X E.W *--x E,W

20 20
,~

w w
"" 10 -
"""" "
~ . *--x__ }f _ _"",,",,,"~-,,,,,,*_~_~*-4:

'" ."

"'-;;w W

~
E
~

"'
-10
,;,"rv'~
-20 -20 -20

J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D
Month of Year Month of Year Month of Year

iation on a Horizontal Surface

Calculated using
las
SURFACE ANGLE Oregon
ORIENT- OF TILT
ATION (DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
SOUTH 15 1.59 l. 39 1. 23 1. 10 I. 03 .99 l. 00 I. 06 l. 17 I. 32 I. 51 !.66
SOUTH 30 2.07 1.68 l. 37 1. 13 .99 .92 .95 I. 06 1. 26 I. 5'1 I. 93 2.21
SOUTH '15 2.'1 I 1. 86 1.'12 I. 08 .88 .80 .83 .98 I. 26 1.66 2.21 2.60
SOUTH 60 :<.58 1. 91 l. 38 .96 .73 .63 .67 .8'1 l. 18 1.67 2.3'1 2.82
SOUTH 75 2." 8 l. 83 l. 2'1 .78 . ., 3 .'13 .'16 .65 1. 0 1 l. 5 7 2.31 2.85
SOUTH 90 2.'n 1. 6 3 1. 01 .5'1 .30 .21 .2'1 .'12 .78 I. 35 2.12 2.68
SE,SW 15 1.'1 ! 1.27 1. 16 l. 07 1. 0 I .99 I. 00 J. 0'1 I. 11 I. 22 l. 35 1.'16
5E, SuJ 30 1.72 1. '15 I. 2'1 I. 08 .98 .93 .95 l. 03 1. 16 l. 36 J. 62 1. 81
Sf, SW '15 l. 92 I. 55 1. 26 1. 03 .90 .8'1 .86 .97 1. 15 I. 'II I. 78 2.05
SE, SW 60 1.99 1.5'1 l. 20 .93 .17 .70 .73 .85 l. 07 l. 38 1. 82 2.15
5E, SW 75 I. 93 ! .4'1 1. 07 .78 .62 .55 .57 .70 .93 l. 27 I. 7'1 2. 10
5E, SW 90 1.7'1 1.2'1 .88 .60 .'15 .38 .'10 .53 .7'1 1. 01 l. 55 1.92

E,W 15 .99 .98 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .99
E,W 30 .97 .95 .9'1 .92 .91 .91 .91 .92 .93 .9'1 .96 .97
E,W '15 .94 .91 .87 .85 .83 .82 .82 .8'1 .86 .89 .92 .95
E,W 60 .88 .8'1 .79 .75 .73 .71 .72 .7'1 .77 .81 .86 .89
t,W 15 .79 .7'1 .69 .6'1 .61 .59 .60 .62 .66 .71 .77 .81
t,W 90 .67 .62 .56 .51 .'18 . 'l6 .'17 .50 .5'1 .59 .65 .69

NORMAL INCIDENCE 3.06 2.. ~2 I. 97 I. 69 I. 5 7 I. 53 1.55 I. 6 3 I. 83 2.20 2.82 3.30

 140

,0
Total Histogram Total/Extraterrestrial (KT) H ram
10 10
JUL JAN JUL
N=547 N=537 N=547
5 5

10 ~ 10
AUG z FEB AUG
N=568 o N=467 N=568
5 :::E 5
e:::
w
c., 10
MAR lfJ MAR SEP
N=533 >- N=533 N=552
CS 5
bb.
o 10
APR OCT APR OCT
e::: N=493 N=535 N=493 N=535
w
CD 5
z
10 10 MAY NOV
w
o N=559 N=510
-ex:
e:::
w 5 5
>-
-ex:
10 10

5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 5 1
KWh/m2 PER DAY FRACI'ION OF ElITRATERRESTRIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 141

(N) SOLAR DATA FOR DAVIS

Nearby Climate Stations - Fairfield, Sacramento
 142

Monthly Solar Data, Davis

latitude: 38.53" Longitude: 121.75° Elevation: 50'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m 2 per month)

horizontal surface 62 79 139 183 227 239 248 222 175 125 77 56 1832
direct beam (normal incidence) 99 108 178 217 263 280 299 276 234 184 126 94 2358

SOLAR RADIATION (KBtu/ft 2 per month)

horizontal surface 20 25 44 58 72 76 79 70 55 40 24 18 581
direct beam (normal incidence) 31 34 56 69 83 89 95 87 74 58 40 30 747

PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHINE* 45 61 70 80 86 95 97 96 94 84 64 46 79

7 6 6 5 4 2 1 1 2 3 6 7 4
MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths)*

FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL .58 .63 .67 .69 .71 .71 .68 .61 .52 .45 .60
.45 .48
RADIATION (KT )

Recording interval: 1952-1975

*Data for Sacramento 38"31'N 121"50'W, elevation 17'
Source of solar data: NWS, Eppley lightbulb pyranometer.

Iy Total iation Monthly Total/Extraterrestrial (KT)

Davis Davis
Ave, Min, Max for 1957-1975 Ave, Min, Max f () r 1957-1975
400 1.0
Extraterrestrial 09

100 .c 0.8
.c 300
"'t:" -----~--.
"-
"'t:"'
()
:::!l
()
:::!l
r::: 0.6
0.7

/'
/'
/'
---- \
"-

""
/'
b 0 \
....
(!)
Q)

0.
.., \
0. 200 () 0.5 \
I "-
C\l
...,
ru
.... I "-
\
E 50 Iko 0.4 I
'-.. \
'-.. \
::l
.c ..., 0.3
~ 00
.::.: 100 .::.:
/' /' / 0.2
/
"-
"- 0.1

0 0 0.0
J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Month of Year Month of Year
 143

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible Error in Direct

Davis (Normal Incidence)
Cloudy Day Definition: K T <·40 Davis
25
20

20 )<··· .. ····x Total r 0 r Ye ar

~

10
IS-------8 Heating Season Il)
t>ll
(Oct - Mar) r::
15
«l
0::
<!)
... a
10
0
::I!
"...,
Il)

«l
.... E
0
..., -10
to til
til
5 ~
". -20

L.....-..
:2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Month of Year

Clear Day Plots for Solar Radiation

Di Beam (Normal Incidence) Radiation on a

Davis Horizontal Surface
Davis

1000 1000
300 300

.c .c
'"e
'"~ , 200 '"....
200
, ....-''"
-'
,
....;:l «l
~
500
;:l
-'
ro ro

100 100

<---!lec 21
--J--Mar 21. Sill' 2
---J-+"-- J u n e 2 1
o 0
4,. 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Local Solar Time Local Solar Time
 144

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Metric Units (kWh/m2)
SURFACE ANGLE Davis
OR! ENT- OF Til T
AliON (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM .. DIFFUSE ( GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SE P OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL
SOUTH 15 80 95 157 193 228 23'1 2'16 230 193 1'19 98 7'1 1976
SOUTH 30 93 105 166 I'll 215 216 229 223 200 16'1 11'1 87 2003
SOUTH '15 101 109 165 179 I'll 186 199 20'1 19'1 169 123 95 191'1
SOUTH 60 102 101 15'1 156 157 l'H 159 172 177 163 12'1 97 1716
SOUTH 75 98 98 13'1 12'1 11'; 102 112 131 1'18 1'18 118 9'1 1'123
SOUTH 90 88 8'1 107 86 69 56 63 8'1 112 12'1 10'1 85 1061
SE, SW 15 1'1 90 15 I 189 226 23'1 2'15 226 187 I'll 91 68 192'1
SE, SW 30 82 95 155 186 216 219 231 220 189 149 10 I 76 1920
SE, SW /jS 86 96 15 I 17'1 195 195 207 203 182 149 104 80 1823
SE, SW 60 8'1 91 139 15'1 161 16'1 175 177 165 IIJI 102 79 16/jO
SE, SW 75 78 82 121 128 133 128 137 l't'l I'll 126 9'1 7'1 1386
Sf, SW 90 67 69 97 98 97 90 98 107 III 10'1 81 65 1082
E,W 15 61 78 136 179 221 233 2'12 217 171 123 75 55 1792
E,W 30 59 74 130 169 208 218 227 20'1 162 117 72 53 1691
E,W '15 55 69 119 15'1 188 197 205 185 148 108 68 50 15 '16
E,W 60 50 62 106 135 16'1 171 178 162 131 97 61 '15 1362
E,W 75 '13 53 90 II'! 136 I'll 1'17 135 111 83 53 39 11 '17
E,W 90 35 '13 73 90 107 110 115 107 89 68 '13 32 913
GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFLECTIVITY = .2 (MULTlPLV BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTlV lTY = RHO)
ANI' 15 0 0 0 I I 1 ! 1 1 0 0 0 6
A1\1 I'
ANI'
30
'15
I
2
1
2
2
4 ,2 3
7
3
7 7
3
7
3 2
5
2
'I
1
2 2
1 25
5'1
ANI' 60 3 'I 7 9 11 12 12 11 9 6 4 3 92
ANI' 75 5 6 10 1'1 17 18 18 16 13 9 6 4 136
A1\1 I' '10 6 8 14 18 23 24 25 22 17 13 8 6 183

Total on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Engineering Units (kBtu/ft2)
SURFACE ANGLE Davis
ORIENT- OF TI L T
ATION ( DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + 0 I FFU SE ( GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG Sf? OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL
SOUTH 15 25 30 50 61 72 74 78 73 61 47 31 23 626
SOUTH 30 30 33 53 61 68 68 72 71 63 52 36 28 635
SOUTH '15 32 35 52 57 61 59 63 6'1 61 53 39 30 606
SOUTH 60 32 3'4 '19 '49 50 '17 51 55 56 52 39 31 54'1
SOUTH 75 31 31 '12 39 36 32 36 '12 '17 '17 37 30 '151
SOUTH 90 28 27 3'1 27 22 18 20 27 35 39 33 27 336
SE, SW 15 2'1 28 '18 60 72 7'1 78 72 59 '15 29 22 609
SE, SW 30 26 30 '19 59 68 70 73 70 60 '17 32 24 608
SE, SW 't5 27 30 'i8 55 62 62 66 6'1 58 't1 33 25 578
SE, SW 60 27 29 '1'1 '19 53 52 55 56 52 '15 32 25 520
SE, SW 75 25 26 38 '11 '12 '11 'It; 'i6 '15 '10 30 23 '139
SE, SW 90 21 22 31 31 31 29 31 3'1 35 33 26 20 3'13

E,W 15 19 25 '13 57 70 7'1 77 69 5'1 39 2'1 17 568

E,W 30 19 2'1 '11 53 66 69 72 65 ., 1 37 23 17 536
E,W '15 17 22 38 '19 60 62 65 59 '17 3'1 21 16 '190
E,W 60 16 20 3'1 '13 52 5'1 56 51 '12 31 19 It; '132
E,W 75 1'1 17 29 36 '13 '15 '17 '13 35 26 IT 12 36'1
E,W 90 11 1'1 23 29 3'1 35 36 3'1 28 21 1'1 10 289

GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFLECTIVITV = .2 ( MULTIPLY BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTIV ITV = RHO)
AI\IY 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
AN." 30 0 0 1 I I 1 1 1 1 I 0 0 8
A1\1 I' '45 1 1 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 I 1 11
3 1 29
ANV
ANI'
60
75
1
I
I
2
2
3
3
'I .,
'I 'I
6
'I
6 .,
'I
'I
2
3 2
I
1 '13
A1\1 \I 90 2 3 'I 6 7 8 8 7 6 'I 2 2 58
 , J

145

in iation on a Ited Surface

Davis

Tilt of 30° TI It of 60'

30 " " - , - , ,"""-0,-,,,',--,-,---,,
ORIENTATION
SOUTH
& .....• t1 SE,SW
>f---X E.VI'
20,

t
-lO-V ~:-:--~~'-~~~:-"' -~

-20

J F M J F M A~ N
A c"'Mc-'---:-JLI--c:J",LI--c D J F M A M J J A SON D
Month of Year Month of Year Month of Year

on a Horizontal Surface
rface, Calculated using
les
SURFACE ANGLE Davis
ORIENT- OF TIL T
ATlL!N (DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB ~ll\R APR f~AV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

SOUTH 15 l. 50 L 33 1.19 1. .08 !. 0 i .98 .99 l. 05 1. 1'1 1.27 1. '14 1. 5 5

SOUTH 30 I. 89 1.57 l. 3! 1. 09 .95 .89 .92 I. 02 I. 21 I . '16 1. 78 1. 99
SOUTH '15 2.16 I. 71 1. 33 1.02 .81f .76 .79 .93 1.19 1. 55 2.00 2.30
SOUTH 60 2.27 1. 73 1.27 .89 .67 .58 .61 .78 1. 09 1.53 2.08 2. '16
SOUTH 75 2.2'1 I. 6 3 1.11 .70 .'16 .37 .lfl .58 .91 1. 't 0 2.02 2.44
SOUTH 90 2.05 l. '12 .89 .46 .2'1 .16 .19 .35 .68 1. 19 1.82 2.26
SI:, SW 15 1. 3'1 1. 23 1. 13 1.05 I. 00 .98 .99 1. 03 1.09 I. 18 1.30 1.38
SE. SW 30 1.59 l. 38 1.20 1.05 .96 .91 .93 l. 00 1. 13 1. 30 I. 5 2 1.67
SE; SW '15 1. 7'1 1. '1'1 1.19 .99 .86 .81 .83 .93 1. 10 1. 33 1.63 1.8'1
SF.:, SW 60 1.77 I. 'J 1 1. 12 .88 .73 .67 .69 .81 1. 00 1. 28 ! .6'1 1. 89
51', SW 75 !. 6 9 1.29 .98 .73 .57 .51 .53 .65 .86 1. 15 1. 5'1 1.82
51', SW 90 1.'19 1. 10 .79 .55 .'10 .3'1 .37 .'18 .67 .96 1. 3'1 1.62

E,W 15 .98 .98 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .97 .98 .98 ,98 .98
E,W 30 .95 .9'J .93 .92 .91 .91 .91 .91 .92 .93 .95 .96
E,W '15 .91 .88 .86 .84 .82 .81 .82 .83 .85 .87 .90 .91
E,W 60 .8'1 .80 .77 .7'1 .71 .70 .71 .72 .75 .79 .82 .8'1
E,W 75 .7'1 .70 .66 .62 .59 .58 .58 .60 .6'1 .68 .72 .75
E,W 90 .62 .57 .53 .'19 . 'J6 .'15 .'15 .'18 .51 .56 .60 .63
NORMAL INCIDENCE 2.72 2.21 1.86 1.63 I. 5 3 I. 5 0 1.51 1.57 I. 7'1 2.05 2.53 2.89
 146

H ram Total/Extraterrestrial (KT) H

10 10
JUL JAN JUL
N=587 N=464 N=587
5 5

~ 10 10
z FEB AUG FEB AUG
o
~ 5 N=364 N=573 N=364 N=573
5
0::
W
a.. 10
(f) MAR MAR SEP
r N=425 N=425 N=532
~
o 5
~
o 10
0:: APR APR OCT
W N=385 N N=537
CD 5
~
~
z
10
w MAY NOV
v N=525
~ N=567
0::
w 5
>-
~
10 JUN 10
N=505
5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 5 1
KWh/m2 PER DAY FRAcr ION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 147

(0) SOLAR DATA FOR FRESNO

Nearby Climate Stations - Fresno, Merced, Lemoore (Reeves Field)
 148

Iy Solar Data,
Latitude: 36. 77' longitude: 119.72' Elevation: 336'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May JUIl Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m 2 per month)

horizontal surface 64 90 151 192 233 240 243 218 174 130 79 54 1868

direct beam (normal incidence) 95 126 195 229 273 279 285 262 224 186 122 79 2356

SOLAR RADIATION (KBtu/ft 2 pel' month)

horizontal surface 20 29 48 61 74 76 77 69 55 41 25 17 592

direct beam (normal incidence) 30 40 62 73 86 88 90 83 71 59 39 25 746

PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHINE 50 66 79 85 89 94 96 96 95 88 67 46 82

MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths) 7 6 5

I 4 3 2 1 1 1 3 5 7 4

FRACTION OF EXTRA TERRESTRIAL .40 .60

.44 .52 .61 .65 .69 .70 .70 .69 .67 .61 .51
RADIATION (KT )

Recording interval: 1952-1975

Source of solar data: NWS, Eppley lightbulb pyranorneter until 1974, Eppley PSP since 1974.

Monthly Total Horizontal Monthly Total/Extraterrestrial (KT)

Fresno
Ave. Min. Max for 1959-1975 Ave. Min. Max for 1959-1975
400 1.0

E",a'.f'~'j'iQ' . ~07 0.9

100 ..:: 0.8

..::
.., 300 .", .-- -"'" - ~ ~ ~

i:: 0.7 -...

i:: -...
0
:::I! - --.. "-
'.
.
0
:::I!
~ 0.6 /
,/
,/

,/
,/
'/,
....... -~-
,
"-
... ... "- "-
\
.- 0.5 / ,/
0
/ ,/ "- "-
\ l!l \
l!l
200 "- \ t:l" ~ / \
t:l" / \ \ '. / \
/ N III
'"e \ \ ..- /
\
/ \ \ ~ 50 ~ 0.4 I
\
/

"..::
~
/
/
/
/ \
\
0-

\
\
\
":l
0.3
I
I
/
\
\
/ / !Xl \
~ 100 / / \ "- ~
/ \ "- 0.2
/
\
/
"-
/
"- 0.1

0 0 0.0
J F M A M J JA S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Month of Year Month of Ye ar
 149

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible Error in Direct Beam

Fresno (Normal Incidence)
Fresno

20

Clear Day Plots for Solar Radiation

Direct Beam (Normal Incidence) Total Radiation on a

Fresno Horizontal Surface
Fresno

1000 1000
300 300

.c (\)

e
200 '".."
.... "-
"- ...,
til

.."

....:::l ItS 500

m ~

100 100

- D e c 21
--+--1.1",21. Sap 21
-+-+--June :ill
o 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Local Solar Time Local Solar Time
 150

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Metric Units (kWh/m2)
SURFACE
OR IEIII1-
AIIIGLE Fresno
OF TJ L T
All0N (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUNO REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAl) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP DC T NOV DEC ANIllUAL
SOUTH 15 81 108 170 201 233 23'1 239 22'1 190 15'1 99 68 1999
SOUTH 30 93 119 178 198 219 215 221 216 195 168 113 79 201'1
SOUTH '15 99 12'1 176 18'1 193 18'1 I'll 1% 188 171 121 85 1912
SOUTH 60 100 121 lb't 159 156 1'1'1 152 16'1 ITO 165 12 I 86 170 I
SOUTH 15 95 III 1'12 125 112 98 106 12'1 I'll 1'18 11'1 82 1397
SOUTH 90 81l 9'1 III 85 65 51 57 78 105 123 100 73 1027
Sf,SW 15 75 102 163 197 232 235 239 221 18'1 1'!6 93 6'1 195 I
SE, Sill 30 82 109 167 193 220 219 22'1 213 186 153 10 I 10 1931
Sf, SW '15 85 109 162 180 198 19'1 200 196 177 153 10'1 72 1830
Sf, SW 60 83 103 1'19 159 169 162 168 170 160 143 10 I 71 1631
SE,SW 75 76 92 128 13 I 13'1 125 131 138 136 127 92 65 1375
SE, SW 90 65 77 102 99 '16 81 93 102 106 10'1 18 56 1066
E,W 15 63 89 1'18 187 228 23'1 237 213 110 128 18 53 1826
E,iII 30 60 8'1 1'10 176 213 219 221 200 16 I 121 7'1 51 1722
E,iII '15 56 78 129 161 193 197 200 181 1'17 112 69 '17 1570
!',W 60 5I 70 11'1 I'll 168 170 173 158 130 100 62 '13 1380
E,W 75 '1'1 60 97 118 139 1'10 1'13 132 110 85 5'1 31 1159
E,W 90 36 '19 78 93 109 109 112 10'1 87 69 '1'1 30 919
GROUIliD REFLECTION FOR REFLECTlV lTV ~ .2 (MULTIPLV BV RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTIV lTV = RHO)
ANV 15 0 0 1 I I I 1 1 I 0 0 0 6
ANV 30 1 I 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 I 1 25
ANV '15 2 3 4 6 7 7 7 6 5 'I 2 2 55
ANY 60 3 5 8 10 12 12 12 11 9 7 'I 3 93
ANV 15 5 7 11 1'1 17 18 18 16 13 10 6 'I 139
ANV 90 6 9 15 19 23 2'1 2'1 22 17 13 8 5 187
 151}

Possible the iation on a Tilted Surface

Tilt of 30· Tilt of 60°

30r-.-.-.-'-'-.--.-'-'-'-'~ 30r-'-'-'-'-'-'-'--'-,-'-'~
ORIENTATION ORIENTATION
SOUTH G------£I SOUTH
0-' ..... (.1 SE,SW 0'··· .. ·0 SE,SW'
)+---x E.W )(---x E,W

., 20
.,
20

v
'"
~
.'"
c
~ ~
~ ~

-a
•
~
"-;;;w
•E e
-;;; -10 ~
w
'" '"
-20 -20

J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A SON 0
Month of Year Month of Year

Factor to Convert Direct Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

to Direct on a Tilted Calculated using
Normal Profiles
SURFACE ANGLE Fresno
ORIENT- OF TILT
ATION ( DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
SOUTH 15 I.lJ6 I. 31 1. 18 1. 07 1. 00 .97 .98 1. 0'1 l. 13 1. 25 1.'1 ! I. '51
SOUTH 30 I. 82 1.53 1. 28 1. 01 .9'1 .88 .90 1. 0 I l. 18 1.'12 l. 72 1.92
SOUTH '15 2.06 !. 65 l. 30 1. 00 .82 .7'l .77 .91 l. 16 1.50 1.92 2.20
SOUTH 60 2.16 1.66 1.22 .86 .65 .56 .59 .75 1.05 1.'17 ! .98 2.32
SOUTH 75 2.11 1.55 l. 06 .66 .If'1 .35 .38 .55 .87 1. 3'1 1.91 2.29
SOUTH 90 1. 92 I. 3'1 .83 .'12 .21 .13 .16 .32 .6'1 1. 12 1.71 2. ! 1

SE, SW 15 I. 32 l. 21 I. 12 1. 05 1. 00 .97 .98 l. 02 1. 09 1.17 1. 28 I. 35

Sf, SW 30 1.55 l. 35 1. 18 I. 0'1 .9'1 .90 .92 .99 l. 11 1. 21 1.'18 1. 61
SE, SW '15 1.68 1.'10 1. 16 .97 .85 .79 .82 .91 I. 07 I. 29 1.58 1.77
Sf':, SW 60 1.69 I. 36 1. 08 .86 .72 .65 .68 .79 .98 l. 2'1 1.57 l. 80
SE, SW 75 1.60 I. 2'1 .9'1 .70 .56 .'19 .52 .63 .83 1. 10 1.'17 l. 72
5E, SW '10 1.'10 I. 0'1 .75 .52. .39 .33 .35 .'l6 .6'1 .91 1.27 1.52

E,W 15 .98 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .95 .9'1 .93 .92 .91 .90 .91 .91 .92 .93 .9'1 .95
f,W '15 .90 .87 .85 .83 .82 .81 .81 .82 .8lf .86 .89 .90
E,W 60 .82 .79 .76 .73 .71 .70 .70 .72 .75 .77 .81 .83
f,W 75 .72 .68 .65 .61 .59 .57 .58 .60 .63 .67 .71 .73
E,W 90 .60 .56 .52 .'18 .% .'l'l .'15 .'17 .50 .5'1 .59 .61

NORMAL INCIOENCE 2..60 2.15 l. 81 1.60 l.51 1.'18 1.50 1.55 I. 71 l. 99 2. '13 2.75
 152

Fresno
Total Radiation Histogram Total/Extraterrestrial (KT) Histogram

10 10
JUL JAN JUL
N=494 N=508 N=494
5 5

~ 10 ~ 10
z AUG z FEB AUG
o N=495 o N=477 N=495
;:?! 5 ;:?! 5
e::: e:::
w w
0.. 10 0.. 10
en SEP
en
>- >- N=480
C5 5 C5 5
~ ~
010 o 10
APR APR
e::: e:::
w N=509 w N=509
ro 5
~ 5
:::>-
z z
10 10 ~==~---.~-r-=~----~~
w MAY w MAY NOV
v N""'527 v<r: N=527 N=510
<r:
E3 5 E3 5
>
<r: >
<r:
10 JUN 10 JUN
N=479 N=479
5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 0.5 1
KWh/m2 PER DAY FRACI'ION OF EXT RAT ERREST RIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz~
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 'J

153

( RR N
Nearby imate Station - Reno
 154

Monthly Solar
Latitude: 39.5° Longitude: 119.78° Elevation: 4400'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m 2 per month)

horizontal surface 72 93 144 185 219 213 228 203 165 124 75 63 1784
direct beam (normal incidence) 134 146 193 224 249 230 260 239 218 187 126 120 2325

SOLAR RADIATION (KBtu/ft 2 per month)

horizontal surface 23 29 46 59 69 68 72 64 52 39 24 20 566
direct beam (normal incidence) 42 46 61 71 79 73 82 76 69 59 40 38 737

PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHINE 66 68 74 80 81 85 92 93 92 83 70 63 80

MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths) 6 6 6 6 5 4 2 2 2 4 6 6 5

FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL
.54 .58 .61 .64 .65 .62 .66 .65 .65 .62 .52 .52 .61
RADIATION (KTl

Source of solar data: NWS, Eppley lightbulb pyranometer

Monthly Total Radiation Monthly Total/Extraterrestrial (KT)

Reno, Nevada Nevada
Ave. Min. Max for 1965-1974 Ave. Min. Max for 1965-1974
400 1.0

E.tr.'.r~~'ri·'··:7 0.9

0.8
300
: ... 0.7 /'
h > - -___ ' v /' -"''--~_-s--

.: 0.6

200
.-~
o
0.5
<Il
...,
50 1& 0.4

0.3
100
/ ;' 0.2

0.1

0~~~-L-L~~6-~~~-b~~0 0.0 ~-b_L.....-L---'6--!'-~~.d.....--d_~...J_~~

J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D
Month of Year Month of Year
 155

rrences Possible Error in Direct

Reno, Nevada (Normal Incidence)
Cloudy Day Definition: K T <.40 Nevada
25'-~~~'---~---'---'---'---~--~~

\ 20

20 Toll'll for Year

Heating Season 10

15 (Oct - Mar)

10

5
'........ -20

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 j F M A M J J A S o N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Month of Year

Clear Day Plots for Solar Radiation

Beam (Normal Incidence) Radiation on a

Reno, Horizontal Surface
Reno, Nevada

1000 1000
300 300

.t::
'"Ei
OJ
200 ~ "-
III
"- ....."'"
...,~ «l 500
C!:l iJ:

100 100

- D e c 21
- - 1 - - Mar 21. 5ep 2

o 0
4 6 8 10 1214 16 18 20 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Local Solar Time Local Solar Time
 156

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Metric Units (kWh/m2)
SURFACE
ORIENT-
ANGLE
OF TI L T
Reno, Nevada
ATION (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLEC Tl ON EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL

SOUTH 15 % 115 165 196 220 209 226 209 183 1'19 96 85 19'19
SOUTH 30 115 130 175 19, 209 19'1 212 20'1 190 165 112 103 2002
SOUTH '15 126 137 175 183 186 169 186 187 185 170 121 115 1938
SOUTH 60 130 135 16'1 160 153 135 150 159 168 166 123 119 176'1
SOUTH 15 126 126 1'1'1 128 113 96 108 123 1'12 151 117 116 1'191
SOUTH 90 11't 109 115 90 70 56 63 81 108 127 105 106 1 J'I3
SE,SW 15 89 108 158 191 218 209 226 207 177 I'll 89 78 1890
SE, sw 30 100 116 163 189 208 196 213 201 179 150 99 89 190'1
SE, SW '15 106 119 160 178 189 175 192 186 173 150 103 95 1826
SE, SW 60 105 11'1 1'18 158 163 I'iB 163 162 157 143 101 95 1659
SE, ~'I 15 98 103 129 131 130 117 129 133 135 127 93 90 1417
SE, SW 90 86 87 104 10 ! 95 83 93 100 106 106 80 79 112 I
E,W 15 11 91 142 181 213 207 223 198 162 122 73 62 17'14
E,W 30 68 87 135 170 200 19'1 209 186 153 116 70 59 1649
E,W 45 6'1 82 12'1 156 181 176 189 170 I'll 108 66 56 1512
E,W 60 59 73 III 137 158 153 16'1 1'19 125 97 60 51 1337
E,W 75 5I 63 9'1 115 132 127 137 125 106 83 52 '15 1131
E,W 90 '12 52 76 92 10'1 99 107 99 85 68 '13 37 90'1

GROUND REFLEC T I ON FOR REFL EC Tl V lTV = .2 (MULTIPLY BV RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTIV lTV = RHO)

ANY 15 0 0 0 1 1 I I I I 0 0 0 6
ANY 30 I I 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 I I 2'1
ANY '15 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 6 5 'I 2 2 52
ANY 60 'I 5 7 9 11 11 11 10 8 6 'I 3 89
ANY 75 5 7 11 1'1 16 16 17 15 12 9 6 5 132
AI\JY 90 7 9 I'! 18 22 21 23 20 17 12 7 6 178

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Engineering Units (kBtu/ft2)
SURFACE ANGLE Reno, Nevada
ORIENT- aI' TIL T
ATION ( DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANI\JUAL

SOUTH 15 31 36 52 62 70 66 72 66 58 '17 30 27 617

SOUTH 30 36 'll 55 62 66 61 67 65 60 52 35 33 63'1
SOUTH '15 '10 '13 55 58 59 53 59 59 58 5'1 38 36 61'1
SOUTH 60 'II '13 52 51 'l9 '13 '18 50 53 53 39 38 559
SOUTH 75 '10 'to '16 '11 36 31 3'1 39 '15 '18 37 37 'i72
SOUTH 90 36 3'1 36 28 22 18 20 26 3'1 '10 33 3'1 362
SE, SW 15 28 3'1 50 61 69 66 72 65 56 '15 28 25 599
SE,SW 30 32 37 52 60 66 62 68 6'1 57 47 31 28 603
SE, SW 45 3'1 38 5I 56 60 56 61 59 55 '18 33 30 578
SE, SW 60 33 36 '17 50 52 '17 52 51 50 '15 32 30 525
SE,SW 75 31 33 '11 '12 'il 37 '11 '12 '13 '10 30 29 '1'19
SE, SW 90 27 28 33 32 30 26 29 32 3'1 33 25 25 355
E,W 15 22 29 '15 57 68 66 71 63 51 39 23 19 552
E,W 30 22 28 '13 5'1 63 62 66 59 '19 37 22 19 '523
E,W '15 20 26 39 '19 57 56 60 5'1 '15 3'1 21 18 '179
E,W 60 19 23 35 '13 50 '18 52 '17 'to 31 19 16 '12'1
E,W 75 16 20 30 37 '12 'iO '13 '10 3'1 26 16 1'1 358
E,W 90 13 16 2'f 29 33 31 3'1 31 27 21 1'1 12 286
GROUI\ID REFLECTION FOR REFLECTlV lTV " .2 (MULTIPLY BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTlV lTV = RHO)
ANY 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
ANY 30 0 0 I I I I I I I 1 0 0 8
ANV '15 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 I I I 17
AI\IV 60 I 1 2 3 3 3 'I 3 3 2 1 1 28
ANY 75 2 2 3 't 5 5 5 5 'I 3 2 1 't2
ANY 90 2 3 5 6 7 7 7 6 5 'I 2 2 56
 157

Possible Error in the Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface

Reno, Nevada

Tilt of 30· Tilt of 60· Tilt of 90·

30 ORIENTATION
30r-r-'-'-TO-",TE-"TTA-flTO"-r~-.-'~ 30r-'-'-'-'O-RI'E"-TrA;-I'O"-'-'-'-T~
t.l--O SOUTH ~ SOUTH B----fl so U TH
&., .... Q SE,SW &······0 SE,SW 1;»· .. ···0 sE.SW
»---x E,W x---)( E,W »---x E,W
20 20

~ O~-------------------~~ ~ Or---------------------~
"..
~
..
#

~-10~
S -=-:)(--*--.t(
••••• \:l

~ -10 ~
"'(1.

"' "'
-20 -20 -20

J F M A M J J A SON 0 J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D

Month of Year Month of Year Month 01 Year

Factor to Convert Direct Beam Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

to Direct Beam on a Tilted Surface, Calculated using
Nominal Solar Profiles
SURFACE ANGLE Reno, Nevada
ORIENT- OF Til T
ATlON ( DEGREES
FROM HOA-
I ZONTAl ) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JI,IL AUG Sfl' OCT NOV DEC
SOUTH 15 1.52 !. 35 I. 20 I. 09 l. 0 1 .98 .99 !. 05 !. 15 l. 28 1.'16 1.58
SOUTH 30 1. 93 1.60 I. 32 1.10 .96 .90 .93 I. 03 l. 22 1.'18 1.81 2.04
SOUTH '15 2.22 1. Tr. I. 35 1. 0'1 .85 .77 .80 .9'1 I. 20 1.57 2.05 2.37
SOUTH 60 2.35 1.77 I. 29 .91 .6S .59 .63 .so 1.11 1.56 2.1'1 2.5'1
SOUTH 75 2.32 I. 68 I. 1'1 .72. .'18 .38 .'12 .60 .9'1 l.'l'l 2.09 2.,,3
SOUTH 90 2.13 1.'17 .92 .'18 .Z'i .17 .20 .36 .70 I. 23 l. 89 2.36
SE, SW 15 l. 36 I. 2'1 1.1'1 l. 06 I. 00 .98 .99 l. 03 I. 10 1. 19 1. 31 1.'10
SE, SW 30 \.62 1.40 l. 21 I. 06 .96 .92 .9'1 l. 0 I l. 14 1. 31 1.54 ! .70
5E,SW '15 I. 78 1.'16 I. 21 I. 00 .1l7 • BI .8'1 .9'1 I.! I I. 35 1.67 l. 89
Sf, SW 60 1.82 1.'1'1 l. 1'1 .89 .7'1 .68 .70 .82 l. 02 I. 31 1.68 I. 95
Sf, SW 75 l. 7'1 I. 33 l. 00 .7'1 .59 .52 .5'; .67 .88 1. 18 I . ., 9~ I. 89
SE, SW 90 1.55 l. 13 .81 .56 .41 .35 .38 .49 .69 .99 !. 39 ! .69

E,W 15 .98 .98 .98 .98 .97 .91 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .96 .9'1 .93 .92 .91 .91 .91 .91 .92 .9'1 .95 .96
E,W '15 .91 .89 .86 .8'1 .82 .Sl .82 .83 .S5 .88 .90 .92
t,W 60 .85 .81 .71 .7'1 .72 .70 .71 .73 .76 .19 .83 .86
E,W 75 .75 .71 .66 .62 .59 .58 .59 .61 .65 .69 .73 .77
E,W 90 .63 .58 .5'1 .50 .'17 .'15 .'16 .'IS .52 .56 .61 .65
NORMAL INCIDENCE 2.80 2.26 I. 88 1.6'l 1.5'1 1.51 1.52 1.59 1.76 2.09 :2 .60 2.99
 158

Reno,
Total Radiation Histogram Totai/Extraterrestrial (KT) Histogram

10 10
JUL JAN JUL
N=154 N=175 N=154
5 5

10 ~ 10
z
o
5 ~ 5
0:::
t.<J
Cl, 10 -I-=""L.l~--~-+-~..=.l~---r--l-----1
MAR MAR SEP
N=155 ~ N=155 N=150
;3 5
~
o 10
APR OCT
N=150 0::: N=154
t.<J
~ 5
:::J
Z
t.<J
10 MAY NOV
v N=155 N=150
<
~ 5
>
<
10 10

5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 1
KWh/m2 PER DAY FRACI'ION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 159

(Q) LAR DATA FOR CHINA LAKE/INYOKERN

Nearby Climate Stations - China Lake, Edwards Bakersfield, Victorville, Sandberg
 160

Monthly ina Lake/Inyokern

Latitude: Longitude: Elevation:

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m 2 per month)

horizontal surface 98 115 177 213 246 249 243 224 186 146 106 91 2094
direct beam (normal incidence) 182 181 249 272 297 297 285 272 21.8 218 190 179 2870

SOLAR RADIATION (Klltu/ft 2 per month)

horizontal surface 31 36 56 68 78 79 77 71 59 46 34 29 664
direct beam (normal incidence) 58 57 79 86 94 94 90 86 78 69 60 57 909

PERCENT OF POSSIllLE SUNSHINE nla

MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths) 4 4 3 3 3 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 3

FRACTION OF EXTRA TERRESTRIAL

RADIATION (KT ) .64 .65 .70 .72 .72 .73 .70 .70 .70 .67 .66 .64 .69

Source of solar data: NWS 1952-1971; Naval Weapons Center 1971-1975; Eppley lightbulb pyranometer.

Monthly Total Horizontal Radiation Monthly Total/Extraterrestrial (KT)

China Lake/Inyokern ina Lake/Inyokern
Ave, Min, Max for 1954-1975 Ave, Min, Max for 1954-1975
400 1.0 r---r~r--'-~'---'---'r----,-;r---.---'r-..---"

,"I."~SI'i.IR·,\7
0.9
Edr. 0.8
100 .&:
$>

c:: 0.7
0
:=
/ r -'" ---.
t:: 0.6
o
I / " \ '"<!>
: I 7 '\ \ 0- ~ 0.5
i I I \ 1\
N
!ll
...... I I \ \
r...'" 0.4
$>
I I \ \ ". 50
j I \ \ "-
/ / \ \ :::l
$> 0.3
/ Y \\', ttl
~
" 0.2

0.1

O~~d--b~~~b-~~~~~~O 0.0 '-::~;::-.b~~~~--:-~~-:--~-L....::-'--:-:-.L.-.-l

J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON 0
Month of Year Month of Year
 161

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible Error in Direct Beam

China Lake/Inyokern (Normal Incidence)
Cloudy Day Definition: KT<·40 China Lake/Inyokern
Z5 I I I

20

(J) 20 )( ..........
)( Total r 0 r Year IS- -.
(I) ~
(j
r::: 10
(I) I:>-----<l Heating Season III
~
H
:::l 15 (Oct - WI ar) "'t::"
(j til
(j ~
0 III 0
...
0
"t3
If..I III
0 10 ::l! oW
til
~
OJ
,.CI
....
0
.-e
.,., -10
S 5
IX)

i
til
VI

\'\..........
~

-ZO
0 I
0 Z3 4 5 6 '7 8 9 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Month o( Year

Clear Day Plots for Solar Radiation

Direct Beam (Normal Incidence) Total Radiation on a

China Lake/Inyokern Horizontal Surface
China Lake/Inyokern

1000 1000
300 300

.c: .c:
'"e
zoo
(II
'-. '"
<d
"- III
200 ::::
'-. ...,
.w '-.
*"<II 500
;:l
<II 500
;:l
-' -'
~ co ~ co

100 100

Sep 21

o 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Local Solar Time Local Solar Time
 162

Total Radiation on a Tilted lated Values)

Metric Units (kWh/m2)
SURFACE ANGLE China Lake/I
ORIENT- OF TIL T
AI10N ( DEGREES OIRECT BEAM .. 0 IFFU SE ( GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SlOP DC T NOV DEC ANNUAL

SOUTH 15 129 I'll 201 22'1 2'1'1 2'12 238 229 20'1 173 137 123 2285
sou TN 30 153 157 212 220 229 221 220 220 209 189 160 I't8 2337
SOUTH '15 167 16'1 210 20'1 200 187 190 199 201 193 172 163 22'19
SOUTH 60 170 161 195 175 161 1'15 1'19 166 180 186 17'1 168 2029
SOUTH 75 163 1'18 168 136 l!3 97 103 123 1'19 166 16'1 163 1693
SOUTH 90 1'15 125 130 90 63 '18 55 76 109 137 145 1'17 1270
Sf, SW 15 119 132 193 219 2'1'1 2'13 239 226 198 164 127 113 221 7
5E, SW 30 13'1 1'12 198 215 230 225 223 218 198 173 I'll 128 2225
Sf, SW '15 l'tO 1'13 192 200 207 199 199 200 189 172 1'16 136 2122
Sf, SW 60 138 137 177 176 175 165 167 172 170 161 1'12 135 1915
51':,SW 15 128 122 152 Itt'! 138 127 130 139 144 142 130 126 1621
SE, SW 90 110 101 121 108 98 88 91 102 112 116 III 110 1268
E,W 15 'i6 113 173 208 2'iO 2'13 231 219 182 l't 3 10'1 89 2~'I8
E,W 30 92 108 16'1 196 22'1 227 222 205 172 136 100 86 1931
E,W '15 86 100 15 I 178 203 20'1 200 186 151 125 93 80 1HZ
E,W 60 78 89 133 156 176 176 173 162 138 112 8'1 73 1550
E,W 75 61 71 113 130 1'16 1'15 lit 3 135 117 95 72 63 1302
E,W 90 55 62 90 103 11'1 112 III 106 93 77 59 52 1033

GROUND REFL EC Tl ON FOR REFLECTlV lTV ~ .2 (MUL TlPLV BV RHO/,2 FOR REFLECTIV lTV ~ RHO)

ANV 15 0 0 I 1 I I I I I 0 0 0 7
ANY 30 I 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 28
ANY '15 3 3 5 6 1 7 7 7 5 'I 3 3 61
/1111 V 60 5 (, 9 11 12 12 12 II 9 7 5 5 105
AIIIY 75 7 9 13 16 18 18 18 17 1'1 II 8 7 155
ANV 90 10 12 18 21 25 25 2'1 22 19 15 II 9 210

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Engi ng Un (kBtu/ft2)
SURFACE ANGLE China Lake/Inyokern
ORIENT- OF TIL T
ATION (DEGREES OIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECT! ON EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZOIIITAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL

SOUTH 15 'II 't5 b't 71 77 77 76 73 65 55 '13 39 72'1

SOUTH 30 '18 50 67 70 73 70 70 70 66 60 5I '17 7'10
SOUTH '15 53 52 66 65 63 59 60 63 6'1 61 55 52 713
SOUTH 60 5'1 51 62 55 51 't6 '17 52 57 59 55 53 6'13
SOUTH 75 52 It7 53 '13 36 31 32 39 '17 53 52 52 536
SOUTH 90 '16 'to 't! 28 20 15 17 2'1 35 '13 't6 '17 't02

Sf, SW 15 38 '12 61 69 77 77 76 72 63 52 'to 36 702

SE, SW 30 'i2 '15 63 68 73 71 71 69 63 55 '15 'II 705
SE, SW '15 '1'1 '15 61 63 66 63 63 63 60 5lJ '16 '13 672
Sf, SW 60 'H '13 56 56 56 52 53 55 5'1 5! '15 '13 607
SE, SW 75 '10 39 '18 '16 ljlj '10 'II '1'1 '16 '15 '11 'to 51'1
SE, SW 90 35 32 38 3'1 31 28 29 32 35 37 35 35 '102

E,W 15 30 36 55 66 76 77 75 69 58 '15 33 28 6'19

E,W 30 29 3'1 52 62 71 72 70 65 5'1 lj3 32 27 612
E,W 't5 27 32 '18 56 6't 65 63 59 50 'to 29 25 558
E,W 60 25 28 '12 '19 56 56 55 51 '14 35 27 23 '191
E,W 75 21 2'1 36 '11 '16 '16 '15 '13 37 30 23 20 '113
E,W 90 !7 20 29 33 36 36 35 34 29 2'1 19 16 327

GROUIIIO REFLECTION FOR REFLECTIVITY = .2 (f~ULT I PL V BY RHO/,2 FOR REFLECT! V lTV ~ RHO)

ANY 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
ANV 30 0 0 1 I I 1 I I I 1 0 0 9
ANV '15 I I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 I I 19
Alii V 60 2 2 3 3 4 't 4 4 3 2 2 I 33
ANY 75 2 3 'I 5 6 6 6 5 'I 3 2 2 '19
Alii V 90 3 it 6 7 8 8 8 7 6 5 3 3 66
 163

Possible Error in the Total Radiation on a fted Surface

China Lake/I

Tilt of 30° Tilt of 60°

30~~-'-'O-R"E-Ni~TlbN"-'I-"'",
30r-,-,-.-.-,-,-,-,-,-,-~
ORIENTATION
I)---e SOUTH SOUTH
o.. · .. ··() SE.SW &· .. · .. 0 SE,SW
*--x E.W *--x t.W
20 20

v
..
c
~
10
~10.~
'" '"
"v O~--------------------~
"v
.Ei •
E
..... -10
~
OJ

-20 -20

J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J A SON D
Month of Year Month of Year Month of Year

Factor to Convert Direct Beam Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

to Direct Beam on a Tilted Surface, Calculated using
Nominal Solar Profiles
SURFACE ANGLE China Lake/Inyokern
ORIENT- OF TIL T
IHION (DEGREE S
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAIII FEB MAR APR MAV JUIII JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
SOUTH 15 I. .... I. 30 !. ! 7 l. 07 l. 00 .97 .98 l. 03 l. 12 I. 2'1 !. 39 1. '19
SOUTH 30 1. 78 1.51 l. 27 1.06 .93 .87 .90 I. 00 1.17 1.'10 1. 6 9 1.87
SOUTH '15 2.00 1.62 l. 27 .98 .81 .73 .76 .90 l. 1'1 1.'17 l. 87 2.13
SOUTH 60 2.09 l. 61 l. 19 .8'1 .63 .5'1 .58 .7t; 1. 03 1.'13 1. 92 2.2'1
SOUTH 75 2.03 1.50 I. 03 .6'1 .'12 .33 .36 .53 .85 I. 30 1.8'1 2.20
SOUTH 90 l. 83 l. 28 .80 .'10 .20 .! 2 .15 .30 .61 1. 07 1.6'1 2.01

SE, SW 15 l. 30 I. 20 1. 12 l. 0'1 .99 .97 .98 l. 02 1. 08 !. 16 1.27 1. 33

5E, SW 30 1.52 I. 33 I. 17 1.03 .9'1 .90 .91 .98 I.! 0 1. 26 1.'15 1.58
SE,SW '15 1.6'1 I. 37 l. 15 .96 .8'1 .78 .81 .90 I. 06 1.27 I. 5'1 !. 72
SE, SW 60 1.6'1 1. 33 l. 06 .8'1 .70 .6'1 .67 .17 .% 1.21 I. 53 1.75
SE,5W 75 1.5'1 I. 20 .92 .69 .5'1 .'18 .51 .62 .81 l. 08 1.'12 I. 66
SE, SW 90 I. 35 1. 01 .73 .51 .38 .32 .3/j .'1" .63 .88 I. 22 1.%

E,W 15 .98 .98 .98 .91 .91 .97 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .9'1 .93 .92 .91 .91 .90 .91 .91 .92 .93 .9'1 .95
E,W '15 .89 .81 85 .83 .82 .81 .81 .82 .8'1 .86 .88 .89
E,W 60 .8 I .78 .75 .73 .71 .70 .70 .72 .7'1 .77 .80 .82
E,W 75 .71 .67 .6'1 .61 .58 .57 .58 .59 .62 .66 .70 .72
E,W 90 .59 .55 .51 .'18 .'15 .'1'1 .'15 .'16 .50 .53 .57 .60

NORMAL IIIIC WEIliCE 2.52 2.10 I. 78 1.59 1.51 J .'18 1.'19 1.5'1 1.69 1.95 2.37 2.66
 164

ina
Total Radiation H ram

10 10
JUL JAN JUL
N=506 N=500 N=506
5 5

~10 ~ 10
z AUG Z FEB AUG
o N=512 o N=441 N=512
~ 5 ~ 5
0:: 0::
W W
Q.. 10 Q.. 10
Cf) MAR SEP Cf)
SEP
>-- N=473 N=426 >-- N=426
~ 5 ~ 5
t:L. t:L.
010 o 10 -t--~~=------,-?---+---~==-'-~~
APR OCT
0::
w ~ N=413 N=469
~ 5 ~ 5
::::; ::::;
z z
10 w 10 -t--'M-A-:Y-=J:;=----,~-+--..x:::=~~7-,-L---l
w MAY
U N=480 U N=480
<C <C
0::
w
5 ~ 5
>-
<C
>-
<C
10 JUN 10 -r-J:;:-U::-N~=--,~+D':"E-C:::>..C==--,;:L-~
N=458 N=458 N=486
5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 0.5 1
KWh/m2 PER DAY FRAcr ION OF EXT RAT ERREST RIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 .i ,J

165

(R) SOLAR DATA FOR LAS VEGAS, NEVADA

Nearby Climate Station - Las Vegas
 166

Monthly I, regas,
Latitude: 36° 08' Longitude: llS" 17' Elevation: 2188 '

Jan Feb Mar Apr May iun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m 2 per month)

horizontal surface 96 117 173 208 242 246 228 212 180 140 99 85 2026
direct beam (normal incidence) 180 187 241 262 289 291 255 248 234 206 170 165 2728

SOLAR RADIATiON (KBtu/ft 2 per month)

horizontal surface 30 37 55 66 77 78 72 67 57 44 31 27 642
direct beam (normal incidence) 57 59 76 83 92 92 81 78 74 65 54 52 864

PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHINE 78 81 83 86 88 93 87 88 92 86 81 78 86

MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths) 5 5 5 4 3 2 3 3 2 3 4 4 3

FRACTION OF EXTRA TERRESTRIAL

RADIATION (KT ) .64 .67 .69 .71 .71 .72 .66 .67 .68 .65 .62 .62 .67

Source of solar data: NWS; Eppley lightbulb pyranometer until 1973; Eppley PSP since 1973; recording interval 1952-1975.

Monthly Total Horizontal Radiation Total/Extraterrestrial (KT)

Las Vegas, Nevada Vegas, Nevada
Ave. Min. Max Cor 1954-1975 Ave. Min. Max for 1954-1975
400 1.0

0.9

100 .<:: 0.8

300 ..,
t:: 0.7
0
::<i
/ '\ t:: 0.6
/ '\ t.. o
. / I '\ (!) \
200 ;' I' I \ Cl. ~ 0.5
i
...... I
I
/
I "" ~ \ ...
'"
<Il
6,

I / \ \ ". 50 b&, 0.4

/ / \ \ ""-
I I \ \ ..,
:l
03
I \ \ co
100 /
" ,,~ oM
0.2

0.1

o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o 0.0 L-~~~-l..-.-L~L..,,-L~L---L~--:-...L.--L---l

JFMAMJJASOND J F M A M J J A SON D
Month of Year Month of Year
 1

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible Error in Direct Beam

Las Vegas, Nevada (Normal Incidence)
Cloudy Day Definition: K'l'<.40 Las Vegas, Nevada
25 I I I I

20

CIl
(j)
20 x· .... ··· ..x Total for Year
~
...
(J
t:i 10
(j) ~ Heating Se ason II)
H t>!!
H 15 (Oct - M I.H) c:
;:l
(J til
() ~
0 <!l 0
't3
4-1 '"0 ...
II)
0 10 ::ll
til
H
(j) '" e
.... -10
0

~;:l eo !II

z 5 J- w ...
-20

0
0 2 3 4 5 "I J Ii' ),f .A. ),f J J .A. S 0 N D
6 8 9
Consecutive Cloudy Days ),fon til of Year

Clear Day Plots for Solar Radiation

Direct Beam (Normal Incidence) Total Radiation on a
Las Vegas, Nevada Horizontal Surface
Las Vegas, Nevada

1000 1000
300 300

.c: '"
e
ZOO '"::: ""'-
""'- ...... !II

...
:::l
m l\lI:
(jj
500

HIO 100

- D e c 21
- + - - I h r 21. Sep 21
-+--+-- JUlie 21
o 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 ZO 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Local Solar Time L©cal S©lar Time
 168

Radiation on a Surface (Calculated Values)

Metric Units (kWh/m2)
SURFACE ANGLE
ORIENT- aI' TIL T
AT! ON ( DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SE!' OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL
SOUTH 15 128 1'13 196 218 2'1 I 239 22'1 217 196 166 126 115 2209
SOUTH 30 151 160 207 216 226 218 207 209 201 181 1'17 138 2261
SOUTH '15 165 168 205 200 198 186 179 188 193 185 158 153 2179
SOUTH 60 169 165 190 172 159 Ilf5 1'12 158 17 If 178 159 157 1969
SOUTH 75 162 152. 16'1 13'1 113 97 99 119 IIf'l 1:,0 150 152 16'17
SOUTH 90 1'15 129 128 89 6'1 1f9 55 7'1 106 132 132 138 12'12
Sf, SW 15 llS ! 3'1 188 21'1 2'10 2'10 22'1 21'1 190 157 118 106 21 '13
SE, SW 30 132 1'15 193 210 227 223 210 206 191 166 130 120 2152
SE, SW '15 139 1'16 188 196 20'1 197 187 189 182 165 134 127 205'1
SE, SW 60 137 1'10 173 172 IT3 16'1 158 16'1 16'1 155 131 126 1856
Sf, SW 75 127 125 1'19 I'll 137 126 123 132 139 136 120 118 1574
SE, SW 90 109 10'1 118 106 98 88 88 98 108 III 102 103 123'1
E,W 15 95 11'1 169 203 236 2l)O 223 207 115 138 97 8'1 1979
E,W 30 91 109 160 19 1 221 22'1 208 19'1 166 131 93 81 1868
E,W '15 85 101 I'll 17'1 199 201 188 176 151 121 86 76 1706
E,W 60 77 91 130 152 173 17'1 163 15'1 13'1 107 78 69 1501
E,W 75 67 78 110 127 1'13 1'13 135 128 113 92 67 60 1263
E,W 90 55 63 88 101 112 III 105 10 I 90 71J ';9 1003
GROUND REFL EC Tl ON FOR REFLECTIVITV
" .2 (MULTIPLV BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLEC T! VlTV :: RHO)
"
ANV 15 0 0 1 1 J J I I 1 0 0 0 7
ANY 30 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 I 1 27
ANV '15 3 3 5 6 7 1 7 (, 5 Ij 3 3 59
ANV 60 5 (, 9 10 12 12 II !l 9 7 5 Ij 101
ANV 75 7 <) 13 15 18 18 17 16 13 10 7 6 150
ANY 90 10 12 17 21 2'1 25 23 21 18 1'1 10 9 203

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Engineering Units (kBtu/ft2)
SURFACE ANGLE Las Vegas, Nevada
ORIENT- aI' TIL T
AliON (DEGREE5 DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOi'l-
l ZONTAL ) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL
SOUTH 15 'to '15 62 69 76 76 7! 69 62 53 '10 37 700
SOUTH 30 'f8 51 66 68 72 69 66 66 6'1 57 '16 '1lt 716
SOUTH '15 52 53 65 63 63 59 57 60 61 59 50 '18 690
SOUTH 60 53 52 60 5'1 51 '16 '15 50 55 56 50 50 62'1
SOUTH 75 51 '18 52 '13 36 31 32 38 '16 51 '18 lJ8 522
SOUTH 90 % 'II 'II 28 20 16 17 2'1 3'1 '12 '12 lJ'l 39'1

5E, SW 15 37 'f3 60 68 76 76 71 68 60 50 37 3'1 679

SI':, SW 30 '12 '16 61 67 72 71 67 65 61 52 '11 38 682
SE, SW '15 '1'1 '16 59 62 65 62 59 60 58 52 '12 '10 6'>1
SE, SW 60 'J3 '1't 55 55 55 52 50 52 52 '19 '11 '10 588
51:, SW 75 '10 '10 '17 '15 '13 '10 39 '12 lJ'I '13 38 37 "99
SE, SW 90 35 33 37 3'1 31 28 28 31 3'1 35 32 33 391
E,W 15 30 36 5'1 6'1 75 76 11 66 56 '1'1 31 27 627
E,W 30 29 35 51 61 70 71 66 62 52 'tl 29 26 592
E,W '15 21 32 '17 55 63 6'1 60 56 '18 38 27 2'1 5'10
E, l. 60 2'1 29 '11 '18 55 55 52 '19 '12 3'1 25 22 '176
E,W 75 21 25 35 '10 '15 '15 '13 'II 36 29 21 19 'tOO
E,W 90 17 20 28 32 35 35 33 32 28 23 17 16 318
GROUND REFLECT! ON FOR REFLECT! VltV .2 (MUL TlPLV BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLECTIV ltV " RHO)
"
ANV 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
ANV 30 0 0 1 I I I I I I 1 0 0 9
ANV '15 I I 2. 2. 2. 2 2 2. 2 I I I 19
AIllY
Alii V
60
75
;>
2.
2.
3
3
'1
3
'5
't
(,
'I
6 .,
't
.,
3 3
" 2 1 32
ANV 90 3 'I 5 1 8 8 7 7
't
(,
3
'I "
3
2.
3
'18
6'1
 169

Possible Error in the Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface

Las Vegas, Nevada

Tilt of 3D· Ti It of 80° Tilt 01 90°

I I I I I I I i -, 30 30
3O! ORI~N1'A'fION ORIENTATION ORIENTATION
<>---<> SOUTH <>-----<l SOUiH ~ SOUTH
(:'······0 SE.SW &''''''0 SE,SW (;3'···· .. 0 SE,Stf
*--x E.W *--l( E.W *~-)( E.n
20 20
~ ~ N

""
~
..'"c lO.~
" ...."
" "
"" "" ""
'" "" 0
'""
~

..s" .e
~

..e
~

-10 ~ -10 ~

'""
W 111

'" '"
-20 -20
I I I I
J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F II A II J J A S 0 N !l
lIonth 01 Year Month 01 Year Month of Year

Factor to Convert Direct Beam Radiation on a Horizontal Surface

to Direct Beam on a Tilted Surface, Calculated using
Nominal Solar Profiles
SURFACE AIIIGLE Las Vegas, Nevada
ORIEIIIT- OF TIL T
All 0111 ( DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZOIIITAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MA\, JUN JUL AUG 5EI' ocr NOV DEC
SOUTH 15 1.'15 I. 30 l. 18 I.OT l. 00 .97 .98 l. 03 I. 13 i. 25 1.'10 1.50
SOUTH 30 1.80 1.52 1.27 l. 06 .93 .88 .90 1.00 I. 11 1.'11 1. 70 1.89
SOUTH '15 2.03 1.63 l. 28 .99 .81 .73 .76 .90 I. 1'1 1.'18 I. 89 2..15
SOUTH 60 2.12 1.63 1. 20 .85 .6'1 .55 .58 .7'1 I. 0'1 1.'1'1 1. 9'1 2.27
SOUTH 75 2.06 1.52 I. 0'1 .65 .'13 .3'1 .37 .5'1 .86 I. 31 1. 87 2.2'1
SOUTH 90 1. 87 1. 30 .81 .'11 .20 .13 .15 .30 .62 1. 09 l. 6 7 2.05
Sf, SW 15 I. 31 1. 21 l. 12 1. 0'1 .99 .97 .98 I. 02 I. 08 1. 17 l. 27 l. 3'1
Sf,SW 30 I.., 3 1. 3'1 1. 17 I. 03 .9'1 .90 .92 .99 I. 10 I. 26 1.'16 1.59
Sf:, SW '15 1.65 I. 38 l. 15 .96 .8'1 .79 .81 .90 I. 06 l. 28 l. 55 l. 7'1
51", SW 60 1.66 l. 3'1 l. 01 .85 .71 .65 .61 .71) .97 l. 22 \.55 1.17
SI':, SW 15 1.56 1.22 .93 .69 .55 .'ill .51 .62 .82 l. 09 I.'l'l 1.68
SE, SW qO !. 31 1.02 .7'1 .52 .38 .32 .3'1 .'15 .63 .89 l. 2'1 l. '18

E,W 15 .98 .98 .98 .91 . 'l7 .97 .97 . '11 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .95 .9'l .92 .92 .91 .90 .91 .91 .92 .93 .9'1 .95
E " '"
'10; .89 .81 .85 .83 .82 .81 .81 .82 .8'1 .86 .88 .90
E,W 60 .82 .79 .75 .73 .11 .70 .TO .72 .7'1 .77 .80 .82
E,W 75 .71 .68 .6'1 .61 .58 .51 .58 .60 .63 .66 .70 .72
E,W 90 .59 .55 .51 .'18 .'15 .'1'1 .'15 .'17 .50 .5'1 .58 .60

NORMAL INCIDENCE 2.55 2.12 l. 79 1.59 1.51 1.'18 1.'19 1.55 1.69 I. 97 2.39 2.70
 170

Vegas, Nevada
Total Radiation Histogram Total/Extraterrestriai (KT) Histogram

10 10
JUL JAN JUL
N=499 N=453 N=499
5 5

~ 10
AUG z
N=563 o
::£ 5
0::
W
c.. 10 -!.-~::::::"'::::::"""--L+-..-c:::;:::"'--T.,-b---!
MAR (f)
N=420 >--
C3 5
~
o 10
APR 0::
N=416 w
~ 5
::::;
z
10 w
10
w
o o
<t <t
~ 5 ~ 5
> >
< <t
10 JUN 10
N=428
5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 1
KWh/m2 PER DAY FRACI'ION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL
RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

These histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each his"to'gram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 171

(S) SOLAR DATA FOR EL CENTRO

Nearby Climate Station - Yuma
 172

Monthly Solar Data, Centro

Latitude: 32.8° Longitude: 115.67° Elevation: 12'

Jan Feb Mar Apt' May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

SOLAR RADIATION (kWh/m 2 per month)

horizontal surface 112 126 179 220 250 248 232 223 192 155 120 103 2160
direct beam (normal incidence) 201 190 237 276 302 292 260 262 247 221 206 192 2888

SOLAR RADIATION (KBtu/ft 2 per month)

horizontal surface 36 40 57 70 79 79 74 71 61 49 38 33 685
direct beam (normal incidence) 64 60 75 88 96 93 82 83 78 70 65 61 915

PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHlNE* 85 88 91 94 96 97 90 91 94 92 86 82 91

MEAN CLOUD COVER (in tenths)* 4 4 4 2 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 4 3

FRACTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL
.67 .67 .68 .73 .73 .73 .67 .69 .71 .68 .69 .66 .69
RADIATION (KT )

*Data for Yuma, Ariz. 32° 40' N, 114" 36' W, elevation 194'

Source of solar data: NWS, Eppley 1ightbu1b pyranometer until 1974, Eppley PSP since 1974; recording interval 1952-1975.

Monthly Total Horizontal Radiation Monthly Total/Exterrestriai (KT)

EI Centro Centro
Ave. Min. Max Co r 1968-1975 Ave, Min, Max for 1968-1975
400 1.0

E.t'.'.r:.st"·'··~·7 0.9

100 .&: 0.8

.&:
"""r::
300
'. ""r:: ------ "- , ------ ......
"
0 " 0
::!!
0.7
'" , ,- \ ,
::!!
, .....
--- '.
"'. b.
r:: 0.6
0
\
/
/

""
b.
III " , @
\/
Q., 200
" \
'.
Q.,
~ 0.5
'"El \ "
\
\
50
..,
II! «J
b.
tt.. 0.4-

"
.&:
\ ", \
""'"
::l
~ 0.3
C!:l
.:.: 100 " .:.:
0.2

0.1
0 0 0.0
J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Month of Year Month of Year
 , ;~ ;)

173

Occurrences of Cloudy Days Possible Error in Direct Beam

Centro (Normal incidence)
Cloudy Day Definition: K'l'<.40 EI Centro
25 I I

20

rJl 20 x Total
)(o·· .. ••• .. for Year a I> ...,
(!)
(J ~ " -a a a-I> I!I I>
"
!:i 10
(!) ~ Heating Season III
H
H (Oct - Mar) t>/)
;::i 15 c::

0
(J
(J
III
'"
ClI!
0
... "l:I
4-l 0 III
0 10 :::E
"'"
.-...e'"
H
(!)
...
0
-10
~;::i

\
ClD !II

" " " s .....,

Z 5 ,!, r.J III
" " -I>
" I>

-20
0 1
0 2 3 4 5 6 '7 a 9 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D
Consecutive Cloudy Days Month. of Year

Clear Day Plots for Solar Radiation

Direct Beam (Normal Incidence) Total Radiation on a

El Centro Horizontal Surface
EI Centro

1000 1000
300 300

.c:: .c::
'"e '"e
"-
!II
200 '":: "-
!II
200 '"::
..,
-' "-
:;j
-'
-'
"-
:;j
til 500 -' til 500 -'
~ 00 ~ 00

100 100

- D e c 21
Mar 21. gel> 21
June 21
0 0 0 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 4 6 8 10 12 14 HI 18 20
Lee 0.1 So I ar Time Loe al So I ar Time
 174

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Metric Units (kWh/m2)
SURFACE
ORIENT-
ANGLE
OF TIL T
EI Centro
ATION (DEGREES DIRECT BEAM + DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SE? OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL

SOUTH 15 1'15 151 199 228 2'17 238 226 225 201 180 151 136 2335
SOUTH 30 170 167 207 223 228 215 207 215 210 19'1 17'1 161 2370
SOUTH '15 183 172 203 20'1 197 180 176 I'll 199 196 186 176 226'1
SOUTH 60 185 167 186 172 155 137 137 157 177 186 185 180 2024
SOUTH 75 115 152 157 131 106 88 92 115 1'1'1 165 173 172 1670
SOUTH 90 155 127 120 83 55 'II '17 68 102 133 151 153 1234
SE, SW 15 135 1'13 192 225 246 2'10 227 223 201 171 141 126 2270
SE, SW 30 1'19 152 195 218 231 221 211 213 200 179 151j I'll 2265
SE, sw '15 155 152 187 201 206 193 186 19'1 189 176 158 1'18 21'15
SE, SW 60 15! 1'13 170 175 173 159 155 166 169 163 153 1'15 1922
Sf, SW 75 138 127 1'15 1'12 13'1 121 120 132 I'll 1'12 139 13'l 1615
SE, SW 90 118 10'1 11'1 105 9'1 83 8'1 96 108 115 117 115 1252
E,W 15 110 123 175 21'1 2'llj 2'11 227 217 187 15 I 117 10 I 2109
I',W 30 105 117 165 201 228 225 212 20'1 176 1'13 112 97 1985
[,W '15 98 108 151 182 205 202 I'll 18'1 160 131 103 90 1805
r,w 60 88 % 133 159 177 17'l 16'1 160 141 116 93 81 1581
E,W 75 75 82 112 132 1'16 1'12 13, 133 118 98 79 70 1322
E,W 90 &1 66 89 103 113 110 105 10'1 93 79 6'1 57 10it'!

GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFLECTIV lTV = .2 (MUL T1PLV BV RHO/.2 FO~ REFLECTIV lTV = RHO)
ANY 15 0 0 I I I I I I I I 0 0 7
ANY
ANY
3~
'15
2
3
2
'i ,.,
2 3
6
II
7
13
3 3
1
12
7
12
3
11
3
7 6
10
3 2
5
8
2
'I
I
3
5
29
63
108
ANY 60 6 6 6
ANV 75 8 9 13 16 19 18 17 17 14 11 9 8 160
ANY 90 11 13 18 22 25 25 23 22 19 15 12 10 216

Total Radiation on a Tilted Surface (Calculated Values)

Engineering Units (kBtu/ft2)
SURFACE ANGLE EI Centro
ORIENT- OF Tl L T
AI10N (DEGREES D! REe T BEAM • DIFFUSE (GROUND REFLECTION EXCLUDED)
FROM HOR-
IZONTAL) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUIII JUL AUG SEP OC T IIIOV DEC ANNUAL

SOUTH 15 '16 '18 63 72 78 75 72 71 66 57 48 '13 7'10

SOUTH 30 5'1 53 66 71 72 68 65 68 66 62 55 5I 75 I
SOUTH '15 58 55 6'1 65 62 57 56 6! 63 62 59 56 717
SOUTH 60 59 53 59 55 'l9 '13 'l3 50 56 59 59 57 6'11
SOUTH 75 56 '18 50 '12 3'1 28 29 36 '16 52 55 5'1 529
SOUTH 90 '19 '10 38 26 17 13 15 21 32 '12 'f8 '19 391

Sf, SW 15 '13 '15 61 71 78 76 72 71 6'1 5'1 '15 '10 719

51':, SW 30 1j7 '18 62 69 73 70 67 68 6'1 57 '19 '15 717
Sf, SW '15 '19 'Ill 59 6'1 65 61 59 61 60 56 50 '17 680
SE, SW 60 '18 '15 5'1 55 55 50 '19 53 5'1 52 49 '16 609
SE, SW 75 't'l '10 '16 '15 '12 38 38 '12 '15 '15 '1'1 '13 ,,12
SE,SW 90 37 33 36 33 30 26 27 31 3'1 36 37 -- 37
397

E,W 15 35 39 55 68 77 76 72 69 59 '18 37 32 668

E,W 30 33 37 52 6'1 72 71 67 65 56 '15 35 31 629
r,w '15 31 3'1 '18 58 65 6~ 60 58 51 ~2 33 29 572
E,W 60 28 30 '12 50 56 55 52 51 '15 37 29 26 501
26 35 '12 '16 '15 '13 '12 37 31 25 22 . '119
t,W 75 2'1
t,W 90 19 21 28 33 36 35 33 33 30 25 20 18 331

GROUND REFLECTION FOR REFLECTIV lTV = .2 (MULTIPLY BY RHO/.2 FOR REFLECT IV lTV = RHO)

ANV 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
All/V 30 0 ! 1 I I I I I 1 I I 0 9
ANV '15 I I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 I 1 I 20
All/V 1.0 2 2 3 3 'I 'I 'I ~ 3 2 2 2 3'1
Alii V 75 3 3 4 5 6 6 5 5 'I 'I 3 2 5I
Alii V 90 'I 'I 6 7 8 8 7 7 6 5 'I 3 68
 175

Error on a

Tilt of 30° Till of 60° Til t 0 f 90°

30 .:--,---.---.--",---,'-,-,---,,--r~~----Y~- i I !-~-------r-~_
ORIENTATION . 30\0-1 ORIENTATION
SOUTH SOUTH
e 0 SE.SW (r'" 0 S£.SW

20
*--)( E.W
20[ :+--x E.W

'"
~

'"
~
~

'"
'"w
-;;;
E
~ -10
~
w

-20 -20
L! j I I I
LJ:-L:::F~II:-'-:A:-'-;M~7J-'---;J-'-;A--'~ N D
J F M A M J J A SON D
Month of Year Month of Year Month of Year

Convert Direct Radiation on a Horizontal

Di on a Tilted

SURFACE ANGLE
OR I I': IIlT- OF TILT
AllON (DEGREES
FROM HOR-
IZONHIL) JAN FEll MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT IIIOV DEC
SOUTH 15 I. 3'1 1.27 1.15, 1.05 .99 .96 .91 1.02 1.11 I. 22 I. 35 I. 43
SOUTH 30 \.69 1.'l5 1. 23 I. 03 .91 .85 .87 .97 1. 1'1 I. 35 l. 61 1.77
SOUTH '15 1.88 I. '53 l. 22 .9'1 .77 .10 .73 .86 l. 09 I. 39 l. 76 I. 99
SOUTH 60 I. 93 1.51 1. 12 .79 .59 .50 .5'1 .69 .97 I. 3'1 1.79 2.07
SOUTH 75 1.86 l. 38 .96 .5 'l .38 .29 .32 .'18 .78 I. 20 l. 69 2.00
sou iH 90 1.65 l. 16 .72 .35 .15 .08 .11 .25 .5'1 .97 1.'iB l. 81

SI':, SW 15 1.27 I. 18 I. 10 I. 03 .99 .% .91 l. 0 I I. 01 l. 15 l. 2'1 I. 30

SE, SW 30 1.% I. 29 I. l/j I. 0 I .n. .88 .90 .97 I. 08 I. 22 ! . ''0 1.51
51:, SW '15 1.55 I. 31 1.11 . '13 .82 .76 .78 .81 1. 02 1,22 I. 'II> I. (, 2
51:, SW 60 1.53 l. 26 I. 0 I .81 .68 .62 .6'1 .7'1 .92 I. 15 1.'1'1 1.62
SI':, SW 75 1.'12 I. 12 .86 .65 .51 .'15 .'18 .58 .77 1. 01 I. 32 1.52
SE, SW 90 I. 22 .93 .68 .'11 .35 .29 .32 .'11 .58 .81 I. 12 1.32
E,W 15 .98 .98 .98 .97 .97 .97 .97 .97 .98 .98 .98 .98
E,W 30 .9'1 .93 .92 .91 .91 .90 .90 .91 .92 .92 .93 .9'1
E,W '15 .87 .86 .8/j .82 .81 .81 .81 .82 .83 .S5 .87 .88
E,W (,0 .79 .76 .7'1 .72 .70 .69 .69 .71 .13 .75 .78 .80
!:,W 15 .68 .65 .62 .59 .57 .56 .57 .59 .61 .6'1 . (, 7 .69
E,W 90 .56 .53 .50 .'1(, .'1'1 .'13 .'1'1 .'is .'18 .51 .55 .57

NORMAL INC ID ENe I': 2.% 1. 99 1.72 1.55 1.'18 I. '16 \,'17 1.51 I. 6'1 1. 86 2.23 2.'11
 176

EI
Radiation Histogram Total/Exterrrestrial (K T ) Histogram
10 10
JUL JAN JUL
N=154 N=186 N=154
5 5

t:z 10 AUG
~ 10
z FEB AUG
o N=124 o N=143 N=124
~ 5 ~ 5
0:: 0::
W w
0.. 10 0.. 10
Cf) SEP Cf)
MAR SEP
>- N=145 >- N=144 N=145
~ 5 ~ 5
t.L.
o 10
APR OCT
0:: N=145 N=176
W
~ 5
::::;
z
MAY 10 MAY NOV
w
N=152 U N=152 N=180
<C
~ 5
>
<C
10 JUN 10 JUN
- N=150 N=150
5 5

o o
o 5 10 5 10 o 0.5 1 0.5 1

KWh/m2 PER DAY FRACI'ION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL

RADIATION RECEIVED PER DAY

Th.ese histograms show the average number of days per

month that the daily total solar radiation on a horiz-
ontal surface and the fraction of extraterrestrial
radiation reach various levels. Each histogram rep-
resents data from a single month averaged over the
years for which reliable data are available. The
number (N) on each histogram is the actual number of
daily values evaluated for that month.
 1

L limate
 179

This section is divided into two parts, The first contains the climate
tables, and the second contains limited climate data stations,

A, CLIMATE TAB

To permit readers to consider climate information from several stations

nearest a particular solar data station, the climate tables are arranged in
the same order in which they are mentioned in the solar zones,
Climate Station Page imate Station Page
a) Eureka*' 180 s) Mt, Shasta 207
b) San Rafael 181 t) Red Bluff*' 208
c) San Francisco Federal*' 182 u) Beale AFB 210
d) Oakland*' 184 v) Sacramento*' 211
e) San Francisco Airport*' 186 w) Fairfield 213
f) Mountain View 189 x) Stockton*' 214
g) Monterey 190 y) Merced 216
h) Santa ~1aria*' 191 z) Fresno*' 217
1) Oxnard 193 aa) Reeves Field (Lemoore) 219
j) San Bernardino 194 bb) Bakersfield*' 220
k) Los Angeles Civic Center*' 195 cc) Blue Canyon*' 222
1) Los Angeles Airport*' 197 dd) Reno, Nevada*' 223
m) Riverside 199 ee) Las Vegas, Nevada*' 225
n) Long Beach 200 ff) China Lake/Inyokern 227
0) Santa Ana 201 gg) Edwards AFB 228
p) San Di ego*' 202 hh) Sandberg*' 229
q) Ream eld (Imperial Bea~h) 204 i i) Vi ctorvi 11 e 230
r) Medford, Oregon*' 205 jj) Yuma, Arizona*' 231

ndicates a NWS Narrative Summary follows,

 180

R
Climatoiog for
-

Latitude: 40°48' Longitude: 124°10' Elevation: 43'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(OF)
average monthly 47.3 48.4 48.3 49.7 52.5 55.2 56,3 57.0 56.6 54.4 51. 7 48.6 52.2

J~ .2'l .2A .2A 22 22 2.Q 2.Q Ql hl 2.Q 5Jl 22 .:ill

average daily 41 42 43 44 48 51 52 53 51 48 46 43 47
min
extreme

DEGREE DAYS
max
min

heating (base 65°F)

12
25

51,9
0
85
27

464
0
l.!i
29

518
0
1'1.
32

459
0
84
36

388
0
Jl2
41

294
0
12
45

270
0
248
0
Jl2
41

252
0
82
32

329
0
11.
29

399
0
11.
21

508
0
Jl2
21

4679
0
-I
cooling (base 65°F)

WIND
6.9 7.2 7.6 8.0 7.9 7.4 6.8 5.8 5.5 5.6 6.0 6.4 6.8
Mean speed (mph)
54 48 48 49 40 39 35 34 44 56 43 56 56
Max. speed* (mph)
Prevailing direction SE SE N N N N N NI, N N SE SE N

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 2 1 <0.5 <0.5 0 a a a a <0.5 <0.5 1 5

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

average 7.42 5.15 4.83 2.95 2.11 0.66 0.14 0.27 0.65 3.23 5.77 6.58 39.76
13.9 .l.;h9 14.0 lQ.J 6.05 L3~ 1. 34 1.98 3...2ii 13.0 ~ !1.:2 16.6
~
min 1.63 0.50 0.07 0.31 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T 1.17 0.00

I RELATIVE HUMlDlTY(%)

4AM
10 AM n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
4 PM
10 PH

*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed i-minute value.

Source of climatological data: NWS climatic summary.

Narrative Climatological Summary for reka

Humboldt Bay is 1/4 mile north and 1 mile west of the station. There are
no hills in Eureka of any consequence. The land slopes upward gently from the
Bay towards the Coast Range 9 which begins about 3 miles east of the station
and reaches the top of its first ridge approximately 10 miles to the east.
The average elevation of the ridge is about 2000 feet. This ridge extends
in a semicircle from a point 20 miles north of Eureka to a point 25 miles south.
The climate of Eureka being completely maritime~ high humidity prevails
the entire year, which is divided into the "rainy" season and the "dryll season.
The rainy season begins in October and continues through April. About 90% of
the year's precipitation falls during this period. The dry season extends from
May through September and is marked by considerable fog or low cloudiness.
 181

Usually, however, the fog clears in the late forenoon with the early afternoons
generally sunny.
Temperatures are moderate during the entire year. Although the highest
temperature ever recorded was 85 0 , and the lowest 20°, the usual range is from
a low of about 35° to a high of about 75 0 • The daily range of temperature
averages from about go in the summer months to 13° in the winter months, and
is occasionally not over 2° to 3°, (Source: NWS)

b) SAN RAFAEL

Climatological Data San Rafael (Hamilton AFB)

Latitude: 38°04' Longitude: 122°30' Elevation: 14'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(OF)
47 51 53 56 60 64 66 66 66 61 53 48 57
average monthly
54 59 62 67 71 79 79 79 73 63 55 68
average daily m~x 39 42 43 45 48 52 52 52 49 43 40 46
min
81 89 102 106 102 96 83
extreme
max 77
TI 30 30 36 42 44 P%
44 ~
40 34 28 26
73 106
23
min

DEGREE DA YSiO
heating (base 65°F) 580 414 391 275 170 72 31 44 47 153 357 543 3077
cooling (base 6S0F) 0 0 0 5 6 48 68 72 68 13 0 0 280

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 6 6 6 6 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 6 6
Maxo speed* (mph) 64 86 48 56 52 47 37 53 53 74 61 61 86
Prevailing direction E NW NW NH NW NW SE SE SE NW NW E NH

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 7 3 1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 16

PRECIPITATION (ino water)

average 5.7 4.6 3.2 1.8 0.5 0.2 T T 0.2 1.7 2.9 5.2 26.0
max 3.6 3.2 2.3 2.8 0.8 1.8 T 0.1 2.3 3.9 3.3 3.9 3.9

RELATIVE HUMlDITY(%)

4AM 89 86 84 ~5 85 83 87 87 84 83 85 89 86
1 PM 73 67 60 ~8 55 52 53 54 51 55 63 73 60

* Peak gust speed.

t Data for Kentfield 37°57'N 122°33' H, Elevation 120'
Source of climatological data: AHS climatic summary.
 182

FRANCIS E UIL IN )

Latitude: 37°47' Longitude: 122°25' Elevation: 52 '

~~~~--.~-~~~-~ ~

Jan Feb Mar Apr May lUll Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERA TUREtF)
50.9 53.4 54.3 55.3 56.7 58.7 58.5 59,1, 62.2 61.4 57.4 52.0 56.7
average monthly
56 59 60 63 ~ .§1 57 g
average daily ~
min 46 48 49 51 55 52 47 51

l;t~
max 79 75 86 93 101 96 94 86 76 101
extreme
min 30 3""6 40 44 1;7 i;g 45 41 30 30
,
DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65°F) 437 325 332 291 257 194 12 1 102 127 233 403 3080
cooling (base 65° F) 0 0 a 0 0 5 0 18 16 0 0 39

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 6.7 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.4 10.9 III II' 5 9.1 7.6 6.3 6.5 8.7

Max. speed* (mph) 47 47 44 38 38 40 34 32 43 41 45 47

Prevailing direction N H \, H 11 H \01 H H H N H

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH <0.5 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <0.5 <0.5

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

I
average 4.51 2.97 2.77 1.63 0.51, 0 0.01 0.05 !O 17 1.06 2.60 4.18

~
min
10.7
-
1.00
8.49
0.04
-~
8.22
0.12
- f-------
I~
~.----.
I~ !~¥o *.~o6
..•...
I%fa
-
5.51
T
7.80

----
T
11.5
0-:18
:--.~--~
,°"'1
U.S
0.00
f-------"
HUMlDITY(%)

I~:72 i~3 1~1'

4AM 81 83 81 82 89 81 82 80 85
10 AM 72 70 61 59 65 ! ;3 62 69 71 67

l~~ ~o
4 PH 61 6] 68 60 63 63 66
~2
63 63
10 PH 76 78 76 80 86 IS; ! 74 76 74 81

*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed I-minute value.

Source of climatological data: l\lioJS climatic summary.

Francisco1s unique location at the of a narrow peninsula

that separates San Francisco Bay from the Pacific forms the southern
shore of the Golden Gate - the only sea-level through the Coastal
Mountains into the Great Valley - causes San Franci to known as the
air conditioned City, with cool pleasant summers and mild winters, Flowers
bloom throughout the year, and warm clothing 'is in every month,
Sea fogs, and the low stratus cloudiness associ with them, constitute
another striking characteristic of San Francisco1s eli In the summertime,
the temperature of the Pacific Ocean is unusually low near the coast and atmo-
spheric pressure relatively high, while the interior of lifornia is charac-
terized by the opposite in both elements, This ly to intensify
 183

the landward movement of air and to make the prevailing westerly winds brisk
and persistent, especially during the period from May to August. The fog or
low-lying stratus cloudiness off the coast is carried inland by strong westerly
winds during the afternoon or night and evaporated during the subsequent fore-
noon. Notwithstanding the occurrence of these stratus clouds, the sun shines
on an average of 66% of the daylight hours in downtown San Francisco.
As a result of the steady sweep of air from the Pacific, there are few
extremes of heat or cold. During the entire period of temperature records in
San Francisco, temperatures have risen to 90° or higher on an average of only
once a year and dropped below freezing less than once a year. As a rule,
abnormally warm or cool periods last only a few days.
The diurnal land- and sea-breeze characteristic of many coastal regions
does not prevail here. Winds from the land are extremely rare, and it is
during these infrequent and brief inter'ludes in the normal west wind of the
warm months that the occasional hot days occur.
Pronounced wet and dry seasons are another characteristic of this climate.
On the average, 84% of the total annual precipitation falls during the five-
month period, November to March, leaving only 16% for the remaining seven months
of the year. Measurable amounts of precipitation fallon less than 70 days a
year.
There are wide contrasts in climate within short distances in the San
Francisco Bay area, some of which are described briefly for the Peninsula in
the Local Climatological Data for San Francisco Airport, and for the East Bay
area in the Oakland Airport Local Climatological Data. Moreover, even within
the city of San Francisco there are differences in climate, the most obvious
being the greater frequency and duration of fog or low cloudiness along the
western or Pacific coastal side of the City.
The nearby communities in Marin County, lying just to the north across
the Golden Gate and sheltered from the prevailing ocean winds by the fairly
high peaks and ridges of the Coast Range, enjoy generally warmer and sunnier
weather than San Francisco. Their climate is further modified by proximity to
San Francisco and San Pablo Bays to the east. In general, temperatures increase
from south to north, with correspondingly greater daily ranges, and also increase
slightly with distance from the bays. Daily maximum temperatures for July
average 16° warmer at San Rafael and 18° warmer at Kentfield than at San
Francisco. As in San Francisco, there are well-defined wet and dry seasons,
 184

but rainfall amounts are strongly influenced by the topography of the Coast
Range. Annual average rainfall varies from 26 inches at Hamilton Field to
about 40 inches at San Rafael and 49 inches at Kentfield. During the summer
stratus season, low overcast frequently covers the entire area during the early
morning hours, but clearing begins early in the forenoon, especially in the
more northern portions of the County. Wind direction is a critical factor in
the occurrence of late afternoon and evening fogs or clouds in the Sausalito
and Belvedere areas on the north side of the·Golden Gate. Fog with winds from
a direction slightly north of west seldom affects these areas, but ocean fog
usually reaches them when the wind is a few points south of west. This fog
extends less frequently to more northern communities of the County,
The climate of the coastal strip from Half Moon Bay to the south, to
Bolinas Bay to the north, is characterized by cool, foggy summers and mild
winters. July and August are the foggiest months, but even then there is often
some midday clearing, Rainfall along the coastal strip averages slightly more
than at San Francisco. (Source: NWS)
d) OAKLAND
imatological Data Oakland
Latitude: 37°44' Longitude: 122°12' Elevation: 6'
Jan Feb Mar Apr May JUll Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(OF)
average monthly 48.6 51. 9 53.7 56.1 58.9 61.9 63.1 63.5 64.5 61.1 55.3 49.9 57.4
average daily ~ 55 58 60 63 65 69 70 70 69 62 64
min 43 46 47 49 52 55 56 57 53 49 Sf
max
extreme 74 74 82 88 98 94 22. 89 96 &'L 78 73 99
min
32 37 35 39 43 50 52 50 49 42 37 26 26

DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65°F) 508 367 350 270 193 114 80 74 59 135 291 468 2909
cooling (base 65° F) a 0 0 0 0 21 21 28 44 14 a a 128

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 6.7 7.3 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.0 9.3 9.0 7.8 6.8 0.3 6.5 8.2
Max. speed* (mph) 46 49 45 35 38 42 28 29 33 43 46 48 49
Prevailing direction SE W W \01 H \01 \00, HNH HNW HNH \001 E H

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH <0.5 a 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 1 1

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

average 4.03 2.83 2.32 1.58 0.55 0.14 0.01 0.03 0.18 1.08 2.37 3.57 18.69
8.90 8.85 5.69 4.60 1.21 0.80 0.34 3.27 8.56 7.42 11. 3 11.3
~
min 0.65 0.02 0.04 T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T 0.00 0.28 0.00

RELATIVE HUMlDITY(%)
4AM 83 81 80 80 83 85 87 87 83 80 82 82 83
10 AM 77 75 72 68 71 74 76 76 73 72 75 75 74
4 PM 72 69 66 63 65 68 68 68 64 64 69 71 67
10 PM 80 79 76 76 79 82 84 84 80 77 78 80 79

*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed I-minute value.

Source of climatological data: NVlS climatic summary.
 · J

185

Narrative Climatological Summary for Oakland

The climate of Oakland has three outstanding features; mild year-round

temperatures; low overcast, clearing by noon with almost no rain during the
summer; and copious rains during the winter.
Located on the east shore of San Francisco Bay, Oakland enjoys a climate
more equable than would be expected if only latitude were considered, Because
of the prevailing westerly winds from the Pacific, where temperature varies
very little between winter and summer, winters are mild and summers are cool.
On an average of about 4 days a year, when northeasterly winds have overcome
the prevailing westerly wind, daytime temperatures may reach into the nineties,
and on rare occasions (6 times since 1928) temperatures of 100 0 or higher have
been recorded. Although during the winter about 6 days with minimum temperatures
of 32 0 or below can be expected, some flowers are usually in bloom, and hardy
shrubs seldom are damaged. The average date of the last freeze in the spring
is February 3, but freezing temperatures have been reported as late as April 6,
The average date of the first freeze in the fall is December 12, although
temperatures of 32° or lower have been observed as early as November 4.
Since 1928 the total annual rainfall has ranged from a low of 8.34 inches
in 1929 to a high of 29,54 inches in 1941, About 90% of the annual total rain-
fall is received in the six months, November through April, During the 100-day
period, June 15 - September 22, the normal rainfall is only 0,07 inch. In spite
of the almost rainless summers, however, cooling sea breezes, morning overcast
and rather high relative humidity prevent any semblance of a desert climate.
Separating Oakland both geographically and climatically from its neighboring
communities to the north and east, is a range of hills 700 to 1900 feet in
height, roughly paralleling the Bay shore and lying about 4 miles inland.
East of these hills, summers are normally free of fog, have low humidities,
and afternoon temperatures 15° to 25° higher than Oakland, In Antioch, for
instance, the mean daily maximum temperature for July, the warmest month, is 92°;
in Walnut Creek 86°, and in Livermore 88°, In winter, local variations in
temperature are not so apparent, with the entire East Bay area registering daily
high and low temperatures comparable to those of Oakland,
The broad valleys of Contra Costa County and southern Alameda County are
subject to nighttime and early morning radiation-type fogs in the winter,
particularly after a period of rain when skies are clear and the air damp and
 186

still. These fogs occur with a frequency somewhat greater than Oakland's
average of 18 days per year~ and the persistency of the fogs is a bit greater,
with little or no clearing on some days.
As in Oakland, summers in the nearby communities are almost rainless, with
most of the precipitation falling during the October through April period.
Although rain normally occurs no more frequently than in Oakland, average
annual amounts vary considerably from place to place, with the greatest amounts
occurring in the hilly area just north and east of Oakland. A 6-year record
at Orinda (Bowman) indicates an annual total of more than 27 inches; Berkeley
receives on an average more than 23 inches; and Walnut Creek more than 19 inches.
Farther north along the shores of Suisun Bay, and to the south in southern
Alameda County, rainfall amounts drop off rapidly; annual totals at Martinez
averaging 13.97 inches, Antioch 12,53 inches, Livermore 14,55 inches, and
Newark 13.64 inches. (Source: NWS)

FRAN IS (INTERNATI NAL AI PORT)

Francisco (I Airport)
Latitude: 37'37' Longitnde: 122'23' Elevation: 8
,
Jan Feb Mar Apr May lun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERA TURE(oF)
48.3 51. 2 53.0 55.3 58.3 61.6 62.5 63.0 64.1 61.0 55.3 49.7 56.9
average monthly
55 59 61 67 70 74 70 63
average daily ~ 41
-
44 45 50 5:3 55 52 47
min
max 71 72 79 94 106 98 98 103 95 85 72 106
extreme
min 29 3s 31 48 4s 1,8 49 45 39 3s 24 24

DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65°F) 518 386 372 291 210 120 93 84 66 137 291 474 3042
0 0 0 0 0 18 16 22 39 13 0 0 108
cooling (base 65°F)

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 7.1 8.5 10.3 12.1 13.1 13.9 13.6 12.8 11.0 9.2 7.2 6.8 10.5
Max. speed" (mph) 58 52 40 46 1,1 44 38 36 38 44 47 47 58

Prevailing direction I1NI1 I1NH I1NH I1NH H H NH NH NH HIM \,N1-I \oJNH 11N],

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 2 0 <0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

4.37 3.01, 2.54 1.59 0.41 0.l3 0.01 0.03 0.16 0.98 2.29 3.98 19.53
average

~
10.4
0.31
9.52
T
9.01
T
4 3.81
T
0.86
0.0
0.23
0.0 ~ I~ 7.30
T
7.94
0.0
12.3
0.21
12.3
0.0
min

RELATIVE HUMIDITY(%)
I, AN 86 81, 81 82 85 86 88 88 84 81 84 86 84
10 AN 79 75 70 65 65 65 66 67 66 68 74 78 70
4 PH 67 65 63 60 61 60 61 62 59 59 65 69 62
10 PH 81 79 77 78 80 81 83 81, 79 76 78 81 80
I
*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed I-minute value.
Source of climatological data: NHS climatic summary.
 · ,
187

Narrative Climatological Summary for San Francisco (International Airport)

The station is located in the Terminal Building of the San Francisco

International Airport, which is on flat filled tideland on the west shore of
San Francisco Bay. The bay borders the airport from the north to the south-
southeast. San Bruno Mountain, 5 miles to the north-northwest, rises to 1300
feet. A north-south trending ridge of Coastal Mountains, 4 miles to the west,
varies in elevation from 700 to 1900 feet, being highest southward along the
peninsula. The Pacific Ocean west of the ridge is 6 miles from the airport.
A broad gap to the northwest of the station, between San Bruno Mountain and
the Coastal Mountains, allows a strong flow of marine air over the station
and this feature exercises a dominant control over the local climate.
San Francisco Airport and nearby towns of San Bruno and South San Francisco
enjoy a marine-type climate characterized by mild and moderately wet winters
and by dry, cool summers. Winter rains (December through March) account for
about three-fourths of the average annual rainfall, and measurable precipitation
occurs on an average of 10 days per month during this period. However, there
are frequent dry periods lasting well over a week. Severe winter storms with
gale winds and heavy rains occur only occasionally. Thunderstorms average
two a year and may occur in any month, but are usually very mild.
The daily and annual range in temperature is small. A few frosty mornings
occur during the winter but the temperature seldom drops below freezing. Winter
temperatures generally rise to the high fifties in the early afternoon.
The summer weather is dominated by a cool sea breeze resulting in an
average summer wind speed of nearly 15 mph. Winds are light in the early
morning but normally reach 20 to 25 mph in the afternoon.
A sea fog, arriving over the station during the late evening or night as
a low stratified cloud, is another persistent feature of the summer weather.
This "high" fog. occasionally producing drizzle or mist, usually disappears
during the late forenoon. Despite the morning overcast, summer days are
remarkably sunny. On the average a total of only 15 days during the 4 months
from June through September are classified as cloudy.
Daytime temperatures are held down both by the morning low overcast and
the afternoon strengthening sea breeze, resulting in daily maximum readings
averaging under 70 0 from May through August. However, during these months
occasional "hot" spells, lasting a few days, are experienced without the usual
 188

ilhighil fog and sea breeze, September, when the sea breeze becomes less pronounced,
is the warmest month with an average maximum of 72°, Minimum temperatures during
the summer are near 51°,
Southward along the peninsula east of the Coastal Mountains summers are
warmer and less windy, due to the diminishing influence of the sea breeze,
However, areas adjacent to a pass or saddle in the Coastal Mountains are usually
cooler and more windy than areas protected by higher ridges, Thus, the highly
populated area from Millbrae to Palo Alto enjoys a modified Mediterranean-type
climate, The winters are much the same as for the San Francisco Airport, but
protected spots, as for example, Woodside, are 5° to 10° colder than the airport
on clear, calm nights, The summers are sunny and warm, For instance, San
Mateo's average daily maximum temperature in summer is above 76° and Palo Alto,
farther south, is even warmer and less windy than the peninsula communities to
its north, The low overcast often occurs in the southern peninsula area for a
few hours in the morning, but persists longer and comes in earlier in the
northern section, Summer nights on the peninsula are comfortably cool, with
minimum temperatures averaging in the low fifties,
The coastside of the peninsula area, containing relatively sparse and
small agricultural communities, has a more exclusive marine-type climate,
In summer, due to the greater persistence of fog and low overcast, the daily
temperature range is less. with daytime temperatures lower than those experi-
enced east of the Coastal Mountains, The winter months are generally free of
fog and during this period due to the more direct, moderating influence of the
Pacific Ocean, nighttime temperatures do not drop as low as those on the east
side, The additional orographic lifting provided by the Coastal Mountains
produces somewhat heavier rainfall amounts along the coastal strip and adjacent
mountain area than on the east side of the peninsula, (Source: NWS)
 U -.J . " i'
/

189

f) MOUNTAIN VIEW (MOFFETT FIELD NAS)

Climatological Data for Mountain View (Moffett Field AFS)

Latitude: 37°25' Longitude: 122 03' Elevation: 34'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jui Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE("F)
average monthly 48 52 53 57 59 64 65 65 65 61 55 50 58

average d'i
al y max
min
56
40 43
60 fl
44
..§.§
47
..§.§
50
n n n fl. Ll, .M 21 Ji1
54 56 56 55 51 46 42 49
max
extreme
min
76
2i 26
75 JU
30
J!l
32
1.§
38
104
43
I~ .96
41
..21
33
..[l
29
.lQ
27
104
21

DEGREE DAYS t
healing (base 65°F) 549 400 378 271 164 74 34 33 57 149 342 518 2969
C(

cooling (base 65°F) 0 0 0 0 9 47 65 58 57 a 0 0 236

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 6 6 7 7 7 8 7 7 6 6 5 6 6
Max. speed* (mph) 64 64 51 49 44 46 35 36 38 55 53 62 64
Prevailing direction SE SE NNW NNW NNW iNNW NNW ItOOv iN NW NNW NNW SE NN1,

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 4 1 <0.5 <0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 8

RE
PRECIPITATION (in. water)
average 2.9 1.9 1.9 1.1 0.4 0.1 T T 0.2 0.6 1.7 2.5 13.3
m
m ~ 2.3 1.5 1.3 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 2.0 2.5 2.8 2.2 2.8
min

RELATIVE HUMIDITY(%)

4AM 85 85 82 ~3 83 83 86 86 82 81 84 86 84
1 PM 66 63 58 15 7 58 58 62 61 15 5 54 60 67 60

fasf
-ou * Peak gust speed.
'i' Data for Palo Alto Jr. Museum 37°24'N 122° 08'W Elevation 25'
Source of climatological data: AWS climatic summary.

T
 192

The area is primarily agricultural, with vegetable and other produce crops
thriving successfully the year round. Minimum temperatures of 32°F or slightly
lower occur, on the average, about 23 times during the winter months and neces-
sitate the rotation of crops to the hardier varieties during this season.
Precipitation, particularly during the summer months, is insufficient for some
crops and is supplemented by irrigation from subterranean water reserves. High
humidity and moderate temperatures, however, substantially limit the irrigation
requirement.
The rainfall season, typical of the mid-California coast, is in the winter.
About three-fourths of the total annual rainfall occurs from December through
March in connection with Pacific cold fronts and storm centers passing inland,
During the remainder of the year, and particularly from June to October, the
northward displacement and intensification of the semipermanent Pacific anti-
cyclone produces a circulation resulting in little or no precipitation here,
Thunderstorms are rare,
During most days, clear, sunshiny afternoons prevail, But under the
influence of the Pacific anticyclone, considerable advectional and radiational
cooling results in the almost nightly occurrence of low stratus clouds - the
California stratus - and often of early-morning radiational fog. Both clouds
and fog, however, are generally dissipated before noon,
The unequal daytime solar heating over land and ocean, in conjunction with
the Pacific "high,1I gives rise to a consistent and prevailing westerly sea
breeze during most afternoons, the winds generally decreasing to a calm by
sundown. Thus the two factors of nighttime stratus and daytime sea breezes
effectively combine to maintain relatively cool days and warm nights with little
diurnal change, (Source: NWS)
 - ,

>.) ,,)

193

i) OXNARD (OXNARD AFB)

Climatological Data Oxnard (Oxnard AFB)

Latitude: 34°13 ' Longitude: 119°05' Elevation: 94'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jui Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(oF)
average monthly 53 54 54 57 59 62 66 67 66 63 57 55 60
64 65 65 67 68 71 75 76 76 69 67 70
average daily m?x 41 43 43 46 49 53 57 57 55 45 43 49
mm
max 94 96 105 101 97 93
extreme
min
87 89 89 97 95 101
4z T3 3s 3i 27 ~
25 30 30 3i 36 45 46 25

DEGREE DAYS t
heating (base 65°F) 351 297 304 242 180 116 68 51 56 109 202 310 2286
cooling (base 65°F) 0 6 0 0 0 14 74 69 53 38 10 0 264

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 5
Max, speed* (mph) 54 51 49 41 41 26 25 24 37 51 58 5'2 58
Prevailing direction ENE ENE WSW WSW WSW WSW WSIV WSW WSW WSW ENE ENE WSW

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 2 1 <0.5 <0.5 0 a 0 0 0 0 <0.5 1 4

PRECIPITATION (in, water)

average 2.5 2.7 1.4 1.3 0.1 0.1 T T 0.1 0.1 1.9 1.5 11.7
~ 4.2 4.2 2.0 2.0 0.4 0.6 T 0.1 0.6 0.5 1.7 2.2 4.2
min

RELATIVE HUMIDlTY(%)

4AM 71 77 82 87 88 90 91 91 89 82 75 66 82
1 PM 50 51 56 57 58 62 62 63 59 54 51 47 56

* Peak gust speed.

'i'Data for Oxnard 34°1Z'N 119°11'W Elevation 49'
Source of climatological data: Ai"S climatic sununary.
 194

j) ERNARDIN (N RTON AFB)

Climatological Data for Bernardino (Norton AFB)

Latitude: 34'06' Longitude: 117'14' Elevation: 1166 '

Jan Feb Mar Apr May JUll Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(oF)
average monthly 51 53 55 61 65 70 77 77 75 66 57 52 64
max 63 66 68 74 78 85 94 94 91 81 71 65 78
average daily 38 40 42 47 55 58
min 51 60 60 51 43 39 49
I~
max 86 §2 89 99 109
extreme
min 32 ~ 47
110 113 105 93 85 113
20 26 26 36 46 42 3s 27 25 20
DEGREE DAYS'r
heating (base 65°F) 403 311 283 167 65 22 0 0 13 52 206 369 1891
cooling (base 65°F) 0 9 7 35 72 193 409 409 301 108 14 0 1557

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 5
Max. speed* (mph) 79 63 54 54 46 55 45 64 69 66 59 74 79
Prevailing direction E E SH SH HSH HSVI \O/SVI WSW WSW \,SW E E WSVl

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 7 4 . 2 <0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 18

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

average 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 1.4 1.7 11.6
4.0 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.2 0.5 0.3 0.9 1.9 0.9 2.0 2.4 4.0
~
min

RELATIVE HUMlDITY(%)

4 AN 74 77 80 82 83 82 77 77 74 74 71 72 77
1 PH 42 1,1 43 41 41 37 28 30 31 34 36 41 37

* Peak gust speed.

t Data for San Bernardino County Hospital 34°08'N 117°l6'W, Elevation 1125'
Source of climatological data: AHS climatic summary.
 195

k) LOS AN ELES (CIVIC CENTER)

Climatological Data Los Angeles (Civic Center)
Latitude: 34°03' Longitude: 118° 14' Elevation: 270'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May JUll Jlli Aug ScI' Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(oF)
average monthly 56.7 58.1 59.2 61. 7 64.7 68.0 73.2 74.1 72.7 68.4 62.7 58. 64.8

~
67 68 69 73 77 83 84 83 78 68
average daily 47 49 50 56 60 64 64 63 59 48
min
max 95 91 94 99 102 106 103 1.03 1.04 laO 89 110
extreme
min 28 34 38 39 46 50 54 33 41 39 32 28

DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65°F) 268 2.07 19.0 124 6.0 25 a .0 5 35 113 218 1245
cooling (base 65°F) 1.0 11, 10 25 51 115 258 282 236 140 44 a 1185

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 6.8 6.9 7.0 6.6 6.3 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.7 6.4 6.6 6.2

Max. speed* (mph) 49 4.0 47 40 39 32 21 24 27 48 42 44 49

NE W W W \01 W \0/ W W \01 W NE \01
Prevailing direction

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH <.0.5 a a a a a a a 0 0 a <0.5 <.0.5

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

3 • .0.0 2.77 2.19 1. 27 0.13 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.17 0.27 2.02 2.16 14.05
average
14.9 12.4 8.14 6.02 1.43 0.32 0.03 0.39 6.57 14.9
~ ~
~
min
-
0.00 T 0.00 I 0 . .00 0.00 .0 • .00 0.00 0 . .00 0.00 0.00 ~
0.0 T 0.-00

RELATIVE HUMlDITY(%)
4AM 63 71 74 78 81 85 84 84 78 76 61 62 75
1.0 AM 51 54 52 53 56 59 54 56 52 55 45 45 53
4 PM 50 52 52 54 55 56 53 55 54 56 49 50 53
10 PM 67 70 72 74 75 78 79 79 76 74 62 62 72

*"faslest mile"; speed is fastest observed I-minute value.

Source of climatological data: NWS climatic su~nary.

Narrative Climatological Summary for Los Angeles (Civic Center)

The climate of Los Angeles is normally pleasant and mild through the year,
The Pacific Ocean is the primary moderating influence, but coastal mountain
ranges lying along the north an~ east sides of the Los Angeles coastal basin
act as a buffer against extremes of summer heat and winter cold occurring in
desert and plateau regions in the interior. A variable balance between mild
sea breezes, and either hot or cold winds from the interior, results in some
variety in weather conditions, but temperature and humidity are usually well
within the limits of human comfort, An important, and somewhat unusual, aspect
of the climate of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, is the pronounced difference
in temperature, humidity, cloudiness, fog, rain, and sunshine over fairly short
distances.
 196

These differences are closely related to the distance from and elevation
above the Pacific Ocean. Both high and low temperatures become more extreme
and the average relative humidity becomes lower as one goes inland and up foot-
hill slopes. On the coast and in the lower coastal plain, average daily temper-
ature ranges are about 15° in summer and 20° in winter, but in foothill and
inland valley communities these ranges increase to about 30° in summer and 25°
in winter. Relative humidity is frequently high near the coast, but may be
quite low along the foothills. During periods of high temperatures, the relative
humidity is usually below normal so that discomfort is rare, except for infrequent
periods when high temperatures and high humidities occur together,
Like other Pacific Coast areas, most rainfall comes during the winter with
nearly 85% of the annual total occurring from November through March. while
summers are practically rainless. As in many semiarid regions, there is a
marked variability in monthly and seasonal totals. Annual precipitation may
range from less than a third of the normal value to nearly three times normal,
while some customarily rainy months may be either completely rainless, or
receive from three to four times the average for the month. Precipitation
generally increases with distance from the ocean from a yearly total of around
12 inches in coastal sections to the south of the City up to over 20 inches in
foothill areas. Destructive flash floods occasionally develop in and below
some mountain canyons, Snow is often visible on nearby mountains in the winter,
but is extremely rare in the coastal basin. Thunderstorms are infrequent,
Prevailing winds are from the west during the spring, summer, and early
autumn, with northeasterly wind predominating the remainder of the year. Average
wind speeds are rather low. At times, the lack of air movement, combined with
a frequent and persistent temperature inversion, is associated with concentrations
of air pollution in the Los Angeles coastal basin and some adjacent areas. In
fall, winter, and early spring months, occasional foehn-like descending (Santa
Ana) winds come from the northeast over ridges and through passes in the coastal
mountains. These Santa Ana winds may pick up considerable amounts of dust and
reach speeds of 35 to 50 mph in north and east sections of the City, with higher
speeds in out1ying areas to the north and east, but rarely reach coastal portions
of the City.
Sunshine, fog, and clouds depend a great deal on topography and distance
from the ocean. Low clouds are common at night and in the morning along the
coast during spring and summer, but form later and clear earlier near the foot-
hills so that average annual cloudiness and fog frequencies are greatest near
 197

the ocean, and sunshine totals are highest on the inland side of the City,
The sun shines about 75% of daytime hours at the Civic Center, Light fog may
accompany the usual night and morning low clouds, but dense fog is more likely
to occur during night and early morning hours of the winter months. (Source: NWS)

i) LOS ANGELES (INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT)

Climatological Data Los Angeles (International Airport)

Latitude: 33°56' Longitude: 118°24' Elevation: 97'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERA TURE(F)
average monthly 54.5 55.6 56.5 58.8 61.9 64.5 68.5 69.5 68.7 65.2 60.5 56.9 61. 7
64 64 64 66 68 70 75 76 76 73 70 67 69
average daily ~ 45 47 49 52 55 59 62 63 62 58 51 47 54
min
max 88 88
~
extreme 87 92 95 96 92 92 91 106 101 110
min 30 37 39 43 45 50 55 58 43 38 32 30

DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65°F) 331 270 267 195 114 71 19 15 23 77 158 267 1819
5 7 0 9 17 56 127 154 134 83 23 0 615
cooling (base 65° F)

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 6.7 7.3 8.0 8.4 8.2 7.8 7.6 7.5 7.1 6.8 6.6 6.6 7.4
48 57 62 59 45 32 29 33 28 46 55 49 62
Max. speed* (mph)
P"evailing direction H H H HSH HSH HSH HSH HSH \~SH H H \v H

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH <0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 a a 0 0 <0.5 <0.5

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

average 2.52 2.32 1.71 1.10 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.22 1.76 2.39 11.59
5.98 4.52 0.56 0.29 0.15 0.30 4.39 2.34 7.92 6.57 11.1
~
min
9.60
0.00
1.4- 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T 0:00
RELATIVE HUMlDITY(%)
4 AN 68 73 78 79 82 85 86 85 83 79 75 70 79
10 AN 54 58 61 60 65 70 68 68 65 58 58 55 62
4 PN 59 62 66 63 66 68 68 69 67 64 64 61 65
10 PN 69 71 75 76 79 83 83 83 81 77 7,· 70 76

*"fasles( mile"; speed is fastest observed I-minute value.

Source of climatological data: NHS climatic summary.

Narrative Climatological Summary for Los Angeles (International Airport)

Predominating influences on the climate of the Los Angeles International

Airport are the Pacific Ocean, 3 miles to the west; the southern California
coastal mountain ranges that line the inland side of the coastal plain surround-
ing the airport, and the large-scale weather patterns that allow Pacific storm
paths to extend as far south as the Los Angeles area only during late fall,
 198

winter, and early spring. Marine air covers the coastal plain most of the year,
but air from the interior reaches the coast at times, especially during the fall
and winter months. The coast ranges act as a buffer to the more extreme
conditions of the interior. Pronounced differences in temperature, humidity,
cloudiness, fog, sunshine, and rain occur over fairly short distances on the
coastal plains and the adjoining foothills due to the local topography and the
decreased marine effect further inland. In general, temperature ranges are
least and humidity highest close to the coast, while precipitation increases
with elevation on the foothills.
The most characteristic feature of the climate of the coastal plain
around the station is the night and morning low cloudiness and sunny afternoons,
which prevail during the spring and summer months and occur often during the
remainder of the year. Combined with the westerly sea breeze at Los Angeles
International Airport, the coastal low cloudiness is associated with mild
temperatures throughout the year. Daily temperature range is usually less
than 15° in spring and summer but increases to around 20° in fall and winter.
Hot weather is not frequent at any season along the coast, although readings
have exceeded 85° at the airport occasionally in every month of the year when
air from the interior reached the coast. When high temperatures do occur the
humidity is almost always low so that discomfort is unusual. Nighttime tempera-
tures are generally cool but minimum temperatures below 40° are rare and periods
of over 10 years have passed with no readings below freezing at the airport.
Prevailing daytime winds are from the west, but night and early morning breezes
are usually light and from the east and northeast, Strongest winds observed
at the station have been from the west and north following winter storms.
At times during the fall, winter, and spring, gusty dry northeasterly IISanta Ana"
winds blow over southern California mountains and through passes to the coast,
but very rarely reach Los Angeles International Airport. The extremely dry
air and the dust clouds associated with them can be expected at the station
several times each year, however.
Precipitation occurs mainly in the winter. Measurable rain may fallon an
average of about one day in four from late October into early April, but in
three years out of four traces or less are reported for the entire months of
July and August, Thunderstorms do not occur often near the coast, but showers
and thunderstorms are observed over the coastal ranges at times during the
summer when moist air from the south and southeast invades southern California.
Annual rainfall at Los Angeles International Airport is somewhat less than that
 199

recorded on the Palos Verdes Hills rising to an elevation of near 1500 feet on
a peninsula 12 miles to the south, and on the Hollywood Hills and Santa Monica
Mountains which extend east-west 12 miles north of the station with peaks
reaching to near 2000 feet. Traces of snow have fallen at Los Angeles Inter-
national Airport only a few times, melting as they fell. Snow is visible on
mountains from 30 to 100 miles to the east and northeast, however, at times
every wi nter.
Visibility at Los Angeles International Airport is frequently restricted
by haze, fog, or smoke. Low visibilities are favored by a layer of moist marine
air with warm dry air above. Lowest visibilities usually occur with weak winds,
but at times a moderate afternoon sea breeze will bring a fog bank ashore and
over the airport. Light fog occurs at some time nearly every month, but heavy
fog is observed least during the summer and can be expected on about one night
or early morning in four during the winter. (Source: NWS)

m) RIVERSI DE (MARCH AFB)

Climatological Data for Riverside (March AFB)

Latitude: 33 ° 54' longitude: 117°15 ' Elevation: 1543'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jui Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERA TURE(F)
51 52 55 59 64 70 76 77 74 66 58 53 63
average monthly
62 64 67 72 77 84 92 92 89 80 71 66 76
average d'l
al Y max
min 39 40 42 46 50 55 60 6i 58 51 44 40 49

extreme
max 85 87 92 97 103 110 109 107 110 103 93 90 110
min 18 22 TI 32 36 43 48 47 44 36 26 23 18
~.

DEGREE DAYS t
heating (base 65°F) 406 312 283 168 74 22 0 0 5 62 212 375 1919
cooling (base 65° F) 6 7 7 27 68 160 341 347 257 96 8 0 1.324

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 6
Max. speed' (mph) 53 49 47 44 39 45 49 40 45 45 46 56 56
Prevailing direction NW NW NW NW NW NW NW NW NW NW NW NE NH

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 6 3 1 <0.5 0 0 0 a 0 a 1 3 14

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

average
1.8 1.6 1.4 La 0.1 T T 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.5 9.1
3.1 1.6 1.8 1.6 0.5 0.2 0.2 1.3 1.9 0.8 2.1 2.7 3.1
~
min

RELATIVE HUMIDITY(%)

4 AN 73 78 82 85 84 83 74 75 74 76 71 71 77
1 PM 39 41 42 41 39 36 28 29 30 32 34 38 36

* Peak gust speed.

l' Data for Riverside Fire Station 113, 33°57'N 117°23'N, Elevation 840'
Source of climatological data: AWS climatic summary.
 200

n) LON

CI ical Data for Long Beach

Latitude: 33°49' Longitude: 118°09' Elevation: 25 '

Jan Feb Mar Apr May lUll Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(OF)
average monthly 54.2 55.5 57.2 60.6 64.1 67.3 72.2 73.3 71.8 66.9 60.6 55.5 63.3
max 66 68 71,
average daily
min
.§2 -71 77 83 84 83 78 73 67 -74
1,3 45 47 51 54 58 62 63 60 56 4s 44 53
max
extreme ·91 103
min ~
25 33
88
33
99
38 40
108
47
100
51
105
56 I~ 111
39
101
35
85
n f25
111

DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65°F) 339 273 247 148 71 23 0 a 7 48 155 295 1606
cooling (base 65°F) 0 7 0 16 43 92 226 260 211 107 23 0 985

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 5.6 6.2 7.0 7.5 7.3 7.0 6.7 6.5 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.3 6.4
Max. speed* (mph) 37 40 35 44 30 21 23 23 23 37 35 39 44
Prevailing direction HNW IV W W S S WNW WNW WNH WNW HNW HNW WNW

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH < 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 < 0.5 1

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

2.26 2.16 1.50 0.89 0.07 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.09 0.19 1.38 1.65 10.25
average
11.2 7.88 4.20 4.42 0.67 0.52 0.05 0.22 1.31 2.08 5.98 11. 2
~ 0.00 0.00 0.00 T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0:00 ~ T 0.00
min

RELATIVE HUMlDlTY(%)

4 AH 72 76 77 78 79 81 80 80 81 80 78 76 78
10 AH 57 60 60 56 61 64 61 60 60 57 59 60 60
4 PH 51 52 54 49 54 56 52 52 54 52 54 53 53
10 PH 70 72 72 71 75 76 75 75 76 75 74 73 74

*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed I-minute value.

Source of climatological data: NHS climatic summary.
 201

0) SANTA ANA (EL TORO MCAS)

Climatological Data for Santa Ana ( Toro MCAS)

Latitude: 33°40' Longitude: 117"44' Elevation: 383'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May lUll Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERA TURE(oF)
54 55 56 59 62 66 71 72 71 66 60 56 63
average monthly
64 65 66 69 72 76 82 82 82 77 71 66 73
average daily ~ 44 45 46 49 52 56 60 61 59 55 49 46 52
min
max 93 88 88 101 101 103 103 102 116 108 97 93 116
extreme
min 25 30 32 33 39 44 4s 47 44 3a 35 30 2s

DEGREE DAYS-r
heating (base 65°F) 372 298 279 177 94 38 0 0 9 64 195 341 1867
cooling (base 6SoF) 0 7 0 9 29 77 181 209 165 70 12 0 759

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Max. speed' (mph) 67 75 61 53 55 33 54 41 49 52 72 69 75
Prevailing direction E E W W W W W W W Iv E E IV
-
FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 1 <0.5 <0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 <0.5
0 0 1

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

average 2.4 1.8 1.9 1.3 0.2 0.1 T 0.1 0.2 0.3 1.5 1.9 11. 7
5.2 2.1 2.5 2.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.2 0.7 2.8 2.4 5.2
..!!!f!.!.
min

RELATIVE HUMlDITY(%)
4 AM 70 74 81 85 86 88 88 83 83 79 70 69 80
1 PH 52 53 55 55 55 56 52 53 51 51 48 51 53

* Peak gust speed.

t Data for Tustin Irvine Ranch 33°44'N 117°47'W, Elevation 118'
Source of climatological data: AIVS climatic summary.
 202

p) SAN DIEGO

Climatological Data for San Diego

Latitude: 32°44' Longitude: 117°10' Elevation: 13'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jui Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(OF)
average monthly 55.2 56.7 58.1 60.7 63.3 65.5 69.6 71.4 69.9 66.1 60.8 56.7 62.9
~ 65 66 66 68 69 71 75 77 77 74 70 66 70
average daily 46 48 54
min 50 57 60 64 65 63 58 52 47 55
extreme
max 86 85 85 91 91 90 92 90 III 107 97 88
min 31 38 39 44 48 51 57 58 56 43 38 36

DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65°F) 314 237 219 144 79 52 6 0 16 43 140 257 1507
cooling (base 65°F) 10 0 0 15 26 67 149 201 163 77 14 0 722

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 5.6 6 .. 3 7.2 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.1 7.0 6.7 6.3 5.7 5.5 6.7
Max. speed* (mph) 39 35 46 37 27 26 23 23 25 31 51 34 51
Prevailing direction NE HNH HNW HNW HNW SSH HNW HNW NW HNW NE NE HNW

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH <0.5 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <0.5

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

average 1.88 1.48 1. 55 0.81 0.15 0.05 0.01 0.07 0.13 0.34 1.25 1.73 9.45
6.26 5.31 5.89 3.58 0.95 0.38 0.13 0.87 1.90 2.90 5.82 7.6U 7.60
~
min T 0.00 T T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00

RELATIVE HUMlDlTY(%)
4AM 68 72 74 74 '76 80 81 80 78 74 73 70 75
10 AM 54 56 59 58 64 69 69 67 65 58 57 55 61
4 PM 55 57 59 58 63 67 66 66 64 61 63 57 61
10 PM 68 71 72 71 74 78 79 78 77 73 73 70 74

*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed j-minute value.

Source of climatological data: NHS climatic summary.

Narrative imatological Summary for San Diego

The city of San Diego is located on San Diego Bay in the southwest corner
of southern California. The prevailing winds and weather are tempered by the
Pacific Ocean, with the result that summers are cool and winters warm in
comparison with other places along the same general latitude. Temperatures
freezing or below have occurred only eleven times at the station since the
record began in 1871, but hot weather (gO°F or above) is more frequent.
Dry easterly winds sometimes blow in the vicinity for several days at a
time, bringing temperatures in the nineties, and at times even in the hundreds,
in the eastern sections of the City and outlying suburbs, At the National
Weather Service station itself, however, there have been only 15 days on which
100 0 or higher was reached,
 203

As these hot winds are predominant in the fall, highest temperatures occur
in the months of September and Octobero Records show that 62%-of the days with
90° or higher have occurred in these two monthso High temperatures are almost
invariably accompanied by very low relative humidities, which often drop below
20% and occasionally below 10%0
A marked feature of the climate is the wide variation in temperature within
short distances. In nearby valleys daytimes are much warmer in summer and nights
noticeably cooler in winter, and freezing occurs much more frequently than in
the CitYo Although records show unusually small daily temperature ranges,
averaging only about 15° between the highest and lowest readings, a few miles
inland these ranges increase to 30° or more.
Strong winds and gales are infrequent in the region, and in San Diego
harbor (which is landlocked) velocities over 30 mph occur only about once each
year on the averageo
The seasonal rainfall is near 10 inches in the City, but increases with
elevation and distance from the coast, and in the mountains to the north and
east the average is between 20 and 40 inches, depending on slope and elevation.
Most of the precipitation falls in winter, except in the mountains where there
is an occasional thundershowero Eighty-five percent of the rainfall occurs
from November through March. but wide variations take place in monthly and
seasonal totals. Irrigation is extensively practiced. not only during the
long dry summers and autumns, but also in years with deficient rainfall.
Infrequent measurable amounts of hail occur in San Diego, but only twice has
snow been observed at the Weather Service Office location. The first occurrence
was on January 10, 1949. Light snow, mixed with rain, melted as it fell. On
December 13, 1967, snow pellets (or graupel) fell between 7:30 and 8:50 a.m.
A trace was recorded, and remained on the ground for about 5 minutes before
melting. Some nearby areas within 5 miles of the station received larger
amounts of snow, both in pellet and flake form. In some locations amounts up
to or slightly exceeding a half-inch fell, and remained on the ground for an
hour or more.
As on the rest of the Pacific Coast, a dominant characteristic of spring
and summer is the nighttime and early morning cloudiness. Low clouds form
regularly. and frequently extend inland over the coastal valleys and foothills,
but they usually dissipate during the morning and the afternoons are generally
clear.
 204

Considerable fog occurs along the coast, but the amount decreases with
distance inland. The fall and winter months are usually the foggiest. Thunder-
storms are rare, averaging about three a year in the City. Visibilities are
good as a rule. The sunshine is plentiful for a marine location, with a marked
increase toward the i nteri or. (Source: NWS)

q) REAM FI (1M B H NAS)

Climatological for Ream Field (Imperial Beacn NAS)

Latitude: 32034' Longitude: 117°07' Elevation: 33'
Jan Feb Mar Apr May JUll Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(oF)
average Inonthly 55 55 57 59 62 64 68 70 68 65 59 55 61
~ ~ 63 64 65 67 68 72 74 74 72 68 64 68
average daily 45 47 49 52 56 59 63 65 62 57 50 46 54
min
max 83 83 84 88 92 89 84 85 108 105 98 85 108
extreme
min 27 35 3S 42 44 48 53 56 52 43 36 U 2f

DEGREE DAYSi'
heating (base 65°F) 384 314 304 216 144 81 27 13 38 94 209 338 2162
cooling (base 65°F) 0 a 0 0 0 15 76 115 95 32 0 0 333

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 7 7 7 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 7 7 7
Max, speed* (mph) 55 44 41 55 32 31 31 30 35 38 59 46 59
Prevailing direction E E IV IV IV IV lJ IV I< IV E E IV

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH <0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <0.5 <0.5

PREClPIT ATlON (in, water)

average 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.2 0.1 T T 0.2 0.3 1.4 1.1 8.0
max 1.6 1.1 1.6 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.1 1.1 0.6 1.9 1.4 1.9

RELATIVE HUMIDlTY(%)

4AM 77 82 84 86 84 87 88 87 86 83 79 78 83
1 PH 61 64 67 68 68 71 73 72 71 69 63 61 67

* Peak gust speed.

t Data for Chula Vista 3Z036'N 117"06'1<, Elevation 9'
Source of climatological data: AlJS climatic summary.
 205

r) MED D, OR N

Climatological Data Medford, Oregon

Latitude: 42°22' Longitude: 122°52' Elevation: 1298'
Jan Feb Mar Apr May JUll Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(oF)
36.6 41.3 44.8 50.2 57.3 64.3 71. 7 70.4 64.4 53.4 43.5 37.7 53.0
average monthly
44 52 57 64 72 79 90 88 82 67 53 44 66
average daily ~
min
29 li 3:l 37 43 49 54 53 47 39 34 31 40
max 70 77 81 88 98 109 108 109 106 94 75 72 109
extreme
min 0 TO 2I 24 28 34 38 T9 3T 18 14 -=6 -=6

DEGREE DAYS
880 664 626 444 250 94 11 21 89 360 645 846 4930
heating (base 65°F) a 0 0 0 11 73 218 189 71 0 0 0 562
cooli'1g (base 65° F)

WIND
1•• 2 4.4 5.3 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.7 5.3 4.5 3.7 3.5 3.6 4.8
Mean speed (mph)
50 46 55 35 38 33 44 48 32 40 38 44 55
Max. speed* (mph)
SSE S NNW WNW loiNW WNW WNW WNW WNW S N N WNW
Prevailing direction

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 20 17 14 9 1 0 0 0 < 0.5 5 9 15 90

PRECIPITATION (in. water) 20.64

3.54 2.15 1.64 1.00 1.44 0.89 0.25 0.33 0.56 2.05 3.10 3.69
average
6.67 5.37 5.54 3.07 4.58 3.49 1.63 1.52 2.31 9.16 8.62 12.7 12.7
-T-
~3E. 0.51 0.21 0.29 0.16 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0--:74 0.00
min

RELATIVE HUMlDITY(%)

4 AN 89 87 85 83 82 78 73 74 76 86 91 88 83
10 AN 87 83 70 62 56 46 44 47 50 71 87 87 66
4 PM 73 58 49 44 38 33 26 26 27 45 69 75 47
10 PM 87 81 74 69 64 59 50 53 58 77 87 86 70

*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed I-minute value.

Source of climatological data: NWS climatic summary.

Narrative Climatological Summary for Medford, Oregon

Medford is located in a mountain valley formed by the famous Rogue River

and one of its tributaries, Bear Creek. The major portion of the valley ranges
in elevation from 1300 to 1400 feet. Mountains surround the valley on all
sides; to the east the Cascades, ranging from 4000 to 9500 feet; to the south
the Siskiyous, ranging from 3000 to 7600 feet; and to the west and north, the
Coast Range and Umpqua Divide, ranging from 3500 to 5500 feet above sea level.
The valley1s outlet to the ocean 80 miles westward is the narrow canyon of the
Rogue River.
Medford has a moderate climate of marked seasonal characteristics. late
fall, winter, and early spring months are damp, cloudy, and cool under the
influence of marine air. late spring, summer, and early fall are warm, dry,
 206

and sunny due to the dry continental nature of the prevailing winds aloft that
cross this area.
The rain shadow afforded by the Siskiyous and Coast Range results in a
relatively light annual rainfall, most of which falls during the winter season.
Scanty summertime rainfall is brought by thunderstorm activity, which affects
the mountains to the south and east for the most part, but occasionally spreads
over the valley. Snowfall is quite heavy in the surrounding mountains during
the winter providing excellent skiing, as well as adequate irrigation water
storage, which is necessary for production of most commercial crops during
the dry summer. Valley snowfall is light; individual accumulations of snow
seldom last more than 24 hours, and present little hindrance to transportation
on the valley1s floor.
Few extremes of temperature occur. In wintertime, the average daily
minimum temperature dips slightly below freezing during December and January.
On only rare occasions since records began in 1911 have minimums dropped below
zero. The first occasion and lowest temperature, 10° below zero, occurred at
the City Park Cooperative Observatory on December 13, 1919. The second, 3°
below zero, occurred on January 11, 1930 at the Medford Airport and the third,
6° below zero, on December 8, 9 and 10, 1972, followed by 3° below zero on the
11th. The 1972 cold spell was unusually prolonged with a record four consecu-
tive days of minimum temperatures below zero. High temperatures in the summer
months average slightly below 90°, with extremes occasionally climbing to or
slightly above the 100° mark. High temperatures are always accompanied by low
humidity, and hot days give way to cool nights as cool air drains down the mountain
slopes into the valley. The average length of the growing season is 170 days, from
April 30 to October 17. Latest date of 32° or lower in the spring is June 12,
and the earliest date of 32° or lower in the fall is September 13. Longest
growing season on record was 203 days in 1944.
Winds are normally very light in the valley, prevailing from the south in
the winter, and from the northwest the remainder of the year. Highest velocities
are reached when a well-developed storm off the northern California coast causes
a foehn or chinook wind off the Siskiyou Mountains to the south; speeds to 50
mph are common, and gusts to 70 mph have been felt occasionally. Summer
thunderstorms afford gusty winds to 40 or 50 mph which may come from any
direction.
Fog often fills the lower portion of the valley during the winter and
early spring months, when rapid clearing of the sky after a storm allows
 y

207

nocturnal cooling of the entrapped, moist air to the saturation point.

Duration of the fog is seldom more than 3 days; usually only 1 or 2 days,
Smoke sources are the numerous sawmill refuse burners throughout the area,
Smoke occasionally reduces visibility to 1 to 3 miles under stable conditions
in the morning hours. (Source: NWS)

s) MOUNT SHASTA

Climatological Data Mount Shasta

Latitude: 41°19' Longitude: 122°19' Elevation: 3544'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May JUIl Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(oF)
33.6 37.8 40.4 46.3 53.3 60.0 67.8 66.0 61.2 51.4 41.7 35.5 49.6
average monthly
42 47 51 59 67 74 85 83 78 65 52 44 62
max 51 49 3z 27 37
average daily
min
25 28 30 34 40 46 45 38

max 65 71 80 84 91 96 100 103 103 92 80 103

extreme
min "=2 1" TI 14 TI 25 3I 34 2s 19 14 -=s
DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65°F) 973 762 763 561 371 178 37 64 145 422 699 915 5890
cooling (base 65°F) 0 0 0 0 8 28 124 95 31 0 0 0 286

WIND
Mean speed (mph) None None None None None None None None None None None None None
Max. speed* (mph)
Prevailing direction

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 26 21 21 13 3 <0.5 <0.5 0 1 6 18 25 135

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

6.65 5.61 4.03 3.05 1.87 1.08 0.32 0.31 0.69 2.54 5.09 6.25 37.49
average
14.8 17.6 11.9 9.67 5.28 3.25 1.77 2.47 6.83 13.9 17.2 17.5 17.6
-T- -T- 0.40 -0.00
.!.1!!!!. 0.49 0.21 0.29 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 T
min

RELATIVE HUMIDITY(%)
4AM 80 78 77 72 70 71 69 67 60 71 83 85 74
10 AM 75 70 62 54 51 49 40 40 43 54 70 75 57
4 PM 69 61 53 43 41 37 29 28 32 47 64 70 48
10 PM 79 77 71 63 56 54 49 48 50 66 81 83 65

*"fastes! mile"; speed is fastest observed I-minute value.

Source of climatological data: NWS climatic summary.
 208

E LUFF

imatological for Red uff

Latitude: 40'09' Longitude: 122°15' Elevation: 342'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May JUIl Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERA TURE(oF)
average monthly 45.2 50.0 53.2 59.5 67.4 75.5 82.3 79.9 75.3 65.0 53.7 46.4 62.8
lI,. 60 64 81 89 98 96 91 78 64 55 Z1.
average daily ~ 43 54 6i 67 64 60 52 43 38 51
min 37 40
max 118 114 104 119
extreme
min
83 92 98 lQJL 114 119 on JIi
TI 26 3I 35 42 52 52 42 -:l2 27 20 20

DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65°F) 614 420 366 218 64 8 0 0 0 82 339 577 2688
cooling (base 65°F) 0 0 0 53 139 323 536 462 309 82 0 0 1904

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 9.1 9.3 9.9 9.6 9.2 9.3 8.0 7.6 7.9 8.4 8.6 8.5 8.8
Max. speed* (mph) 59 61 63 50 46 38 38 30 50 68 56 60 68
Prevailing direction SSE SSE SSE SSE SSE SSE I SSE SSE SSE NH NH NH SSE

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 10 3 1 <0.5 0 0 0 0 0 <0.5 1 7 22

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

4.48 3.17 2.51 1. 79 0.98 0.47 0.04 0.18 0.31 1.17 3.05 3.91 22.06
average
8.63 11.4 8.33 5.79 4.04 1. 26 0.69 1. 56 2.47 4.30 8.42 10.1 11.4
rna2£.
min 0.39 0.02 0.01 0.05 0:0 0:0 0:0 0:0 o:il T T T 0:0
~

RELATIVE HUMlDlTY(%)
4AM 81 79 71, 68 64 55 50 52 51 62 75 82 66
10 AM 72 66 57 46 40 35 30 32 33 44 61 73 49
I, PM 59 51 44 35 29 23 18 19 21 32 51 62 37
10 PM 78 73 67 58 51 41 37 39 41 54 70 78 57

*"fastest mile"; speed ;s fastest observed I-minute value.

Source of climatological data: NWS climatic sununary.

Bluff

Red Bluff is located in the northern end of the Sacramento Valley, which
is the northern half of the Great Central Valley of California, Mountains
surround the City on three sides, forming a huge horseshoe. The Coastal Range
is located about 30 miles to the west, the Sierra Nevada system about 40 miles
to the east, and the Cascade Range about 50 miles to the northeast and north,
completing the horseshoe, The western portion of the valley floor is composed
mostly of rolling hills with a growth of scrub oak in areas that have not been
cultivated, but considerable acreage has been planted to grains with the
remainder in demand for winter grazing for large herds of cattle and sheep.
The Sacramento River, the flow of which is maintained by the Great Shasta
Reservoir, courses through the eastern portion of the valley in a north-south
 j
• I

209

direction, through fertile orchard and grain lands. At the present time no
great amount of the river water is used for irrigation in the north end of the
valley. Climatic conditions in the Red Bluff area apparently are not influenced
by the Sacramento River, but drainage from the western slopes of Mt. Lassen.
Mt. Shasta, and the Trinity Alps definitely have a marked influence on climatic
conditions in the area, especially in orchard districts in the eastern portion
of the valley.
Precipitation is confined mostly to rain during the winter and spring
months. when the Pacific storms cross the area. The Coastal Range of mountains
to the west, however, remove a great portion of the moisture from air masses
moving eastward. usually resulting in lighter precipitation over the valley
floor. Snowfall is infrequent and usually very light in amount. Precipitation
during the late spring and summer months is confined to occasional thunderstorm
activity and is quite light in amount.
Temperatures are highest during the months of June through September, when
daytime readings very frequently surpass the 100 0 mark; however. nighttime
temperatures during this period are nearly always comfortable. Winter months
see the nighttime temperatures drop below the freezing mark frequently. ~1inimum
temperatures are watched very closely during the late winter and early spring
months by agricultural interests, as marginal temperatures frequently occur
during the early development stages of almond and peach crops, as well as in
early field crops.
Sunshine. which averages 77% of possible during the year. reaches its
maximum during the long nearly cloudless summer and autumn days with 90 to 95%
of possible sunshine recorded. These warm days with low relative humidity are
ideal for fruit drying and curing other agricultural products of the area.
Wind movement is usually light and the direction is normally parallel
with the valley. Strongest wind movement generally occurs during the winter
months, in conjunction with storm areas moving through the Pacific Northwest,
with highest velocities generally from the south. Summer and early fall winds
are either southerly in direction. with a cooling effect, or northerly and
warm and very dry. with a desiccating effect during the late summer.
(Source: NWS)
 210

u) B
Climatological Data for Beale AFB
Latitude: 39° 07' Longitude: 121°26' Elevation: 123'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun lui Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(oF)
average monthly 44 50 53 58 65 74 80 77 73 65 53 46 62

~
51 59 Ql 69 77 89 96 2] 88 78 63 53 74
average daily 36 "Ill 42 46 52 59 63 61 58 5"2 T3 38 49
min
max 83 87 97 109 105 109 97 81 72 III
extreme -74 79
min
22 T8 T6 34 38 52 50 4B 36 29 24 22

DEGREE DAYS·r
heating (base 65°F) 605 406 335 186 58 9 0 0 0 76 333 577 2585
cooling (base 65° F) 0 0 0 42 107 261 428 369 255 58 0 0 1520

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 6 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 5 6
Max. speed* (mph) 55 44 46 39 39 37 32 35 46 53 55 55 55
Prevailing direction S S SSE S S S S S S S S S S

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 11 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 25

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

3.7 4.0 2.8 2.2 0.7 0.1 T T 0.4 2.2 3.1 2.3 21. 5
average
2.5 3.5 2.5 2.1 1.0 0.2 T T 2.0 5.5 3.2 1.8 5.5
~
min
~-

RELATIVE HUMIDITY(%)
4 AN 87 84 80 80 74 67 59 61 64 69 79 85 74
1 PH 69 60 52 47 38 31 27 28 31 39 55 70 46

}';Peak gust speed

-j- Data for Harysville 39°09'N 121°35' H. Elevation 60'
Source of climatological data: AWS climatic surrunary.
 : I,
l,.J ,,)

211

v) SACRAMENTO

Climatological for Sacramento

Latitude: 38°31' Longitude: 121 °30' Elevation: 17'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May JUll Jui Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Anllual

TEMPERA TURE(oF)
average monthly If5.1 49.8 53.0 58.3 64.3 70.5 75.2 74.1 71. 5 63.3 53.0 45.8 60.3
max 53 59 64 79 86 93 91 88 77 64 53 73
average daily 37 40 42 50 55 58 57 55 50 42 38 47
min
extreme
max 69 76 86 92 l..D.1. 108 108 101 87 72 115
min TI 26 26 32 49 43 36 26 20 20
36

DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65°F) 617 426 372 227 120 20 0 0 5 101 360 595 2843
cooling (base 65°F) 0 0 0 26 98 185 316 286 200 48 0 0 1159

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 8.0 8.0 9.0 9.1 9.lf 10.0 9.2 8.7 7.9 6.9 6.5 7.2 8.3
Max. speed* (mph) 60 51 66 45 35 47 36 38 42 68 70 70 70
Prevailing direction SE SSE SW SW SW SW SSW SW SW SW NNW SSE SW

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 8 1 1 <0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 17

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

3.73 2.68 2.17 1.54 0.51 0.10 0.01 0.05 0.19 0.99 2.13 3.12 17.22
average
8.50 8.77 5.62 4.76 3.13 0.63 0.79 0.65 1.61 12.6 12.6
.!!!!!. 0.38 0.15 0.14 0.0 -T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 W ~ -
0.02 0.17 0.0
min

RELATIVE HUMIDITY(%)
4 AM 90 87 83 80 81 79 76 76 76 79 86 90 82
10 AN 86 79 68 58 52 48 48 49 50 58 77 86 63
4 PM 71 61 52 43 37 32 28 28 31 40 61 73 46
10 PM 86 81 76 72 71 65 61 62 64 69 81 87 73

*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed I-minute value.

Source of climatological data: NWS climatic summary.

Narrative Climatological Summary for Sacramento

The lower Sacramento Valley, where Sacramento is located, enjoys a mild

climate and abundance of sunshine most of the year. Cloudless skies prevail
during the summer and largely in the spring and autumn. The summers are
remarkably dry, with warm days and pleasant nights. In the "rainy season"
(November-March) over three-fourths of the total annual precipitation falls,
yet rain in measurable amounts occurs only on about 9 days monthly during the
period. Mountains surround the valley to the west, north, and east. The
Sierra Nevada snow fields are only 70 miles east of Sacramento and usually
provide a plentiful supply of water in the valley streams during the dry season.
Because of the shielding influenCe of the high mountains around the valley,
 212

winter storms reach valley districts in modified form. However, torrential

rain and heavy snow frequently fall on the western Sierra slopes and the
southern Cascades. As a result, flood conditions occasionally occur along
the Sacramento River and its tributaries, Excessive rainfall and damaging
windstorms are rare in the valley.
Prevailing winds at Sacramento are southerly every month except November,
when they are northerly, This is due to the north-south direction of the
valley and the deflecting effect of the towering Sierra Ranges on the prevailing
oceanic winds which move through the Carquinez Straits at the junction of the
Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, No other tidewater gap exists in the
coastal mountains to admit marine air into the Sacramento or the San Joaquin
Valley, Occasionally a steep northerly barometric pressure gradient develops
and air is forced over the Siskiyou Mountains to the north, warmed with descent,
and reaches the valley floor as a warm, dry, north wind, These occasionally
disagreeable winds, known as "northers" in the valley, are the counterpart of
the well-known "chinook winds of the Rocky Mountains, and they, or modifications
ll

of them, produce the pronounced heat waves in summer. Fortunately, they are
of infrequent occurrence and are usually followed within two or three days by
the normally cool southerly breezes, especially at night, Summer nights in the
lower Sacramento Valley are, with few exceptions, cool and invigorating, the
result of a prevailing oceanic influence. While it is true that "northers"
cause dry, hot weather'for brief periods during the summer. it is equally true
they are the modifications of cold waves in the winter, Winter northers, with
only a few exceptions, are comparatively warm, drying winds,
As is well knovm, relative humidity has a marked influence on the reactions
of plants and animals to temperature, The extremely low relative humidity that
accompanies high temperatures in this valley should be considered when comparing
temperatures here with those of cities in more humid regions,
Thunderstorms are few in number. usually mild in character, and occur
mainly in the spring, Snow falls so rarely, and in such small amounts, that
its occurrence may be disregarded as a climatic feature. Heavy fog occurs
mostly in midwinter, never in summer, and seldom in spring or autumn, Light
and moderate fog are more frequent, and may come anytime during the wet, cold
season, The fog is usually the radiational cooling type, and confined to the
early morning hours. An occasional winter fog, under stagnant atmospheric
conditions, may continue for several days. (Source: NWS)
 U i.j

w) IRFIELD (TRAVIS AFB)

Climatological for Fairfield (Travis AFB)

Latitude: Longitude: Elevation:

Jan Feb Mar Apr May JUIl Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(OF)
46 51 54 59 62 68 72 71 71 64 55 47 60
average monthly
53 59 63 69 81 86 85 84 76 64 71
average daily m~x 38 42 44 48 55 57 57 57 52 4s 49
mill
lila x 78 76 82 22 2§. llO lOS 109 110 101 ~ 76
extreme !.lJ:Q
min 21 29 32 30 39 4s 50 T9 4s 35 30 23

DEGREE DA yst
heating (base 65°F) 620 426 366 234 87 23 0 0 a 107 357 592 2812
cooling (base 65°F) 0 0 0 30 68 197 332 292 200 54 0 0 1173

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 6 7 8 10 11 13 15 13 11 8 5 5 8
Max. speed* (mph) 50 57 50 46 39 41 39 39 39 44 47 43 57
Prevailing direction N SI< SI< SI< SI< SI< SI< Sl, SI< SI< SI< N SH

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 7 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 13

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

average 3.0 2.9 2.0 1.1 0.4 0.1 T T 0.2 1.1 1.8 3.1 15.7
~ 2.0 2.6 1.5 1.8 1.0 0.8 T 0.1 2.8 3.0 2.0 2.2 3.0
min

RELATIVE HUMlDITY(%)

4 At'! 86 83 80 81 80 78 80 82 77 78 81 87 81
1 PM 69 61 53 50 47 42 39 39 37 43 56 69 50

*Peak gust speed.

t Data for Fairfield 38" 22' N 121° 57' 1<, Elevation 105'

Source of climatological data: AHS climatic brief.

 214

x) KTON

Climatological Data for Stockton

Latitude: 37' 54' Longitude: 121'15 Elevation: 22'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(oF)
44.6 49.1 52.7 58.6 65.2 71.8 76.7 75.3 72.1 63.5 52.9 45.6 60.7
average monthly
53 59 65 72 80 88 95 93 89 78 64 53 74
average daily ~ 36 39 41 45 50 55 59 58 55 49 42 38 47
min
max 87 111 114 109 105 98 84 71 114
extreme -67 73 93 103
min 19 25 27 32 38 4s 52 50 4s 33 26 21 19

DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65°F) 632 445 381 214 67 15 0 0 0 88 363 601 2806
cooling (base 65°F) 0 0 0 22 73 219 363 323 217 42 0 0 1259

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 6.7 7.0 7.6 8.1 9.1 9.1 8.1 7.6 7.0 6.3 5.7 6.2 7.4
Max. speed* (mph) 46 39 39 35 33 31 26 28 33 36 40 44 46
SE SE W W W W WNI, \,NW W
Prevailing direction W W W SE

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 9 3 1 <0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 24

PRECIPITATION (in, water)

average 2.91 2.11 1. 96 1. 37 0.42 0.07 0.01 0.03 0.17 0.72 1.72 2.68 14.17
7.06 6.00 5.60 3.55 0.66 ~ 0.81 3.00 2.97 6.22 8.05 8.05
0.00 ~ -
~ -T- -T-
min ().]Jl D.05 T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0,00

RELATIVE HUMlDITY(%)

4 AN 90 88 83 78 73 69 65 66 67 74 85 91 77
10 AN 87 81 67 54 46 43 41 43 46 56 77 87 61
4 PH 70 62 51 40 33 29 26 27 29 38 60 74 45
10 PH 86 82 75 69 61 56 50 51 56 64 80 87 68

*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed I-minute value,

Source of climatological data: NWS climatic summary.

Narrative Climatological Summary for Stockton

Stockton, the county seat of San Joaquin County, is located near the
center of the Great Central Valley of California, on the southeast corner of
the broad delta formed by the confluence of the San Joaquin and Sacramento
Rivers. The surrounding terrain is flat, irrigated farm- and orchard-land,
near sea level, with the rivers and canals of the delta controlled by a system
of levees,
Approximately 25 miles east and northeast of Stockton lie the foothills
of the Sierra Nevada, rising gradually to an elevation of about 1000 feet.
Beyond the foothills, the mountains rise abruptly to the crest of the Sierra,
at a distance of about 75 miles, with some peaks here exceeding 9000 feet in
elevation. On a few days during the year, when atmospheric conditions are
 215

favorable, the "downslope!! effect of a north or northeast wind can bring unseas-
onably dry weather to the delta area; but on the whole the Sierra Nevada has
little or no effect on the weather of San Joaquin County, The Sierra Nevada
does affect the area, however, to the extent that the entire economy of the
Great Valley depends upon the underground water supplies and rivers, which are
fed in summer by the melting snows that have piled up during the winter on the
windward (western) slopes of the mountains,
To the west and southwest, the Coast Range, with peaks above 2000 feet,
forms a barrier separating the Great Valley from the marine air that dominates
the climate of the coastal communities, Several gaps in the Coast Range in the
San Francisco Bay Area, however, permit the passage inland of a sea breeze,
which fans out into the delta and has a moderating effect on summer heat, with
the result that Stockton enjoys slightly cooler summer days than communities
in the upper San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys,
Stockton's climate is characterized in summer by warm, dry days and
relatively cool nights, with clear skies and no rainfall; and in winter by mild
temperatures and relatively light rains, with frequent heavy fogs,
The annual rainfall averages near 14 inches, with 90% of this precipitation
falling in the winter-half year, ;,e" November through April, Thunderstorms
are infrequent, occurring on 3 or 4 days a year, generally in the spring, and
occasionally in summer, although rainfall with summer thunderstorms is negligib'le,
Measurable rain can be expected on about 52 days a year, and rain exceeding 0.50
inch on about 9 days a year, Since the Pacific storms that bring rainfall to
this area are associated with above-freezing temperatures at sea-level elevations,
snowfall is practically unknown in the Stockton area,
In summer, temperatures exceeding 100 0 can be expected on 6 days in July,
and about 15 days during the entire summer. During these hot afternoons the air
is extremely dry, with relative humidities running generally less than 20%,
Even on these hot days, however, temperatures will fall into the low sixties at
night, In winter the nighttime temperature on clear nights will fall to, or
slightly below, freezing, and will rise in the afternoon into the low fifties.
In late autumn and early winter, clear still nights give rise to the
formation of dense fogs, which normally settle in during the night and burn off
sometime during the day. In December and January, the so-called fog season,
under stagnant atmospheric conditions the fog may last for as long as 4 or 5
weeks, with only brief and temporary periods of clearing. (Source: NWS)
 216

( E AFB)
Cli ical Data for Merced (Castle AFB)
Latitude: 37' 23' Longitude: 120 0 34' Elevation: 198'
Jan Feb Mar Apr May lun lui Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(oF)
45 50 54 61 66 73 79 77 73 65 54 46 62
average monthly
rnax
60 65 80 88 95 92 88 78 64 53 -74
average daily 40 43 52 58 63 61 58 51 43 39 1,9
min
75 86 'I2 105 111 107 106 99 II 112
max -77 8iL
extreme
min 20 25 2i 31, 37 SO 50 42 32 29 25 20

DEGREE DAYS t
heating (base 65°F) 617 426 347 189 49 8 0 0 0 100 366 595 2697
cooling (base 65° F) 0 0 0 30 93 233 412 353 222 50 0 0 1393

WIND
6 6 7 8 8 9 9 8 7 6 5 5 7
Mean speed (mph)
Max, speed* (mph) 59 62 56 48 49 46 35 33 48 49 43 54 62
Prevailing direction SE SE NNH NNH NH NH 1\'W NH N1, NH NH SE N1,

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 9 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 <0.5 1 6 21

PRECIPITATION (in, water)

2.0 1.7 1.5 1.3 0.5 0.1 T T 0.1 0.5 1.3 1.8 10.8
average
max 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 0.4 T 0.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.9
min

RELATIVE HUMlDlTY(%)
4 AN 90 87 83 79 75 68 62 64 69 75 84 89 77
1 PH 70 61 51 43 36 31 28 29 33 39 55 71 46

gust speed.
tData for Herced Fire Station 2, 37°18' N 120"29' H. Elevation 169'
Source of climatological data: AHS climatic summary.
 217

FRESNO
Climatological Data
36° 46' 119° 43' 328'
Latitude: Longitude: Elevation:

Jan Feb Mar Apr May JUll Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERA TURE(oF)
45.3 49.9 53.9 60.3 67.4 73.9 80.6 78.3 73.8 64.2 53.5 45.8 62.3
average monthly
55 61 67 74 83 90 98 96 91 80 66 55 76
average daily ~ 36 39 41 46 52 58 63 61 57 49 41 37 48
min
max 75 76 90 95 104 110 108 88 71 III
extreme
min 22 2s 26 3z 36 4s 1,9 26 2T -21

DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65°F) 611 423 344 182 51 9 0 0 0 90 345 595 2650
0 0 0 41 125 276 484 412 267 66 0 0 1671
cooling (base 65°F)

WIND
5.4 5.7 6.7 7.2 7.9 8.0 7.1 6.5 5.9 5.3 4.8 5.0 6.3
Mean speed (mph)
32 38 41 36 38 34 25 31 29 40 29 43 43
Max. speed* (mph)
SE NH NW NW NW NW NW NIV NW NW NW SE NH
Prevailing direction

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 9 5 1 <0.5 0 0 a 0 0 <0.5 3 10 28

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

1.84 1.72 1. 62 1. 24 0.32 0.06 0.00 0.02 0.07 0.42 1.22 1.71 10.24
average
8.56 5.79 4.41 1.56 0.60 0.04 0.25 0.92 1.54 3.50 6.73 8.56
~ 0.37 0.00 0.02 T- 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00
min

RELATIVE HUMlDITY(%)
4 AH 92 91 87 83 74 68 64 69 75 79 88 94 80
10 AN 85 77 64 52 43 1,0 39 42 45 52 74 87 58
4 PH 68 56 46 35 25 24 23 25 28 35 57 73 41
10 PH 89 84 76 64 50 46 42 47 54 67 84 91 66

*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed l-minute value.

Source of climatological data: NHS climatic summary.

Narrative Climatological Summary for Fresno

Fresno is located about midway and toward the eastern edge of the San Joaquin
Valley, which is oriented northwest to southeast and has a length of about 225
miles and an average width of about 50 miles. The terrain around Fresno itself
is generally level with an abrupt upward slope about 15 miles eastward to the
foothills of the Sierra Nevadas. The main Sierra Nevada Range is located about
50 miles to the east and extends from 12,000 to more than 14,000 feet in elevation.
About 45 miles west of Fresno lie the foothills of the Coastal Range.
The climate of Fresno is dry - mild in winter and hot in summer, and nearly
nine-tenths of the year's precipitation falls in the six months from November to
Apr; 1.
Thanks to clear skies during the summer and the comparative isolation of
the San Joaquin Valley from marine effects, the normal daily temperature advances
 218

to a high of 99° during the latter part of July, The daily maximum temperature
during the warmest month has ranged from 76° to 115°, Low relative humidities
and some wind movement substantially lower the sensible temperature during
periods of high readings. Even on the warmest days, the high rate of evaporation
of perspiration from the body and the constant movement of air combine to keep
the skin temperature much below the air temperature. Sunstroke is practically
unknown, Humidity readings of 15% are common on summer afternoons, and readings
as low as 8% have been recorded, In contrast to this, humidity readings average
90% during the morning hours of December and January,
Winds flow with the major axis of the San Joaquin Valley; as the Valley is
oriented from the northwest to southeast, the winds are generally from one of
these directions with northwest prevailing most of the time, This feature is
especially beneficial since, during the warmest months, the northwest winds
increase during the evenings as a result of heating or thermal effects that have
occurred during the day, These refreshing breezes and the normally large temper-
ature variation of about 35° between the highest and lowest readings of the day
result in comfortable evening and night temperatures generally,
Winter temperatures are usually mild but during infrequent cold spells
minimum readings occasionally drop below freezing. Heavy frost occurs almost
every year, and the first heavy frost in the autumn usually occurs during the
last week in November. The last frost in the spring is early in March; however,
one year in five will have the last heavy frost after the first of April, The
average growing season in this area is 291 days.
The mean annual precipitation is less than 11 inches, with 67% falling
from December through March and 95% falling from October through April, Although
the heaviest rain recorded at Fresno for short periods occurred in June, usually
any rainfall during the summer is very light, On an average, over 40 rainy days
are experienced each year, Although light amounts have fallen, snow is a rare
occurrence in Fresno,
Fresno enjoys a very high percentage of sunshine, receiving more than 80%
of the possible amounts during all but the four months of November, December,
January and February. Reduction of sunshine during these months is caused by
fog and short periods of stormy weather. During foggy periods, sometimes of
nearly two weeks duration, winter fog reduces sunshine to a minimum. This fog
frequently lifts to a few hundred feet above the surface of the Valley and presents
the appearance of a heavy, solid cloud layer.
 ,.; ,/ .J

219

Spring and autumn are very enjoyable seasons in Fresno, with clear skies,
light rainfall and winds, and mild temperatures, (Source: NWS)

aa) EEVES FIELD (LEMOORE NAS)

imatoiogical Data for Reeves (Lemoore NAS)

Latitude: 36°20' Longitude: 119°57' Elevation: 247'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERA TURE(oF)
43 50 54 60 68 74 81 80 73 65 53 41, 62
average monthly
53 61 i& 75 85 91 100 98 90 81 65 52 77
average daily ~ 56 6z 62 55 48 41 36 47
min 33 39 39 44 50
max 69 78 89 99 104 111 112 105 101 87 77 112
extreme
min 14 24 23 30 34 T3 48 41 30 22 18 14

DEGREE DAYS]'
heating (base 65°F) 620 423 338 178 46 9 0 0 0 104 372 605 2695
cooling (base 65°F) 0 0 0 40 114 267 453 381 236 61 0 0 1552

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 3 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 6 5 3 3 6
Max. speed* (mph) 38 49 41 37 32 37 30 31 37 40 35 38 49

Prevailing direction NNH NNH NN1, NN1; NN1V NN1V NN1V NN1V NN1V HN1V NN1, SSE NN1,

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 15 7 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 <O.S 5 11 44

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

1.4 1.4 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.1 T T 0.1 0.4 1.1 1.0 7.2
average
1.3 1.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.4
~~:
min

RELATIVE HUMIDITY(%)
I, AH 85 84 78 72 63 62 51 57 63 64 79 86 70
1 PH 66 61 44 35 26 26 21 24 29 33 56 70 41

*Peak gust speed.

tData for Hanford 36°20'N 119°40'H, Elevation 242'
:!: Max in 24 hours.
Source of climatological data: AWS climatic summary.
 220

FI
ical for Bakersfield

Latitude: 35° 25' Longitude: 119° 03' Elevation: 475'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May JUll Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(oF)
average monthly 47.5 52.4 56.6 62.7 69.8 76.9 83.9 81.6 76.6 66.9 56.0 47.9 61>.9
58 63 69 76 84 92 99 97 91 81 68 57 78
ma_?,
average daily
min 37 41 45 50 56 62 69 67 62 53 44 38 52
max 79 80 92 98 107 III III 108 98 90 75 113
extreme
min 24 27 3i 38 41 t;8 57 "49 29 30 2s 24

DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65°F) 543 353 266 140 22 0 0 0 0 55 276 530 2185
1
cooling (base 6S0F) 0 0 6 71 171 362 586 515 348 114 6 0 2179

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 5.2 5.7 6.6 7.2 8.0 8.0 7.2 6.8 6.2 5.6 5.1 4.9 6.4
Max. speed* (mph) 35 44 38 40 38 41 25 30 30 31 30 35 44
Prevailing direction NH ENE NH NlV NH NH NH NH HNH NH ENE ENE NH

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 5 1 <0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 <0.5 <0.5 5 12

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

0.96 1.03 0.83 0.85 0.19 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.08 0.26 0.69 0.74 5.72
average

J!lE~
min
. .Z...JQ
T
it~
0.03
it......hl
T
2.65
0.0
2.39
0.0
1.11
0.0
0.30
0.0
0.17
0.0
0.83
0.0
1.82
0.0
3.04
0.0
1.80
-T
4.61
0.0
~.

RELATIVE HUMIDlTY(%)
4 AN 83 77 70 64 55 51 47 51 55 63 76 85 65
10 AN 75 65 54 45 37 35 32 34 39 46 65 77 50
4 PN 61 1,9 40 32 24 23 20 22 26 33 50 64 37
10 PN 78 69 60 52 39 36 33 36 42 52 70 80 54

*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed I-minute value.

Source of climatological data: N1.JS climatic summary.

Bakersfield

Bakersfield, situated in the extreme south end of the great San Joaquin
Valley, is partially surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped rim of mountains with an
open side to the northwest and the crest at an average distance of 40 miles.
The Sierra Nevadas to the northeast, shut out most of the cold air that
ows southward over the continent during winter. They also catch and store snow,
which provides irrigation water for use during the dry months. The Tehachapi
Mountains, forming the southern boundary, act as an obstruction to northwest wind,
causing heavier precipitation on the windward slopes, high wind velocity over the
ridges and, at times, prevailing cloudiness in the south end of the valley after
skies have cleared elsewhere. To the west are the Coast Ranges, and the ocean
shore lies at a distance of 75 to 100 miles.
 221

Because of the nature of the surrounding topography, there are large

climatic variations within relatively short distances. These zones of variation
may be classified as Vall , Mountain. and Desert areas. The overall climate,
however. is warm and semi-arid. There is only one wet season during the year,
as 90% all precipitation falls from October through April, inclusive. Snow
in the valley is infrequent, with only a trace occurring in about one year out
of seven. Thunderstorms also seldom occur in the valley.
Summers are cloudless, hot and dry. The average length of the growing
season is 265 days; the valley area is suitable for Mediterranean and specialized
types of agriculture. Cotton, potatoes, grapes, and cattle are the principal
agricultual products. There are considerable amounts of deciduous frui I citrus,
grain and various vegetables. There are actually more than 90 farm crops grown
commercially. Certain crops are planted or harvested every month of the year.
Severe freezes seldom occur and there are occasional years with no frost at all
in certain warm areas.
Winters are mild and semi-arid, yet fairly humid. December and January
are characterized by frequent fog, mostly nocturnal, which prevails when marine
air is trapped in the valley by a high pressure system. In extreme cases this
fog may last continuously for two or three weeks. Its depth is usually less
than 3000 feet and the same condition that produces it also causes clear skies
with mild temperatures in the surrounding mountain and desert areas.
Another local characteristic is the occasionally warm. dry. southeast
chinook wind that spills through the Tehachapi Pass during winter. This wind
usually attains velocities of 30 to 40 miles an hour, sometimes reaching as
high as 60 miles an hour. Its path is approximately 30 miles wide and the stream
flows in a curving course around the south end of the valley, turning northward
and rising; it is seldom manifest on the floor of the valley for a distance of
more than 50 miles.
During summer months, northwest sea breezes frequent the Bakersfield area
about twice weekly. ltlhen above normal temperatures prevail for several days,
the gradient builds up sufficiently to draw in cooler air from the coastal section.
During prolonged periods of drought. this later afternoon breeze may carry varying
amounts of dust, and thermal instability sometimes causes it to rise as high as
7000 feet. (Source: NWS)
 222

cc) BLUE CANYON

Climatological Data for Blue Canyon

Latitude: 39° 17' Longitude: 120 0 42 ' Elevation: 5280'
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(oF)
average monthly 36.4 37.4 38.0 43.9 51.3 59.1 68.1 66.8 62.9 54.0 44.5 39.1 50.1
max 43 44 45 52 60 68 76 73 63 52 46 58
average daily 30 3i 31 36 43 50 57 5:3 45 37 33 42
min
max 71 73 78 86 92 95 94 93 85 78
extreme
min 5" 6 17 21 28 40 35 27 17 13

DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65°F) 887 773 837 633 425 197 27 58 108 341 615 803 5704
cooling (base 65°F) 0 0 0 0 0 20 123 114 45 0 0 0 302

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 10.7 10.2 9.9 8.1 8.2 8.0 7.1 7.3 8.0 9.1 9.1 8.7 8.7
Max. speed* (mph) 67 76 67 50 37 49 32 30 49 70 54 51 76
Prevailing direction

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 19 17 19 12 4 1 0 0 <0.5 3 11 16 102

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

average
13.7 9.42 8.55 5.47 3.14 0.99 0.10 0.27 0.52 4.14 9.04 12.3 67.6

m~x 33.9 1l:..~ 18.7 16.6 10.9 3.06 5.86 3.10 3.78 22.3 i~ 45.1 45.1
mm 2.55 0.82 1.86 0.35 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.11 0.00

RELATIVE HUMlDITY(%)
4 AH
10 AH
4 PH 60 59 61 52 48 42 33 32 34 42 52 56 48
10 PH

*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed I-minute value.

Source of climatological data: mvs climatic summary.

Narrative Climatological Summary for Canyon

The area in which Blue Canyon is located lies on the western slope of the
Sierra Nevadas, The climate is primarily that of a mountainous region, in this
instance modified by the proximity of the Great Interior Valley of California.
The average annual temperature for the area is about 50°, The average low
temperature in the winter season is about 29°3 the coldest months being January,
February, and March. The average high temperature during the summer is about 76°,
July, August, and September being the warmest months. The extremes of temperature
during the year are from near zero to the low nineties.
Annual precipitation is moderately heavy with the season beginning in October
and ending in Mayor early June. The months of maximum precipitation are
December, January, and February. The average annual precipitation is about 66
 223

inches, During the winter months most of the precipitation is in the form of
snow, which usually stays on the ground continuously from late October until
early May. The average annual snowfall is about 245 inches,
The area is normally blanketed in heavy fog during winter storms.
Few high winds occur except during severe storms. During the summer season
the normal wind ;s from the southwest in the daytime and from the east or north-
east during the nighttime hours, This day-to-night change in wind is brought
about by the great daytime heat; n gin the Inter; or Valley whi ch causes upslope
winds, and the nighttime cooling which causes downslope winds to occur. The
effect of these winds is to give the area relatively cool days and warm nights
as compared to the Interior Valley.
The climate of the area is generally mild, except during the winter storms
when blizzard conditions prevail. (Source: NWS)

dd) RENO, NEVADA

Climatological Data for Reno, Nevada
Latitude: 39°30' Longitude: 119°1,7' Elevation: 4404'
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(oF)
31. 9 37.1 40.3 46.8 54.6 61. 5 69.3 66.9 60.2 50.3 40.1 33.0 49.4
average monthly
.2l 56 64 72 80 91 89 82 70 56 1,6 67
max 23 25 30 37 43 47 45 39 3i 24 20 32
average daily
min
rnax 70 74 83 88 95 100 103 103 96 91 76 70 103
extreme
min -11 -0 -0 15 18 29 33 29 20 8" 5 -16 -16

DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 6SoF) 1026 781 766 546 328 145 17 50 168 456 747 992 6022
0 0 0 0 6 40 150 109 24 0 0 0 329
cooling (base 65°F)

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 6.0 6.1 7.6 8.0 7.6 7.2 6.6 6.2 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.1 6.4
Max. speed* (mph) 80 66 80 48 48 46 44 43 42 50 52 68 80
Prevailing direction S S HNH \0001 I·INH IVNIV HNH IVNIV ,INH HNH S SIV \VNH

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 27 25 26 22 7 1 0 <0.5 7 21 24 29 189

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

average
1.21 0.86 0.70 0.47 0.66 0.40 0.26 0.22 0.23 0.42 0.68 1. 09 7.20
4.13 2.02 2.04 2.89 1. 31 1.06 1.65 1.02 2.04 5.25 5.25
max
min T 0.03 T T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 '0-:00

RELATIVE HUMIDITY(%)
4AM 74 71 67 65 66 69 67 70 70 72 74 75 70
10 AM 66 57 46 38 33 34 29 31 34 41 57 66 44
4 PM 50 38 32 28 25 24 19 20 21 27 42 53 32
10 PM 69 61 54 49 44 43 38 1,1 47 56 66 70 53

*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed I-minute value.

Source of climatological data: NWS climatic summary.
 224

Narrative imatological Summary for Reno, Nevada

At an elevation of 4400 feet above mean sea level, Reno is located at the
west edge of Truckee Meadows in a semiarid plateau lying in the lee of the Sierra
Nevada Mountain Range. To the west, the Sierras rise to elevations of 9,000 to
11.000 feet) and hills to the eastward reach 6,000 to 7,000 feet. The Truckee
River. flowing from the Sierras eastward through Reno. drains into Pyramid Lake
to the northeast.
While temperatures on the whole are mild. the daily range between maximum
and minimum is considerable. often exceeding 45°. Even when afternoon maxima
reach the upper nineties, a light wrap is needed shortly after sunset. Nights
with minimum temperature over 60° are rare. Afternoon temperatures in mid-winter
are moderate. and on an average only about 10 days a year fail to reach a temper-
ature above freezing.
More than half the city's precipitation. falling largely as mixed rain and
snow. occurs from December to March. Although there is an average of about 25
inches of snow a year, it is seldom that snow lies on the ground for more than
3 to 4 days at a time. Summer rain comes mainly as brief thundershowers in the
middle and late afternoons. While precipitation is scarce. abundant water is
available from the high-altitude reservoirs in the Sierra Nevada. where precip-
itation is heavy,
Humidity is very low during the summer months. and moderately low during
the winter, Fogs are rare. and are usually confined to the early morning hours
of mid-winter. Sunshine is abundant throughout the year. (Source: NWS)
 ,j

225

ee) LAS VEGAS, NEVADA

Climatological Data for Las Vegas, Nevada

Latitude: 36° 05' Longitude: 115° 10' Elevation: 2162'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May JUll Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERA TURE(OF)
average monthly 44.2 49.1 54.8 63.8 73.3 82.3 89.6 87.4 80.1 67.1 53.3 45.2 65.8

~
56 61 68 78 88 97 104 102 95 81 ~ 57 79
average daily 33 Tf 42 50 59 67 7s 73 65 53 41 34 52
min
max 77 82 91 96 108 115 116 113 107 99 85 74 116
extreme
min 8" 19 23 31 40 51 62 56 "46" 26 26 15 8

DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65°F) 645 451 324 126 10 0 0 0 0 74 357 614 2601
cooling (base 65° F) 0 6 8 90 268 519 763 694 453 139 6 0 2946

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 7.1 8.2 9.7 10.9 10.8 10.7 9.9 9.3 8.7 7.9 7.1 7.0 8.9
Max. speed* (mph) 52 54 52 48 52 46 64 55 54 52 46 54 64
Prevailing direction W SW SW sw sw SW SW SW SW wsw W W SW

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 17 6 2 <0.5 0 0 0 a 0 <0.5 2 13 41

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

average 0.45 0.30 0.33 0.27 0.10 0.09 0.44 0.49 0.27 0.22 0.43 0.37 3.76
max 2.4 1.6 1.8 2.4 1.0 0.8 1.6 2.6 1.6 1.1 2.2 1.4 2.6
min T 0:0 0:0 0:0 0:0 0:0 0:0 0:0 0:0 0:0 0:0 0:0 0:0
RELATIVE HUMIDITY(%)
4 AH 52 47 41 34 31 26 29 35 32 37 48 55 39
10 AM 39 34 28 21 18 16 19 23 22 25 34 41 27
4 PH 29 25 20 15 12 11 14 17 16 19 28 33 20
10 PH 46 40 33 26 22 17 22 26 25 31 42 1,9 32

*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed I-minute value.

Source of climatological data: NWS climatic summary.

Narrative Climatological Summary for Las Vegas, Nevada

Las Vegas is situated near the center of a broad desert valley, which is
almost surrounded by mountains ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 feet higher than the
floor of the valley, This Vegas Valley. comprising about 600 square miles, runs
from northwest to southeast. and slopes gradually upward on each side towards
the surrounding mountains. Weather observations are taken at McCarran Airport.
7 miles south of downtown Las Vegas. and about 5 miles southwest and 300 feet
higher than the lower portions of the valley. Since mountains encircle the
valley. drainage winds are usually downslope toward the center. or lowest portion
of the valley. This condition also affects minimum temperatures, which in lower
portions of the valley can be from 15° to 25° colder than recorded at the airport
 226

on clear, ca.lm nights, The four seasons are well defined. Summers are typically
"desert" with maximum temperatures usually in the 100° plus bracket. The
proximity of the mountains contributes materially to the relatively cool summer
nights, with the majority of the minimums between 70° and 75°, There is a period
of about two weeks almost every summer when warm, moist, tropical air predominates
weather conditions in this area, and causes scattered thundershowers, occasionally
quite severe, together with higher than average humidity. Although maximum
temperatures are much lower during this humid period, minimum temperatures are
higher than usual and many natives consider this the most unpleasant weather of
the year, Soil erosion, especially near the mountains and foothills surrounding
the valley, is evidence that these summer thundershowers have in the past on
occasion developed into "cloudburst" proportions. Aside from this short humid
period, summers are not as uncomfortable as indicated by the daytime maxima,
because of the prevailing low humidity. W:inters, on the whole, are mild and
pleasant, Daytime temperatures average near 60°, and with mostly clear skies
and warm sunshine, there is little decrease in outdoor activities, Winter
minimum temperatures average 3° above freezing. The spring and fall seasons are
generally considered most ideal. although rather sharp temperature transients
occur during these months. There are only a few days during the spring and
fall months when outdoor activities are affected in any degree by the weather.
The Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and the Spring Mountains immed-
iately west of the Vegas Valley, the latter rising to elevations over 10.000
feet above the valley floor, act as effective barriers to moisture-laden storms
moving eastward from the Pacific Ocean. It is mainly these barriers that result
in a minimum of dark overcast and rainy days. Rainy days average less than one
in June to three per month in the winter months. Snow rarely falls in this
valley and it usually melts as it falls. or shortly thereafter. Two notable
exceptions occurred: During January 1949. 16.7 inches of snowfall were recorded
and in January 1974, 13.4 inches fell and the maximum depth on the ground was
8 inches, January 1949 will be remembered because of relatively heavy snows over
the far southwest, which extended to the southern California coastline.
Strong winds, associated with major storms, usually reach this valley from
the southwest or through the pass from the northwest. Winds over 50 mph are
infrequent but, when they do occur. are probably the most provoking of the
elements experienced in the Vegas Valley. because of the blowing dust and sand
associated with these stronger winds. (Source: NWS)
 227

f1) CHINA LAKE/INYOKERN

CI ina

Latitude: 35° 41' Longitude: 117° 41' Elevation: 2293'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

TEMPERATURE(oF)
average monthly 44 50 55 64 71 80 87 85 78 67 53 45
rna2£. 57 63 68 78 85 95 100 94 .§l 68 59
average daily 30 36 41 49 56 65 69 62 51 38 31
min
max no
extreme
min 6
77 81
-14
86
22
97
28
107
3s
114
4z
113
55
110
53 40
100
32
86
20 8
75
\D{
DEGREE DAYSt
heating (base 65° F) 614 392 267 127 10 0 0 0 0 43 316 601 2370
cooling (base 65° F) 0 0 10 US 262 483 741 682 1,50 145 0 0 2888

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 7 8 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 7 6 6 8
Max. speed* (mph) 77 79 81 74 82 77 60 58 69 68 67 71 82
Prevailing direction SH SH SH SH SI< SH SI< SH SI< SI, SH SH SH

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 19 9 4 <0.5 0 0 0 0 0 <0.5 7 19 58

-~~

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

average 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 T T 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4 2.5
I
~!!. 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.0
min

RELATIVE HUMIDlTY(%)

4 AN 63 59 52 46 42 36 32 35 38 1,5 55 65 47

1 PH 37 32 26 21 18 15 15 16 17 21 30 37 24

* Peak gust speed.

t Data for Trona 35° 47' N 117 0 23' H, Elevation 1695'
Source of climatic data: AHS climatic brief.
 228

)
Climatological Data Edwards AFB
Latitude: 34° 55' Longitude: 117° 54' Elevation: 2302'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May JUIl Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE(oF)
44 48 52 59 66 74 83 81 74 63 51 44 62
average monthly
61 66 73 81 90 99 97 2l 79 66 57 76
max 3s 44 51 58 66 64 57 47 36 30 46
average daily 34
min
112 99 85 84
~
max 80 87 97 105 113 109
exirerne
min 14 19 27 32 50 47 34 20 13 7

DEGREE DAYS *
heating (oase 65°F) 620 1,59 400 245 84 29 0 0 7 113 380 592 2929
cooling (base 65° F) 0 0 0 44 90 260 502 459 286 78 5 0 1724

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 7 8 10 12 13 13 12 10 8 7 7 6 9
Max. speed -/- (mph) 59 67 74 58 62 59 51 60 75 75 55 58 75
Prevailing direction I< SI< HSH SI< SI< 51< SH SH SI, SI< SH I< SH

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 20 12 6 1 <0.5 0 0 0 0 1 10 21 71

PREClPlT ATION (in. water)

O.S 0.8 0.5 0.3 T T T 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.7 4.1
average
3.3 4.4 2.3 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.1 1.7 3.5 3.7 4.4
~
-_. - - -
0.0 0.0 0.0
- - -- 0.0
min 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RELATIVE HUMlDlTY(%)

I, A1'1 71 69 66 64 59 52 1,2 45 50 55 63 71 59
1 PH 1,0 36 32 27 24 20 17 17 19 24 34 42 28

-/-Peak gust speed.

* Data for Palmdale 34° 44' N U8° 06' H, Elevation 2596'
Source of climatological data: AHS climatic summary.
 · ,
229

hh) SAN BERG

matological for Sandberg

Latitude: 34 ° 45' Longitude: 118° 44' Elevation: 4517'

r----'
Jan Feb Mar Apr May lUll Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERATURE("F)
40.2 42.2 43.6 49.2 55.7 64.0 74.0 73.0 68.9 58.8 48.3 41.9 55.0
average monthly
46 49 52 58 66 72 85 84 1'l .2..~ 48 64
average daily .!.!!!!S. 35 36 46
min 34 36 40 46 53 63 62 59 50

extreme
max Zl 80 85 22 102 102 98 89 80 72 102
min 13 15 22 30 40 40 35 21 21 11 -3

DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65° F) 769 638 663 474 288 116 7 10 33 212 501 716 4427

cooling (base 65°F) 0 0 0 0 0 86 286 258 150 20 0 0 800

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 17.0 16.4 16.7 16.4 15.9 15.1 12.8 12.6 12.9 14.9 16.1 16.4 15.3
Max. speed' (mph) 64 77 74 64 59 64 46 40 45 53 62 53 77

Prevailing direction ENE N NNH NN-w NNH NNH N1'l1, NN-w NNH NN-w ENE ENE NNH

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 13 11 11 6 2 <0.5 0 0 0 1 5 11 59

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

2.15 2.45 1. 33 1.12 0.25 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.21 0.31, 2.05 1. 95 11. 97
average

.!.!!!!S. 10.6 11.4 6.18 4.11 1.13 0.54 0.49 0.65 3.40 3.55 9.80 10.3 11.4
min Q.() 0.02 Q.() Q.() Q.() Q.() Q.() Q.() Q.() Q.() 0:-0- T 0.0

RELATIVE HUMIDlTY(%)

4AM 51 56 65 67 64 58 42 45 47 55 57 62 56
10 AM 56 57 57 52 46 36 26 27 30 39 47 54 114
4 PH 56 50 52 50 47 38 28 29 33 42 50 59 44
10 PH 58 56 63 62 59 51 38 41 45 52 55 63 54

*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed I-minute value.

Source of climatolqgical data: NHS climatic summary.

Climatological Summary for

The station is located on a bare mountain-top on the range of mountains

between the coastal valleys north of Los Angeles and the southern end of the
San Joaquin Valley. The climate is comparatively dry and windy.
The rainfall season is from the middle of October to the latter part of
April and most of the year's precipitation occurs during December, January and
February. generally in the form of snow. The summer months are generally dry
and it is not unusual for the months of June to August to be completely without
preci pitati on.
During the winter months upslope winds cause fog and cloud caps to form at
the station and on the tops of the surrounding mountains approximately 15% of
the time.
 230

Temperatures are fairly moderate, although considerable sub-freezing

temperatures are experienced during the winter months. Summertime readings
are not exceptionally high and rarely reach or exceed 100°F. The summer temper-
atures are moderated by the almost constant winds that blow in this vicinity,
generally from a northerly direction at an average speed of 15-16 mph.
The winter months are exceptionally windy. During these months high winds
are experienced frequently for many days at a time. (Source: NWS)

ii) VI ILLE (G R E AFB)

imatological Data for Victorville (George AFB)

Latitude: 34° 35' Longitude: llr 23' Elevation: 2885'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERA TURE(oF)
45 48 52 59 65 73 81 80 75 65 52 47 62
average monthly
max 57 60 61, 72 79 88 96 95 90 79 65 59 75
average daily 33 36 39 45 50 58 66 64 59 50 39 34 48
min
rnax 80 79 85 94 100 110 108 106 107 22 85 86 110
extrenle
min 9 18 24 3i 3s 41 50 49 :J8 31 20 17 9

DEGREE DAYS t
heating (base 65°F) 688 512 446 250 101 25 0 0 13 156 444 660 3295

cooling (base 65°Fl 0 0 0 19 77 217 434 403 220 57 6 0 1433

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 8 9 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 7 9

Max. speed* (mph) 62 52 71 56 53 87 58 45 44 51 59 64 87

Prevailing direction SSE W W H S S S S S SSE SSE SSE S

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH lit 9 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 <0.5 5 12 46

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

average 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.1 T 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 4.1

~ 1.7 1.9 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.5 1.4 0.6 1.6 1.5 1.9
min

RELATIVE HUMIDITY(%)

4 AN 65 64 63 62 58 51 40 45 48 53 61 63 56
1 PH 36 33 30 26 22 18 16 18 19 24 30 34 26

gust speed.
t Data for Victorville Pump Plant 34° 32' N 117" 18' 10, Elevation 2858'
Source of climatological data: AHS climatic summary.
 -, , j. 1

231

1D YUMA, ARIZONA

Data for rna,

Latitude: 32° 40' Longitude: 114 0 36' Elevation: 194'

Jan Feb Mar Apr May JUll Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

TEMPERA TURE(OF)
average monthly 55.4 59.4 63.9 71.2 78.7 85.8 93.7 92.8 87.1 75.9 63.5 56.3 73.7
67 73 78 86 93 101 106 104 100 90 77 68 87
average daily ~ 43 46 50 57 64 n 81 81 74 62 51 44 60
min

I~
max 88 89 98 102 109 116 115 116 114 104 94 83
extreme
min 24 31 34 T2 "1;6 56 70 63 53 35 33 'i7

DEGREE DAYS
heating (base 65°F) 308 192 97 24 0 0 0 0 0 5 108 276 1010
cooling (base 65°F) 10 37 62 210 425 624 890 862 663 343 63 6 4195

WIND
Mean speed (mph) 7.4 7.4 7.8 8.4 8.3 8.5 9.5 8.9 7.1 6.5 6.8 7.2 7.8
Max. speed* (mph) 41 50 43 47 38 42 52 60 42 47 47 47 60
Prevailing direction N N WNW \, WNW SSE SSE SSE SSE N N N N

FREEZE DAYS PER MONTH 1 <0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2

PRECIPITATION (in. water)

average 0.38 0.27 0.21 0.11 0.03 0.00 0.18 0.44 0.22 0.27 0.22 0.34 2.67
~ 1. 29 1. 82 0.95 1.20 0.37 0.27 1. 07 1.31 2.47 2.68 1.66 1. 67 2.68
min T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0:00 0.00 0.00

RELATIVE HUMIDlTY(%)

4AM 55 55 54 47 44 44 50 57 57 53 57 60 53
10 AM 38 34 30 24 23 23 33 35 34 31 35 41 32
4 PM 27 23 21 17 15 14 23 25 23 22 27 32 22
10 AN 46 44 42 34 32 31 39 43 44 43 48 52 41

*"fastest mile"; speed is fastest observed l"minute value.

Source of climatological data: NWS climatic summary.

Narrative Climatological for Yuma,

The climate of Yuma is definitely a desert product. During the winters 9

home heating is necessary from late October until the 10th of April; but work
or play can be conducted comfortably out-of-doors from about 10 a.m, to 5 p,m,
during the winter~ which is a period of mostly clear skies and abundant sunshine.
Frosts are not uncommon in the nearby valleys and must be expected occasionally
on higher lands.
In the period from November 1 to April 1 there are 9 on the average, 16
daylight hours with rain~ a little more than three a month. There are places
in the world where more rain has fallen in a single year than has fallen at Yuma
during the past 90 years.
 232

The sun does not shine all of every day, but comes nearer to doing so at Yuma
than any other place in the United States for which we have records, Even in
December and January the lower Colorado River Valley averages better than eight
hours of sunshine a day,
The summers in this country are long and hot, Afternoon temperatures reach
100°, on the average, from June 10 to September 20, and 105° from July 2 to
August 14, An extreme of 120° has been reached four times and the absolute high
of 123° was registered on September 1,1950,
The hot air, ballooning upwards, draws in moisture-laden air from the Gulf
of Lower California, Water content of the air from mid-July to mid-September
is higher than might be expected over a desert area, This condition results
from the relative nearness to the Gulf of Lower California, Evaporative coolers
are very effective for cooling purposes during all the months except July,
August, and September, during which months the wet-bulb temperatures are
frequently between 75° and 80 0 - a condition that makes the ordinary water
cooler somewhat ineffective, (Source: NWS)
 233

LI~ I~ATEDATA NS

Certain basic climate information is recorded in many places in lifornia,

indicated on the following map. Mean temperature, and heating and ing
degree-day normals are collected at 203 locations, whose geographic coordinates
are given on page 254. Precipitation normals are recorded at 349 sites,
Geographic coordinates for these stations follow the precipitation list.
 City U'ltc St~~C~"'~c.,~tr.:gfySi o.i",ld"~
-0-
c PLATE I
A-_142.

10 20 :30

N·JIl,w.--~

LEGENDS fOR NORMALS

(1941-1970)
PRECIP. &. TEMP.
f'REelf'. ONLY

N
W
~

SAN FRANCISCO AREA

''"r :«" r,

STATION LEGEND
SoU T~mf'''r~tu~C'
o @ m Prt:Clpl!at":ln only
<D $tor~!1~ Prec>p,la"or.
.0. .f/)- -G- PrCClpit(}/ft;M anli

.z;,.
Type of 9!J9/J 0 NCfJ-ftJcardlm}

® Rl1cordl()lJ @ Sat" t)'p(J:;

37~t" _ __ Doubl., cm:I(t comol/)ct,an:; 1/)<i/ClJfC tit" avlJ!lab""y of marc

dIJ!at/fJd m¢d:Ql"o/OUica/ dCla

ALBERS EQUAL AREA

B~ty
 I
PLATE 2

STATUTE MILES

120TH MERiDIAN TIME ZONE

"'.."
Point P1"<lr"" sh""""lmtUA::P
DESERT
I\Ount"inP,,""
V
0:<ko,-9
-V

~"~ ""
D~nn Sidin.::
o

BASINS
N
Amboy
W
STATION LEGEND ® U1
C SoUtempc,""ture
o it Cl) PrccipiICi'(Mon'y
~,
-0- ..... -@- P?CClplfC'/on eml T(tmpaq(IJrc

-¢- .. • PrcCtpllIJliofl, Ttlmp(!l'o!<J{1! "rui EvOpal'aflOfl

Type 01 g09/1! 0 Na"-~ccoldJl"l ID Stor~p.~ g~!1"

@p RI1carditl9 @ 8",,, 'ype:;

f)ooblt: each combmol'o"~ tMiJcol(! tf!.- C/R)flOf.)lftfy 01 mwe

d/:IOtlllr1 ml!Jfeo~olo9'COI dOlO

ALBERS EOUAL AREA PROJECTION

STANOARD PARALLELS AT 29 112° AND 45h~
LOS ANGELES AREA

~''''OO
~s~nN1C"l""r"

lEGENDS FOR NORMALS

(1941-1970)
 - ,
237

1M
M nt Iy N
n H

The climatological normals presented here are based on records for the
30-year period 1941-70, inclusive. Data are presented in the order shown in
the title. Units used are OF for temperature and inches for precipitation.
Heating and cooling degree day normals are derived from the monthly normal
temperatures (base 65°F) using the technique developed by Thom.',2 Degree day
normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from
the National Climatic Center, Asheville, North Carolina 28801,

1. Normals for National Weather Service Offices and Princ!

Climatological Stations
A normal of a climatological element is the arithmetic mean for a specific
period of record which estimates the true mean of the element at the current
exposure of the meteorological instrument measuring the element. The true mean
is the mean of all possible observations (population) at the current exposure.
It is from this population that future observations will come, not from values
in the past record. The true mean can never be known exactly, but must be
estimated from a sample of the past record. The normals presented here are
estimates of the true mean obtained from the 30-year sample record 1941-70.
If no exposure changes have occurred at a station, the normal is estimated
by simply averaging the 30 values from the 1941-70 record. Since it is next to
impossible to maintain a multi-purpose network of meteorological stations without
having exposure changes, it is first necessary to identify and evaluate these
changes and then make adjustments for them if necessary.
After periods of heterogeneity have been determined, adjustments are applied
to remove the heterogeneities introduced into the mean. This is done by comparing
the record at the base station, for which the normal is desired, to the record

*Adapted from UCl imatography of the United States No, 81 (by state L II
National Climate Center, Federal Building, Asheville, North Carolina 2880'.
 238

at a supplementary station with a homogeneous period which covers the hetero-

geneous period at the base station, The difference method is applied to the
monthly average maximum and minimum temperature and the ratio method to the
monthly total precipitation,3 A weighted average of the various partial means
of the adjusted and unadjusted record is then prepared to give the normal,

2, Normals ubstations
Normals for substations were computed somewhat differently than those for
the National Weather Service first-order stations, Monthly substation normals
are the simple arithmetic averages of the monthly values of temperature and
precipitation for the period 1941-70. They were computed only for substations
active during the entire period, No attempt was made to adjust for minor changes
in location of the observing site, or for changes in the time of observation.
Normals were not computed for substations which moved a significant distance
during the 1941-70 period (more than 5 miles horizontally, or 100 feet vertically),
Missing values in the data series were estimated up to a maximum of 18 consecutive
temperature values and 24 consecutive precipitation values, Annual substation
normals are the averages of the monthly temperature normals and the sums of the
12 monthly precipitation normals,
Individual station values (by year-month) of average temperature and total
precipitation for the 1941-70 period are available at the National Climatic
Center, Asheville, North Carolina,and may be obtained in either hard copy or
magnetic tape for the cost of duplication. In addition, monthly extremes of
precipitation and temperature are included along with the standard deviation
of monthly temperatures, The National Climatic Center also prepares special
studies of climatological elements to specifications provided by the requesting
agency or person. The cost of providing such services is borne by the requestor,

3, References
'Thom, H. C, S" "The Rational Relationship Between Heating Degree Days and
Temperature," ~1onthly
Weather Review, Vol. 82 No, 1 (January 1954).
2Thom , H. Co S,. "Normal Degree Days Above Any Base by the Universal Truncation
Coefficient,1I Monthly Weather Review, Vol, 94 No, 7 (July 1966),
3Barger, G, L., editor, "Climatology at Work," U.S, 1tJeather Bureau,
Washington, D,C. (1960).
 f
i' & i

239

S. TABLE

Precipitation normals less than 0.005 inch are shown as zero. Monthly
normals for February are based on a 28-day month.

b. STATION NAMES
Figures and letters following the station name indicate a rural location,
and refer to the distance and direction of the station from the nearest post
office. WSO~ WSMO and WSFO denote a Weather Service Office~ a Meteorological
Observatory, and a Forecast Office, respectively. Station elevations are in
feet above mean sea level. "RI! or a "6" denotes a recording gauge. lilt' indi-
cates a wind shield is affixed to the gauge.

c. MAPS
Maps show the names and locations of stations in operation during the
period considered (1941-70). No attempt was made to show current names and
locations.

d. DEGREE DAY NORMALS

The usual arithmetical procedures were not applied to obtain the heating
and cooling degree day data because of numerous heterogeneities in the
at most stations due to instrument changes and relocations. The rational
conversion formulae developed by Thom (Refs. 1 and 2) allow the properly adjusted
mean temperature normals to be converted to degree day normals with uniform
consistency. In some cases this procedure will yield degree day values that
are unexpected. These cases are not statistically significant (a relatively
low number of degree days) and occur when the standard deviations are computed
from a mixed distribution as frequently occurs during the transition months.
 240

5. ( ati rvice)

STATIGM J~M FEll MAR APR MAY JUN JUL ~UG S!:P BCT .,!l" DEC ANNUAL

Al.DERPGINT 4"1. "18. SO.5 55.1 60. 65.5 71. !J 71. ;) 67.6 59.7 51. :) 45.7 57.7
AI. TUMS RANGER S TATlG" 26. e 34. C 3!1. 1 "14.5 52.1 56.6 65.S 63.6 57.!l 4B.< 38.7 31.9 46.9
~T13CN F!I!lREI!lGARO Ml 45. 50.! 53.S 59.1 64. < 70.1 73. 72.3 70.7 63.7 53.9 "6.1l 60.4
ASN MGUI'lTAIN 46.5 49. 52.3 58. ! 65.< 74.0 82.8 6l.3 76.2 6!;' 2 55.2 47.6 62.9
I'IUBERRY I NW 43.< 46.1 48.8 54.9 62.< 69.7 78.5 76.7 71.e 61.6 S1.2 44.7 59.2

AUBURN 44.9 -'18. 50.9 56.3 62.5 69.9 77. < 75.9 72. ! 63.3 53.3 46.1 GO. !
AVALGN PLEASURE PIER 54.C 54. ! 55.5 57.7 150.1 62.3 6S.6 67.0 66.1 63.~ 56.9 55.2 60.0
!IAKE'lSn!:LD WSll 47.5 52. 56.6 62.7 69.6 76.9 63.9 Bl.G 76.6 156.9 56.0 ~7.9 64.9
6ARRETT DAM "16. 50. 52.< 57.1 62.0 67.~ 75.6 75.9 72.0 63.6 55.5 'II"!! 60.6
IlARST(lW "IS. SO. 54.7 62.0 69.6 77.5 1:;4.9 B3.0 715.7 65.7 53.15 46. ! 64.2

6EAUMGNT I E "I7.S "9. 51.0 55.9 GL~ 67.9 76. 76.1 72.2 63.6 55.3 ~9.7 60.6
OCRKE:L EY 49. 52. ; 53.15 55.6 56.2 61.0 61.6 62.2 63.6 61.2 55.9 50.6 57.1
f3!SNGP WSG 37.1 41.1 46.3 54.4 62.2 69.7 76.6 74. ! 67.5 57.2 45.7 3e.9 55.9
SLUE CANYBN WSll 36. 37. 36.0 43.9 SI.3 59. I 66.1 66.!! 62.9 54.0 44.5 39.l SO. !
SL YTHE 53.C 57. ! &2.7 70.3 77.6 84.6 92.1 91.2 6S.3 73.7 60.9 53. < 71.9

eLY,N( F"AA AH1"GRT

eGC'"
53. ~
24. (
ss. !
27.
63.6
31. 7
71.6
39.7
79.5
47.0
197.
53.5
g4.7
60.2
93.3
SS.I
67.6
52.9
''''.7
44.t'3
62.
35.6
54. :3
27.6
73.5
"1.9
63NlTA 53. 54.1 56.2 59.4 62. 64.9 69.3 70.7 69. G4. !l 59.3 54.6 61.6
!l(J~ DAM 35.5 36. 38.0 43.6 50.6 58.6 66.8 65.7 62.0 53.0 43.3 37.7 49.3
SIlAW!.(Y 2 sw 53. S 5S. 62.9 70.2 77.3 84.6 92.0 91.4 66. 75.3 62.8 55.0 72 .5

BR(J(JKS ,ARN"''''M RANCM 44.E 'IS. 51.9 57.1 64.2 71.5 76.9 75.0 71. 62.6 52.5 45.6 60.2
BURBANK VALLEY p~ PL T 53. 55.1 57. 60.7 ;)4.1 67.9 74.2 74.6 72.7 66.5 60.0 54.19 63.5
&J,,(JNWlLLClW 4". S 50.C 55.0 61.7 66.9 75.7 62.~ 80.2 74.8 64. e 53." 45.6 63.1
CAL AVf:RA5 !) IG TRE~S 36.e 38. 39.7 44.6 51.9 59.5 67.5 65.7 61. " 52.7 43.8 36.5 50.0
CAMP PARDEE 45 .• 49. 52.2 57.6 64.1 71.3 78.3 76.7 73.3 64.6 54.3 46.6 51.!

CANYGN DAM 29. 32. 36.3 43.' 51.0 S8. ! 65.7 63.9 58.1! 4S.6 36.2 3!. '5 'l6.5
Cf:DARV lL LE 29.€ 34.1 39.1 46.9 54. " 61.5 72.0 59.6 61.6 50.3 39.2 32.1 49.3
Cf:NTERV!LLE ION 4'5. -'19.( 52.0 57.6 64. " 71.6 78.3 76.5 72.8 63.2 52.19 46.0 60.a
CMIC" EXPE:RlMENT STA 44. "9. 52. ' 58.2 65. ' 72.6 76.3 76.2 72. < 63.1 52.6 45.5 60.9
04ULA VIST" 52. e 53. ( 55.2 57.6 60.5 62.e 66.6 66.3 66.9 63.0 !>8.2 54.1 60.0

CL AR(Hel .... ' PBMeNA CtlL 51. E 53. ! 55.0 56.7 62.7 &7.1 74.0 74.3 72.5 65.9 5B.B 53.1 62.3
CLARKSBURG 44. 49.( 52.6 57.9 63.5 69. ! 73. J 72. :I 70.0 &2.0 52.0 45.2 59.2
CL ClvEROALE 3 SSE 47.e 50. 53.0 57.4 62.7 66.7 72. < 71.6 70.0 63. ! 54.7 41l.1 60.0
C(JAl!NGA 45.~ SO. 53.8 60.0 67.3 7"l.2 81." 79.3 74.1 64.6 53.9 46.6 62.6
CGlF"",X -'14. 46. 4S.7 54.5 61.3 69.1 77 .5 7S.7 71.5 6J .,; 51. 7 '15.7 59.0

ct!lLUSI'l I 55W 44. "9. 53.2 59.2 66.2 72.9 77. e 75.7 72.2 63.0 52.'; 45.5 61.1
C£!i<lGNA 52. E 54. S6.0 60.0 64.3 !S1l.S 74.6 74.9 72.3 65.7 5B.8 53.6 63.0
CRESC!N, CITY I N 46.! 48.1 48.' 50.2 53.5 55.7 58.3 58.8 58.6 55.3 51.3 '1CL! 52.8
CULVER CITY 55. S6. 57.' 59.3 6J.7 64.3 68.3 69.S 58.5 65.6 GO.9 56.7 62.0
CUYAMACA 39.1 41.( 43.0 46.6 54. , 61.5 70.3 69.5 &4.7 55.2 "6.3 "0.8 52.9

DAGGET, ~"A l'Hi'1P(lI<T "17. 52.C 56.7 64.3 72.3 ~O. I 97.3 65.5 79.2 66.1 55.5 "18.0 66.4
DAVIS :2 WSW (XI' ,ARM "5.( 49.1 52.6 58.2 6&1.3 70.6 74.6 73.1 71.0 63. J 53.2 46.0 60.1
DEi'1TW VI'lLLEY 52.e 59.! 66.9 76.4 85.3 93.8 WI. Ii 99.2 !lO.9 77. ~ 62. ! Sf'~ 76.4
DEER C'lEEK P(lWEF! H(jUS!: 34.:< :37: 41:1 46.6 53.3 59.7 66.~ 6&f.e 61.2 52.0 '11.5 35.2 49.5
DENl'll" :3 ""E 44.S "IS.! 53. ! 58.9 65.2 71.3 76. 74.3 7D.S 62.5 52.4 45. 60.4

DE 5AIlLA 41.2 43.1 45.6 51.2 !;7 .6 65.2 72.'> 70.S 1;1.3 58.2 46.4 42.7 SS.4
DUDLEY;; 39. "I!. 43.2 4S.3 54.7 61.1 111'1.8 67.3 63.1 54.S 46.0 "0.5 52.4
EAGLE: MGUNTAIN ;;:J.e 58. 62.6 71.0 79.0 !P.l 93.6 91.9 !!l6.7 75.B 63.1 55.4 7:J.2
EAST PARK RE5!:<1V8lR "!3.e 46. E "9. 54.9 62.3 70.3 76.9 74.1 70.3 151.0 50.!! 4-'1.;; 5!l.B
EL CAPITAN DAM 54. 55. ~ "'7.2 60.9 64.9 69.0 15.5 71;.3 7-'1.6 1111.' 61.6 SIl.1 64.6

EL CENTRG 2 SSW 53.6 57. e 62. 69.5 76.9 tH.~ 91.6 90.9 B5.6 7"1.6 62.1 "'''.4 72.0
ELECTRA POWER H"USE
ELK VIlL.U:V
"15.6
37.5
"9.,
"II.
52.2
43.
57.5
4B.4
64.1
54.4
70.9
60.~
77.4
66.0
75.7 71.11
511.
63.3
S! .0
53.6 41>.7 IHl. 7
6".6 "I3.S 31l.!! SO.I!
EL SIN!!JRE SO.€ 52. E 54.9 59.7 6'1.!! 70.1 7S.4 76. 7"'.6 66.3 IP. s!.!! 113."1
E5CGNO!D1l 51.6 53. 55.2 SS.l 62.9 66.9 12.6 '13.5 71. ! 64.5 57.7 '52.7 !'i!.!!

EUREKA WSIl 47. 'lB. 48. 4S.7 52.5 55.2 56.3 51.0 56.6 54.4 51. "'11.11 5:1.2
FAIRMeN, "'4.2 46.2 ~9.a 55.0 61. 69.3 7S.9 7!1.0 73.3 63.!> 52. "IS.B 59.!!
!'GR, !HOWELL 29. ! 35.( 39.3 46. ! 53.3 59.S 1\7.1 65.1 511.~ 50.3 39.3 32. <)S.1
,GR, BRAGG 47.~ .. e.! 49. 50.3 53.5 5S.9 56.S S7.0 57. ~ 55.S 52.S 411.l S2.1l
r(JRT BRAGG A"jAT II'!N -'17. ~ 'lB. ! 46.6 49.1l 52. 54.7 5S.~ 56.0 56.2 54., S)'5 "Ie.!> 52.0
F"Clf1, .Ji3NES RANGER srI'> 3:l. :le. ( 42.6 46.3 5S.3 &2.2 69.6 67.13 6).4 51.' 'I!. 3 ... !l SO.II
,RESN(J WSG 45. "9. ! 53. S 60.3 67. 73.ll 60.15 76.3 7:J.6 64.2 53.5 "5.11 112.3
!'RIANT G(JV(RNMENT CAMP "IS. "19. ! 52. S 59.0 66.S 73.7 81. ! 713.9 74. I 6S. ! 54. 4&.2 112.:1
GRAN, GRI'!Vf: 33. 33.! 34.S 39.5 46. 5-'1. ! 62.6 61.3 57. () "9.1 40.5 35.3 45.6'
GRATGN 'IS. 49. ( 51.0 54.4 56.5 63.3 65.S 65 .• 64.4 S!L2 52.0 "16.2 56.2

HAIWEE 40. 44. 48.8 56.9 64.9 73.2 eO.4 7/l.S 72.3 !l!.6 411. I "!.!S ;19.3
f#lLf MOON !iAY "9.; 5!.( SI. 52.4 54. I; 56.6 57.6 5B.2 sa.9 1>7.1 5".5 ~!.l 54.-'1
""N'CIIIO 45.( 49. 54. ! &0.4 67.2 13.6 711. 6 77. J 12.7 63. ;; 52.11 45.5 Ii!.!!
"'APPY CAMP RANGER STI< 3B. 43.1 47.5 5:1.3 GO.:! 66.!! n. 9 12. ! 66.7 56.4 "6. 40.2 55.5
... AT CREEK P ... NCI I 33. 36. 42.1 4B.6 5s.B 62.3 Ml.e 66.3 51-! 52.0 "J . ~ 35. ! !Hl. S

HAYfIELD PUMPING PLANT 5!.! 55. 59. 67.! 74.3 BloB 69. SB. " 82. ! 7!.6 60. S2.S 61l.11
WEAL DS!iURG 47.( 51. 53. ! 57 ... 62.3 67.5 69.B 69.!! 66. f 62.6 .,4. 46.0 59.3
H£TCH N[TCHY :17. ! 41. 4:l.! 49.5 55.9 62.6 70.1l !>!il.1! 65.6 56.! 46. 39. 53.3
HGL LIS Tfl'l I Sl4 4!1. 52. 54.( <,7. ! 60.2 63.9 6&.5 66.S 66.1 62. ! 55. C 49.6 S!!I.!>
HUNTlNGT(3N L.I'<I<!: 3l. 31. 32.0 37.2 44.2 '>2.2 60.6 S(1. 7 55.4 4'.2 39. C 33.5 ~3.!l
 ; .;

241

5T"'TI0N .JAM F"!:!l MAR APR MAY JUf< JUl AUG SEP !leT N"V D!:C ANNUAL

!DR!A 45.5 47., 49.9 55.7 1'>2.9 70.e 79.3 77.6 72.9 &3.2 5:1. I "7.2 60.5
IMPERIAL 54. e 59. C &3.3 70.~ 77 .S 64. II 91.& 91.0 86.1 75.3 &:1.2 55.9 72.7
lMD ro U S DATI: GARDEN 54. 51!.! 63.7 71.5 76.5 1'l5.S 91.13 90.6 66.0 7'[,.7 63.3 55.S 73 .0
lR0N MIlUNTAJ N 52.5 57.! 62.5 71.1 79.5 !'J7.B 9".6 92.6 67.0 75.3 62.4 5'1. :I 73 .2
KENTnno 46. so., 52. 56.0 59.7 6".2 66.2 6'[,.9 65.7 60.5 53.1 47.5 57.3

KERN RIVER PM NI'l 1 49.5 54. ( 57.9 63.9 71.3 7e.S 67.0 SS.2 eo. 70.1 5e.9 50.2 67.3
KETTLEMAN STATII'lN 47. 52. , 56.3 62.5 69.6 77.0 64.5 112.5 77.6 !le.l 56.7 47.1'1 65.2
KING CXTY 46.f 51. 53.6 57.1 61.3 65.2 67.6 67.2 66.7 61.9 5"1.7 49.5 sa.!!
LAGUMI'l !lE/'lCM 52.£ 54. 5~.1 57.6 60.7 63.3 67. ! 66.3 66.9 62.6 Sll.3 53.5 60.0
LAKE ARR~EI'lO 37.£ 39.! '12. "7.' 53.7 60.7 69.1 66.4 64.3 5"1.9 44.5 39.0 SI.e

L"'''EPI'lRT 42. 46.( 41l.S 53.1! 60. ! 66.8 73.' 72.0 66.0 56.9 "19.3 43.7 56.9
LAI<.E SP"'ULDING 34. 36. 37.6 42.7 "I9.e 56.9 63.5 6loB 59.0 51.0 '11.5 3;;' :I "7.6
LA MESA 53.5 55.( 56.2 59.2 62.4 65.' 71.0 72.1 70.9 66.0 60. , 55.& 62.3
LE GRAND '15. 50. ( 53. ' 59.3 66.0 72.S 78.5 76.5 72.5 63.9 53.0 41;' 0 61.4
LEMelN CelVE '10. SI.I 55.2 61.7 6B.5 75.1 81.6 7!1. ;2 74. ' 65.2 54. ' '16.5 63.3

LINDSAY 'IS.! 50.( 53.S 60.~ 67.2 13.6 eo. 1 77.7 73.0 63.9 53. ' "6.2 62.1
L JVERMelRE CGUNTY y- o 45.€ "l6.! 5! .5 56.1 6!.C 66. 4 71.3 70.e 69.3 62.3 53. C 'Ill.!! 56.6
LGDI 4'1., 49. 52.7 58.0 63.5 69. ! 73.1 71.7 69.2 61.6 52.2 45.7 59.3
LtlNG !'lEACH PUll ~vc 55 .• S7. 56. ' 0;0.7 63.5 66 .• 71. 1 72.3 70.9 66.7 61.6 57.2 63.5
LtlNG !lEACH WSG 54. 55.! 57.2 50.6 6'1.1 67.3 72.2 73.3 7! .6 66.9 ;;0.6 55.5 63.3

LI'lS AN~LES WS(l JNTL 54.! 55. ! 56.5 58.8 61.9 64.5 61!. '" 69.5 66.7 65.2 60.5 56.0 61.7
LGS ANGELES CIVIC CTR 56. S6. 59.2 61.7 64.7 66.0 73.2 74.1 72.7 6!!' 62.7 56.1 6'1.B
LGS BANGS '15. 50.! 5'1.5 60.3 66.3 72.6 7B.~ 76.7 72.9 6'1.0 53. 'II;' 2 61.B
LGS QATGS 47. 50.! 53.0 ,&.6 61.3 66.0 69.5 66.9 67.8 61.6 '>'1.2 4e.7 56.9
M>'IOER~ 'IS. SO., 5'1.3 60." 67.2 73.7 BO.2 77.e 73.3 64. 53.6 '16.1 62.2

MAR!('.(!)P" 47. 52. 57. ! 63.~ 70.B 7e.1 85.' 63.5 77.9 61L 0 56. :I 47.9 65.7
MARYSVILLE 'IS.! 50.! 54.2 60.2 66.6 73.4 78.6 76.9 73.5 64. 53.9 'Ill. • 62.0
Me CLl3UD 33.\ 37.1 39.9 45.9 53.1 59.6 66.5 6'1.' 551.6 51.0 41.9 35.9 49.l
MECCA fIRE STATIGN 53. 51l. 63.0 70.7 77.5 1)3.7 90.5 89.9 84.S 74.3 62. ' 54.7 71.9
MERCED FIRE STAT lI'lN 2 45. 49.1 53.S 59.7 66. 72.5 7e.3 76. ' 72.3 63. ' 52. e '15.1l 6! .4

MINERAL 31. 33. 35.5 41.1 46.1 55.1 62 .• 60.9 57.3 'Ill. 39.1 33.3 45.5
MIlDE5T(l "5.1 49. ! <;3.7 59.2 65. ! 71.0 76.3 74.' 71.0 62.B 52.6 45.6 60.6
MtlUNT MAMIL TGN 40.! '11. '12.0 47.3 53.6 60.7 70.9 69.4 65.7 57. ' 46.' 43.2 53.'1
MGUNT SHA$TA W51'l 33.1 37.1 40. ' 46.3 53.3 60.0 67.6 66.0 61.2 5l. '11.7 35.5 '19.6
MIlUNT WllSSN Fe 331'1 '12. ~ '12. '13.6 'Ill. 9 5S. 63.0 71.6 7O.!! 67.3 sa.6 '1!l.!! '1"'.6 54.9

NAPA STATE HI'lSPJTAL 47. 51. 53.1 56.3 6(J.6 65.0 67.3 67.2 67.2 62.2 5'1.7 411.7 Sf\, 'I
NEEDLES FAA AIRPI'IRT 51.1 56.! 61.6 70.'1 79.6 sa.3 95.~ 113.3 1'16.9 74. :3 60.7 52.7 72.6
NEVADA CITY 36.! 41. 1 43.6 49.3 55.9 62.6 69.S 67.6 63.1 53.9 '15.3 ",o.0 !l2.5
NE_;I NW "IS.! 50.1 54.9 50.7 67.0 73.2 7!l.2 71LO 72 .• 64.3 53.7 46.0 61.9
NE!..!P~T BEACH MAR!lCll< 5'1.( 55.1 56.2 5S.3 61.0 63.6 65.1'1 61l. 0 56.e 63. 59.1 55. ! 50.6

I'IAKlAND wse "IS.1 51.1 S3.7 Silo 1 56.9 61.9 63.1 63.S 64.5 61.1 55.3 'I!!. 9 57.'1
IlJAI SI.C 53. C 55.1 59.1 62.6 66.7 73.3 73.3 71. 1 6'1.1'1 57.7 52.2 61.7
~ANG£ CClVE 45.5 'IS.! 53.5 59.7 61;' \I 73.'1 !l0.0 711. 1 13.6 6'1. 54.1 46.2 62.1
I'lR IC' PRAIRIE: CREEK PI<. 43. e 41>. ~ 47. '1!l. :) 52.9 56. 511.7 59. se.!! 54.5 49.2 4!i.0 51.!!
I'lRLAND 44. '19. 52.7 59. ! 56.5 73.1l 79.1 76.11 7J.e 53.7 52.9 '15.5 6J.4

I'IRLEANS "I.E 46.! 49.6 54.6 60."1 66.2 73.1 72.1 67.1l 57.9 "'11.7 43.1 56.1'1
GXNAfW 53.8 5'1. e 55.2 57.1 59.3 61.6 65.2 65.6 6'1.9 62.7 !Hl.6 55.0 51!. 5
PALMOAL!: '15.C 43.e 52.! 56.3 65.2 72.7 aLl! 7g.a 74.3 63.9 52.5 "I!;' II 61.6
PAL M SPRINGS 54. ss. 62.2 69.3 75.9 62.9 90.8 Illl.5 1'1'1.2 74. :) 62.5 1)0;.0 71.6
PALI'I Al.TI! JR HJS£UM '17. 50. 52.!! 56.1 60.0 64.1 611.D 65.6 65.0 60.3 53.6 "IS.3 57.5

PAl.IlMAR MT IlBSERVATIlRY '13.1 43.1 '1S.0 50.S 56.a 1;4.2 72.S 72.0 GIl.5 59.!!! 50.7 "l!;' 2 SILO
PARKER RESERV9IR 52. a ~P.E 63.1 71.6 80.2 lie. 95.2 93.9 38.4 76.11 62.7 5"1.) 73.$
PASADENA 5'1 •• 55.! 57 •• 60. 63.6 67. n.1I 74.5 72.9 67.0 60.4 !i5.5 S3.11
PASCI I'IClil:iL!:S "l6. 50. 52.7 57.0 Ill.6 66.7 71.6 71.2 611.3 61.3 !i2.1! '17.3 S!LO
PETALUMA r HI!: !iTA <I '16. ~ 50.! 52.3 5S.1 59. I 63.9 151;.7 67.0 66.11 61.7 S3.9 '11. iii '1;7.7

PINNACl.ES NAT MelNUMENT "l6.5 49. S!.3 5S.S 61.2 67.3 73.S 7'i1.? 70.1 62.6 54.0 "l1il.2 SIl.4
Pl.ACEIlV1LLE 40. 43.1 'I6.S 52. !i1l.6 66.1 73.S 71.6 611. !l !>7. :I '17. '11.6 55.!>
PClINT PIEDRAS I!L"'NCAS 52. ! 52. 52.0 52.1 53.5 55.0 56.4 56.1! '1>7.7 !>7.! 5!;' I) 53.) 54.5
PI'lMelNA CIIL PIlI,Y 50.! 53.1 55.1 S!l.2 63.2 67.7 74.4 74.5 72.1 65.3 57.4 51.7 6,!'0
PSI'lTERVILLE 46., 51.( S!;. 1 Gj,2 G7.1'1 7"1.3 111.0 79.S 74.1 65.2 5'1.6 46.S n.o
P0RTClLA ZIl. 33.( 311;' 7 '13.1 50.2 !:Hl. /; !iZ.S 60.9 SilL 7 4!j.0 31!. 31.1! '16 .1
PI'ITTER VIILLI::Y PI< 44. "II!. 50. S'l.!! 60. 67. ! 13.6 72. 69.0 60.7 51.5 ~!i.7 !il!l.;!
PRIEST VIILLEY 41.. '13.1 45.9 50.9 56.7 63.6 10.9 69.2 6\>.0 56.7 '17.S 42.!i 5'1.5
GlU1NCV 33. ::Ill. ( 4L9 47.6 !i4l.6 61.2 66.3 1;.<1.0 59.7 51.2 <ILl! 35.3 49.6
RANDSilUIlG 4 ... "11. ! !!;) • 59.! 67.5 7!i.e 114.0 82.0 7!i.ll 65.2 !i2.9 45.1 Ii;!.'

liED III. WI" WSIl 45 .• 50.( '>:),2 59.5 61.4 7S.5 82.3 7!L9 75.3 6!;'0 53.7 46. 112.!!
REDDING F1R[ STA Ne 2 46. !i0. 53.9 50.3 67.11 75.6 S:J.1 80.5 16.1 65.7 54.3 47.2 6::1.5
REDLANDS 5!.5 53.! 55.5 60.0 64. 69.8 77. '3 77.1 73.9 66.0 5e.2 !i2.6 63.3
REDW!lI'lD CI"'" '119. 51.1 53. § !i1.3 IIL3 iS5.6 lie. 2 67.S 67.0 61.11 54.!! 49.6 !!H!.II
I'llve:llSlOE: nRE STA. ~ 52. 54. 56.! 60.3 6'1.1l 69.1l 76.0 71;' ! 73.4 66.1 sa.2 52.9 63.3
FWCIII.IN '13.1 '17. !i1)'1 !i6.!> 63.6 70.g 17 .~ 7'1>. 71.6 62. ! 51.6 44.1i !i1il.7
SACI'lAM!:NTI1I W!leI 4!;' 49.! 53.a 58.3 64. J 70.5 75 •• 14. ! 71.5 63. 5J.C 4!i.~ 60.3
5A INT I<£LENA 45.1 '19. S!.9 !i6.~ 61.6 57. ! 70.1! 70.2 68.0 6!.3 53. ! "l1. ! !i!!.6
SAL ,NAS rAA liP 50.( !i2.( 53.0 !i5.3 '>e. ! 60.6 6! .9 62. 63.6 !iL! 56.0 !i1.2 !l? !
SAN enlNARO r NIl C0 l<elSP 52.( 5'1. 56.1 60.6 II!,,;! 70.7 7e.2 7S.2 1'1.6 66.!!! 58.6 53. ! 6'1.0
 242

STATl!!lN JAN f"E!! M#lR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP GCT NtlV DEC t:lJ'1NUAl

~ND!!!:I'IG
YStl "10. < "12. "13.6 49.2 55.7 6'1.0 7"1.0 73.0 68.9 56.8 "8.3 41.9 55.0
~" DIEGG YS!!l 55 •• 56. !Ie. 1 60.7 63.3 65.S 69.6 71.4 69,9 66.1 60.6 56.7 62.9
~N ~EIlNA"D(J 54 .• 55. 56.7 60.5 63.9 6e.O 74.5 74.6 72.6 66.6 60,a 55.5 63.6
SA" rRANe !5Ctl ws(! "lB. 51. 53,( 55.3 58.3 61, is 62.S 63.0 64. I 61.0 55.3 49.7 56.9
S , rEDERi'lL BLDG WStl 50.S 53. 54.3 55.3 56.7 58,7 56.5 59, 62.2 61.4 57, 52,0 56.7

SAN GAMUn F'!RE DEPT 5"1. C 55,! 57.5 60,9 IH,< 66,3 74. I 14.7 72,7 67, I 60,2 55,3 63,6
SAN JACINTB "g, S!. 53,7 511,6 6", • 70,2 77.7 77.S 73,6 64,\1 SS,g ,50, " 62,3
S~N JBS( 49,; 52,! 54, E 57,8 61.7 65, 6B,~ 66, I 67,7 62,7 5§,~ 50,3 59,6
S~N LUIS tlfllS"(l PlllY SI.S 53,! 54, 56,S 51;' 6 61.7 64,7 64,9 65.3 63, S6,., 53," 56,9
~N MAT!:(l 49,~ 52, 54. I 56,7 S9,a 63,2 65,0 65,3 65,S 61.9 55,7 50,f', 58,3

SA",A I'" IRE STATlIlN 54,2 55, E 57, < 63,7 71.7 72,7
""""
5I'INT" BARSARA
SAN,A BARIIARA ,AA I'll'
53. < 5"1,1 SS,g
60,3
56,4 60,6
66,9
63.1 66.6 67,5
7! ,
66,!!
e.6,5
61,
60,3
58,6
55,.
54,5
63,0
60.3
51,f '53, 54.7 57,3 59,7 62,0 65,1 65.7 65,0 6j,6 57,0 '52,S 56,S
SANTA CLARA UNIvERSITY 46," 51.1 54,2 ~7, B 61.6 65.5 66. I 67,9 67.2 62,1 54,9 49,5 59, I
MNiA CRUZ "Itl,e 51.( 52, < 54,7 5(LO 61.0 62,7 63,0 63,. 60,0 54,5 49.9 56,6

SANTA MARIA wstJ 50,S 52.( 52,S 5".9 57, I 59,6 62, I 62,3 62,6 60, 56, ! 51.8 !!o!L 9
S"I"T"I Mil"ICA "IER 55, : 56,1 56,7 59,5 60,7 63,3 66.3 67,5 SI;, 63,B 60,3 56.9 61.0
SANTA RGSA 46, 50,( 51.9 55,5 59,7 64, • 66,6 67,0 56,. 5LI 53,2 47,2 57,4
5CGTI" 47, 49. I 49, 5!.5 55,0 58,. 60, 61.3 60,6 57,2 52,7 46,2 54.2
SIERRAVILLE RA"GER 5TA 29, I 33,( 37,3 44,0 51,0 57,6 64,0 62, I 57.7 49,0 38,5 31.4 %,2

S!!lN!lRA RS "13.5 "16,( 49,2 54. B 61, 66,7 77,0 75,4 70,9 61.7 51.5 'IS 0 58,9
513 ENTRANCe: Y(lSEMlTE 36. 31), I 39,S '14.7 51.')' 59,0 66,7 65.S 61.2 52,8 '\3.S 36, ~ "19,9
SQUIRREL INN 2 3e, "10,( 41.6 46,7 53, I 60.8 69,3 66.6 64,7 55,5 "15,7 40,3 52, I
ST(lCKT(lN YS(l 4"1,E 49,1 52,7 56,6 65.2 7l.1! 76,7 75,3 72,1 63,5 52,9 45, (; 60,7
5T!!lCKTGN "RE ST", NCl '\ 44,S 49, ; 52,9 S8, I 63.S 69.7 74,1 72,6 69,6 62,0 52,3 45.S 59,S

STBNY G!lRGE RESERV{'l!R 43, "17.1 50,7 56,3 6"1,2 '72, I 78,9 71;' 9 72, 62, • 51.6 45,1 60,2
SUS","'V!LLE AIRPBR, 29, \ 35,( 39,7 46.6 54,2 61.' 69,2 67.0 60,9 50, • 39,5 31.7 'Ie ,8
T"Helf: CITY 28, ; 29,( 32,0 36,1 45,< 52.6 60,7 59,6 54,0 45,2 35,9 30.5 42,7
T!:,J!!lN RANCH(J 4(;" SO, 54, ' 60,,), 67,6 7'5,0 82.3 80,2 75,5 65,6 54,7 47.1 63.3
.... REE RVRS [DIS(JN p", 2 46, 50, ! 53.5 59,2 65,9 73,0 80,S 7B,7 73, a 64,2 53,9 47,2 62.2

TIGER CREEK PH "2" 45.( 48,0 53.2 59,5 66,3 74.3 73.2 69, 60,3 49,9 "2,a 57,1
TeRRANCE 54, , 55,! 56, , 59,0 61,8 64,6 66, ' 69,3 66,2 65,0 59,9 55,S 6J .S
TI<!lN'" 45" 5!.( 56,' 64,6 73, I Bl.I 8S.9 87,0 80,0 68,3 54,6 45,6 66,3
TRUCKEE: ""''''GoR STATleM 26. [ 28, 32,0 3a,9 46,< 53,S 61.3 59.7 55,0 45,6 35,3 27,8 42,S
TUST IN JRV INE RANCH 53,( 54.! 56, I 59,4 62,9 66,3 70,7 7!.6 70.2 65,2 58.9 54,0 61,9

TwrNTYNlME PALMS 48,! 52, ! 57,3 65,2 73,3 61.2 e6.5 66,8 80. 69,2 57,0 49,6 67.5
TWIN lAKES 25.e 26.( 28,2 33,6 40,7 4S,D 55,7 54.6 5l.0 42,S 34,2 28."1 39,2
lJ'< 111>4 46,[ 49.! 51.7 56, ! 61.6 67,6 /3,7 72,7 69,7 6L5 52,7 47,0 59,2
U C L A 56, ~ 57, 56,0 59,9 62,0 64,3 66,6 69,6 69, j 66,5 62,7 58.6 62,8
VI1CAVILlE: 45,( 49, f 53,2 51!. 2 64,4 70,6 7S,7 74,3 71.5 63,3 53. j "IS,g 60,4

VAL YERMil RANGER 5TA 41,f 44,1 47.3 53,S 60,3 67.5 75,2 73.9 66,7 59,0 46,8 42.5 56,9
VICT(lRVJLlE PUMP PLANT 42.6 46, 50,6 57,3 64.2 7 I. 4 79,0 76.0 71.9 61.6 50.4 43.7 59.S
VISALIA 46,,, 51. 55,7 61.9 6B, 75,0 Ill. 3 79.2 74.6 65,5 54,9 "16.6 63,4
WARNER 5pRrr'GS 44, 46, 46,0 52,7 5B,3 64,B 7J,0 7;2, e 6B, 59.6 51. • 46.3 '57,2
WASCG 45. 50,! 55,S 6Lll 6e,9 75.9 112,6 60,4 75.3 65.5 "4,3 46,5 63.6

WAT5I3NV!LlE WATERWORKS 'Ie, 50, 52,0 54,S 56,9 59.5 60.7 50,S 61.7 59,3 54,. 49,6 55,7
WJ;:.WERvIlLE RANGER 5TA 36.5 41. 44, j 50,0 57,1 63.7 70.B 69,0 64, I !;4,3 44,3 37,9 52.8
WILlGWS 44.S 49, < 52.7 58,6 66,0 n.D 76. I 76,0 72,9 64, I 53,,2 45.6 61.2
W0GOF('lRDS 32,S 35, S 36,7 '15,3 52,9 60,6 69,3 61,7 61.5 51.9 41,4 34.9 49. 'I
W0GOLA"D j WNW 'Is. so, 54,D 59,7 56, I 72.5 76.9 75,3 12.6 64,2 53.9 "16.4 61.5

Y('lReA LINDA 54, 55. E 56,9 60,2 64. I 67.6 73,;2 73.6 1!.9 !;I;,'5 !lD.7 55,S 63,3
YClS[MlTE PARK HE "'OQ Til!; 36.S 41. 1 4'1,7 50,9 57, 64.3 71.9 70,7 66. I 56,3 44.1 37,2 53,,,"
YREKA 33.S 36, ( 42.5 41'1.6 56,3 63,4 71.9 7D.0 63,9 53,0 42,1 35,6 51.7
 243

6, Precipitation Normals (National Weather Service)

STAnG" .JAM n:& MA~ APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEe> eCT MeV DEC AMI'<UAL

~TG"-ESOe Cffl 1'1:2611'

I\!. DE 1'lP!?l ! I'<T
1.
!D.lle
!I. I.n
7.4
1.55
(; .1S
0.97
3.B3
D.le
1.B
O.O~
0.'05
0.07
0.05
0.12
0.3
O.l~
0.52
0.3"
3.B2
1.4 1.59
7.22 10.02
10.15
52.67
AI. !S!! CN GAT MT rc 446 4.1l' '1.1' 3.26 2.32 0.36 0.07 0.01 0.12 0.14 0.57 3.25 3."~ 22.50
AI. TAOCNA '1.3e "I.H 3.06 2.05 0.31 0.16 0.02 0.06 O. III 0.49 2.95 3.0 20. 116
I\!.TURAS RANGER STAT!!!M 1.7! I .2~ 1.19 1.00 1."19 1.3 0.211 0."11 0.33 1.01ll 1.52 ! .65 13.27

AMGIGLA
AMG~!N PAC UI'<!!?lN Ctll
AMTIIlCH rIBREB~ARD Ml
M!'IClYll SECIl !'IS 1'"(; SCII!IO
1.2S
II. 2
2.9.
4.5 4
1.2

<1.
<1.4
I.
Il.se
1.12
".111
I.
3. !7
7~
0.116
3.03
1.20
2.06
0.19
0.B5
0."10
0.36
o.oe
0.31l
0.12
0.17
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
O. !3
0.05
0.09
0.01l
0.31
0.13
0.22
0.26
2."16
0.74
0.5&
O.B
4.ge
1.67
::I. I-
1.12
!"OJ
2.!)7
:l.2e
7.13
'10.46
13.67
22.0&
ASH M!lIUMTAIM ".5 4.0! "I.oe 3. !7 0.96 0.2. 0.06 O.OS 0.25 0.79 3.02 '1.56 25.1111

AU!lERRY I N~ "I.0E :l.1l 3.55 2.76 0.1l2 O. I' 0.0 0.03 0.2B 0.1l9 3.03 4.35 24.1'1
I'lU!lUm-t 7.lE 5. II 5.02 3.30 1.3& 0.3B 0.01 0.07 0.30 :2.10 4.7\ &.20 35.ao
AVAL!?lN PLEASURE PIER 2.3 2."( 1.75 !.12 0.13 0.03 ()'Ol 0.00 0.11 0.41 1.65 l.IH 11.92
A.lUS" CITY PAIlK I"C!43!l 3.6 3.31 3.03 I .S7 0.25 O. I I 0.02 0.06 0.20 0.40 2."10 2.!!9 lIl. 45
!>AKERSI"IELD WS(J R 0.9E 1.0 0.63 0.65 0.19 0.011 0.02 (J. 0 I o.oa 0.26 0.69 O.7~ 5.72

f>AR~E:TT D~M ;2 .65 2.51 2.71 1.77 0.46 0.05 0.06 0.19 0.19 0.49 l. 70 2.61 15.65
e"RSTCl~ 0.6 0.4, 0.52 0.2~ 0.0' 0.0' 0.32 0.30 0.2~ 0.26 0.4a 0.57 4.13
&~UmNT 2.6, 2.6 2.67 i .77 O ... ' 0.09 O. !7 0.27 0.33 0.66 1.99 2.S~ 16.49
&"UM(ll'<T PUMPING "L~NT 3.3f 2.9! 3.06 2.07 0.66 0.22 0.26 0.3' 0.4" 0.76 2. Ie 2.77 19.15
&~UM(l"'T 1 E 2.S" 2.n 2.59 1.65 0.41 0.09 0.20 0.23 0.30 0.60 1.97 2.49 11;. 13

en AIR f"C-lOA ".11 3.45 2.53 1.59 O. j j D.O. (). O! 0.0 4 O.OB 0.33 2.56 2.72 1',6 1
&RKElEY 5.0 3.31 2.95 1.95 0.6'1 0.19 0.01 0.07 0.20 1.29 2.91 ".!P 23.20
alG BEAR LAKE OAM // S.B! 5.2 5.59 3.Sfj 0.61 0.06 o.n 0.66 0.61 1.0 4.66 5.82 3".71
!HG DAL T!?lN DAM F"C2231l[ 5.0 ".3 3.B2 2.6~ D.!">2 0.21 0.02 0.0; 0.26 0.73 3.09 3.92 24.67
BIG PI .... ES PARK F"C S3B 4.11 '1.7 3.37 2.36 (). 37 0.06 0.31 D.!"> 0.51 0.86 3.3· 3.92 25.05

!lIG SUR STATE PARK 8.9 7.01 S.6!"> 3.71 0.97 O.lB 0.01 0.02 0.36 !. as 5.00 7.7. 41."7
BIG TU.JUMG" DAM FC46DE 5.41 5.41 3.75 2.(;2 0.37 0.0· 0.02 O. !3 0.21 0.55 3.71 3.77 26.01
!!ISHGP wsa R 1.2( 1. 01 0." 0.41 0.27 0.09 O. !7 0.10 0.10 0.26 0.58 1.05 S.72
IlLUE C","VBN WSG //I'l 13.61 9.'1, e.ss 5.47 3. l' 0.99 0.10 0.27 0.52 ".1' 9.0' 12.2!! 67.56
!lL VTHE 0.'" 0.2 0."12 0.15 0.02 0.03 0.15 0.B2 0.20 0.30 0.26 0."3 3.50

BLYTHE 1""1'1 I1IRPBRT D."I! O. !! 0.27 o . 1\'1 0.01 0.03 0.2!! 0.66 0.27 0.26 0.20 0.37 3.17
!lClCI'l 4.3 2.6 ;.>. "9 1.56 1.23 O.BO 0.35 0.41 0.37 1.36 2.65 3.89 22.29
!lef'4nl'l 1.9 1.S I.SI 0.95 ().2~ O.DS 0.02 0.07 O. I' 0.35 L 36 1.i!l3 10.26
Il(3UGUET CANY!?lN 3.J! :l.Dl 2.'16 1.7S 0.26 0.06 0.0' 0.07 0.16 0."(; 2.21l 2.55 16.25
1l(J_" DAM 12.S( 9.0! 6.75 5.32 3.46 1.27 O. I~ O. "19 0.56 "1.32 9.0S 12.16 67.":;

Il'l""'-EV .< S~ D.:! D.l 0.19 0.011 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.36 0.21 O. I O. !1 0."11 2.15
!!RE" CITY 2.9 2 .6( 2.27 1.32 0.21 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.13 0.26 I.S2 2.27 13.94
!lRClI(JKS rAAMHI'lM RANCH ... 'II! 3.31 2."D j .51 O. "6 D.2::! 0.01 0.06 0.20 l. 15 2. "s 4.05 20.29
!lRUSN CREEK RS IS.2! ll.Ol 6.67 5.!!1 2.7~ 1.0' O.O~ 0.23 0.67 ".52 e.1I9 13.17 72.14
etJRBANK 1"0 f'C226 !l 3.4 3.31 2.29 ! .50 0.19 0.0' 0.01 0.05 0.19 0.33 2.25 2.'12 Hi.OI

8UReANK VALLEY PMP PL T 3.J! 3.D! 2.16 1.37 O. !7 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.12 0.36 2.1& 2.22 1"I.e!!
etJTT~~ILL(J~ D.!! O.SE 0.70 0.61 0.22 0.03 0.03 0.00 O.OB 0.23 O.SS 0.66 S.02
CA8AUJ" 2.01 2.2E L91 1.11 0.22 0.01 0.25 O.SO 0.29 0.46 1.57 2.02 12.61
CALAVERAS IlIG TREES W.6e e.2 7.IlS 5.25 2.2 O.6~ 0.06 O. !3 0.51 2.78 6.79 10.17 55.36
CALEX!CG ;2 NE 0.3f O. I 0.17 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.33 0.22 0.22 0.19 0.47 2.33

CALISTGGI'l B.35 6.2E 4."15 2.97 0.85 0.35 0.01 0.13 0.30 2.2 4.S4 7.30 37.75
CAMPG 2." 2.3e 2."5 1.49 0.39 0.05 0.34 0.4 0.26 0.50 1. 46 2.33 1"1. "13
CAMP PARDEE 3.85 2.91 3.17 2.25 o.eo 0.20 0.01 D.O~ 0.16 l.IS 2.eo 3.S0 20.116
CAMP TtlNV Xl L E RS 12.3 6.6£ 7.46 S.ll 2.S5 0.1l2 0.02 0.18 0."16 3.66 7.79 11.6" 51), ~9
CANY~ DAM oj. I 5.9 4.B3 3.01 1.7 0.199 O.HI 0.22 O. "5 2."S 5.01 7.09 311.97

CAZAOCRG 17.35 11.Il( 11.79 !LOe 2.00 0.66 0.02 D.::!7 C.li7 4.es 9.'17 13.91 7!;' II"
CEDARVILLE I.e 1. 31 l.l~ 0.97 l.IS 1.11 0.33 0.29 0.3! 1.27 l. Ii!! 2.77 1"1.20
CENTERVILLE PH 9.2E 5.!! 5.36 3.95 1. "II 0.61 0.01 0.13 O. 3~ 2.!H 5.56 7.90 "3.9'1
O<"LLEf'4GE RM'GER !iTA 14.1 10.61 e.7 5.63 2.'10 0.75 0.03 0.1'1 (l.!i I 3.75 6.30 12.1il1 67.!l0
O<IlTSW(JRTN I"C241'" 3."1 :I. IS 2.30 l.se O. Iii 0.02 0.00 o.p 0.01> 0.32 2 ... '1 2.55 Hi. I'!

CHESTER 6.7C 5.2C :J.es 2."11 j.!HI 1.07 0.25 0.26 O.!>I :2 .12 4.'17 S.I!~ 3"1.26
0<!C6 EXP(IHI'£M'f STA S. S~ ".01 3.09 2.0'13 0.9 0.46 0.01 O.I:l 0.27 1.67 3.32 ".el 21!i.72
O<ULA VISTA 1.6 1.2 l.5S 0.91 0.17 0.05 0.02 0.07 0.12 0.35 I.UI I.S7 11.1)0
Cl AR!:MGI'IT PClM!llNA CelL :I. 3~ 3.0 2.flO 1.62 0.23 0.07 0.0'1 0.06 0.19 0.41 2.12 2.73 16.64
ClI'lRKSIlURG 3.7 2.7 2.07 I.S6 0.45 O.! 1 !J. 0 I 0.03 O.l!! 1.02 2.09 3.07 17.05

ClGVEROALE :I SSE !l.1l 6.7 4.92 3.30 0.\99 0.39 0.03 O. IS 0.32 ;L1il2 ~.61 e.67 ,,'.!il
CGALING,q j. 3e 1.4 1.0 0.6eJ O. 2~ 0.0 0.02 0.01 O.O! 0.26 o.e 1.22 1.29
Ctll!lYS I'"C !i:! {) .,. "IE S.7E 3.111 2.51 0.32 0.0 0.06 0.20 0.26 0.63 ~.OO 4.07 27.00
CtlLI'"II)( lD.OC 7.11 6.70 4.35 j .96 0.61 0.02 D.ll 0.3 2.!I~ 6."3 !I.1l2 "111."10
CtlLGAT£ F'(3~1'! l-IelUSE 6. "IE 6.0 5.35 :l.S!! 1.66 o ... e 0.01 D.ll O.2~ :1. !is 5.07 1.;n 40.!!S

CelL USA 1 !lS~ 3. I~ 2.5\ l.e7 1.35 0.!i3 0.2 0.03 0.01!! O. IE 1.00 2.01 3.02 II\, 03
CtlRtll"'lA 2.3 2.1 !. 71 1.06 0.19 0.02 O.O~ 0.06 {). II 0.29 !. 41l LI!I3 j l. "II
C(3 VEL (')
CtlVlf'l" TEMPLE I"C 1113 8
9.6~
3.3
!i.91
3.0
"1.1:17
2.6",
2.74
1.1l1l
1.29
0.22
0.6S
O.OS
0.05
0.03
0.33
D.O!;
0.51
0.17
2.IH
O."~
5.65
:2.13
II."
2.13
42.110
HI.!Hl
CSlESCENT CITy I I'< 12.6 !l.0 7.911 S.O" ".03 l. 3t! 0.64 0.77 I.SI 1\.16 HI. !is 11.33 71.01i

CSltlC"-('fT 4.0! 2.tl 2. 3~ 1.!;7 O. "6 0.16 0.01 0.03 O. I 1.1 2.30 3.72 HI. 76
CUl VER CITY 2.9 2 ... s !. 95 l. 29 0.09 0.03 a.DO (l. os 0.1:17 O.2li1 2.06 2.13 13.46
CUMMINGS IS.6! 9.6! t!J.25 "I.1e 2.51 0.65 [J.05 0.311 (l.S "I.ge 10. I! 14."11 12.2'1
CUVA!'-'ACA 5.S! 5."11 11.1 3.66 LID 0.15 0.51 0.S2 (). S! 1.03 3.S~ S.22 33.""
DAGGETT filA MRI'(lRT O.S 0.3! 0.3\ 0.27 O.OS 0.03 0.;21 O.fH 0.3 O. ;?~ 0.35 0.4& 3.1119
 244

S'fAneN JAM FEll MAil APR MAY JU'" JUL AUG 5[1' !lCT N!lV !lCC AN"UAl

!)<\v IS <2 WSW EX!' I"ARM :3.l!Ie 2.7! I. IlS 0.51 O.!IS 0.01 0.03 0.16 I.O~ 2.0' 3.21 17.2!!
IXAT" VALL!:'!' a .2C O.::U 0.1 l.~~
0.1 0.05 0.03 O. !~ 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.211 0.2! 1.112
IXER CR!:!:~ PGWrR "GUSE 1'1.35 10. 'I! !1.2S 6.07 3.00 0.9~ a.as 0.20 0.'19 3.99 iii. !7 13.22 71.22
IXLANIl 1.2~ !.H 1.09 1.1:13 0.22 0.011 1:1. 00 0.0! O. I 1 0.21 0.113 0.93 7.10
IXMAIR :I MME :2 .3. L91 1.79 1.'i3 0.'12 0.08 0.01 0.03 0.13 o.se I.S8 2.03 12.31

DE SABlA 13.IQ 10.0 fj, 0 1 S.63 2.'10 1.07 0.03 0.20 0.61 "I. 12 11.86 11.86 G6.01
IXsc,,*,se !'lANGeR STA 3.11 3.'1 'I. !7 2.73 0.83 O. I I 0.24 0.42 0.30 0.74 2.::12 3.S6 22.78
OGIlBINS CGLGAT!: I"GREBY I;' 6~ 6.2 5.'15 :l.69 1. 76 (lo ~ I C.O;;! D .13 D.:!I 2.IH! t;.S!! 1.1)6 42.94
OGWNEY ~D I"C107C 2.IlS 2.6! 2. !7 1.36 D.I 0.02 0.02 D.OS D.IO 0.2S 1.112 2. !7 13.7'1
DOWMIEVIlLE RAMGE~ $TA le.1! 9.7 11.16 5.39 3.15 0.9S 0.12 0.25 0.62 :l.1l2 il. 49 12.22 65.!!1

DRY CANYBN RESERVGIR :2 .:19 2.31 2.01 1.3' 0.30 0.0 0.02 0.07 o .Il D.35 1.77 1.96 12.67
OUDU:'!'S 7.0! !i.1l 5.7' :l.ln ! .28 0.4 0.03 0.05 0.37 !.6S 5 os 6.110 311.:10
OUNNlGAN 3.3 2.71 1.97 1.4. 0.'11 0.20 0.00 0.0 0.20 1.02 2.0 ::1.20 11;'62
OUN$MU IR ~ANGeR !iTA 12.0! I!l.Il I;' !ill '1.38 2.47 1.3S 0.211 o .'i2 0.79 3.S7 11.22 10.SII 1>9.61
EAGLE f4(lUNTAIN O. '1C O. I 0.25 0.12 0.00 0.2' 0.'1 0.29 0.21 0.22 0.43 2.79

EAST PAR~ RESERV6lR

El CAP ITAN DAM
EL CENTRI3 2 ssw
£LECTRA I'GWER "GUS!:
4.3€
.,.7C
O ... c
5. GC 4.3!
:3. II
.,.4(
a .2(
2.0S
2.67
Cl.H
4."13
1.46
1.62
0.01!
3. !7
"~
O/SO
0."
(l.00
1.20
0.36
0.10
0.01
0.33
0.02
0.0
0.10
0.02
O. I'
I).
0.:37
0.06
HI
0.25
0.15
0.10
CJ. IS
1.21
0.55
0.23
2.:10 3.1l6
!.M 2.37
!1.21 0.41
1.6' "1.00 !;;'2.
Ill. 72
1'l.!!S
2.30
30.22
ELI' VALLEY 16 ... 10. II 9.35 4.119 3. "In I.U! 0.33 0.S8 1. IS 6.S2 12.!HI IS.IHI e2.1l1

ELLERY LA"r 3 .9" 2 .61 2.'>1 I .1!l7 0.96 0.56 0.6' 0.53 0.66 !. I- 2.!!1 3.97 22.39
ELL XClTT 3.3~ 2.S; 2.~3 1.79 0.59 0.16 0.01 0.03 0.22 0.113 2.2~ ;) .IS 17.46
EL SHIClRI': 2.2C 1.9 I.S!!> 0.86 0.13 0.02 0.03 0.12 O. !7 0.2!! 1.41 !.95 10.74
ESCIlMD!DG 2.6" 2.21 ... 46 l. 36 0.2B 0.09 0.03 !l. l~ 0.17 0."6 !.!!l2 2.39 1'1.05
EURE"A WSCl R 7.4 S. I! '1.83 2.IIS ... I I 0.66 (LI 0.27 0.65 3.23 '>.77 6.S11 39.76
I'AIRf4(lNT 3.H 2.8 2. !7 !. .. ~ O. ;i!7 0.03 0.03 0.01; 0.21 0.33 2.32 2.4 15.36
I"!OOLETGWN L .,.NC" RANC" Ii.!!! 5.21 S.2!! 3.76 I. 'IS 0.'13 (1. 01 O.()1 0.2 2.0B 4.110 1l."I1 ::IlL!)!!
I'l!IRESTHILL RANGER 5TA 10.4\! 7.S! 7.23 4.50 2.20 0.1l3 0.02 D. I- 0.31 Z.1l9 6.97 11.57 !>2.S2
I'l!IRT BIDWELL 2.'11 I. I! I.:H 1.0" !.21 I.Hi 0.::11 0.::15 o .3! 1.21 1.96 2.43 J5.&7
F"BRT BRAGG 7.G5 S.IS, 5.05 3.01S I. 3'> O.ss 0.06 0.27 O.::I! 2.96 I" 5, 7.3' 39.110
F"l!IRT BRAGG AV1AT1GN S.H 5.61 4.96 3.0' 1.37 0.51 O.OS 0.25 0.:15 2.97 I;'S6 7. !7 39.119
F"GRT J(jNES RA!<GEIl 5TA 4.Gt 2.5 1.7<; 0.99 1.01 o.eo 0.3' 0.4:1 0.36 1.62 3.02 ".37 2! .1l2
I'OI'lT RGSS II. 51 6.0! 4.91 3.29 1.27 0.53 0.05 0.22 0."16 2.78 S. I' 7.23 'It). 1>5
f'RESMCl WSG R loll 1.7; )'62 1.2- D.n 0.06 1:1.00 0.02 !l.0? 0.42 1.22 l . 71 l!)' 24
FRIANT GGV(RNMENT CAMP 2.31 2. Ii 2.0S 1.61 0.'16 D.O!! 0.01 0.00 0.11 0.63 I.G9 2.36 13.62
I"ULLERTGN "rLlCREST Rv 2.7! 2.'5 :2. III 1.23 O.lS 0.0' 0.03 0.06 0.17 0.27 !.S2 .LIO 13. ::l6
GASQUET RANGER 5TATIGN 17.7 12. j( 1!.01 6.34 4.62 1.00 O. 'I' 0.66 \.57 7.45 1'1.06 16.62 93.1>1
GeM LAKE :l.S 2.7 2.33 ! .67 0.95 0.'10 0.49 D.SS 0.56 0.9!! 2.1i' 3.49 20.33
GLENDALE STAPEN FC2!!SG 3.1l1 :1.'11 2.'19 1.5'5 C.HI 0.04 0.01 D.04 0.17 O.:U 2. "Ill ,Loll!! 16.11<1
GLfNOGRA WEST I'C I!!S 'l.01 3.6 3.17 2.01 0.33 0.1:3 0.02 0.05 0.2, 0.'19 2.'>' :}'IS lII.1l2
Gi!lD RUM ILl! 7.!le 7.7 'l.IlS 2.33 0.79 0.03 0.15 0.4 3 .1~ 7.411 11:).33 S7.0G
GRAMT GROVE 7.3 :7 .Ii !i.71l '1.BI 1.'5'5 0.:!9 0.06 0.011 0.5 1.'16 Ii. I~ 7.1>6 4:l.3'l
GRATGf; 9.SE 6.'" ". !I!; 3.2'5 0.114 0.36 0.03 D.n 0.3'5 2.!HI !"3 II.;;!O '12.:J:J
~GvELAND RANGER !;TA 7.0E S.1I 5. 'IS 3.83 1. 2E 0.37 O.O~ D.06 0.:1£ 1.62 4.1I~ 5.n 37. 'Ill
GUERNEV ILlE 10.9 7.55 5.76 3.69 I. I ~ D.:" 0.02 D.19 D.:!6 2.115 S.91l II. "Ia '1e.S2
WAINES CYM LGWER f"C364 '1.8 '1.11 3.'10 2.'16 0.'19 0.11 0.02 0.12 0.25 (l.S" :I.5~ :3. SO 2'1.011
~INES CYN UPPER f"C367
MAIWEE
5.5
1.06
5.4
1.H
:l.1l7
0.62
2.111
O.SO
O.5!l
0.1~
O. !2
0.07
a.O;;!
0.2~
0.13
0.2S
0.26
O. jQ
0.71
0.31>
"'.HI
O.II!
4.02
!.O!!
27.1>6
II. 1>0
WAL I" MGl!IN BAY !l.lll 3.M 3.25 2.14 0.70 0.2!! O.OS 0.11 0.2e 1."''1 2.92 4.61!\ 2'1.ISO
WANr(3RO 1.4 !.:H !.2:l D.Il? 0.2'> D.tH 0.01 (LOI o.oe 0.:10 D.9il 1.211 7.1I'l
WAI'PY CAMP R"'''GER 5TA 12.1 7.3 il.DIl 2.91 2.00 0.92 0.43 0.35 O.M 4.33 Il.S2 11.2'1 51!1.93
"",T CllE[K PW "c) I :I. IE 2.5~ I.IIS 1.36 1.2S 1.01 0.23 0.27 0.40 1.30 2.111 3.21! !1Il.filll
HAYFIELD PUMPING PL~NT 0.4 O.2! 0.2e 0.10 (J. 03 O.O;;! 0.26 0.'10 O. IS 0.2!l 0.2!! 0.4'" ,1. fill
WEALDSBURG 1l.IlE 6.7 4.n 3.2:1 (l.Il11 0.37 0.02 O. III 0.35 2.52 !i.'ll 8.011 42.35
WEMET I.e l. 7~ 1.79 !. III 0.20 0.03 0.12 0.23 (I. 3S 0."16 1.30 I.I!ID 10. lie

WENSHAW DAM 4.2 3.1 :l.IlB 2.33 O.S!) 0.07 O. !7 D.'1!! 0.25 C.70 2.!P 3.69 22.55
WERf;I<NOEl 2 MId 3.05 2.1I! 2.39 1.6~ 0.33 0.01l 0.03 0.02 O. I o.se l. 9~ ;1. II? !I\' 11
WETC~ WETCWY s.e! 4.1I! 4.1l1 :1.52 I. Iii 0.!!5 0.12 0.26 O.'l7 j,76 '1.11 1l.27 :1\>.35
WIl T$ 4.2~ 'l.5 !. 77 0.9~ I. II O.!!!:! D.2B 0.'11 0.'12 \.90 3.11 4.3~ 21.94
WG!I!:1Ul5 12.'1 9.3 6.S- ".1>1 1.46 D.!>I 0.02 0.22 0.'19 3.27 7.0 1 1.33 S7.46

WGEGEES n: 60 '" 7.3 1;'91 5.13 3.66 D.6e 0.20 O.O~ 0.09 0.27 0.8 '1.91 5.7;! 3§.79
wellL Isn:1! 1 I>W 2.6. 'l.1l 1.8 1.26 0.3.! 0.06 0.02 0.03 O. !7 D.!; LIP 2.51!1 1:11.27
gotHA 2.81 :t.1l! 2.55 I.S!I 0.31 0.05 0.03 !l.01 (J.1::1 0.41! l . 7(; 2.62 I!!>. II!
!MPERIAl 0.3 0.2 0.2C 0.10 0.01 0.00 (l.O7 0.35 O. H! o:u 0.22 0.4 2.3!1
IMDEPENOENU: !.H O.S 0.28 O.3~ 0.1::1 0.06 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.22 0.69 1.20 !"43
11'1016 U 5 OAT!: GARDEN a.4\! 0.21 0.211 0.11 0.0 0.00 O. I 0.40 0.2 0.21 0.41 0.1>2 :l.CO
IGI-JA ~1LL lD.H 7.36 !1.1I8 ".60 2.51 0.63 0.02 0.12 O.'S 2.115 11.75 11.22 !liL?2
IRGN f4(lU"T~JN 0."11 0.2C 0.26 O. !7 0.0 0.00 0.2!> 0.42 I), HI 0.3$ 0.22 D.:!I! 2.113
JCSS V~U!:Y I.II~ l . 71 1.69 Lilli 2.25 l.!l3 0.3~ 0.47 C.!>S l. 37 1.111 2.0S i7.IP
.JIJl'lCAl DAM 6.7 5.66 3.6 2.73 0.31 1l.06 0.01 0.00 0.:<2 !l. 49 :1.76 "l.ll! 2!!.19
KELSEYVILLE '>.7! 4.0 2.99 1.94 0.6 0.30 0.0 O. !O 0.2 1.5~ ::1.24 5."1.1 2G.27
IIENWIELD 11.:1 1./IC S.56 3.42 LDI! 0.39 0.01 O. II 0.31 2.1!1l !L6g Hl.Ot! <I!LI!II
KERN RIVC~ p" f;B i !. 7( I.B 1.5e !.!l5 O. :lE 0.07 0.01 0.02 O. I 0."15 !. 21 J.!>3 HI.!iI!
KETTLEMAN STATfBN J.l 1.2E 0.6e 0.67 0.26 0.03 0.02 O.O~ 0.05 0.21 O.IIS o.es 6.12
il.XNll CITY 2.11 i .11" ! .56 1.00 0.21 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.09 c.n LIS 1.90 10. 3 !II
 u
245

STATlGN JAN rEI! MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG srI' (!ICT NeV DEC ANNUAL

LA CR£SCENTA I'"C 251 B S.O 4.6 3.Hl 2.20 0.41 0.12 0.0! 0.06 0.22 0.57 3.20 3.!H 23. !7
LAGUNA !lEACH :2 .2e 2.2 1.7;; ! .23 0.20 0.30 0.01 0.02 0.16 0.33 1.56 1.6! 11.75
LAKE ARRewMEA!) !l. ! 1.6 6.20 4.11 1.00 0.11 0.16 0.44 0.55 ! .22 5.35 6.64 "I. S5
LAKEPflRT 6.1'1 ".3 3.29 2.20 0.70 0.34 0.03 0.14 0.16 1.90 3.1'12 ;;.10 29.90
lAKE SPAULDING 13.SC 9.6( 9.11 S.BS 3.38 I. !3 O. !7 0.33 0.56 ".31 8.96 12.65 69.55

lA MESA 2.2 I.BI 2.0e 1.09 0.26 0.06 0.03 0.10 0.15 0.42 1.56 2.07 II.S5
LA VERNE H'1'S ,C 560 C 3.5, 2.62 l.eo 0.06 0.03 0.07 0.20 2.93 17.110

"~
3.21 0.31 0.4'
LEIlEC <1. 1~ 2.5' 2.lD I .... 0.42 0.03 0.0' o.o~ 0.19 0.39 1.6 1.93 13.19
LECHUil'J. PT 5'1'A ~c 352!\ .,. !! 4.1 3.32 2.07 0.26 0.07 0.01 O.O~ 0.10 0.37 :I .2' 3.46 22.21
LE GRANO 2.3 2.0! 1.86 1.4" 0.45 0.07 0.00 0.01 0.09 O.!P !. 72 2.3 12.97

L!:Mi;!N CGVE 2.41 2.2( 1.85 1.51 O. "IS O. !3 0.01 0.02 0.16 0.55 1.61 2.31 13.32
LIN~SAY
LIVERMORE CGU~TY ,. 0
2.0(
2.9
!. B!
2.21
1.67
1.67
1.37
1.33
0.43
0.46
0.06
0.12
0.02
G.02
0.03
0.03
O. IS
0.12
0.38
0.6
1.4
1.97
1.85
2.7-
11.26
14.50
UlCl<WflGO 2 N 2.7 2.5 2.05 1.29 0.27 0.03 0.01 0.02 O. 11 0." 1.56 2.es 13.93
LOO! 3.2 2.3 2.22 1.,8 0.51 O. !3 (1. 02 0.03 0.21 0.92 ;2.12 3.02 16.34

LG"IG 11("'04 PUB SVC 2.7 2.S! 1.66 1.13 0.10 O.O~ 0.00 0.02 O. ! ! 0.21 I.73 1.92 12.46
Ull'lG !lEACH WS(l :2 .2€ 2. II 1.,0 0.89 0.07 0.0 0.00 0.02 0.09 0.19 1.3B 1.65 10.25
UIS ALAMI!S 2. !II 2.7\ 2.56 1.65 0.26 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.1 I 0.4 1.7! ~."- 1".94
LGS ANGELES WSIl R 2.5, 2.3 1.7! l.lD O.OB 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.22 1.76 1.75 11.!Hl
UlS ANGELES CIVIC CTI< R 3.0( 2.7 2.19 1.27 0.13 0.03 0 00 O.O~ 0.17 0.27 2.02 2.16 1".05

LGS BAN!!S I.S! 1 ... e 1.16 0.97 0.30 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.16 0.53 1.16 1.'19 1:1.90
L!!S @ATGS ;, .O( 4.7C 3.60 2.36 0.60 o .()7 0.01 0.02 0.20 1.36 3.25 5.37 27.74
LGS PRIETtlS RANGER STA 4.6 4.2S 3.29 2.33 0.29 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.10 0.43 2.91 3.5S 21.92
L '(oLE CREEK RA"GER ST'" 7.4 6.0 5.26 3.26 0.52 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.22 0.77 4.57 S.09 33.39
MADoRA 1.6 1.6S 1.50 I. 41 0.4'\ 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.09 O. 'i' 1.35 1.63 10.70

MARICG"'''' 0.9 0.95 0.7! 0.7' 0.21 0.02 0.00 0.0! O. !3 0.26 0.71 0.7 5.47
I"iARIPt35'" 5.2 4.7£ '4049 3.0' 1.05 0.25 0.02 0.01 0.33 1.27 4.03 5.50 30.02
MARYSV!L LE 4.3 3.31 :2.4' 1.92 0.60 0.23 0.01 0.06 0.22 1 ... ' ;<.71 3.62 20.97
M:: CUlUO 10.0 7.n 5.76 4.12 2.50 1.36 0.25 0.39 0.77 3.62 7.16 9.00 52.77
MECCA nRE 5 TAT!(lN O. "I! 0.21 0.23 0.07 0.03 0.00 0.1" 0.4S O. HI 0.25 0.30 0.44 2.76

M!:NDIHA DAM 1.2 1.2, 1.1! 0.9 0.30 0.0" 0.01 0.00 0.10 0.3' 0.90 1.21l 7.54
MERCED ,. IRE STAT HlN 2 2.2 1.9 1.7, 1.41 0.45 0.07 0.01 0.02 O. I! 0.55 1.61 2.09 12.22
M!DOLETI!lIoOi 10.S! 7.5 5.32 3.60 1.00 0.35 0.01 a .IS 0.31 2.63 5.53 9.56 46.S3
MJNf:RAL 10.01 7.3, 6.07 4.;26 2.61 1.63 0.09 0.47 0.S6 4.41 7.15 9.S6 54.52
MGOESTtl 2.1! 1. 81 1.6' 1.36 0.38 0.07 0.02 0.04 0.16 0.62 1.52 2.10 11.87

MGJ"'Vf: 1.0 1.01 0.99 0.37 0.0'. 0.03 0.06 0.0' 0.16 0.20 0.90 1.05 S.77
Mi;!IlClNGIl VI'lLlf:Y 1.91 l . 0, 1.03 0.'16 0.07 0.01 0.37 0.32 0.29 0.30 1.0 !. 41 I!. 26
NT SALOY PC BSG 6.71 6.0, 4.61 3.26 0.5& 0.11 0.10 O.IS 0.4 0.97 "l. <;9 5.43 32. !Ill
Mi;!UNT HAMIL TON 4.41 ... O~ 3.51 2.36 0.79 0.22 0.01 0.03 0.08 !.!l 3.25 4.83 24.70
MGUNT HE!ll'10N R5 1.4 1.2C 0.88 0.B7 1.10 0.99 0.37 0.35 0.50 1.05 1.60 2.03 12."1

Mi;!UNT 5101 "'5 '1'A WSO //I'l 5.G! 5.61 '1.1l3 3.05 1.67 I.DB 0.32 0.3! 0.69 2.5 S.Il!! 5.2!:. 37. "9
Mi;!UNT .. nSilN ,C 336 I> // 6.3! 6.06 4.69 3.17 0.45 0.09 0.0" O. II 0.29 0.9S 4.6- 4.S0 31.66
f'U ! R IoIGIlD5 e.3 s,' 4.40 2.75 1.0B 0.43 0.01 0.14 0.30 2.06 ".73 7.!>4 37.34
,,"'PA STArr HOSPITAL S. 3~ 3.72 3.IlS 1. 98 0.66 0.26 0.01 0.06 0.19 1.59 2.99 4.90 24.80
Nl':EOLES ,"'''' AJRPClR'1' 0.4 0.32 0.36 0.28 0.05 0.01 0.36 0.72 0.2B 0.3~ 0.35 0.46 4.06

NEVADA CITY 11.2( 8.'19 7.33 4.8 2.20 0.60 O.O~ 0.12 0.46 3.02 I'i. 93 11l.2!! !>S.52
Nl':W1'1I'11< 3.2 2.29 2.03 1.28 0.4 0.11 0.02 0.0 O.H 0.66 I.SO 2.77 14.95
NE\.JHALL SIlLEOAO f'C32CE 3.6 3.6 2.52 1.7 0.22 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.09 0.36 2.60 2.62 17.1>5
NE~" 2 ...... 2.09 1.IlS 1.39 1.16 D.:!! 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.12 0."6 I. 37 1.82 1Il. j;7
I'lEWPGRT e[ACW HAReOR 2.09 2.lE 1.61 1.29 0.15 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.15 0.26 ! .!;J 1. 75 I LOll

NILAND 0.3 0.:2" 0.20 0.09 0.00 O.so 0.15 0.30 o .IS O. !7 0.23 0.42 2.26
l'!(!RTH ,Gill< RANGER S'fA 5.9 5.2 '1.66 3.60 1.35 0.30 0.05 0.02 0.37 I. 23 '1.22 .... 2::1 33.46
GAK KNillLL RANGER 51A 5.0 2.69 2.26 1.21l 1.!1 0.76 0.32 0."0 0.45 2.06 :l.:l~ !;'17 2!;' 1Cl
Il"KLANO WSIl R 4.0 2.1l 2.32 1.56 0.55 0.14 0.01 0.03 O.IS 1.0!! 2.37 3.!17 Ill. 1M,
OCClOEN'fAl 12.26 Il. IS 6.2l 4. ! l 1.4 0.60 0.03 0.26 0.51 3.36 I;. 72 10.35 54.0!!

OCtlHLLO WELL~ 0.'1 0.3 0."1 D.H! 0.03 0.01 0.13 0.45 O.H) 0.32 0.32 0.11 :3.4!;
GJ"'I ".6 "i.1 2.9B 2.06 0.31 O.O~ 0.02 0.01 0.16 0.39 2.7 3.2. 20.77
~"If'GI': C(lVE 2.3C 2.0e LIlO L'I3 D.:!1l D.1l7 0.0! 0.01 0.12 0.'19 I. "6 2.2;' 12. '10
IlRICK PRMRI~ CREEK PK 13.06 !l.9E B.50 ".Il!> 3.71 l. 2~ D.36 0.67 1.16 5.56 10.05 1 Lila 70.11
IlRlANQ 4.09 3.0, 2.25 1.63 0.5 0.39 0.0- o .Hi 0.29 1.05 2.61 3.S) 111.71

ClRL!:AN5 lO.e 6.6, S.BB 3.09 2.32 0.79 0.19 0.3S 0.71 4.03 7.99 10.4) 53.211
OROVILLE IlR!OOf: 5. BE 4.3 3.5;' 2.52 O.9f 0.39 0.01 a.os 0.30 1.7 3.1> ".96 211. 39
IlXMARO 3.1 :2. 7~ 2. II! ! .36 O. Ie O.D~ 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.27 1. 1!7 ;L47 1".25
PACloe HilUS!: SI.SS 7.1, 7.05 4.1l7 2.46 D.!!2 D.O O.lI'l 0.3 2.88 6.77 9.3! !>1.311
PACtllMA DAM n:: 33 Aa.r 4.De 3. 'IE 2.95 2.04 0.37 0.12 0.02 0.12 0.26 0.!>3 2.63 2.67 IS.39

PFHCINE5 IlHRiJAU RANCH 3.0, 2.6( 2.21 1.4~ 0."1 0.0'1 0.02 0.0. O. !7 O.!il! l.e5 3. !O I!>. "Ill
PALMDALE !. "f 1.3 1.lIl 0.65 O. OS 0.02 O.OS 0.15 0.15 0.3. 1.0! 1.32 7.1IJ7
PALM SPRINGS 1.1 0.6! O.1l3 ().2~ 0.0 0.00 D.2 O.2~ 0.21', 0.20 0.66 1.01 5.33
PALO i'lL TIl JR MUSEUM :3.3. 2.3 1.99 1.2!l 0."3 0.06 0.02 0.D2 I),! :I 3.n
PAl(lMA S.O 4.2' 3.4 2.!! O.SI O.OB 0.02 0.03 0.11
0.63
0.69 ,I.
!. !IS
"II! 4.14
!1>.37
22.94

PAL~MAR NT BBSERVATflRY 4.t!! .4.6! 4.70 2.51 (1. 'Ie 0.07 0.36 0."17 0.36 0.79 3.07 4.56 21;' III
PALGS VERDES EST F'C.II30 2.3 2.2! I.IP 1.02 D.OQ 0.0'1 0.00 0.00 a.O!! 0.2- 1.i'l3 1.7 11.011
PARKER RESERV31R O.S! 0.4)( 0.57 0.28 0.0 0.02 0.30 (1. 53 0.39 0.30 0.42 0.% 4.35
PARKf'IELO 2.91! 2.9 2.39 !.S7 0.36 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.16 0."1 1.711 2.1'11 1~.43
PASAOENA "1.0 3.81 2.68 !.!l3 0.29 O. !O 0.01 0.1l6 O. !6 0.4< 2. Ii! 2.83 1®.90
 246

STA'fl~N .JAN n:1l MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG sn' !jeT Mev ore AHNUAL

PASKENTA RANGf:R !iTA "1.6 3.7 2.73 2.03 0.713 D.!;!l 0.07 0.16 0.22 L:lO 2.!! "1.22 23.49
PAS(l R(lIlLES 3.0 2.SI 1.1l£1 I ."I~ 0.27 ().a;! O.OS 0.02 0.11 0.42 l.\\! 2.6 14.17
PATTIWAY !.!; I.e l.Sl !.26 0.27 0.03 0.02 0.0:l 0.2 0.42 I. IS 1.2 II. 54
Pl!:TALUMII r Hlle STA 2 5.7 :l.II( 3.00 l.gll 0.43 0.23 0.01 0.06 O. IS 1.3 3.10 4.711 2"1.69
PIMNACLI!:S NIH MilNUi1!:NT 3.0 2.111 2.56 1.5.7 0.36 0.06 0.03 0.02 O. II O.!)7 1.77 2.!!3 15.81

PLACERVILLE 7.e S./H s. In :I.71l 1.65 0.<11 0.02 0.01l 0.26 2.12 S. III 7.0~ 311.79
PT ARGUELL(l LXG~T STA 2.5 2.5 2.27 1.'1<1 0.21 0.0 (lo 03 0.01 0.06 0.71 1.;>6 2.32 D.70
PO!N, PI(O~~S eLANC~S "'1.2 :l.Il( 3.1 1.60 0.<12 0.0 0.02 0.0 0.09 0.01 2.2 3.73 20.35
PGMGNA CAL PGLY 3.31 2.9 2.7 1.60 0.25 O.OS 0.02 0.05 0.19 0.'12 2.10 2.71 11;.45
PGRTERVILLE I .9~ 1.7 1.62 1.30 0.39 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.13 0.42 1.35 1.71 10.69

PGRTtlLA "'I.2~ "3.DC 2.46 1.51 1. !7 0.76 0.39 0.22 0.23 1.3E 2.7~ 4.00 22.12
PI'JTT!:R VALL!:Y PH 10 .2 6.'1 s.oo 3.07 1.39 0.49 0.05 0.20 0.47 2.6' 1).11 '1.25 '15.66
PI<!fST VALLEy 3.6 3.6! 3.12 1.99 0.'17 0.0' O.OS 0.01 O. !6 0.60 2.36 :l.SO IS.lll
QUINCY 6.6 6.3 5.0 3.37 I. 79 0.!!9 0.13 0.26 0.46 2.71 5.20 7.57 42.'17
RANCHjTA 1.9 \ . III 2. H; I.H 0.30 O.Il~ 0.77 0.9S 0.36 0.61 1.43 2.211 lJ.ell
RANOSBURIl. 1.11 1.0! 0.6' 0.45 0.0' 0.02 0.09 0.22 0.16 0.23 0.70 0.9 5.65
RED ElL U" WSG R 4."Ie 3. ! 2.51 1.79 0.98 0.47 O.O~ D. HI 0.31 1.17 3.05 3.91 22.06
R!:DD!NG nilE ST" Nfl 2 e.3' 5.6 4.56 3.09 ! .6 1.07 0.06 0.26 0.56 2.20 5.35 7.'13 <10.55
R!:DLANDS :2.3; 2.0! 2.07 1.34 0.3' 0.06 0.08 O. I' 0.30 0.46 1.'>5 1.9S 12.71
REOW(lGO CITY 4.5 3.1 :2.43 1.53 O. '16 0.'19 0.02 0.02 0.17 0.9; 2.3~ 4.De 19.70

REPR[SA 4.2 3.2_ 3.0' <,.02 0.92 0.21 0.00 O.DS 0.19 l. 23 2.99 3.57 2.1.75
RivERSIDE F IRI': !iTA. 1'3 I.BI 1.7! 1.53 1.0, 0.21 0.03 (l.oa 0.10 0.21 0.30 1.17 1.69 9.92
I'lIKKLI'" "1.71 3.61 3.16 2.09 0.7 0.2! 0.00 0.04 0.20 1.30 2.ge 3.135 22.119
SACRAMENTS WSG R 3.7 2.6e 2. !7 1.5<1 O.!>I 0.10 0.01 I). OS 0.19 0.99 2.13 3.12 j 7 .22
SAl"', ~fLENA !l.3( S.6( 4.011 2.59 0.73 0.29 0.03 0.11 0.2~ 2.11 4.27 7.0S 3S. "'lO

SAlN, MARYS CGLLEG[ 6.2( '1.3 3.52 2.37 0.62 0.20 0.0, o.q,> 0.20 1.67 3.se s.sa 26.S5
Si'lL INA5 1'1'11\ I'll' 2.7 2.31 1.9 1.35 0.31 0.08 0.02 0.0 0.21 0.53 1.513 2.66 !:l.BI
SAL T SPRINGS PI$! HGUSE 9.S 6.2 6.17 4.20 2.33 0.76 0.09 0.22 0.6! 2.26 5.79 6.17 45."'10
SAN BERNARDING ell HGSP 3.11 2.S! 2. 'IS 1.62 O.'1S 0.1 j 0.0 o. to 0.31 0.51 1.93 2.60 16. !1
SAN CLEMENTE DAM '1.5, 3.91 3.19 2.02 0.45 0.09 0.0! 0.03 O. !Il 0.72 2.39 ~. !2 2!.75
,
5ANDB(RG PTL rC130!\ 2.7( 3.21 .1! 1.65 0.35 0.0 0.03 O. !O 0.22 0.38 2.46 2.HI IS.""
SANDSERG W5S //R 2. I! 2.4!· 1.. 33 I. !2 0.25 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.2! 0.3' 2.05 ! .95 11.97
Si'lN DIEGG W51l 11 I.S! 1 . .0;( I.SS O.el O.lS 0.05 0.01 0.07 O. !3 0.3' 1.25 I. 73 9.45
SIIN OI~S f"IRE wo ,C95 3.61 3.2 2.76 1.79 0.25 (l.OS 0.03 0.07 0.16 0.43 2.2, 2.75 17.42
SAN !'"(RNANOG 3.3! 3.01 2.52 1.66 0.21 0.06 0.02 0.0' 0.12 0.37 2.2l :2. '!' 16.12

SA'" FRANCISC" WSIl

5 F" n:OER"L 8LDG. WSC'l
R
R
4.3
4.S
3.0
2.9
2.5,,-
2.77
! .59
! .63
0."" 0.13 0.0! 0.03 0.16 0.98 2.29 3.96 19.53
0.5' O. !7 0.0! O.OS O. !7 I. 06 2.GO 4.18 20.66
SAN GAIlRIE:L CAMY0N PH 4.S! 3.9 3.36 2.06 0.3S O. !7 0.02 0.07 0.21 0.'19 2.69 3.35 2!.30
SAN (JABR IEL OM rC42SBE 6.0 S.H ~.O! 2.& O.~I 0.09 0.02 O.OS 0.20 0.73 3.60 '1.46 27.46
SAN GABRIEL fIRE DEPT 3.7! 3.2 2.69 1.65 0.16 0.06 0.01 0.06 0.16 0.39 2.211 .63 ! 7.12

SAN JACINT(l 2.0( ! .9, 1.96 !.H! 0.2' 0.04 O. !2 0.23 0.31 0.52 I. 'I! 1. 7S ! l.6S
SAN J!lSE R 2.61 2.21 j .96 1.22 0.35 0.013 0.01 0.019 0.13 0.64 1.66 2.50 13.65
SA" LU!S (lIlJ5P(l PC'lLY '1.6C 4.0 3.25 2.26 0.3< O.OS 0.0 0.01 0.15 0.69 2.56 3.95 21. 92
SAN MATECl 4.2 2.BS .2 .4\7 1.56 O.S 0.12 0.0 0.03 O.H !. OS 2.S1 3.SS 19. !;)
SANTA ANA f"JRE STIHItlN 2.6 .2 .45 2.01 1.32 O. IS 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.1 0.26 1.70 2.16 !2.92

SANTA A"ITA fl!:RN Fe'!:!2 6.2 S.96 4.47 3.17 0."5 O. !4 0.06 0.07 o .2S O.BI <l.19 <I.1l ::10.65
SAN,A !\ARllARA 3.9 3.4 2.61 I.eo 0.27 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.07 0.36 2.16 2.66 17.41
Si'lNTA eMlflAR'" F"AA AI' 3.<1 3.02 2.39 1.5" 0.16 0.03 0.0 a.Ol 0.07 0.35 1.1l'l ,1. 49 I!L 53
SANTA CLI'lRA UNlvERSny 2.9 2.2 2.02 1.28 0.35 0.0; 0.01 0.04 0.13 ().6~ l. 73 2.71 14. IS
SAN,A CRUZ 6.7 5.26 4. !6 2.52 D.!!! 0.20 0.02 0.07 0.2 1.27 J.1l1 5.23 31. 37

SANTA MARGARHA 5W 6.4 5.S9 'I.71l 3.12 0.60 0.01l

SANTA MARIA WSG
51'11'1,1'1 Mi:lNXCA
" R 2.2!
2.9
2.40
2.e
1.96
2.10
1.31
!.29
0.19
0.09
0.0'1
0.03
0.05
0.03
O.OJ
0.01
0.02
0.06
0.22
0.10
0.06
1.06
Ilo52
0.211
:l.IlS
I. :l6
2.0'
11.02
2.05
2.21l
31.110
1;1.25
14.13
SANTA Mi:lN rCA P!ER 2.S 2.4 !. 67 1.07 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.0 0.011 0.26 l.s6 2.09 12.3!>
Si'lNTA RGSA 6.6( '1.5 3.70 2.!iS 0.7:! 0.:12 0".01 0.13 0.27 1. (l7 3.7 !I.e7 30.!>4

SAUGUS PWR PL N~ I 3.:31:. 3.1~ 2.17 1.62 0."10 0.07 0.03 0.05 o .1Q 0.<16 2.50 2.e3 17.IiS
SCIHJA 9.n 7.'1 6. !~ :l.s:! l. 7S 0.66 0.05 o.n O.~3 3.;;0 7.<13 9.26 1>0.36
SEARSv XL LE LAA[ 6.0 4.1 :l.90 2.'15 0.70 D.ll 0.0! 0.0 0.25 1.36 3.5 5.115 213. :17
5!ERfUiYJLLE RANGER 5iFV/' 5.31 :l.1l 2.1'15 !.70 1.35 0.61 0.29 0.25 O. 3~ 2.H :l.62 ".!Ie 27.211
SIGNAL " ILL rc "lIS 2.3, 2.3 I. 79 1.06 O. !O 0.05 0.00 0.02 O. I I 0.20 1.6 1.75 11. 46

SKAGGS Sf'G!> LAS L(l~5 13.3 9.7S 7.23 <1.66 1.59 0.61 0.0 0.26 0.4 "l.OS 1.11 12.06 61.64
$N(lW CtlEEK UPPEI'1 :1 .J! I.e 1.69 0.9 0.12 C).D2 O. " 0.53 0.3 O.SO 1.65 2. I~ 12.52
SONORA RS 5.6 'I.se ~.92 3. !9 1.19 0.33 0.0 0.05 O. 3~ !. 49 '1.21 5.61 31.94
5ll [NTRANCE YI3SEMITr 1,,2 7.0S 6.39 '1.50 LBO 0.56 o.oe 0.07 0.5 2.03 6.33 S.H '1.,.79
SPRfCKfLS HWY SRIOGE 2.7! 2.3 2. 11 1.32 0.36 il.OB 0.02 0.02 O.2C 0.'17 L55 2.75 1"l.O~

SQUJRR£L INN 2 7.5! 7. IE 6. !7 'I. IS 1.00 0.14 O. !3 0.30 0.1>1 1.20 4.96 t>.23 311.1>3
STGCK TGN wse 2.e! 2.1 I l.eG 1.37 0.42 0.07 0.01 0.03 0.1 0.12 1.72 2.68 1"1.17
ST(JCKTIlN ,IRE 5TA NO 4 ;2 .91 2.21 2.00 1.45 0.'!7 0.11 0.01 0.02 0.17 0.68 1.!it> 2.71 1'1.13
ST(lN'rT8RO RANGER STA 4.7 3.S 2.32 1.60 0.S3 0.'10 0.02 0.15 0.2 L29 2.5S 4.31 21.tH'
5TClNY G(JI'IGE RrSfRv(lIFl 4.2 :I.H 2.20 1.59 0.59 0.45 0.02 O.H O.iS l. !2 2.41 3.76 Ill. 69

SUSANVILLE AIRP!lRT :1.76 I . 9~ 1.26 0.73 0.7 0.17 0.23 0. IS 0.3_ 1.15 !. 70 2.6 14 ... 9
TAHIlE CITY 6.7S ~.SS 3.92 2.33 1.43 0.66 0.25 0.29 0.4 l. 91 '1.10 6.39 33.13
TrJIlN RANC"" !. 7C I.e! 1.16 1.70 0.49 0.07 0.01 O.O~ 0.1 0.51 1.3 LSS 11.22
THERMIIL f'AiI AIIlP!lRT O.3e 0.2. 0.26 (l. 06 0.02 0.00 0.1 0.33 0.1, 0.21 0.33 0.47 2.;;"
THREE >lv«, EOIS(lN P" ;2 3.9 3.31 3. IS 2.S;; 0.79 O.Hl 0.02 0.0' o .2C 0.67 2.40 3.71 .2 1. 12
 247

STATmN JAN n:1l MAR APR MAY JUN ,",UL AUG SEP !!leT N!!IV DEC ANNUAL

TIGER CRECK PH 8.11 !>.7 6.61 4.53 Lin 0.110 o.os 0.12 0.35 2.4 I;' as !l.S I 41l.92
Tl!lPANGA PA'fRGL STili rC5 5. Be "'l.1l 3. '15 2.11 0.20 0.03 0.02 0.07 0.09 0.35 3.2a 3.76 23.eo
Tl!lRRANCE 2.7 2.5£ 1.73 1.05 0.08 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.10 0.16 1.79 ! .94 12.21
TR!!INA O.7! 0.7C 0.'14 0.22 O.O~ 0.06 0.19 0.15 O.D {). !3 0.52 0.'10 3.69
TRUCKEE RA"GER STATmN 6.6 4.5 '1.00 2.'1S 1.'19 0.73 0.35 0.30 0.31 I.B'I 3.115 6.1'1 32.82

TULELAKE //R 1.15 I.oe 0.64 0.61 1.2fl 1.16 0.2'1 0.3'1 0."12 0.97 1. 21l I.!;!; 10.91
TURL OCI< 2.2 I.e 1.67 1.35 0.33 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.12 0.56 1.49 1.91 11.57
TUSTI,., IRVINE ~ANC'" 2. "Ie 2.2 I .1l2 l . 3~ 0.18 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.17 0.30 1.56 I.g!! 12.05
~NTYN!N[ PALMS 0.4 o .IS 0.25 0.12 0.05 0.02 0.52 0.69 0.33 0.'16 0.3! 0.42 3.79
TWIN LAAES 9.56 6.S 6.90 4.64 2.G2 1.23 O.GI D.72 0.73 2.56 6.13 11.59 5!.13

I)I<!"'''' a .5e 5.6 4.38 2.72 0.9a 0.33 0.05 0.1"1 0.26 2.17 "1.99 B.02 36.43
UN!!!!N (lIL 5TEARMS "'IlS :3 .os 2.6 2.22 1.36 0.23 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.13 0.3<1 1.78 2.34 14.22
I) C L A 3.6S 3.2 2.51 1.52 0.15 0.0'1 0.01 0.06 0.01l 0.33 2.36 .e.~~ 16.4ll!
uPL ",M!) :I N 4.oe 3.6S 3.16 2.01 0.43 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.2' 0.61 2."17 3.24 ;;W. I!
UPPER LA~E 7 W B.a 6.3 5.1:1 3.21 1.16 0.49 0.03 0.21 0.27 2."11 5.51 7.92 41.48

UPPE R MA TT!!IL E 16.S II. !Ie 9.3< 5.76 2.97 0.71 0.16 0.45 0.79 6.01 1!.'l3 14.66 61.32
VACAVILLE G. I ... !C 2.79 1.95 D.!'>' O.H 0.01 0.02 0.29 I. 'IS 2.96 S. !7 25.56
VAL Y(RM(! 1l""GER 5T" 1.IH 2.0 I. 15 0.75 0.12 0.00 0.22 0.25 0.21 0 .. 36 !. 33 1.50 9.93
VAN NUYS n: IS" 3.21 3.0 2.22 !. 51 0.17 0.03 0.01 0.09 0.10 0.30 2.16 2.32 IS.26
VENTl%IA 2.a 2.55 2.30 1.29 O. I' O.O~ 0.01 0.00 0.0" 0.26 1.87 :2 .16 13.56

VICTI3IlV!Ll!: PUMP PLANT

VINe!:!'" F'lRE STIl ,CI2(J
D.IH
1.5
0.61
I. '15
0.69
1. !7
D.".
0.69
0.07
0.11
0.03
0.03
O. !O
0.10
a .11l
0.26
0.22
0.16
0.25
0.3
0.67 0.74 S.06
a.42
1.2" 1.3"1
V!NTtlN ". 'IS 1.6 !. 3. (J.90 0.97 0.72 0.31 0.2" 0.2!! O. !iP I .1;7 2.23 13.75
V!SALIA 1.7 1.6e 1.39 1.16 0.31 0.05 0.0! 0.01 0.09 0.36 1.14 1.!,>6 !l. 53
veLLMCIlS 13.0S 10.71 7.59 5.63 2.69 1.53 O. 11 0."17 0.91 4.61 9.73 11.70 lIle.91l

veL TI'I f'tlWER ..,GUSE 5.9, '1.5 3.e 3.£2 2.13 l.ID o.oe O.:!I 0.52 2.10 'i.7S 5.71 34.22
WAllACE I Sf: 3. BC 2.8 3.12 2.16 0.65 0.16 O.I)! Cl. 04 O. Ie 0.91 2.63 3."10 19.90
WALNUT CRE:E~ <1 ESE 4.S 3.2, 2.5' 1.67 0.60 0.12 O.DI 0.03 O. !< 1.15 2.S9 '1.15 20.7\l
WALNUT PTL STIl 'CI02e 3.2 2.e 2.'18 1.51 0.21 0.05 0.02 D.O' O. !7 0.30 1.93 2."15 !5.23
WARNER SPR!NGS 2 ... e 2.2£ 2.3 1.39 0.32 0.05 0.52 1.00 0.33 0.55 1.65 2.17 !5.07

WASCI:! 1.\, I. l! 0.92 o.BS 0.23 0.07 0.02 0.00 O.D7 0.21 0.70 D.1l1 6.11:1
WATSIlf'lV!LU: WATf:IlW(JR~S 'I." 3.6, 2.92 1.90 0.45 0.11 0.02 0.04 0.26 0.90 2.67 4.34 21.70
WEI'IVERvIllE RANGER STA e.J! 5.31 3.SS 2.33 1.51 0.S2 0.15 0.36 0.49 2.63 5.52 7."16 3B.61
WEST"'Avrl'< l. 2C l. 21 D.1l1l 0.7'1 0.26 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.06 0.29 0.76 0.97 6.6'1
.... JTTlER CTY " I"C 106C 2.9 2.7! 2.25 1.'10 D.n 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.13 0.28 !. 79 :2 .J!; 13.95

W!LLGWS 3.7, 2.S! 1.91l 1.50 0.53 0.3'6 0.01 0.14 0.22 0.91l 2.3' 3.26 11.9'1
WlPiTERS 4.7S 3.3 2.30 \.&0 0.44 O. HI 0.01 0.03 0.19 1.03 2.37 4.03 20.25
WIlF I" (!RO M£IG..,TS 2.3E 1.9, 1.'19 0.64 O. !7 0.05 0.06 0.20 0.1' 0.26 1.111 2.05 10.70
WIlClOFIlROS 3.9. 2.4( 2.01 1.25 0.93 0.51 0.49 0.45 0.57 1.26 2.92 3.g!', 20.li9
WIlGOLAND I WNW 3.65 2.7 2.07 1.54 0."9 O.IS 0.00 0.04 0.11l D.IIIl :2 .12 3.25 17.2/l

Wl<JGJ.lTS lO .OE 7.S! 5.97 3.66 1.20 0.30 0.02 1).07 0.41 2.41 1>.73 1l.1I0 41;' 'II
YeRIlA L 1"01'1 2.6 2.6 2.2< 1.35 0.21 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.20 0.29 1.60 2.31 14.04
YGSEMITE PAR~ HEAOQTRS 6.51 5.5 5.10 3.50 1.55 0.56 0.27 0.16 O.SO ! .50 4.91 1;';15 :n.I'I
YflEKA 3.S' 2.0 1."13 0.67 0.98 0.90 0.31 a.S6 0.41 1.48 2.:lIJ 3.112 11'- 63
 248

Degree Day rma!s

;;;TIilTl9N .JUL AUG !iE~ !'JeT N(9V D[C M!'ly .JUN ANMUAL

AI, OCm>IlI!NT lO !9 :3! 177 'Ill !!itla 1i\2~ '1~15 4~7 3D? 1I;S Ii! 32110
AI, TUMS MMGE:!ll !iT~Tll!jN 64 106 230 515 ?!'IS 1(126 61S 400 210 67GS
~T!~H rI!'IRE:!'IeARO I'll 0 0 '7 715 333 S61 SII6 :iWO 76 23 2627
~ Mi!lUNTA!N 0 0 () 74 303 539 S7'" <!!>D 112 HI 2673
f!U!\ERl'lY 1 _ D 0 W l'l"l '114 629 IPO 319 I'll 47 3405

IlUI!IURN D Ii II 11'1 35'1 5116 623 465 ~37 21l!> 133 35 3()'17
AVAl!!>4 PlE:ASUf.lE PIER 61 % 60 107 1112 30'1 345 291 2115 ;<25 111;1) wo 2192
I!IA"E:RSF"lElO WSIl 0 0 0 55 275 530 543 3S3 266 1'10 22 0 21llS
eARRETT DAM 0 (l III 91l 29! 471 SI!! "'14 391 247 127 '10 21;16
!;A>lSTflW 0 a 0 Be J"12 sa6 !Hifl 'Ill'> 326 !6"1 27 a 2!'>47

1!I!:<'illMi!lNT I E a II 15 115 30"1 47"1 !>:lO "''''5 "'3"i 284 144 47 2601
I!IEIO!f(ELE:Y Ill! loa 77 125 2711 "1% 4e7 3!;1l 353 2!l2 214 137 2!iln
!lISHGI' WSll
Il<.UE CANYeN WSeJ 27
0
~6
is "'4
we
256
3"11
~79
615
509
603
ells
!H!7
65S
773
!'H'lO
637
337
633
14S
425 197
31l "1313
5704
Il<.YTHE 0 0 0 9 150 360 377 226 U'I 32 0 0 1270

!II. ¥THE fAI'l AIIIPI'IRT 0 0 0 Q 122 336 363 2115 JOG 33 0 0 I1<l4
OOCA 1102 22S 363 626 ee2 1159 1271 105G 1032 759 S5G 345 1:1438
OOI'HTA 12 11 23 73 176 322 3150 21le 213 161 99 !l8 IIl104
OO~ DAM 40 72 li!1l 383 651 8")6 \lIS 792 1;137 642 '152 224 !>!l!j2
OOAWLE'!' 2 !;W D us 31'1 '13
" 7 350 212 1111 l!61
() (j 0

I!IRIlBK5 I'"AAr;HAM RANCH D !l 16 U7 375 601 6n '156 406 2!Hl WI> 13 2!1116
WRtlAl'<K IlALLE'!' PMP PI, T () (j !l 53 H,Il ::l20 356 213 247 159 !H) 36 1701
WTT!!>4WII,U!lW 0 (j 0 113 346 601 623 420 :l1O 158 211 I> 2!pa
CALAVE'iA5 !lIG TREES 61 107 !:l8 386 636 l!22 ~74 750 nl4 S06 "Ill 201 5736
CAMP PAROCE (j 0 0 !!l 324 57D 6!&J 442 397 2% 97 22 2793
CANY@N 0_ 5!! 89 20'1 502 I!IO'l 1039 1 Hl7 SD'1 !l90 64!! 434 222 6901
CEDARV!LLE III 33 151! 461 774 !020 !097 846 603 !l4B 341 l\',!) E12S5
CENTERVILLE PH 0 0 I> 106 366 SSIl 1!l1'l "'419 '1()3 2 'Ill 100 IS 2695
OUCG EXPERIMEMT 5TA 0 !l I> 103 372 I>OS 6211 "'''12 391 22!l 71i 13 2!11>5
CNUU'I VISTA 27 13 :IS 9'1 201l 336 3e4 31'1 304 216 1"'4 iii 1 2U,2

CUljREMGi'IT PI!IMGNA ellL (l 0 IS 1'0 203 :JIOIJ 'ill> 329 3!!; 209 102 "'4 2071
CA.AfilKSIlUIW 0 0 10 122 :l9D 614 645 4419 304 23!l 97 23 2971
CA.I'1VERDAU: :3 SSE 0 0 l! lOO 312 524 55!! 6)DO 372 254 lOll ;n 261!l1>
eel'll. INGI'> 0 0 0 196 333 ;;70 !i92 "'12 347 lSI! 52 B 2!Hl2
CBL!'""''' 0 II 1'1 164 40'1 59B iS4!l 12 SOS 3% 177 11;2 :H'I1
CCl!.UlIlI 1 SSW 0 7
,I g$,g
1
0 99 375 1S05 0l2i3 4}2~ 3 Ii!; Sf) II 271'18
eeRGN'"
~E5CEr<T CITY 1 N
CUL VER CITY
0
213
23
19B
0

IS
!l
HIS
24
Ii"
301
70
;;01
'Ill
1&17
353
S;;'I
;<152
3!l(J
5(;4
:lOS
3Nl
~73
252
ell!;
!3i~
242
I 173
4'14
Ie)
Ill!
~!i7
1111
25
249
67
lin!;
4'1~

17U
CUYAMilCA IS 2:1 77 :JlO !l61 7S0 "03 672 MI2 492 :l:l7 1 !>!!i 'i!j77

OIlGG!:TT !'"I'lPI PI!fi!I'elRT 0 D 0 \57 291; 1>;;7 • 549 :'}71 e/j lll'l 1'1 () 2203
!)I;V!S :2 wsw [XI> F'ARM 0 0 11 liP :IS&) 5!!!I li20 '131 37t~ i/30 112 Hil 2!l!!l
OCATH VPlLLE:Y
DEER CR(EK PBWER HIlUSE
OCNA!R :l NNE
0
Sil
0
()
7'if,
I) 9
0
13\l '103
lOB
0 123
70S
3111
3111
92'1
fjOIl
40:3
\lSi>
.,23
H~~
7e;4
'13'1
75
7"l1
:J<,9
I !7
S52
208
I 0
:If; 7
106
179
13
I) 120S
5863
«11ll&

OC SAIILA 0 II> "'1 2:12 'Ill!! IHII 1::11l £j09 100l 42® 2'l!l li4 'lHI~
OUDI.!:VS 32 !!il W7 331 ~70 760 @OJ 652 in.:; SOl 324 IS« '11l!l!l
EI'IGLE: M\!UNTAIN 0 0 0 10 126 305 :lSIl 221 13"l 39 0 0 lI92
EA$; PARK RESEfilveIR 0 () 12 I!lO 42:1 63!> HJ "'I'l"l i :llll 137 2!i 337@
EL CIIPEYAN OAM 0 0 I> '10 J4ll 202 33® gill' 2!il 1!i4 Sl! 22 ISIHI
E:L C!:NTRIl 2 ssw 0 0 0 !'i 131 :1213 31'>0 223 "~6 '12 0 (l !211>
ElECTRA Pf!l~R I4BUSE 0 0 "1 115 3"'2 567 i !'l!l5 434 J!!7 2% 1119 !!l 27 !!I>
ELI<. VAUEY 611 110 115 4:l4 1>45 !lOll @!>3 669 6Ml 4!1S 332 PI 5"'IH
EUiH'II!IRE 0 0 0 1>5 2319 '109 4% 3'13 :l!e HI§)

II
17 HI 2101
ESCGNDJDeJ 0 !l II 71i! 225 lSI .1!!> 335 304 IIlO 97 6)4 «on
EUREKA W;;;S
f'A!RMi!lMT
270 249 252 32fl 391l SOil :;"ili! 4BS 5H9
I 459 3"11 294 %711
0 !:J j() I::J!S J!l6 595 645 510 '195 324 H\4 112 3327
Ft!lRT !l!D~LL :"0 se lell 456 771 lOll IlIJ97 ®4fJ 7'iYJ 567 Jf;7 II!lJ 6365
!'"t!lRT !lMOO 26"! 241l 229 ''is I
I'ClRT IlRAOO AV!I\THll'l 298 <I7!J 2!i'l
ellS
329
:!7S
"lOS
'Ill:!
Sl~ I !>30
S'iJ "i!i9
4fl4
S02
426
'ISIl
357
Jill
273
309
442'1
"'747
F'!!lRT -IGNES RIINGER 5TA 110 "'I 145 422 70il 93!l 9tH:'! 121') 5Bi> 501 3011 13S !IOU 'I
F'RE5NB WSCl I) 0 !) 110 345 61!
F'RIANT GClV!:RNM!:NT CAMP
!mANT !mIllVE
(l
1211
0
IS2 2%
!l 72
'193
323
73S
!illS
5!!:>
921
611
966
423
426
B79
344
31S
946
I Ill;;!
213
76'>
51
n
'>77
II
7
33'1
2!!iSO
21. .l3
711>3
!mAT@N '11 42 6'1 H!S 390 S!l3 I>Da "i41! 43'1 321 204 113 3413
HAI~E 0 0 7 149 477 721l 1'06 'Sn 502 21'1 114 l!l 3~IIO
HAll" MaG" &AV 2211 2110 IIlIi 24$ 315 43! %(l 392 42'> 3710 322 252 31!!>1I
I#lNI"GIID 0 D !l 106) 372 50~ 620 423 33!l 176 % I) 2611;;
HAPPY CAMP RANGER srA is $0 43 ;;no 56l 769 828 594 !>43 359 11!3 54 42111
HAT CI'lEEK PH we j 29 50 147 4(J3 696 927 !PO 7'50 710 492 2910 UI S!il'l!

~WJnD PUMPING
HEAL05!!UIW
I'll""''' 0
I'l
il
Ii>
I)
19
23
W9
PO
JIS
37S
521
422
55€!
:teg
3~9
203
:1'77
711
2% 111
l'
"13
0 !5M
;nOD
HETCH HETCN'!' 12 20 63 2117 561 794 I! '10 669 661 416 296 13,;1 47117
~LL ESTEl< I 5t.! 45 "12
H\Jr;TXNGT@N L~E l!;!l ""
171 294
IHI
1>52
303
7eo
477
977
SO!)
1051
361
949
341
lOll
252
eJ~
H,!>
1145
91
390
272'1>
1fil:lO
 249

STATlt!lM JUL AUG SEI' !!!ICT N!!!IV DEC JAN rEI! MAR "'PI'! ~V JUN "'NNU"'L

XOIH'" !l 7 !; I'll 367 552 50!> "71l 'Ill!! 312 !"l7 '15 :lUll
II'1!'EIlli'IL I:) 0 0 II Htl 236 325 HIS lOS 23 D 0 IOlla
INO II!! U S !)An: (lAilOEN Il 0 0 6 llIll 300 3"l1 ;we liS 31 0 0 lUll
III!!IN MMlN1't'HN a 0 D II 137 337 3194 23"l 133 31l !l !l 1272
I!.<:MT'U:LD :111 '17 153 357 5"l:) seD '11'1 3111 ;In 170 72 :lon

K<:IIM II!VEI'! PH I'll!! I 0

""0 0 :11 207 "lS!! "1111 :Ill 233 140 23 6 111111
KETTLEMAN ST"'T!I!!N 0 0 0 "It!! 260 530 54!! :lSI! 276 lS2 32 10 2«1'5
.. ING CfTV III 28 21l 13! 312 461 !>02 372 3S3 2'17 !3S "l7 26SS
LI'lGUNA I!EACH :III 23 '13 106 217 3S7 3!l"l 309 310 221l IS6 113 22112
LM[ "'mI~EA!l 211 ;p !l9 326 Iil!1 1!06 1l'l9 7011 701 52!! 3~!l 1105 !l200

L"'''tPl!lI'lT Il! 110 2~ 1!!6 "171 660 70'1 !l32 !lIZ 3'15 177 103 3711i
L"''''E SPAULDING 1I:l I'll 192 '13'1 705 690 952 IIO'! !!'ll! 66!! '171 252 1;452
L'" MESA 7 Il 17 70 iii I 303 3S3 290 :llll HI? H17 53 IIl35
lE GRAMO 0 0 0 115 360 SI'lI! lill '120 360 191i 52 7 21illO
LEM!!iN ~VE 0 0 a 71 31" 574 SS3 3al! 30"l 162 3!i 7 24'15

LIMOS"'Y 0 0 () III 3 "IS 51)3 IiOI '120 3'17 115 47 7 26l!!

LIVE_RE CI!!UNTY I'" () Ii 12 17 III!! :l60 56'1 !Hll "51 419 277 lSI S9 303<;;
LIlOI 7 19 III 129 3S'l %ll'l 623 '137 :lei 22!l !II! 35 21!!;!i
LeNIl !It'''O< Putl live a 0 10 !Hl 1:l5 2'12 290 22"1 213 1"13 !l2 32 1'129
LIlMG !lE"'O< WSt! 0 0 7 "IS ISS 295 339 273 2'17 1 'Ill 71 23 1606

LI!lS I'ONGEU:S WSt! !NTL HI 1<;; 23 77 ISS 271l 331 270 267 IllS 11"1 71 HI III
L!!IS ANGELES CIvIC CTR 0 0 S 35 U:J 2111 2111) 207 1\W 12'1 60 25 12'15
L!!IS !!ANt!5 0 () 0 75 3 "IS S!l3 !iO!) "lOll 32G 179 "18 11 2!H!4
L6!> GA1't!S 23 20 20 1211 324 50S S:JII '106 372 262 1311 62 279"1
MADERA 0 0 0 83 3"12 5aG II!! '11"1 !In 177 '17 12 21l0"l

MAIU~P'" 0 0 0 "10 211i!l 530 S'I9 353 251 1'15 HI Ii 2l!i2

MARvSVILLE 0 0 0 711 333 S77 60S '106 335 1!!6 51! \I 2S!lS
Me CL6UO 55 !lG P7 "13'1 693 1102 96"1 ?Ill 111l S1:l 375 1I!7 IID07
MECCA ~!RE li1''''TIIlN 0 0 0 0 12'1 !llIl 3S7 217 liS 33 [) 0 1I!i!>
MEI<!CtO I" I liE SiAiII!lN 2 0 I) 0 100 !l6!i 59!> 1117 'I21i 3"11 I !Ill 'Ill II 26117

MINERAL 120 1112 2"10 51S 777 III 113 10SI II!!;; 1/1;; 717 S2"1 303 7l1l;;!
MllOEST6 0 0 II lO'l 372 601 1117 '123 3;;0 202 1;; 17 27117
Mlluwr M"'Mll T!IN 311 67 71 212 SOil 1176 7"17 652 713 5'1d1 3156 208 "It!!IIB
MllUI'IT SMASi'" W§t! 37 154 1 '15 '122 61!9 9!5 973 762 763 561 :117l nil ;;ello
HaUNT WILSIlN rC 331'l !l !2 Ii 'I 2"16 "I6S 632 6919 62"1 !l63 '1!l!!l 324 IS7 4394

MAP", STATE MGSpI1''''L III 17 27 110 301l 50S 5"16 3!l6 3611 ,no lSI 6'1 2769
~EOL~5 rAA AIRPGRT 0 0 0 10 163 :lS! <i21 2!il ISO '12 0 0 1<i21!l
~VA!)A CITY IS 311 le'l 344 S91 775 !llll Mi9 663 "171 290 121 'IIH)O
~_2 MW 0 0 !l !l6 339 SSg 605 '103 313 nil SII 10 2!!>£IO
~WPMT """'CH MARIl6R 21l II 27 !lli 163 :l07 :lOll 277 276 206 13'1 7'1 I II "IS

_LANO WS!l !l0 7'1 SI:! 135 ,Hill "Iii!! SOl!! 3117 350 270 193 II'" 211011
6J"'I 0 0 !l 7"l 229 :l97 '13"1 3"'1 310 lin 100 '19 21"12
MAM{lE C6VE 0 0 0 11'1 327 !Hl3 60S '126 357 IllS S5 10 2652
MIC" PI'I"'IR!E CII[EK PI<. I III! 171S IIl9 326 '17'1 1I:i!() !iS7 sia SS2 "171 :l7S 2!i!l '1!11'1
MLAMO 0 0 !i Il!i 363 60S 639 '1<)2 !llli 221 70 II 2930

MLtl'll'<lS 11 17 311 22S 411!! 679 725 !iU! 477 321 1111 611 37;;)11
I!lXMAIIO 119 51 !i6 lOll 202 310 :lSI 2117 31l'l 2'l2 !l11l lli; 22!i16
!>IIL_LE 0 0 7 II!! !leo !i1l2 620 '1S11 '100 2'15 @"I 211 21121il
""'L M SPI! II'IG5 (l (l 0 12 161 :'l1O 341 22'1 1"11 !il 0 0 12"10
!>IIL!lI i'lL TB JIi! MUSEUM 34 33 57 1'19 342 !iH! 5"l1l "lOO 3711 271 111'1 7'1 ;;!1J1l1l

PAL!lI~~ Hi 6!1SERV"'TIIIIY 7 I:! 39 21'1 'l!l6 61'" 679 !ill I 620 "1'15 21'l HI "1039
!>IIRKER RESER~!R 0 0 (l Il 13!i 336 3e'l 2211 Ill!i 33 0 0 1250
1''''5AOEf'II'l 0 0 10 !i3 !1I3 291! 343 2n 25'1 169 115 "16 11111'1
!>liSt! l'looL[5 10 Hl 2"1 !"l! 31111 5'19 !i67 "ll'! 3 I!! 2!i2 121; SO 2flillO
PET"'LUMA r IRE !iTA 2 III III 23 US !l:l3 530 !i6! 406 ::111"1 :lOO I III! 7!1 2966
PINMI'lCL[S MAT M!!iffiJMENi ill 12 Hi Il'l 33'1 !i21 !i61 437 42!i 291 1'I"l !i6 2920
PLACEINELLt !l 11 "16 2"16 !>:l1 725 763 594 564 386 207 74 411S1
PeIN" PIEORAS !lL"'MCI'lS 211i 2!>!! 223 2'19 2711 36:1 400 350 "l0:> 3 III 7 357 300 311'11
PeM!!iMl'l CI'lL I'Ill.V 0 0 I!l Ill" 246i "112 440 340 313 194 9"1 35 alii!!
PeRTERVllL[ 0 0 0 72 :U6 56'1 !ill:! 392 :1l0 170 'l!i II 2"l1l3

P6I1Tl!J!.'" 102 156 2S9 s;n 71l!! 1029 IW4 egIS 1177 (\'>7 '1'>9 251> 7HI
P6n[!:! VI'lLL[Y I'H 12 '7 16 1'19 405 596 6211 466 "IS:! 320 163 !ill 3271S
PI!![!i'f VI'lLLtY 27 !il> 7'l 266 516 59!! 738 !ill'l 592 '12:! 26;; UII '13(;1lI
WINCY 119 112 119 '1211 6115 921 lliO 7 !iii 7111 522 331 IS2 !HI!i2
MNOSllUIiO (I 0 0 Wlil 374 5913 639 "lill "135 240 62 11 21l'l1!\

1'1[0 eLurr WSI!l

Ilf:DOIMG I'll'll!: !ii'" Mlil :2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1l:2
00
339
32!i
"'552
77 1\!'1
!illt!
420
400
366
3 'II!
211!
216
6"1
71\ 14
I! 26611
2610
Ilf:OLAliO§ 0 0 7 1!12 211l 3tH "'23 330 303 leQ 110 35 20S2
1lf:0WOOO cny
Iuv!:l'lSlDE nil[ $1'11. ro
1!i
0
13
0
23
!!
II"62 306
212
"177
375
515
"105
315
312
344
263
239
16a
l2'i
74
'17
22
251111
1919

RIlCl'UN !l 0 !I 119 '102 632 663 46"1 "137 269 lOll 21 31"l3
$ACfI_Nil!l W5j! 0 0 360 59!i
$AIMT H!!:L!:f'iI'l
SAL EMS 1''''/\ AI' Hl2
0 0
!I;l 72
"
l<i
WI
!31
136
357
275
55!>
'l2!l
617
592
46S
425
'12B
36"1
312
'lOll
312
227
273
:l1I1l
120
126
214
20
311
139
21l'!3
2lilill
2959
$AN OCRN1'lI101f'lt! C6 HIlSl' 0 0 1:1 52 206 369 "'OJ :Jll 2113 lil? !is 22 HI91
 250

.JUL

SAND&IIG WSt;l 7 HI '1427

SAN DICGt;l WS(1) 6 o 1507
:;A" F"EII!<A"Dt;l 5 G 1600
~" I"I'l"""CI!lCt;l WSI!l 93 Il"l 30'12
S .- I'EOCI'lAL fll DG WSI! 202 177 30110

SAN GASRIEl rIRE DEPT o Iii !II

~N .JACXNTG o 2376
SI'IN .Jt;lSE 12 2"116
~N lUIS (1)BISPI!l Pt;llY 62 247l!
~N MA'f£t;l "12 2655

SANT~ ~NA '-I~ STATIGN o !'i 62 uns

SIlNTA SA"!!ARA 21 32 91 2!l0
51lNTA BARBARA rAA AP "13 55 121'! 2"110
SANTA CLARA UNIVERSITY 17 21 107 2S66
~NTIl OWl !l3 eo 164 :I I !!l!

SANTA MARIA WSI!! j()2 270 "109 ~SO :3053

SANTA MrnNICA PIER 19 H,2 257 3Cl2 HiDI
SANT", 1'1(1)5'" 22 354 552 S8G 3055
SCtHIA 125 369 52! 1555 3l1!>'1
SIEI'lI'lAVILLE RANGER STA 130 795 10'12 111:1 69S3

SGNGRA RS o I; IS 405 620 507 33M

sa ENTRANCE yt;lSEM!T[ "19 il4 1"11 636 !l22 7;;3 577S
SQUIRREL INN 2 21 30 103 579 766 100 S!1S
STt;lCKTGN WSt;l o o o 3;;;3 601 "1'11> 2(906
STt;lCKTI!lN F!RE 5TA NI!l 4 () o 10 3111 605 4'12 26e7

5TGNY GI!lRGE RESERVI!lIR o o 6 12"1 396 6!7 55Cl !H;G'l

SUSANVILLE AIRPI!lRT 30 58 ISS "IS:! 765 !!l32 106(9 62dJt!
TAJ-lI!lE CITY 1 "Ie HIS 330 61'1 1173 1070 11 'I! iii I 62
'f£ .Jt;lN RANO<(l o o o !II 313 555 56;) 2526
THREE RVRS EDISGN PH 2 () o o 102 33@ 552 560 21>"12

T WER CREEK PJ-l 11 '153 596 nJ7 37S7

T(;JRRANCE III 171 295 3"10 It;l59
TIlGNA o 316 601 51"1 2:170
TRUCKEE RANGER STATIt;lN 17!> 1i191 IlS3 1209 !!20a
TUSTIN IRVINE RANCH o HIS :l"lj 372 1!'l1>7

TWnnYN!NE PALMS o o 254 "In 514 254 20116

TWIN LAKES 29"1 32e 92"1 !l35 1215 !l."il 9'111
l1'OA" o 7 359 ~S!l sae "l!e 2977
U C L A 23 IS 117 21;; ;210 2;0 IS36
VACAVlbL!': o o 357 S!l2 6,!(J 3M 21U2

VALYERMG I'lANGER STA o 5 39 202 60 31170

VICTI!lRVILLE PUMP PLANT o !l 13 156 25 32l1S
VISAll'" o o o 7! o 23il6
WARNER SPRINGS 8 11 36 leg III :lS9l
WASCI!l o !l o 77 o 2"l7S

WATSeNVXLlE WATERWI!lRKS 137 110 3"1U!

WEAVERVILLE RANG~R 5TA 22 102 4935
WILLGWS o 12 2(907
WI!lGDr(lRD5
WI!lGDL"'ND 1 WNW
dI6
o .,
172 5112'1
2621>

Y(lRIlA LINDA o 61
YI!lSEMITE PARK MEAOQTRS 10 279
'I'l'iEKA 12 376
 LJ

8. Cooling orm

STAneN -'AN n:1l MAl'! APR MAY .JUri JUL AUG SEP !jeT N!jV OEe ANNUAL

IlL DE 1<Pt!l I NT 0 0 0 10 !II 76 22t 204 !IS 13 0 0 1l5!l

IlL TURA;; RANGER STATII!lN 0 0 0 0 D 2'1 119 M !4 () 0 0 195
ANTIGCH '!!lRE!lG"'RD Mi- D 0 0 23 57 176 260 226 17 .. 36 () !l 9SS
~H I1!lUNT"'IN 0 0 0 "13 !O" 21)9 ss. sos :33& !!2 9 0 !SSO
t!W!l£AAY I NY 0 0 0 HI &0 IllS "119 367 2!'i 36 0 0 1302

t!W!;URN 0 () 0 2'1 ;;'6 11'12 :Ill'! 344 222 61 0 0 1273

AVALGN PLEASURE PIEI'! 0 0 0 6 !"I 19 !!ID 106 93 56 !i1 0 31'17
IlAI(£RSn EL 0 WOe! 0 0 I) 7! 17! :;62 !;!16 515 34!l 114 I> 0 217!!
IlARR!:H OJ'IM 0 0 0 Hl 34 1!2 nil 338 229 6! 6 0 1l!9
IlARSTGW 0 0 6 74 176 3®O 6!7 551! 3S! no 0 0 2272

1!!:"'UMl:'JNT I <: 0 ;; !J !l :l2 134 353 :l5D 23) III 13 0 !210

!l!:RKELEY 0 0 0 0 I) 17 13 !3 :IS !l 0 0 116
I!lISN()I' WStl 0 0 0 19 !lia li9 31>0 267 liS IS 0 !J 1037
IILUE CANYON WSfl (1 0 0 I) 0 20 123 lH 45 0 0 0 302
ill YTHt 0 ;n 43 IS! 39) 59'1 1140 1112 Gog ;ne 27 0 3!l12

ill '(THE 1'""'' ' AIR"IlRT I> 33 62 231 'ISO 672 921 611 676 :I'll "I"l 0 4:115
I!lIlCA a 0 0 0 0 0 13 II 0 0 0 0 2"l
OONIT'" 0 0 0 13 IS SS !% 196 ISS 67 S 0 6'1S
0 0 _ O"'M 0 0 I) I) 6 32 96 94 36 11 0 [) 277
eR"'WL[Y 2 SW 6 21 54 199 :les sell 637 !l!1l 642 327 SO 0 3927

IlRfl!ll($ rARNNAM RANCN I) 0 0 22 61 208 369 311l 206 49 I) 0 1255

!;URIIANK WlL l- EY PMP "L T 5 10 12 30 52 !23 2!l9 301 240 99 HI 0 1179
!;UTTGNWILLIlW I) 0 0 59 150 327 539 '17! 29"1 77 0 0 HI 17
CAL"'VERAS S!G TREES 0 0 0 0 0 36 139 B9 :!IO 0 0 0 29"1
CAMP PAAO£E I) 0 0 2"1 70 2!! 412 363 252 69 0 0 1401

CANYGN DAM I) D [) 0 0 liS BO 55 19 0 0 0 166

C£OARVIl LE 0 0 0 5 12 60 226 1112 62 5 0 0 552
C£NTE'lVIl-LE PN 0 0 0 26 <12 2!3 ,,12 357 240 50 0 0 1360
DHC(J EXPE<lJi"£NT 5TA 0 0 0 24 89 2"11 412 347 22B '1"1 0 0 1365
CWULA VJST~ 0 0 [) 0 0 15 76 !IS 95 32 0 0 333

CLAREMONT PBMONA CBl- 6 7 5 20 31 107 2!!13 2BIl 240 96 If 0 1102

CLI'IRK5!lUIlG 0 0 0 25 !Hl 1% 251 229 160 29 0 0 \!ISO
CL!lVEROAU: :3 S.5.E 0 0 0 Z;; 37 1311 234 2CJS !61 41 0 0 11"12
C6l'll H<GA Cl 0 (J 4! l23 265 506 443 276 n (J 0' 114!l
C6L,AX I) 0 0 31 62 1<15 31l1l :l'l2 209 SS 5 0 !:In

CIlLU5A I ssw 0 0 0 3i!1 93 241!1 :Ill 7 332 223 :n 0 () 1368

CllIlBNA S \!I 6 23 % 133 291!! 307 227 \lI6 IS 0 1154
OlESaf'lY CITY ! N 0 0 {) 0 [) 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 7
CUl-VEIl CITY 6 II I> 10 17 % !26 j!;4 129 1'19 2"1 0 620
C\JYAMIICA 0 0 0 0 !! 53 179 1152 M 6 0 0 "176

OflGGETT I'"I'lA AHiPelRT 0 7 1"1 !il7 2"11 "IS3 69! 6315 426 153 !l 0 2729
I:U'IV IS 2 wsw EX!' fAI<M 0 0 0 26 '7) 1i!7 21l!J 25"1 HIS :Ie 0 0 101>3
OEATN VALl-EY 0 3D !3S 3S9 629 1164 !135 1060 771 3114 36 0 5"109
DE:ER CREEK Pel~1'I MelUSe: 0 0 0 0 0 20 102 66 2S 0 () !l 21S
O£N"'JIl 3 .... E 0 0 0 2!i n gO;! :ISO 2!lf! If!:! 3! 0 !J USe

OE SAIlLA 0 0 0 12 !Il HlO 2:17 !96 He :II 0 0 iHIS

()UOL EYS
EAGL E Hl:JUNTA IN
0
l!
0
:II
0
!ill
0
2!!l 43~
0 :IS
563
ISO
1I!!7
123
1!l3'1
50
!iSI
5
3"1"l
0
1111 .,
0 363
"12011
E"'5T PAliK RESEIlVOII'I !6
n CM'IT"'N O"'M
0
9 II" 0
Q :ll
53
56
!!14
!"I2
368
:126
3D'I
350
171
2f1:1
26
I 'IS
0
"17
0
i1>
112:1
!425
n Ce:NTRel ;1 ssw !i 22 % 177 361il !>1I2 B2!i !!o:! !jllil :l0:! 44 0 :;1794
El-ECTRA "G~~ M~USE 0 0 0 2! 70 1112 31l'l 3:12 214 42 il 0 !;!5!i
ELI< VAl-LEY 0 0 0 0 0 :13 !ill 11 16 0 0 0 Z2!>
ELSING"!': I) 0 0 30 7! UI7 "II!> "lIS 2112 lOS 10 0 IS2S
E5C(!INJ)WG 0 I:) (l !3 32 101 2:l!l 264 !Illl 6:1 7 0 !i07

e:URE"'" WS(l 0 0 0 I:) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

rl'URHl:JNT 0 0 0 ;14 52 Hll '1:11 '10J 2$9 Ill! II 0 1'156
F!!HH II JO~l.l 0 0 0 0 0 !I! !l~ I!O 20 0 0 0 <I!:I
!'!!HIT !)RAGG 0 0 0 0 0 I) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
reRT BRAOO IWIAT IBN 0 0 0 0 () 0 0 0 0 () 0 (J 0

!'!lR, JC!NI':S RANGER :>,1'1

I'"RESMel WSCI
(J
0
0
0
(J
0
0
"II
I!
12;;
;>1
276
j!j9
"I1l"l
!21!
4!2
:"
lli7 66
(J 0
0
0
0
3113
11171
f'IlIMIT GGVEIlNi"£NT CAMP 0 0 0 33 llll 26B '1eQ "131 276 75 !!> () 1106
GRAMT GRBVE 0 0 0 0 I) 7 1>5 :n Ei 0 I) 0 101>
GRinGI'! I) 0 0 0 0 42 $7 $4 % !!> 0 () 20"1
MAJ~E
HAL, M[lGN I!"'Y
0 0 0 :II !ilO 26! "n "119 226 4"1 0 0 IS'll!
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 !i 0 0 0 0 5
HAN,!lflD 0 0 I) 40 !14 267 "IS:> :lS! n6 II! 0 0 IS!!>2
HAPPY CAMP I'IANGHI !iTA 0 0 0 I! :37 lOB 2111 no 94 !l 0 0 7 !ill
HAT CREEK PH Nel I 0 0 0 0 10 30 147 90 30 0 0 (J 307
HAY,lEl-D PUMP!NG PLANT 6 17 26 142 295 $04 766 72" 526 234 32 0 327S
!4£I'lL DSIlUIlG () (J 0 H! 21l 11 I! 1S7 !6"1 127 :;;; 0 () 647
!4£TCW HETCWY 0 !l 0 !! 14 liD 192 !6S Il! 13 () () nil
HIlLLISTER I 51d 0 0 0 Ii> 11 Stl III 72 93 2!l () 0 :174
f<\JNTXNGTGN LAKE !l 0 0 0 0 6 22 13 II 0 0 () "17
 252

WRXA
STATH1N JAN

D
n':ll

D
MAR

D
APR

33
H!lY

B2
,JUM

218
JUt

"1"13
I AUG

397
~E:P

2'i2
IilCT

B!>
"'elv
10
DEC

0
A"NUAL

IS ! l
Xi"IPERXAL II 27 S2 HIS 3eHl 59'1 ~25 1105 633 326 6"1 D 3909
lNDrO U S DATE GAROCN 10 JI! 75 226 'iIS 62"1 531 600 530 337 117 S oW62
!RON MClUNTA IN 9 ;27 S5 221 "lSO 6i1"1 gill 662 1;60 32B !Hl S "1276
«E"'TnEll) 0 0 0 S 6 "l<l 51l 72 illS 13 0 0 280

((EI'll'< IHVER PH N('I I 0 0 13 107 211l "l20 582 625 "52 l!l!il 2'1 0 2741
~ETTlEMAN STAT!9M 0 0 7 77 17S 370 505 54:) 373 1"141 l! 0 2310
'''IN" CITy 0 a 0 lD 20 S3 !ill! 117 79 35 0 0 39J
L"'GUNA I!lfACW () () 0 !;; 23 42 Hlx 125 100 :Ie I~ 0 4S2
L"'Kt: IOImClWHEAO 0 0 0 0 Il 35 lSI> 133 51! 13 0 (J 4j1S

LAI([PGRT (J 0 0 !l 2S a17 272 233 1111 7 0 0 7!l!

LAKE SP"'UlOING 0 0 () 0 0 !l 'I;; 42 12 0 0 0 109
LA MCSA !l lD !! 13 26 6S HI:! 226 H!" loa 23 !\ !iJ7J
LI:: GRAND () () 0 25 i!l3 232 '111l 3'>7 229 !i! 0 0 1396
LEMGN CClVE 0 0 0 63 147 310 SlS 4"lC 21lS 77 I) 0 1637
lZNDSAY 0 0 0 :n liS 26S "6!il :Ill"! 2'13 57 Il D 1579
L lVEI'lMGI'lE CBUNTY !'" Il Il D 0 lD '27 IOl 202 IIl2 1'1;; :IS 0 () 713
lBOl 0 0 0 III 53 IS!! 2se 227 1'12 24 0 0 lleD
LGNG IlEACH PUll svc: il II II I" 36 74 Ill" 230 11'17 III 33 0 IlOS
U~NG IlEACH WSIl 0 7 0 Hi "l:J 92 226 260 211 107 <13 0 !Ie!)

LGS ANm:U:S !.lSI! J"TL 5 7 0 II 17 51; 127 15'" 134 1'13 23 0 61S
lGS Al<GH!:S crvrc C'R 10 1'1 10 25 !>I 115 ;?56 2112 236 1"lC "l"l 0 11!l<;
LGS !>ANGS 0 0 0 3e !l9 23!l "'15 353 237 '1"1 0 0 1"25
LGS (lATClS 0 0 0 1;; 23 112 162 !4j1 10'1 27 0 0 SilO;
F1Il>OERA 0 0 0 39 liS 273 "171 :l1l7 252 !lS 0 0 1;;12
MAR!cePA ;; 199 399 632 574
I 3!l7 7
0 0 91l 133 0 2"135
_vSVlLlE 0 0 0 42 107 2;;1 4j21l :l1S9 ;;!SS !';{! 0 0 IS20
rIC CLIlUO 0 0 0 0 6 25 10;;> 1S9 2! 0 0 0 <il23
MECCA rJR!: STAT!IlN 7 27 53 20"1 :l!le 561 791 769 594 29:J % 0 3733
MERCED I" H<E STATIGN 2 0 0 0 30 93 233 "l12 353 222 50 0 !J 1393

MINEIl"'L 0 0 tl 0 tl I; oW 3S Il 0 0 0 90
Ml3DESTG 0 0 0 2!l 71:1 1117 350 2116 IIll; 36 0 0 Inl
rwUM, HAMIL ,Ill'< 0 0 0 13 15 19 221 203 WIl 37 Il 0 674
mUM, !\H<l5TA WStl 0 0 0 0 e 21l 124 95 31 0 0 0 286
MClUN, WILS!!" I"C 338 0 0 0 15 21 97 216 HI2 !:l:l "l<l 9 0 731
"""PA $TAT[ HGSPHAL
NEEDLES YAA AJRPGIl'
IJ
!'i
0
23
0
''It; 204
tl 14
"53
6"l
699
I 116
942
!!!>
1977
93
657
23
2ll!'
{)
341
0
!l
31"1
41237
NEVADA CITy 0 0 0 0 Il "lIl !!i'l 120 47 0 0 0 376
NE~ 2 NW 0 0 0 !iD 120 251> "lOW 34j 230 6<) 0 0 1",70
f'<'l:WPOOT IlEACH HAf'WGR 0 0 0 0 10 :12 tl"l Hl2 III 37 ;; 0 352

GA!(lA"O WSIl a 0 0 0 0 21 2! 26 'I" 14 0 0 1219

GJIU 0 5 0 20 26 100 262 20l 19"1 lOll !O 0 9%
9RANOC C!9VE 0 0 0 36 i!"l 262 411;5 "ltl6 261 75 0 0 !1I20
(lR !CK PRAHllE: CREEK P .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 () 0 0 0 0 () tl
eru. AN!) 0 0 0 "l4 H5 213 437 36;; :!4!i !is !l 0 1$36
!mlEAN5 0 0 0 Ii! III 10!; 262 237 120 !> () Il 7!O6
Ill(NARO 0 Il 0 0 0 1"1 74 119 ;;3 :;)Il lO 0 ,,64
PAl!'~"'"E: 0 0 0 "l4 90 260 5D2 "!ill ;;I@!j 7S $ 0 1724
PALM SI'R1I'Ir;;ll 10 :]Ill S" ISO 33!l ;;37 !!OO 750 1575 ~Ol ell 0 :l5!!!
P"'LG "'LTa .J1l MUSEUM 0 0 0 0 Il "l7 55 !5!1 57 0 0 0 2:16

P~L(lHAIl NT (l!l$EIlVAT!9RY 0 0 0 13 eD rt!J7 23!l ;!;;!!l 1"l7 $3 7 0 7!12

PAR~ER RE§ERVGIR Il ;n Ill; 231 "In 702 !l:l5 !'l!lll 102 373 !i6 0 "'176
P~SAOEf'4A II 14 12 :>1 42 Hil 277 2911 247 liS 2S 0 lie7
""'§(l 1l9&L[$ 0 0 0 12 20 WI 21S 202 123 2" 0 0 IiSla
PI': TAL lJM<l
rIll!:: STill 2 0 0 0 0 6 'is 71 III 77 13 0 () 293
Pfl'lNAClE5 NAT M!lNl/I'IEN' 0 0 0 j$ 21> 12;; 273 ;l51 1;;11 311 0 0 ~!lll
Pl ~CEfi!V l' Lb E 0 0 0 I! Hi 107 271 222 lOa Ii 0 0 731
PGXN, PIED~~S ~LANC"'S 0 0 (j 0 0 0 0 (l 0 I) a 0 0
P(lMClf'UI CAL PGl Y 0 7 Iii 20 :II! 117 2111 299 221 0'1 Hi 0 !lOS
PGIlTERvl'LLE: 0 0 0 ,6 132 200 '1116 "2fiJ 273 71l 0 0 175"l

P®I'!TGL'" 0 0 0 0 0 () :11 29 10 0 D CI 76
PGTTEI'! VALLEY PH 0 0 0 H 29 IH! 2711 237 a36 II> 0 0 fiJ30
PIHEST VAt.LEV 0 0 0 () !I 77 210 leI> 7'1 II 0 0 50"
GU!NCY 0 0 0 0 :11'1 no Ell
RAf'4DSElUI'lG 0 0 10 IlJ "
1 "lC :l:l5 5119 "'27
20
32'1 11"
()
H
(I 0
0
257
2l!J
!lEO ~l Uf" !J5® 0 0 0 53 I'll 323 5311 'i62 30@ 1!2 0 0 IIlIO"l
REDOING rZI'!E STA Mi! 2 0 0 0 11 152 332 !i5! 'i!i'i 333 III 0 0 2060
REDLANO!> 0 i! W ::lil 61 179 ::l!!! 360 2741 1!3 I:; 0 HSIl
REDWG®D CXTV 0 0 0 II 9 I>!i 1141 lOO <J3 13 0 0 JIl2
IllvI':RSXO!: I" IRE !iTIl. ii3 I> 7 7 27 61'1 160 3'11 :>417 2!i7 gl) I! 0 132'1
RGCKL EN 0 0 0 !"1 ;;5 196 3ii"l JJ2 2011 ;;!~ 0 a 122e
SACI'lAM!:1'l T@ WSii 0 0 0 25 IIIl HI!> ::115 2!l1l <leo
.,
"l<l
" 0 1l!>9

I
5.''HNT NEU:!'ffl I) 0 0 15 21 99 Ie)" !1>1l Hl4 !7 (l !l 50'1
SALXNAS r~A ~P
SAN 6!:RNAI<0!NIl C(l HGSP
0
0
0
II .,
!l 0
::15
0
12 Ill:! "l09
6 16
4011
30
30!
I:;
101!
!l
HI
0
0
7"1
I !i!;;7
 253

STATH!lN JAN n:~ MAR APR MAY JUt< JUl AUG SEr- BCT N@V DEC ANNUAL

S"ND&RG WSG 0 0 0 0 0 66 266 2Se ISO 20 0 0 800

SAN DIE(l@ WSCI 10 0 0 !5 26 67 149 20! 163 77 !4 0 722
SA" F"!:""'ANDCI !7 2! 15 35 64 13!1 :lOO 304 240 l1S 'Ill U 1310
SA" F"RANC!SCCI WSCI 0 0 0 0 0 HI II; 22 311 13 0 0 WI!
S r n:D!:RAl I!UlG WS!'J 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 HI 16 0 0 3g

SAN GAI!RIEL rIR!: OEPT I; II II 26 4ll 123 282 3D! 236 1011 22 0 IPS
SAN JACINTIY 0 0 0 25 63 119 394 31!11! 264 g! 9 0 14lJ
SAN JOSE 0 0 0 12 20 71 1)7 III 94 19 0 0 .. 44
SAN LUIS G!lISPtl PtllY 0 0 0 Il 0 l7 S2 4Il 54 51 16 0 246
SA" MATEG 0 0 0 S 31 42 57 !H> ;n 0 0 218

SANTA
°
ANA F"IRE STATIG" !O 16 13 20 36 87 210 2"12 200 109 29 0 972
SANTA I!IARBARA S Ii 0 I!I !O 29 93 911 e6 42 I! 0 :ll!ll;
SANTA !lAfWARA ,AA AP 0 (l IJ () 0 12 6" 6S ;;5 22 () 0 2111
SANTA CLARA UNIVERSITY 0 II 21 70 110 106 87 0 0 420
SANTA CQUl °0 0
0
0 0 0 II 1'7 21 n
17
9 !l 0 97

SANTA MARIA WSB 0 0 0 0 0 ;; 22 HI 22 17 0 0 114

SANTA I"IeNICA PIER II 6 6 !O 2'1 4Il 104 96 76 47 21 II 452
SANTA RGSA 0 0 0 0 7 60 76 e .. 75 13 [) 0 315
SCIHI" 0 0 0 0 0 10 11 0 0 Il 29
SIERRAVILLE RANGER 5TA 0 0 0 () °0 12 57
B
'II 13 0 I) 0 !n
S{!N{!RA RS 0 0 0 20 '1'1 16S 372 329 192 46 0 0 !Iii!)
SG ENTRANCE YBSEM!TE 0 0 0 0 0 33 !01 !III 27 Il Il [) 260
SQUH1RH INN 2 0 0 0 '7 !I 6'1 15"1 141 94 U 0 I) "'90
5TI!ICKTGN WSI!I () 0 0 22 73 2!!il 363 323 217 "12 0 Il 12511
STGCKTGN ~IRE STA NO 'I 0 0 0 l7 40 166 262 239 1"l1:J III 0 0 !il1l

STGMY GI!IRGE RESERVI!IIR 0 0 0 22 76 226 '131 369 221l 43 0 0 131i1S

SUSANV!LLE AIRPGRT 0 0 0 0 7 37 161 120 36 0 0 0 361
TA"'G!:: crTY 0 0 0 0 0 0 j .. IS 0 0 0 0 32
'ITJGN I'lANCHI!I 0 0 0 sa 130 :lUi 536 "I7l 315 100 0 0 1!i121i
THI'lEE RVI'lS EOlSGN PH :2 0 0 0 36 99 255 4!'l! 425 26B 77 0 0 Hi "I I

TIGER CQ!:EK P'" 0 0 0 12 26 11" 293 265 149 30 0 0 !Ill 7

TGRRANCE Il !l 0 13 15 4"l 12e 152 124 76 !e 0 !i07!l
'm@NA 0 0 III liS 262 "I1!3 741 682 "ISIl 145 0 0 2!l!l1!l
'mUCK!:E RANGER STATIGN 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 11 0 0 0 0 33
TUSTIN IRV!NE RANCH () 7 () 9 29 77 181 209 165 70 12 0 759

TWENTYNINE PALMS 5 II IS 119 265 '1SG 729 676 '162 lISe 1"1 0 2!1"i!!
TldIN LAA!::; 0 0 Il 0 0 0 (; 6 0 0 0 0 12
UKIAH () 0 () II! 3& 12S 274 245 153 ;;!3 I) 0 1l7"1
U C L A 19 II! 10 17 29 41 135 lSI! ISO II:! 41! 16 7S4
VACAVILLE Il 0 0 :30 61l lin 332 292 200 54 0 Il 1173

VALYERMG RANGER STA 0 0 0 13 31 135 320 2111 150 16 0 0 946

vICTGRV!LLE PUMP PLANT (l 0 Il HI 77 217 "134 "I0:! 220 S7 6 0 1433
VISAL!11I 0 0 0 63 139 304 505 '1'10 21l1!1 86 (l 0 U2S
WARNER SPIUNGS 0 0 0 0 10 85 256 253 135 21! 0 () 767
WASCB 0 0 0 60 152 332 546 477 309 92 6 (l 1117 ..

WATSClNV!LLE WATERWlYRKS (l 0 0 0 0 5 0 '7 13 (l 0 I) 25

I.£AVERVILLE RANGER srA 0 0 0 Ii 12 63 IIl7 146 63 0 0 (l "I!P
W!lUlWS 0 0 I) 36 103 252 "lllll 34! 240 59 (l 0 1437
Wl?)BDfGIlOS 0 0 Il 0 !I 40 149 !29 :lO I> 0 0 363
Wl?)GOUINO ! WNW (j 0 0 41 !Ill 232 361l 319 235 54 0 () 13411

LJNDA
'i'~I'lI:)A II II 7 23 50 Ha! 254 271 ::!It> 1011 2§ 0 1082
Y35EMlTE PARK HE PlOQTRS 0 0 0 10 13 1il2 224 HI:! Ill! 10 0 0 1i31
YREKA 0 0 0 0 13 71 226 IIlO 7<1 0 !J 0 !>§2
 254

9. Location and Elevation Temperatu ons

SfATION DIV NAME LAT L.ONG ELEV STAT!QN DIU NAME LAT LONG HEV
04 00B8 01 ALDERPOINT N4010 W12337 460 04 4647 06 LAGUNA BOC H "IBn Wll747 35
04 0161 02 ALTURAS RANCER ST.TION N4130 w12033 4400 04 4671 07 LAKE ARROWHEAD N3415 wlln 1 5205
04 0227 o! ANTIOCH FI8REBOARv ML N3801 W12!46 28
04 0343 O~ ASrl MOUNTA'~ N3629 WI1850 1708 04 4701 02 LAKEPORT "'3902 W12255
04 0>79 05 AUHRRY 1 ~w N3705 W1l930 2140 04 4713 02 LAKE SPAULDIN(, 1';3919 w12038
04 4735 06 LA MES. "13246 w11701
04 0383 02 AUBURN N3854 wlll04 1292 04 4864 05 LE GRAND N3714 1<112015
04 on5 06 AV~LnN PLEASURE PfCR N3321 WI1819 25 04 4890 05 LEMON COVE N362:; wl1902
04 0442 05 SAKE.SFJFLD WSO N3525 W1l903 475
04 0514 06 aoRRHT OA~ N324! W11640 162. 04 4957 05 LINDSAY N36ll W11904 395
0" 0519 07 BARSTOW N34S4 W1l702 2162 04 4997 04 LIVERMORE COUNTY 0 "'3140 w1214b 490
04 5032 05 LODI N3807 1112117 40
04 0009 07 BEAUMONT 1 < NH% W11658 2605 04 5080 06 LONG REACH PUB SVC N3347 wll812 10
04 0693 04 BER~ELEY N3752 W12215 345 04 5085 06 LONG BEACH WSO "13349 Wl)809 34
04 0822 07 BISHOP WSO N3722 WI1822 410a
04 0897 02 BLUE CANYO:; WSO N3917 wI2042 5260 04 51l" 06 LOS ANGELES WSO INTL. "13356 Wi 1824 105
04 0924 07 BL YTtiE NH.7 W11436 268 04 5l!5 06 LOS ANGELES CIViC crR "13403 W1l814 270
04 5118 05 LOS BANOS Nno. W12052 120
04 0927 07 BLYTHE FAA AIRPORT N.3.7 W11443 .95 04 5123 01, LOS GATOS N3714 w12158 365
04 0931 03 SOCA N3923 W1200e 5575 04 5233 05 MADERA N3658 W1200. 268
04 0968 06 SON IT A N3240 Wl1702 105
04 1016 02 BOWMtN DAM fH927 W12039 5347 04 5338 05 MARICOPA N3505 Wl)n31 675
04 1048 07 BRAWLEY 2 SW N3257 WI IS" 100 04 5385 02 MARYSVILLE 1113909 W12135 60
04 5449 02 Me CLOUD N4116 WI220B 3300
04 ! 1 12 02 BROO.$ FiRNHAM RAI,eM N3846 Wl2209 294 04 5502 07 MECCA FIRE STATION N3334 W)1604 leo
04 1194 06 BURS"N. VALLEy PM' PLT N3411 w1l821 655 04 ssn 05 MERCED FIRE STATlrN N3718 W12029 169
04 1244 05 BUTTnNW J I LO~ N3524 Wl1928 269
U' 1277 05 CALAVERAS RiG TREEo N3817 W12019 46% 04 5679 02 MINERAL N4021 W121% 49!!
04 1428' 05 CAMP PARDEi N3S1S wl20S1 658 04 5738 OS MODESTO 1'43739 1<112100 91
04 5933 04 MOUNT HAMILTON N3no WIU,9 4206
04 1497 02 CANYON DAM N4010 W!2105 4555 04 5983 02 MOUNT SHASTA WSO N4U9 W122!9 3544
04 1014 03 CEDARVILLE N4132 W12010 4670 04 1>006 06 MOUNT WILSON Fe 3~8 "13414 W))804 5709
04 1624 02 CENTERVILLE PH N3947 W12140 522
U4 1715 02 CHICO EXPERIMENT STA N.942 Wl2147 205 04 6074 01 NAPA STATE HOSPITAL N3Bl7 w12216 60
04 175. 06 CHUL,; VISTA N3236 WI1706 9 04 1>1lB 07 NEEDLES FAA AIRPORT N3446 1I1l4n 913
04 1>136 02 NEVADA C lTV N391b W12101 2520
04 1779 00 CLAREMONT POHONA CUL N3406 Wl17., 1201 04 1>168 05 NEWMAN 2 NW N372! WI2103 108
04 17B4 02 CLARVSBURG N3825 w12132 14 04 1>17S Ob NEWPORT BEACH HARBOR N33$6 1111753 10
04 1838 01 nOVER:JALE 3 SoE N3846 WI2259 no
04 1864 05 COALINGA N3609 012021 67) 04 63l1S 04 OAKLAND WiD Nn44 WI2212 6
04 1912 02 COLFAX N3906 W12057 2418 04 6399 01> OJAI N3427 Wl)915 750
04 1948 02 COLUSA 1 SSw N3912 WI2201 60 04 6476 os ORANGE COVE N3637 W1l913 431
04 2031 06 CORONA N3352 wll734 710 04 6496 01 ORICK PRAIR!E CREEK P. 1114122 0112401 161
04 2147 01 CRESCENT CITY 1 N N4146 W12412 40 04 6501> 02 ORLAND 1113945 Wl22!2 254
04 2214 06 CULVER ClTY N3401 W11824 )06
04 2239 06 CUYAMACA N3259 W11635 4650 04 6508 01 ORLEANS N4!1S wI2~32 40.
04 1>569 01> OXNARD "13412 w1l9l! 49
04 <'257 07 DAGGFTT FAA AJ"POPT N34~2 W!l647 1915 04 6624 01 PALMDALE "'3435 0111806 2596
04 2294 02 DIVIS 2 wsw EXP FARM N3832 W12146 60 04 1>635 07 PALM SPRINGS N:l349 wU~32 411
04 2319 07 DEATH VALLEY N3b2S Wl!652 194 04 6646 04 PALO ALTO JR MUSEUM N3727 wl2208 25
04 2334 02 DEER CREEK POeER HOUSE N3918 W12051 noo
04 2389 05 DENAIR 3 NNE N37H W12047 137 04 1>657 06 PALOMAR MT OBSERVATORY N3321 1111652 5545
04 6699 07 PARKER RFSERVOIR 1113417 WII410 738
04 2.,)2 02 DE SA8LA N3952 W12137 2713 04 6719 06 PASADENA "13409 W1l809 864
04 2539 05 DUULtYS N3745 WI2006 3000 04 1>730 04 PASO ROaLES N353B W12041 700
04 2598 07 EAGLE MOUNTAIN N3348 Wll'27 913 04 6826 01 PITALUMA FIRE STA Z N3814 WI2238 16
04 2640 02 EAST PARK PES,RVDIR N3922 Wl2231 )205
04 2709 06 H C"PITIIN OAM N3253 Wl11>49 600 04 6926 04 PINNACLES NAT MONUMENT "13629 Wl2! l! 1307
04 6960 02 PLACERVILLF N3844 WI2048 1690
04 2713
04 2728
07
O~
EL CENiR" ? SfW
ELECTR~ POWER HOU;"
N324b
N3820
Ii lIS.4
W12040
.0
715
04
04
7024
7050
04
06
PDIN, PIEDRAS BLANC AS
POMONA CAL PiJLY
N3540
N3404
W!2117
W1l749
59
740
04 2749 01 Elf, VALLEY N4200 W12343 1705 04 7077 05 PORHRVILU,; "'3604 W!l90! 393
04 2805 0& ELSINORE N3340 W11720 1285
04 2B62 06 ESCOI'WJDO N3307 Wln05 660 04 7Q85 02 POR ilJL A N3948 W12028 4S36
04 7109 01 POTTER VALLEY PH N3922 W12308 1015
04 2910 01 EURE~A WSO N4048 W12410 43 04 7150 04 PRIEST VALLEY N.611 0112042 2300
04 294) 07 FAIRMONT N3442 W!lBZe .060 04 7195 02 QUINCY "13950 11120% 3409
04 3157 O~ FORT ~IDWELL N4151 WI2008 4498 04 7253 ()7 RANDSBURG NH22 1111739 H70
04 3161 01 FOR T B~,AGG N3927 W12348 80
0', 3164 01 FORT BRAGG AVIATIDN N3924 WI2349 6) O. "1292 02 RED SLUFF WiD N~009 W12215 342
04 72% 02 REDOING FIRE STA NO N4035 Wl2224 580
04 3182 01 FORT JONES RANGER STA N4136 WI225! 2725 04 1301> 06 REDLANDS N3403 w1l7l! Ina
04 3257 05 fRESNO WSO N.646 Wl1943 028 04 n39 0" REDWOOD C lTV "13729 wl2214 31
04 3261 05 FRIANT GnVEANMENT elMP N3659 W11943 410 04 7470 06 R!VERSIDE FIRE STA. ~3 N3357 01117231 840
04 3551 05 GRANl GROVE N3644 WI1858 6600
04 3578 01 GRATON N3826 WI2<52 200 04 75)1> 02 ROCKLIN N3848 0112114 242
04 7630 02 SACRAMENTO wsu N3S31 0112130 !7
04 3710 07 HAIWEE N3608 \;Ill 757 3825 04 7643 01 SAINT HELENA N3no WI2228 225
04 3714 04 HALF MOON BAY i<3726 Ii 12<26 60 04 7b69 04 SHINAS FAA AP N3640 0112136 75
U4 3747 os HANFORD N3620 W11940 2"2 04 7723 06 SAN BERNARDINO CO HOSP N340e Wll7!6 H2;
04 3761 01 HAPPY CAMP RtNGER 5TI N4148 WI2322 1150
04 3824 0< HAl CREEK eH NO I N4056 WI21H 3015 04 1735 06 S~NDBERG WSO N3445 Ill! 644 4517
04 7740 06 SAN DIEGO WSO N3244 wl!710 13
04 3855 07 HAYFIELD PIJMPING PLANT 1113342 W115.8 1370 O. 7759 06 SAN FER'lANDO "13417 W11828 %5
04 3875 o! HULnSBURG N3837 WI2252 102 04 7769 04 SAN fRANCISCO >ISO N3n7 Wl2223 8
04 3939 05 HETCH HETCHY 1113757 W11947 3870 04 7772 04 5 F FEDERAL BLDG IISO N3747 WI2225 52
04 4022 04 KOLUSTEf< 1 SW N3650 W12125 279
04 4176 05 HUNIINGTUN LAKE N3714 WII913 7020 04 778S 06 SAN GABRIEL FIRE DEPT N3406 W! IS06 450
04 7810 06 SAN JACINTO NHI,7 Wllo58 1535
04 4204 05 IORIA 1113625 Wl2040 2650 04 7821 04 SAN JOSE NHZl W12154 67
04 4223 07 IMPERIAL N3251 W11534 64 04 7351 04 SAN LUIS DSISPO PDLY N35!B 1;12040 320
04 4259 07 INDIO U S DATE GAROEN N3344 lillb15 11 04 1864 04 SAN MATEO
04 4297 07
N3732 W1ZZ1B 21
!RON MOUNTA!N N3408 1111508 922
04 4500 O! KENTfrELO N3757 \;/12233 120 04 7868 06 SANTA ANA FIRE STATION N334S Wl1752 115
04 7902 06 SANTA BARBARA N3425 WlI 94 I 5
04 4520 os KERN RIVER PH NO I 111352~ WllM7 970 04 790S 06 SANTA BARBARA FAA AP N342. w11950 ."
04 4536 05 KETTLEMAN STAlION N3604 Wl2005 508 04 7912 00 SANTA CLARA UNIVERSITY N3721 WI21% 8S
04 4555 04 KING CITY 111.612 WI210B 320 04 7916 00 SANTA CRUZ N36S9 Wl2201 125
 255

STATION DIV NAME LAT LONG HEV STATION DIV NAME LAT LONG HEV
()4 7946 06 SANTA MARIA .,sa 1113454 w12027 230 04 9099 07 TWENTYNINE PALMS 1'3406 W11602 1975
04 7953 06 SANTA MONICA PIER 1113400 Wll030 15 04 9105 02 TWIN LAKES N3642 W12002 7829
()I, 7965 01 SANTA ROSA 1113827 W12242 167 04 9122 01 UUlAH 1113909 w12312 1>23
04 8045 01 SCOT! A 1114029 W12401> 139 04 9152 06 U C l A 1'<."04 WU827 "30
04 6218 02 saRRAVILLE RANGER STA 1113935 W12022 4975 04 9200 02 VACAVILLE N3622 WI2157 105

04 n5~ 05 SONORA R5 1<3759 W1202. 1749 (J4 9251 07 V~LVERMO RANGER STA 111.427 \<111751 3105
04 U60 05 50 ENTRANCE YOSEMITE 1113730 Wll938 5120 04 9025 07 ViCTORViLLE PUMP PLANT 1113432 W1l7U 2858
04 8479 07 SQUIRREL INN 2 N341" Wllil" %80 04 931>7 05 VISALIA 1113620 W1l918 3ZS
0" 8558 oS STOCKTON WSD N3iH W12115 22 04 9""7 01> WARNER SPRINGS N3317 w11638 lilac
0" 851>0 05 STOCKTON FIRE STA NO " N.800 wU1l9 12 04 '1452 05 WASCO N35.6 wll920 333
04 8Sa7 02 STONY GORGE RESERVOIR N3935 W12232 791 04 \1473 04 wATSONVILLE WATERWORKS N31>S6 W12146 95
SUSANVILLE AIRPORT N40n MI20H 4148
04 8102
04 675e o.0305 TAHOE C lTV N39!O
N3502
W12008
Wll&4!l
6230
1425
04 9490
04 %99
01
02
WEAVERVILLE RANGER STA
wILLOWS
N.D44
N3932
W122%
1<12212
2050
14()
0" U.9 TEJON RANCH8 04 9775 0) WOOOFORD> N)S"7 \>111949 5671
Il"89!4 05 THREe I\VRS EDISON PH N362B WllS;' 950 04 9781 02 WOODLAND 1 WNW M.S4l IH2148 69
04 8928 05 TIGER CREEK PH N3827 W12029 2355 04 9847 06 YORBA II NDA N3353 WI1749 3~0
04 8973 06 TORRANCE N3343 wl1820 IlO 0" 9855 os YOSEMITE PARK HEADQTRS N3745 W11935 3970
04 9035 07 T~IJNA N3547 lill72:; 1695 04 98bl> 01 YREKA N4l4; WI2238 2625
04 9043 0» TRUCKEE RANGER STAT!ON N3920 Wl201! 5995
04 9087 06 TUSTIN IRVINE RANCH N334. WH747 lU
 256

100 on and Elevation Precipitation Stati

STAT!ON DIV N.M~ LAT LONG HEV STAilON DIV NAME lAT L~NG <LEV

04 0014 M ACTON-ESDO CYN FC261F N3430 Wl1816 291>0 04 2516 06 DRY CANYON RESERVUIR 1113429 Wll&32 1455
04 0088 01 ALDERPO!NT N4010 w12337 460 04 2539 os DUDLEY; N3745 W12006 3000
04 OilS 06 ALISO CN OAT MT Fe 446 N3419 Wl1S33 2367 04 2568 02 DUNNIGAN N3SS. Wll15S M
04 0144 06 ALTADENA N34l! Wl1808 1127 04 2572 02 DUNSMUIR RANGER 5TA N4113 Wll216 2420
04 0le1 02 ALTURAS RANGER STATION N4UO >112033 4400 04 2598 07 UGLE MOUNTAIN NH4B Wl1!l27 973
04 0204 OS ANG lOLA 1113559 wH929 l05 04 2640 02 EAST PARK RESERVOIR N3922 W1U31 1205
04 0212 01 ANGWIN PAC UNION COL N3SH \1112226 1815 04 2709 06 El, CAPlTAN UAM N3253 1111649 600
04 0227 05 ANTIOCH FIBPEbUARD ML N3801 W12146 28 04 2713 07 H CENTRO 2 SSW N3246 W! 1534 30
04 0327 06 ARROYO SEeD RS Fe SOBD NH13 Wl1~lO 1220 04 2728 05 ELECTRA POWER HOU,E 1'13820 1112040 715
04 0343 0' ASH MOUNTAIN N3629 W11850 1708 04 2749 01 ElK VALLEY N4200 Wl2343 1705
04 0379 05 AUBERRY I NW N3705 W1l930 04 275~ O. elLERY LAKE II N3756 1I1l914 9645
04
O.
0363
0395
02
06
AUBURN
AVALON PLEASURE PIER
N38S4 >11210. 04 2760 OS Huon 111381" 1I!2112 92
N3321 Wll8!9 04 280, Ob ELSINORE 1113340 1111720 1285
0. 0.10 Ob AZUSA CITY PARK FC1436 N3408 !;!l154 04 2862 O~ EHONDIDO N3307 Wl1705 660
04 0442 05 UKERSFIF.L" WSO R N3525 W1l903 04 2910 01 EUREKA WSO R 1114048 1112410 43
04 051. Db SARRETT IlAM N3241 Wl1MO 1623 04 2941 07 FAIRMONT N3442 W11826 3060
04 0519 07 BARSTOW N34S. Wl1702 2162 04 3038 05 FIDDLETOWN LYNCH RANCH 1113832 WI2042 2140
04 0606 06 BtAUMONT N3356 lH1658 2b13 04 3l:J4 02 FORESTHILL RANGER STA 1113901 WI2DSI 3015
04 0607 01> BEAUMONT PUMPING PLANT N3359 0111658 3045 04 3157 03 FORT BIDWELL N415l 1112008 4498
04 01>09 07 BEAUMONT 1 E N3356 W11656 2605 04 3161 01 FORT BRAGG N3927 W12348 80
04 0619 06 BEL Am Fe-lOA N34Q5 w1l8Z7 540 04 3164 01 FORT BRAGG AVIATInN N3924 1112349 61
04 0693 04 Bl!RKELfY NH52 W12215 345 04 3182 01 FORT JONES RANGER 5TA N4Ub 1112251 2725
04 0742 01> BIG BEAR LAKE DAM II 1113414 W!loSS 6815 04 :;191 01 FORT ROSS N3831 1>112:115 116
04 0758 06 BIG DALTJN DAM FC2ZIBE N34l0 W1l749 1575 04 3257 05 FRESNO !;SO N31>46 11119"3 328
04 0779 07 BIG PINES PARK Fe B3B hI.42. Wl1741 6862 04 3261 OS FRIANT GOVERNMENT CAMP N3659 W1l943 410
04 0790 04 BIG SUR STATE PARK N3615 W12147 235 04 n88 oIi> FULLERTON HILLCREST RV 1113353 WI1155 330
04 079ij 06 BIG TUJUNGA DAM FC46DE N3418 WllSll 2317 04 3357 01 GASQUET RANGER STATION 1114152 1112358 384
04 OB22 07 BISHO~ WSO R N;)722 Wll&22 4108 04 3369 00 GEM bAKE 1113745 w11906 6970
04 0697 02 BLUE CANYON WSO IIR N3917 W12042 5260 04 3450 01> GLENDALE STAPEN F(295G N3409 wl1816 530
0. 0924 07 BL YTHE N3H7 1011436 268 04 3452 06 GLENDORA WEST Fe 185 N3408 IIll?S2 822
04 0927 07 BLYTHE FAA AIRPORT N3n7 Wl1443 395 04 3491 O. GOLD RUN N39!0 w12052 3320
0. 0931 03 BOCA 1'13923 1012006 5575 04 3551 05 GRANT GROVE N3644 W1l85B 6600
04 0968 06 SON ITA N3240 1111702 105 04 :;578 O! GRATON 1113826 WIU;. 200
04 1013 06 SOUQun CANYON N3435 WlIa22 3055 04 3672 05 GROVELAND RANGER STA 11137"9 WU006 3145
04 lOla 02 BOWMAN DAM 1113927 >112039 5347 04 3683 01 GUERNEVILLE 1113830 1112300 145
04 1048 07 BRAWLEY 2 sw N3257 0111533 100 04 370:; 01> HAINES CYN LOWER FC364 N3416 1111616 2450
(;4 1056 06 BREA C!TY NnS6 Wl1754 383 04 3104 06 HAINES CYN UPPER FC3~7 N3416 WllS15 ~440
04 !l12 02 8ROOKS FARNHAM RANCH N3846 >112209 294 04 3710 07 HA!WH NobOS W1l757 3825
04 1130 02 BRUSH CREEK RS N3941 1>112120 3560 04 3714 04 HALF MOON GAY N3728 1112226 60
04 1192 01> BURBANK FD FC226 B N3411 WllUS 680 04 :;747 05 HANFORD N3620 W1l940 242
04 1194 06 BURBANK VALLEY PM? PLi N3'!! \>IIlS21 655 ()4 3161 01 HAPPY CAMP RANGER ST. N4148 Wl2322 ll50
04 1244 oS BUTTONW! LLOW N3524 W1l928 269 04 3824 02 HAT CREEK PH NO 1 N40Sb 1112133 3015
04 1250 07 CABAZON N3.55 Wll~4 7 1600 04 3855 07 HAYFIELD PUMPING PLANT N3H2 II 11538 1370
04 1217 05 CALAVERAS BIG TREFS N38li W12019 4696 04 :;875 O! HEALPSBURG N3837 Wl2252 102
04 1288 07 CALEXICO 2 NE N3241 W1l526 12 04 3896 06 HEMET N3345 11111,57 1055
04 1312 01 CALISTOGA NilS3S Wl2235 364 04 3914 06 HENSHAW DAM N3314 W11646 :/700
04 1424 06 CAMPO Nnn W11628 2630 04 3925 04 HERNANDEZ 2 NW N3b25 W12055 2160
04 1428 os CAMP PARDH 1113815 W12051 658 04 :;939 os HereM HE TCHY N3H7 W1l947 3870
04 1462 02 CAMPTONVILLE RS N3927 0112103 2755 04 3987 O! HIL TS N4200 W12238 2900
04 1497 02 CANYON DAM N4010 W12105 4555 04 4010 02 HOBERGS N3SS! 1112243 2960
04 1602 01 CAZADERO Nilsn w12303 1055 04 4017 06 HOEGHS Fe 60 A N3413 w11602 2650
04 1614 03 CEDARV! LLE 1114132 W12010 4670 04 4022 04 HaLL ISHR I SW N3650 1112125 279
04 11>24 02 UNTERVILLE PH 1113947 W12140 522 04 4204 05 IORIA N3625 1112040 2650
04 1653 02 CHALLENGE RANGER STI N))929 W12113 2560 04 "223 07 IMPERIAL N3251 .11534 64
04 1680 ot> CMAT5WDRTH re24F N3415 W1l836 946 04 4232 07 INDEPENDENce N3648 WllS!2 3950
04 1700 02 CHESHR 111401B W12114 4525 04 4259 07 !NDIO U 5 D~TE GARDEN N3>44 1>111615 11
04 1715 02 CHICO EXPERIMENT STI 1\13942 W12147 205 04 4288 02 IOWA HILL N3905 1112050 3051>
Db 04 4297 07 IRON MOUNTAIN
04 1758
04 1779
04 1784
06
02
CHULA VISTA
CLAREMONT POMONA COL
CLARKSBURG
N3236
N3406
1113025
W1l706
W1l743
W12U2
"
1201
14
04 4374
04 4422
02
oIi>
JESS VALLEY
JUNCAL DAM
1113408
1114116
IIIH29
IIluoe
W12018
W1l930
922
5300
2015
04 1838 01 CLOVERDALE ~ SSE 1113846 1/12259 320 04 4488 02 KELSEYVILLE 1113e~9 011;2250 1385
04 1864 05 COAL!NGA N3609 0112021 671 04 4500 01 KENT, I EL 0 1113757 1112233 120
04 1896 06 COLBYS H 53 D N3418 Wl1807 3675 04 4>20 05 KeRN RIVER PH NO I 1113528 1111847 970
04 1912 02 COLFAX 1113906 W12051 2418 04 4536 os KETrLEMAN STATION 111360' W12005 508
04 1916 02 COLGATE POWER HOUSE 1113920 1<112111 595 04 4555 04 KiNG ClTv 1113612 WI2108 320
04 1948 02 COLUSA 1 SSw N3912 Wl2201 60 04 4628 06 LA CRESCENTA Fe 2~1 NH13 1111614
04 2031 06 CORONA N3352 Wl1734 710 04 4647 06 LAGUNA SEACH 1'13333 1111747
04 2081 01 COVElO N3947 W1231S 1385 04 4671 07 LAKE ARROWHEAD N3415 1111711
04 2090 06 COVINA TEMPLE Fe IY3 1113405 Wll752 575 04 4701 02 LAKEPORT 1113902 1112255
04 2147 01 CRESCENT CITY 1 III N4146 W12412 .0 04 4713 02 LAKE SPAULDING 1113919 1112038
04 2177 04 CROCKHT N3B02 1012213
04 2214
04 2218
01>
01
CULVER crTY
CUMMINGS
N3401
N3950
1>111824
WllHe
106
1285
" 04 413$
04 4040
06
06
LA MESA
LA VERNE HT; FC 500 C
1113246
1113407
Wl1701
WII145
530
1210
04 2239 06 CUYAMACA N3259 W11635 4650
04 4M3 05 LEBEC N3450 ;'11652 3585
04 2257 07 DAGGETT FAA .!RPORT
04 481>7 06 LECHUZA PT SIA Fe ~528 N3405 1111353 1600
NM52 WlIb47 1915 04 4884 05 LE GRAND N3714 W12015 255
04 2294 02 DAVIS 2 WSW EXP FARM Nil8n \112146 ,,0 04 4890 05 L EHON COVE 1113623 1111902 513
04 2n9 07 DEATH VAlLEY 1113628 Wl16n 194 04 4957 05
04 233. 02 DEER CREEK POWER HOUSE 10916 WI2051 3100 LINDSAY N31>1l W1l904 395
04 4997 O~ LIVERMORE COUNTY F D 1113740 1112146 490
04 2346 O~ DHANO 1113547 IIllns 323 04 '017 04 LOCKWOOO 2 N
04 2389 os OENAIR 3 Nr.e 1113734 WIl04? IH N35SB Wl2105 1104
04 5032 O~ LOD! 1113807 1112117 40
04 2402 02 DE SAnA N3952 >112&37 2713
04 2406 06 DESCANSO RANGER STA NnSI 0111637 3500
04 5080 06 LONG BEACH PUS sve 1113347 1<I11&1Z 10
O. 2458 02 POBBiNS COLGATE FORE8V 1113920 WiZ1l2 1550
04 5065 01> LONG SEArH WSO 1113349 1111809 34
04 2494 DOWNEY FD FCI07C 1113350
04 5107 06 LOS ALAMOS 1113445 W12017 565
06 W11608 llb 04 5114 06 LOS ANGELES WSO R 1II))'b
04 2300 02 DOWNIEVILLE RANGER STA 1'<3934 Wl1050 2895 0111624 105
04 5115 06 LOS ANGELE~ CIVIC eTR R 1113403 WIU14 270
STATION DIV NAME LAT LONG HEV STAT!ON DIV NAME 'AT LONG
04 5118 05 lOS SANDS N3103 W12052 120 0.4 7740 O~ SAN DIEGO WSO R N~2"4 0111710
04 5123 04 lOS GATOS N3714 WlZI5B 365 04 7149 01> SAN DIMAS FIRE we FC95 1043406 Wln4S
04 5147 06 lOS PRIETOS RANGER 5Th N3433 W1l947 1024 04 '1759 Ob SAN FERNANDO N3411 WIUZ8
04 521~ 06 LVTLE CREEK RANGER 5Th N341" Wll729 2no
04 5233 oS MADERA N36SB WH004 263 04 7169 04 SAN FRANC!~CO W50 R N3737 w12223
04 7772 04 S F FfOERAl SLUG. W50 R Nn4,7 WIUU
04 sne 05 MARICOPA N3505 W11923 />75 04 7110 M SAN ~AftR!El CANVON PH N34,09 1111754
04 5H6 05 MARIPOSA N3729 W!l958 2011 SAN GABRIEL u~ fC4l5DE
04 5HS
04 5449
D.D2 MARVSVILlE N3909 Wl213S 60
04 7779
04 77U
06
06 SAN GABRIEL FIRE ~EPT
N34!2
N3406
WU7S2
1'1180<>
Me CLI'IIJO N4116 WI2208 3300
04 5502 07 MECCA FIRE STATION Nn34 WI1604 !DO 04 lBlO 01> SAN JACINTO NU47 Wllb58 1535
04 7~21 04 SAN JOSE R NUZ! 0112154 67
04 ssa oS MENDOTA DAM 1~364 7 Wll022 161> 04 1'851 04 SAN lUiS OBISPO POLY N~518 W12040 no
04 5532 05 MERCED FIRE STATION N3718 W12D.9 169
04 5598
04 5679
D.
02
MIDDLETOWN
MINERAL
N3S.5 1112237 Ill2
04 7064
04 7688
04
06
SAN HATED
SANTA ANA fIRE STATION
N37~l
IIIn45
WUlU
Wll752
Zl
!IS
"4021 WI213~ 4911
04 s70e 05 MODESTO N3139 W12100 n 04 7897 06 SANTA ANITA FERN fC4)2 N34U w111101 2035
g4 7902 06 SANTA BAR8ARA
04
04
5756
5663
07
07
MOJAVE
MORONGO VALLEV
N3503
N3402
1<11610
W!l~35
2135
2560
04 7905
04 7912
06
04
SANTA BARBARA FAA AP
SANTA CLARA UNIVERSITY
1113425
1>13420
1113721
Oil! 941
1I1!950
W1215!> U
..
5

04 5900 06 Mi BALDY FC 65G N3H4 \!Illn9 4275 04 7911> 04 SANTA CRUZ NlIbS9 W!llOI 125
04 5933 04 MOUNT HAMILTON Nono W1ZU9 420b
04 5941 01 MOUNT HEARON RS N4147 0112<0. 4250 04 7930 t)4 SANTA MARGARITA 2 5W N3522 1112038 1200
04 7941> 06 SANTA HARIA WSD R 1113454 W12021 236
04 5983 02 MOUNT SHASTA WSO IIR N4119 0112219 35.4 04 7950 06 SANTA MONICA N1I401 W1l829 64
04 6u06 06 MOUNT WILSON Fe 318 8 II N'414 W!le04 5709 04 7953 06 SANTA MONICA PIeR N34()O WIU30 15
04 6027 01 HUIR WOODS N3754 0112234 225 04 7'165 01 SANTA ROSA N3821 1112242 161
04 6074 01 NAPA STATE HOSPITAL N3817 W12216 60
04 6118 07 NEEDLES FAA AIRPORT N3446 1<11"37 913 04 3014 06 SAUGUS PWR PL NO I N:h1l5 Wilen 2105
04 8045 01 SCOT! A N4029 W!2406 139
04 ,,136 02 NEVADA CITV 1'13916 II121O! 2520 04 8060 04 SURSVILlE LAKE 11111724 1112214 350
04 6144 04 NEWARK N37H WlllO. 10 04 8218 02 SIERRAV!LLE RANGER STAll No9;5 0112022 4975
04 6162 06 NEWHALL SOLEDAD FCllCE N3423 II!lU' 1243 04 0230 06 SIGNAL HILL FC ~IS 1113348 WHOlO !OO
04 616B 05 NEWMAN 2 1'1" N3721 0112103 108
04 6175 Ob NEWPORT aEACH HARBOR N3336 IIll?53 !O 04 8272 01 SKAGGS SPGS LAS LOMAS NlI641 0112308 1930
04 8311 07 SNOW CI\EfK UPPER N3352 W!1641 1940
04 6197 07 N!LAND N3n7 \!I115H 55 04 8353 OS SONORA RS N3759 11120.3 1749
04 6252 05 NORTH FORK RANGER ST. N3n. W1l930 2630 04 nBO 05 SO ENTRANCE YOSEMITE Nono WIl938 5120
04 6328 01 OAK KNOLL RANGoR ST. N'150 1112251 1963 04 8446 04 SPRECKELS HWV 8RIDGE Nob3e 1112141 60
04 6335 0" OAK lAND wSO R N3744 W!HlZ i!>
04 6370 O! OCCIDENTAL N3825 W122'3 960 04 8479 01 SQUIRRH INN 2 N3414 1111714 %80
04 8558 05 STOCKTON WSO N37S4 \lUllS U
04 6383 07 OCOTIllO WEllS N3309 Wlll>08 180 04 U60 05 STOCKTON FIRE STA NO 4 N~800 0112119 12
04 6399 06 OJAI NHZ? WI19U 150 04 8530 02 STONVFORD RANGER STA N3923 1112233 1168
04 6476 05 ORANGE COVE N3637 \!I line 431 04 85S7 02 STONY GORGE RESERVO!R N3935 1112232 791
04 6498 01 ORICK PRAIRIE CREEK PK N4122 1112401 161
04 6506 02 ORLANO N3945 Wl22!2 254 04 3702 0) SUSANVILLE AIRPORT 1114023 0112034 4148
04 6508 o! ORlEANS N4He WIlH2 403
04 87,a O~ TAHOE C lTV NonO W12008 1>230
04 6525 O. OROVILLE SRIDGE N39.1 Wl21H 165
49
04 U39
04 3692
05
07
TEJON RANCHO
TMERMAL FAA AIRPORT
N3502
N3nS
IIllS"S
11111>10
1425
120
04 6509 06 DXNARD N3412 Wl1911
04 6597 02 PACIFIC HOUSE N3845 W12030 3440 04 5914 05 TMREE RVRS EDISON PH N%28 0111853 950
04 6602 Db PACOIMA DAM FC ~~ A e N3420 1111924 1500
04 8928 05 TIGER CREEK PH NlIa27 1112029 2355
04 6610 04 PAICINES DHRWbLl RANCH N3644 W12122 950 04 6967 01> TOPANGA PATROL STA FCb N3405 1111836 745
04 6624 07 PALMDALE N3435 Wl180~ 2591> 04 8973 06 TORRANCE 1'43348 II!U20 no
04 6635 07 PAlM SPRINGS N3349 Wlll>32 411 04 9035 01 TRONA No547 Wll723 1&95
04 61>46 D. PALO ALTu JR MUSEUM N3727 WI2208 25 04 9043 03 TRUCKEE RANGER STAT!ON N3920 0112011 5995
04 6650 D. PALOMA N3621 0112130 1635
04 9053 01 TULELAKE III'. 1'14158 W!lI2S 4035
04 6657 06 PALOMAR MT D8SERV~TDRY NH21 Wllb52 5545 04 90711 05 TURLOCK N3729 1I!2051 liS
PALOS VE~DFS EST FC43D 04 90S7 01> TUSTIN IRVINE RANCH N3344 Wl1747 lie
04 6663
04 6699
04 6703
06
07
O.
PARKER RESERVOIR
PARKFIELO
N.348
N3417
NlI553
IIll 823
Wl1410
W12026
1111809
216
738
1482
04
04
9099
9105 o.
07 TWENTYNINE PALMS
TWIN LAKES
111.408
N3842
\IU002
1112002
!915
7829
04 6719 06 PASADENA N3409 864
04 9122 01 UKiAH N.909 1112312 623
04 6726 02 PASKENTA RANGER STA N3953 W12232
04 9138 01> UNION OIL STEARNS ABS N:>356 W!l7S2 110
04 9!52 01> U C l A N3404 1111827 430
04 6730 OA PASO ROBLES N3538 0112041 04 9158 06 UPLAND 3 ill 1113408 1111739 11>05
04 6154 05 PATHWAY N~450 Wll92.
04 9167 02 UPPER LAKE 7 W N3911 W12302 1524
04 b820 O! PETALUMA FIRE STA 2 1\13814 1112238
04 6926 04 PINNACLES NAT MONUMENT NOb29 W1Z1l! 04 9177 01 UPPEP. MATTOlE N40!5 1112411 255
04 9200 O. VACAVILLE 1'13822 W!2157 105
04 6960 02 PLACERVILLE N3844 0112048 1890 04 9251 07 VALVEPMO RANGER STA N3427 WII751 3705
04 7016 06 PT ARGUELLO LIGHT sr. N~434 W12040 76 04 n60 06 VAN NUVSFC 15A 1113411 "'Ha27 695
04 7024 O. POINT PIEDRAS BLANCAS 1113540 1112117 59 04 9285 06 VENTuRA "3417 1111917 105
04 7050 01> POMONA CAL POLY N3404 WIl149 740
04 7077 oS PORTERVI LlE N360' W11901 393 04 9325 07 VICTURVllLE PUMP PLANT N34n 1111710 2858
04 9345 06 VINCENT FIRE STA FCl20 N3429 0111808 3135
04 7065 02 PORTOLA 1113948 W12028 4838 04 9351 02 VINTON N39"9 1112011 "950
04 7109 01 POTTER VALLEY PH t;3922 WI2308 !015 04 9367 05 VISALIA N3620 0111918 325
04 7150 04 PRIEST VAlLEY N3611 W12042 HOO 04 9386 02 VOLLMERS Mon 1112227 1U5
04 '1l95 02 QUI~CY N3956 W12056 3.09
04 7244 06 RANCH iT A N3>14 Wl!632 4110 04 n90 02 VOLTA POWER HOUSE N4028 0112152 2200
04 94U 05 WALLACE I Sf 1113811 1112058 214
04 7253 07 RANOSRURG N3522 Wll?39 3570 04 9423 04 WALNUT e~EEK 2 ESE N3153 0112202 245
04 7292 02 R~D BLUFF WSO II N4009 \lI12215 342 04 9431 06 WALNUT PTL STA FC10ze N3400 1111752 480
04 72% 02 REDDING FIRE 5TA NO 2 1'14035 1112224 530 04 9447 06 WARNER SPRINGS N3317 W1l638 ~uo
04 1306 oe REDLANDS N3403 1I1l1l1 1318
04 7339 04 RED.OOD C lTV 1113129 IH2214 31 04 9452 05 wASCO N3Bb Wl1920 U3
04 9419 04 WATSONVILLE WATERWORKS N3656 0112146 95
04 7370 02 REPRESA N3842 W12l10 2'1S 04 9490 01 WEAVERVILLE RANGEP STA N4044 1112251> 2050
04 7470 06 RiVERSIDE FIRE 5TA. #3 NH57 WI1723 840 04 9560 0' WESTHAVEN N36U 1<111959 285
04 7516 02 ROCKLI N N3848 \lUll. 2'12 04 9b60 06 WHITTIER eTV H Fe 106( N3358 1111802 340
04 1630 02 SACRAMENTO WSQ II 1113831 0112130 17
04 7043 O! SAINT HELENA N3830 0112228 225 04 9699 02 WILLOWS No9;2 0112212 140
04 9742 O. WINTERS N3n, 1112158 US
04 7661 SAINT MARYS COLLEGE N3750 \;112206 623 04 9754 05 WOFFORD HEIGHTS N3S4:; 1411$21 2730
04 76.9 SAL INA. FAA AP N3640 1112136 15 04 9775 O~ WOOOF(lRD5 N3847 W1l94" 5671
04 7669 SALT SPRINGS PWR HOUSE N3UO W120!3 3700 04 9181 02 WOODLAND ! WNW N3841 W12143 69
04 7723 SAN BERNARDINO eo HOSP N3408 0111116 !l25
04 7131 SAN CLEMENTE DAM N%26 0112142 600 04 9814 04 WRIGHTS N3708 IIIl157
04 9847 06 YORBA LI NDA 1113353 WI1749
04 7734 06 SANDBERG PTL FC1~OB N3445 WllS.;; 04 9355 O~ YOSEMITE PARK HEADQTRS 1113145 WI193~
04 7735 06 SANDBERG WSO IIR N3445 WIU4 .. 04 9806 01 YREKA N4!4' 1112238
VII. Ch
 260

This section contains five sky charts, ranging in latitude from 41° (approx-
imately the California-Oregon border) to 33° (approximately the California-
Mexico border).
Users should pick the sky chart closest in latitude to that of their
location. Latitude values for over 350 weather stations in California are
given in Section VI-B.
A guide to the use of sky charts is given in Section IV,
 261

A. 41 0 LATITU E

True
north < : : t h angle

_-r---__
o
30 Altitude angle

day

JUL 22
JUN 21
AUG 21
MAY 22
APR 21-~- __. SEP 21

MAR 22 OCT 21

FEB 20--_ __ NOV 20

JAN 20

DEC 21

180
True
South
 262

o LATITUDE

True
north ~th angle
o
Altitude angle
--------- 30

day

JUL 22
JUN 21
AUG 21
MAY 22

APR 2 l - - _ A SEP 21

OCT 21
MAR 22

FEB 20--_.!\a NOV 20

JAN 20

DEC 21

180
True
South
 263

o LATITU

True
north ~th angle
o
~--,----- 30 Altitude angle

day

JUL 22
JUN 2 1 - - - -
MAY 2 2 - - - - ' AUG 21
APR 2l~ _ _. 21

MAR 22 OCT 21

FEB 20 ---l!! NOV 20

JAN 20

DEC 21

180
True
South
 264

35° LATITUDE

2'rue
north ~Zimuth angle

o
--"'!r-___ ~ 30 /Al.tituae angle

i0 Hour of the day

JUL 22
JUN 21
MAY 22--~T
AUG 21

APR 21---..;IiI SEP 21

MAR 22 OCT 21

FEB 20---~ NOV 20

JAN 20

DEC 21

180
True
South
 265

33° LATITU E

True
north
o

day

JUL 22
JUN 21---"'"'irlt
MAY 2 2 - - - - AUG 21
APR 21-_ _ SEP 21

MAR 22 OCT 21

FEB 2 0 - - -..\11
JAN 20 _ _ _ ~

DEC 21

180
True
South
 267

.
VIII. UI im lified rform n
ost Method
 269

A, INTRODUCTION TO TYPES OF METHODS

There are two general methods for evaluating the performance and costs of
solar energy systems for buildings, One type involves sophisticated computer
simulations that require detailed specifications of the system (collectors,
storage tanks, building construction, etc,) as well as hourly solar and weather
data, The other type is simplified, using less detailed specifications of the
system, and monthly solar and weather data, such as those supplied by this
manual. The simplified methods are usually intended for small, standard
buildings, such as a home with roof-mounted collectors, storage tank, and
forced-air heating system, The detailed simulation methods are more expensive
and laborious, but they yield more reliable results, Their use may be warran-
ted for large buildings, building complexes, and any novel system that cannot
be handled by a simplified method, Both methods are presented here to aid
the potential user in choosing a method that best matches his or her applica-
tion, computational skill and knowledge,
Although the hourly data requirements of the detailed simulation methods
are beyond the scope of this manual, two such methods are briefly discussed
below for reference, A number of simplified methods are also discussed,
Finally, for each simplified method, a more detailed breakdown is given of
the range of applicability, input to be supplied by the user, and the re-
sulting output, All of the methods listed are available to the general public,

B. DETAILED COM SIMULATION METHODS

1. TRNSYS
This computer program, developed by the University of Wisconsin with NSF
and ERDA support, has been extensively used for several years. The best
reference to the program is the operating manual (Klein et al., 1976); the
basic processes are described by Duffie and Beckman (1974). TRNSYS is geared
 270

to performance calculations of multicomponent systems. Costs are not treated.

2. Cal=ERDA
This program is being developed by collaboration between Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory, Consultants Computation Bureau, Argonne National Laboratory, Los
Alamos Scientific Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, and Construction
Engineering Research Laboratory, with support from the State of California
and ERDA (hence the name). The program features a special language that
facilitates the user1s description of the building. Performance and cost
evaluations can be made. The principal motivation for Cal-ERDA was energy
conservation in buildings, but active solar systems (roof-mounted collectors)
can be treated. The best source of information is the user1s manual (Cal-ERDA
Group, 1977).

C. SIMPLIFIED METHODS

These methods use monthly solar and weather data that have been averaged
over several years (sometimes called 1I1 ong-term or historic dataL such as
ll

are provided in this manual. The methods then predict the average (or long-
term) performance of the user1s solar energy system. Even if the methods were
exact, the actual performance for any given month or year will usually differ
from the prediction. Also, if solar or weather data for a short period of
time are used, the long-term prediction will usually be in error.
The "pe::rformance of a solar energy system refers to the fraction of the
building's heating load or cooling load that will be supplied by solar energy
over the long term, The most important factor that determines the,
performance
(for a given load and reasonable tilt angle of the collector) is the area of
the collector. All the methods described here provide a means of determining
the relationship between performance and collector area. Most of the methods
also allow the user to investigate the performance for different tilt angles,
types of collector, storage tank volume, etc. Many of the methods provide a
formula to calculate costs (for example, life-cycle costs) for a given per-
formance. The computer-based methods can optimize" the system by determining
lI

the collector area that will minimize costs. (This optimization may be done
by hand for some of the other methods.)
 271

The summaries presented below are based almost entirely on the referenced
material. LBL has used some of the methods but has not tested any of them
against either detailed simulations or real buildings,

1, University of Wisconsin Method (F-chart)

This method is based on a performance chart (the f-chart) that allows the
user to determine the fraction f of the heating load provided by solar energy
for a given collector area, The f-chart is applied after the user has speci-
fied the space heating and domestic hot-water load, certain parameters of the
collecting system (for example, collector efficiency), the monthly total solar
radiation, and the monthly mean temperature and heating degree days.
The f-chart method was developed from detailed considerations of solar
heating systems for buildings by Klein, Beckman and Duffie {1976}, The actual
parameters of the chart were generated empirically from some 300 detailed
simulations based on TRNSYS .
. There are at least four different approaches to the use of f-chart:

a. ORIGINAL PAPERS
The basic method and its application to liquid systems is described by
Klein, Beckman and Duffie (1976), An extension of the method to air systems
;s also given by the same authors (1977). The first paper includes a pre-
scription for calculating the dollars saved annually by using a solar system
rather than a conventional system. The prescription also explains how to
determine the collector area that maximizes the savings, The application of
f-chart using these papers is not completely straightforward, and requires a
good knowledge of solar energy fundamentals and a good grasp of mathematics.
Most users will find the other approaches more convenient.

b. FCHART - THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN INTERACTIVE SOLAR HEATING

DESIGN PROGRAM

FCHART is an interactive computer program version of the method as it is

presented in the original papers. The program is accompanied by some descrip-
tive material, but a knowledge of solar energy fundamentals is still helpful.
However, the program handles all the calculations and provides pre-set (de-
fault) values for all the various input parameters, The user need only
change those parameters that are different for the user1s system. Solar and
 272

weather data are built into the program for 100 locations (7 in California)~
LBL recommends using the values in this data manual for applications in
California. At the option of the user~ FCHART will perform a life-cycle cost
analysis and determine the collector area that minimizes the costs.

c. SOLAR HEATING OF BUILDINGS AND DOMESTIC HOT WATER

This report contains an approach to f-chart developed by Beck and Field
(1976) for the Naval Facilities Engineering Command. Methods are provided
to estimate the yearly value of fuel saved, the IIpresent worth" of 15 years of
fuel savings, and the cost of solar energy systems. Worksheets and step-by-
step instructions are given to guide the user in preparing the input to per-
formance and cost analysis. The report presents descriptive and numerical
information concerning many aspects of solar energy systems, including types
of flat-plate collectors, collector heat losses, selective surfaces, storage
methods~ maintenance~ temperature rise through collectors~ and architectural
considerations. Two complete examples are also given: one for a residence
and the other for a dental dispensary. Though the report contains tables of
solar radiation (no weather data) for 52 locations (7 in California)~ LBL
recommends using the solar' and weather data in this manual.

d. INTERMEDIATE MINIMUM PROPERTY STANDARDS FOR SOLAR HEATING AND

DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SYSTEMS
This document, prepared by the National Bureau of Standards for HUD
(NBS/HUD~ 1976), gives a step-by-step approach to using f-chart. The space-
heating step requires reference to another HUD report~ but otherwise~ the
approach is largely self-contained. Though there is no cost analysis, the
document contains a wealth of descriptive and numerical information. Topics
include safety considerations~ corrosion, material lifetimes~ seismic and hail
load, condensation in collectors, absorptive coatings~ storage methods~ ducts
and pipes, heat transfer fluids, and sealing compounds. In addition~ a com-
pl example for a residence is given.
Solar data and mean temperatures (but not degree-days) are presented for
80 locations (6 in California). LBL recommends the use of the solar and
weather data in this manual.
 J
,
,. ,f

273

2, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) Method

The basic idea of this method is similar to that of f-chart, An !Ix-factor"
is defined that relates the fraction of the heating load supplied by solar
energy to the collector area (Balcomb and Hedstrom, 1976). The parameters of
the x-factor were determined empirically by a detailed simulation analysis
of 25 U.S, and Canadian cities, The factor applies to air or liquid heating
systems using flat-plate collectors,
In contrast to the f-chart, the x-factor has the parameters of a IIstandard li
solar energy system built in, As a consequence, the LASL method is generally
easier to apply than f-chart. On the other hand, the lASL method (with some
exceptions, see below) cannot be used to examine the performance as a function
of collector efficiency, tilt angle, and storage capacity per unit collector
area, Another difference is that the LASL method only calculates the fraction
of the annual load supplied by solar energy, F-chart can be used for either
the monthly or annual fraction.
To use this method, it is necessary to specify the building's heating
load in Btu's per degree-day, the monthly total radiation, and the monthly
total degree-days. There are at least two approaches to the Los Alamos method:

a. ORIGINAL PAPER
This method, and a step-by-step explanation of its application, are
described by Balcomb and Hedstrom (1976). The paper presents a quantity
called "LC," which has been calculated from solar and weather data, along with
the x-factor, Once the user has specified the heating load in Btu·s per
degree-day, the tabulated values of LC can be used to calculate in a very
simple way the required collector area for 25%, 50%, and 75% of the annual
load to be supplied by solar, A cost analysis is not included.
The knowledgeable solar-energy user should not have any difficulty using
either LC or the x-factor as presented in the paper. However, the following
approach is much more informative and somewhat more versatile,

b. ERDA'S PACIFIC REGIONAL SOLAR HEATING HANDBOOK

This handbook was prepared for ERDA, San Francisco Operations Office by
LASl (ERDA-SAN/LASL, 1976), The step-by-step approach in the handbook is
essentially the same as in the original paper. LC (now called the Load-
Collector ratio) is tabulated for 18 cities in the Pacific region. Six of
these cities (Santa Naria and Fresno in Cal Hornia) had hourly solar data
 274

available and are given special attention, The Load-Collector ratios are
culated from detailed simulations rather than the x-factor, Graphs show
how the solar fraction depends on many design considerations such as collector
type (single vs double glazing), orientation, tilt, and storage capacity,
Strictly speaking, the graphs only apply to the six special cities, However,
they can be used to judge the significance of variations in design for most
locations, LBL recommends using the Load-Collector ratios for these special
cities, but the data in this manual and the x-factor for other locations,
The handbook includes a "cost of solar heat" analysis that computes the
cost per million Btu of the energy supplied by solar, A graph is given that
can be used to estimate the "breakeven" point in solar-energy usage (in $/ft 2
of collector) for various assumptions about future fuel costs, The handbook
contains descriptive material on many aspects of heating systems. It also
has short sections on domestic hot-water heating, swimming-pool heaters, and
passive systems.

3, Martin Marietta Method (SOLCOST)

SOLCOST is a computer program developed by Martin Marietta (Denver) for
ERDA. Connolly et al. (1976) have given a technical description of the method,
but its application requires the computer program and the user's manual (Martin
Marietta, 1977). SOLCOST has received some, but not extensive, verification.
SOLCOST differs from f-chart and the LASL method in that it performs a
detailed simulation for an "average day" for each month. According to Connolly
et a1. (1976), th is approach prov; des an accura te sol ut ion wh il e keep; ng
II

computer costs to a reasonable value.'1 SOLCOST is more versatile than the

other methods, It is designed to handle hot-water systems, absorption cycle
air conditioners, solar-assisted heat pumps, and some passive features, as well
as air and liquid space-heating systems, A variety of methods can be used to
specify the load, ranging from monthly fuel bills to transient simulations.
Collectors may be evacuated tubes, or one- or two-axis concentrators, in
addition to flat plates.
The weather data required are minimum and maximum temperatures, heating
degree days and (for cooling only) minimum and maximum relative humidity.
The solar data are percent possible sunshine (PP) and "clearness number." The
program uses a recipe to compute the solar radiation for a clear day (Qclear)
 275

and for a cloudy day (Q cloud ) It then forms the sum

Qaverage day = PP • Qclear + ( 1 - pP) • Qcloud

The only location-dependent ingredient in Qclear or Qcloud is the clearness
number, which is related to the average atmospheric transmission on clear days.
This number is generally not available experimentally; as a default the program
uses the contour map of Threlkeld and Jordan (1974). The weather and solar
data are built into the program for 124 cities (7 in California). LBL recom-
mends using the bUll in values for these cities, but the values in this manual
for other locations. In either case, use the built-in value for clearness
number.
The program will perform a life-cycle cost analysis relative to a reference
(conventional) system. At the useris option, the program will compute the
collector area that minimizes this cost.
Users with a good knowledge of solar energy fundamentals should not have
any particular difficulty applying SOLCOST. The useris manual provides stan-
dard forms to help structure the input to the program. The forms must then be
converted to punched cards by someone familiar with computer input formats.
(A keypunch operator would usually not be able to do this conversion.) Most
of the input parameters have pre-set (default) values and only those that are
different for the useris applications need be changed.

D. SUMMARY OF SIMPLIFIED METHODS

A concise summary of the three simplified methods is given on the fol-
lowing pages. Important aspects of solar-system design and analysis are
referenced by letters to one or more of the approaches. In this way, a user
with a particular design, data set, computational expertise and need, can
find the approach most suitable to his or her objectives.
 276

UNIVERSITY F NSIN METHO (F-CHART)

Computation level: Hand calculator with trig functions. (a)

Interactive computer program. (b)
Hand calculator. (c,d)

Units: Metric (a); Engineering (c,d); Either system (b).

Solar system types: Liquid flat plate collector, heat exchanger to storage tank, (a,b,c,d)
w/wo domestic hot water.
or: Air flat plate collector, pebble bed storage, w/wo domestic hot water. (a,b,c,d)

Solar data needed: Monthly total radiation on tilted surface. (a,c,d)

or: Monthly total radiation on horizontal surface and tilt calculation. (a,b,c,d)

Tilt calculation: Equation for any tilt angle, south orientation. (a)
Built-in for any tilt angle, south orientation. (b)
Graph for latitude +10 0 , south orientation. (c)
Tables for latitude, latitude ± 15°, vertical, south orientation. (d)

Weather data needed: Monthly average ambient temperature and degree days. (a,b,c,d)

System parameters: Slope and intercept of collector efficiency curve. (a,b,c,d)

Effectiveness of collector-tank heat exchanger. (a,b,c,d)*
Various heat capacity flow rates. (a,b,c,d)*
Storage tank volume per unit collector area. (a,b,c,d)

Space heating input: Building load in energy units per month. (a,b,c,d)
or: Constant characterizing the load in units of energy per degree-day. (a,b,c,d)

Hot water input: Domestic hot water load in energy units. (a,b,c,d)
or: Constants characterizing the demand, water main temperature, (a,b,c,d)
minimum acceptable temperature.

Cost analysis: "Annual Dollar Savings" based on $/m 2 of collector (installed), (a)
fixed costs, $/unit capacity storage, annual charge on capital
investment, auxiliary fuel costs.
"Life-cycle" based on collector area dependent costs; fixed costs; (b)
down payment, interest, term of mortgage, discount rate; insurance
and maintenance; present cost of fuel and rate of increase.
"Dollar Value of Fuel Saved" based on cost of fuel and furnace efficiency. (c)
"Present Worth of 15 Years of Fuel Saved" based on inflation rate (c)
and discount rate (estimates provided).
"Cost of Solar System" based on cost/ft 2 of collector, storage, (c)
auxiliary heating installed, miscellaneous, and contractor fees.

(a) Original papers; Klein, Beckman and Duffie (1976 and 1977).
(b) Interactive computer program; FCHART (1976).
(c) Solar Heating of Buildings and Domestic Hot Water; Beck and Field (1976).
(d) Intermediate Minimum Property Standards for Solar Heating .... ; NBS/HUD (1976).
* These parameters can often be ignored. They are used in a correction factor that is
1.0 for systems without heat exchangers and very close to 1.0 for efficient systems
with exchangers.
 JJ

277

LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFI LABORATORY METHOD (LASL)

Computation level: Hand calculator for LC (Load"Collector ratio) approach. (a,b)

Hand calculator with trig functions for X"factor. (a,b)

Units: Engineering (a,b)

Solar system types: Liquid flat plate collector, heat exchanger to storage tank, (a,b)
w/wo domestic hot water, forced air heat.
or: Air flat plate collector, rock bed storage, w/wo domestic hot water, (a,b)
forced air heat.

Solar data needed: Monthly total radiation on tilted surface. (a,b)

Monthly total radiation on horizontal surface and tilt calculation. (a,b)

Tilt calculation: Equation for latitude +10 0 , south orientation. (a,b)

Weather data needed: Monthly degree days. (a,b)

System parameters: For basic method (any location); none. (a,b)

For six special cities with hourly solar data graphs show liquid (b)
system performance dependence on: type of collector (single vs.
double glazing, selective surface); collector orientation, tilt,
cover glass transmissivity, surface absorptance and emittance,
coolant flow rate, heat transfer coefficient, back insulation, and
heat capacity; distribution pipe insulation, heat exchanger effective"
ness; thermal storage heat capacity and heat losses; design water
temperature.
For air systems, graphs show dependence on: collector heat (bJ
transfer effectiveness; air flow rate, thermal storage capacity,
and rock bed temperature distribution.

Space heating input: Building load in Btu per degree"day. (a,b)

Hot water input: Estimated load. (a,b)

Cost analysis: "Cost of Solar Heat" in dollars per million Btu's based on: (b)
system installation cost/ft2; annual capital fixed charge rate;
and annual operating, maintenance and repair cost.
"Break"Even Point" in dollars per ft2 of collector based on:
alternate energy cost and forecasted annual increase; and useful
solar energy delivered per ft2 of collector.

(a) Original paper; Balcomb and Hedstrom (1976).

(b) ERDA's Pacific Regional Solar Heating Handbook; ERDA"SAN/LASL (1976).
 278

. MARTIN METHOD (SOLCOST)

Computation level: Batch process computer program.

Units: Engineering.

Solar system types: Space and domestic hot"water heating systems with air or liquid collectors.
or: Absorption cycle air conditioning.
or: Solar assisted heat pumps.
or: Systems with some passive features.

Collector types: Flat plate, evacuated tube, one" or two"axis trackers.

Solar data needed: Percent possible sunshine and clearness number (default value of clearness
number supplied by program from contour map).

Tilt calculation: Built in for any tilt and orientation.

Weather data needed: Minimum/maximum temperature.

Heating degree"days.
Min/max relative humidity (solar cooling only).

System para meters: Collector efficiency parameters from efficiency curve.

Storage capacity per collector area (liquid systems only).
Fuel type, efficiency of auxiliary heat source.
COP for solar assisted heat pump (heat pump application only).
Variou's flags to specify collector type.

Heat/cool input: Building Load in energy units.

or: Monthly fuel bills and description of existing HVAC system (retrofit only).
or: Building dimensions for buildings meeting ASH RAE standard 90"75.
or: UA (U"factor) in Btu/hr"oF.
or: Detailed specification of building for steady"state calculation.
or: Detailed specification for transient calculation. (Recommended by the
authors for buildings with passive features:)

Hot water input: Hot water load in energy units.

Cost analysis: "Life cycle" relative to a reference system.

The following types of information are used:
Reference System: initial installed cost and maintenance.
Solar System; fixed cost, installed cost per unit collector area, liquid
storage installed cost per gallon, maintenance cost.
Finance/Tax Data: scenario indicator (residence, business, non"profit),
loan interest rate, loan term, loan down payment, insurance,
property t<;lX rate, income tax rate, various depreciation factors for businesses.
Fuel Costs: dollars per unit; escalation rate; heat content per unit for
any of natural gas, electricity, fuel oil, LPG, coal.

Note: All entries referenced to SOlCOST User's Guide; Martin Marietta (1977).
 , ,
279

I " n I r In rmation
 281

SOLAR PECTRUM

The surface of the sun radiates at an effective blackbody temperature

Q
of 5800 K. The peak power output occurs in the yellow-green region of the
visible spectrum and extends to longer (infrared) and shorter (ultraviolet)
wavelengths. The uppermost solid curve in Fig. 1 shows the solar spectrum

2.0
Ii!
::!.
N
til
"-
'"
~
1.5
SEA-LEVEL SUNLIGHT (M = 1 air mass)
~
...:l
'E-<'
Z
1>1 1.0
0
".
0
z
""

0.5

0.3 0.6 1.0 2.5 2.0 3.5 3.0

WAVELENGTH, llm

Fig. 1. Solar spectrum outside the earth1s atmosphere

(upper curve) and at sea level (lower curve),
for the sun directly overhead (1 air mass).

outside the earth1s atmosphere. The atmosphere absorbs and scatters some
of the radiation incident from the sun, so that the solar spectrum received
at the earth1s surface is modified as shown by the lower curve in Fig. 1.
On a clear day the degree of attenuation depends on the air mass (llthickness il

of the atmosphere), the amount of water vapor, dust particles. ozone and
other molecules present. This attenuation is due to a number of different
physical processes and is highly dependent on the wavelength of the light.
When the sun is directly overhead, the radiation from it penetrates
 282

rough a minimum thickness of the atmosphere. If the observer is located at

sea 1 and the sun is directly overhead, the vertical penetration distance
is referred to as air mass 1. As the sun moves away from overhead, towards
horizon, solar radiation penetrates an increasingly thick atmosphere (air
mass 2, etc.). If the earth had no atmosphere, the sun would appear at full
brightness immediately after sunrise ana the brightness would remain the same
throughout the day.
The effect of the atmosphere on the energy delivered by the sun (summed
over all wavelengths) is illustrated in Fig. 2, a very clear day profile of
the direct beam radiation (the part of the solar radiation that has not been
scattered or absorbed by the atmosphere). The solar radiation that is scattered
by the atmosphere is known as the diffuse component. The rounding of the curve
before and after noon is due to the air mass effect. Curves like this, pre-
sented in the manual for each of California's solar data stations, show an
upper limit to the amount of direct beam solar radiation that can be collected
at any time of the day at various seasons of the year.

Beam (Normal Incidence)

1000 Fig. 2. Example of direct beam

radiation intensity as a function
of the time of day. In the absence
of the earth's atmosphere the
'"
Ei
intensity would rise abruptly to a
""- constant value (approx. 1370 W/m 2)
(J)
-'
-'
and remain there throughout the day.
«l 500
""
100

~Dec 21
O-+--Mar 21. Ssp 21
-+--1-- June 21
o 0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Local Solar Time

A second type of curve presented in the manual depicts daily variation

of the total (direct beam plus diffuse) solar radiation on a horizontal
surface (Fig. 3).
 283

Total Radiation on a
Horizontal Surface

1000
300

Fig. 3. Example of total

solar radiation on a horizontal
surface as a function of the
time of day. 200 '"::

100

6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Local Solar Time

This curve differs from the curve of Fig. 2 in two respects: (a) the diffuse
component of the radiation is added to the direct beam component; and (b) the
receiving surface does not track the sun and thus, the direct beam component
is reduced from the normal incidence value.

. THE LAR NSTANT

The amount of solar energy received per unit time per unit area on a
surface normal to the sun at the mean distance of the earth from the sun and
outside the earth's atmosphere is called the "solar constant." The presently
accepted value for the solar constant (Duncan et al., 1977) is:
2
1367 W/m 2 or 434 Btu/ft - h
This represents the amount of solar energy received just above the earth's
atmosphere at the mean earth-sun distance. The eccentricity of the earth's
elliptical orbit causes the sun-earth distance to vary by ±1.7% from the
mean value, and thus, the actual amount of radiation just above the atmosphere
will fluctuate somewhat :hroughout the year. The extraterrestrial radiation
at any time of the year can be well approximated by the formula:
3600
Ho '" 1367 + 45 cos [365 nJ , (1)
where Ho is expressed in W/m 2 and n ;s the number of the day of the year.
 284

LAR IME AN STAN DIME

The displays and sky charts presented in this manual use solar (also
called "local apparent time so that they will be valid over the entire state.
ll
)

Therefore, a procedure is included below for the conversion from solar time to
Pacific Standard Time (clock time), The difference for the state between the
two kinds of time does not exceed 30 minutes.
In California, time measured on a properly set clock is Pacific Standard
me (PST), or Pacific Daylight Time (PDT), which is advanced one hour from
PST (PDT = PST + 1 hour), The Pacific Standard Time zone is centered on the
120° Wmeridian, which passes through Lake Tahoe and slightly to the west of
Fresno and Santa Barbara,
Solar time ;s a local phenomenon, determined such that solar noon occurs
when the sun ;s most nearly overhead during the day, Thus two observers,
displaced east and west of one another, would measure different solar times
at the same PST. Since it takes the sun 4 minutes to pass through each degree
of longitude, the time difference in minutes corresponding to an observer's
longitude L'ocal with respect to the central meridian of the Pacific Time
zone is 4' (Llocal - 120°) . The difference in solar time between the
extreme eastern and western borders of California is 41 minutes, which
corresponds to a maximum longitude difference of 10,3°,
An additional correction, referred to as the equation of time (E), must
be made when converting from PST to Solar Time, The equation of time correc-
tion must be made because (a) the earth1s orbit around the sun is elliptical
rather than circular, and (b) the earth1s axis is tilted with respect to its
plane of motion about the sun (the ecliptic). The equation of time is
plotted in Fig. 4.

15 /" ~

<:: V \
Fig, 4. Equation of IE 10

time (E) • W 5 / !\
~
I
~
V \
I-
lI.
0
0

-5
II '"\ "-
)
Z
0
~::l
-10 1\ /
\ I
0 -15 ~
W

JFMAMJJASOND
MONTH
 285

The formula to be used in converting from solar time to Pacific Standard

Time is:
PST = SOLAR TIME - E + 4 • (L
1oca
1 - 120°) (2)

EXAMPLE: Find the corresponding solar time when it is 9:35 AM PST

in long Beach (L'ocal = 118°W) on 1 November.
Use Eq. 2 and Fig. 4:
SOLAR TIME = PST + E - 4 • (L'ocal - 120°)
'" 9:35 + 17m - 4 • (118 - 120)
= 9:35 + 17m + 8m
'" 10:00 AM

. LOCATiON OF THE SUN IN HE SKY

For most solar energy applications, it is desirable to know the sun's

position at different times of the day and year. This is especially true in
systems that use focusing collectors that track tbe sun. For systems that
use flat plate collectors, knowledge of the sun's position is also helpful
in order to set tilt angles optimized for latitude, climate conditions, and
load characteristics. The angles used to describe the position of the sun
~jl

are illustrated in Fig. 5.

Sun
<Ii!

Fig. 5, This diagram shows the

observer's latitude ~ and the
solar declination O. The
lIaltitude of the sun a is the
li

angle to the sun as measured

from the observer's horizontal
plane.

South pole
 286

The angle between the earth-sun line and the plane of the equator is the solar
declination (8), which changes throughout the year as described by the
equation:
(3)

where n is the number of the day in the year, This relationship is plotted
in Fig, 6,

<.))
Fig, 6, Solar @

declination as =0 -10 0
'-
a function of the o
time of year,
~-20o
-23.45@ J f M A M J J A SON D
Mon t h
Solar altitude (a) and azimuth (a) are angular coordinates in the local
frame of the observer, The altitude of an object (sun, star, etc,) is the
angular distance to it as measured from the horizontal plane of the observer,
The azimuth angle is measured in a clockwise direction on the observer's hori-
zontal plane with the zero point due north, Note that this definition agrees
with the standard compass convention, but differs from that used by some
SOlar-energy texts, An observer can describe the sun's position at any time
by indicating its altitude (a) and its azimuth (a), These quantities are
related to the latitude (~) and declination (8) by the formulas:
sin a = sin ~ sin 8 + cos ~ cos 0 cos w ,
(4)
sin a = -cos 0 sin w/cos a ,
Here w is the local hour angle that measures the rotation of the earth. At
solar noon w = 0 and the sun is most directly overhead, The angle w is
positive in the afternoon and negative in the morning, The earth rotates
through the angle of ~w = 15° each hour,
The transformation of latitude, declination, and hour angle into local
altitude and azimuth coordinates of Eq, (4) can be plotted graphically in a
variety of ways, The method used in this data manual is a polar plot as shown
 287

in Fig. 7. Five such plots are included in the manual, one for every 2° of
latitude through the state. Examples that illustrate sky chart applications
are given in Section IV.
True
north
o

JUN 2 1 - - - - A
MAY 22-_~

APR 21~---,

Fig. 7. Sky chart. Lines

MAR 22 of equal altitude are rep-
FEB 20-_~ resented as concentric
JAN 20 circles with the zenith
at the center and the
horizon as the outer cir-
DEC 21
cumference. The radial
lines measure the azimuth
angle.
180
True
South

E. U LR IONSHIPS
The instantaneous direct-beam solar radiation incident on a flat surface
is
I beam = I beam . cos 8 , (5)
n
beam is the instantaneous direct beam
where I
n (nor~al incidence) solar radiation
(W/m2) •

8 is the angle between the beam

direc on and the normal to the
surface.
8h will refer to a horizontal surface.
8
t will refer to a tilted surface.

The following expression relates the angle 8 h to the latitude ~

declination 0 and the local hour angle w for a horizontal surface*:

* 8h is the complement of the altitude angle, a. gi'/en by Eq. (4). That is.
8h '" 90° - a.
 288

cos 8h '" sin ~ sin 6 + cos ~ cos 0 cos w . (6)

The hour angle for sunrise (and sunset) Ws can be obtained by setting
cos 8h '" 0 in Eq. (6):
cos Ws '" - tan ~ tan 0 . (7)

The length of the day in hours is then

T - 2 w (8)
d - 15 s '
where Ws is expressed in degrees.
This relationship is plotted graphically in Fig. 8 for three locations in
California. The sunrise and sunset time scales on this figure are plotted in
solar time. In order to find these times in PST it is necessary to apply the
correction of Eq, (2),

____42' California· Oregon border Solar Ii me

_38' Son francisco Sunrise Sunsei
_._33' San Dilgo (Hi) (PM)
4:30 7:30
------IS 7
5:30 6:30
6
6:30 5:30
5
NO 4:30

Fig. 8. Length of day and times of

sunrise and sunset for three latitudes.

Equation (6) can be genera'l-lzed to apply to a surface of arbitrary tilt

and azimuthal orientation:
cos 8t = (sin ~ cos A + cos ~ sin A cos a)sin 0
+ (cos ~ cos A - sin ~ sin A cos a)cos 0 cos w (9)
- sin A sin a cos 0 sin w ,
where A '" tilt angle from horizontal (A '" 90 0 for
vertical surfaces), and
a '" azimuth angle measured clockwise by a
north-facing observer
(a = 90 0 for east orientation,
'" 180 0 for south orientation,
'" 270 0 for west orientation) .
This equation can be easily reduced to a simpler form for two practical
 289

cases.
1, Case 1: South-Facing Surface, Any Tilt
cos et,South = sin(~-A)sin 8 + COS(~-A)COS 8 cos w . (10)

During the summer half of the year "sunrise" for the surface will be
later (and Iisunset" earlier) than given by Eq. (7) and Fig. 8. The rule
for obtaining the sunrise hour angle is:
for 8 > 0 (March 22 - Sept. 21),
use cos ws =- tan(~-A)tan 8 (11 )

and for 8 < a (Sept, 22 - March 21),

use Eq, (7).

EXAMPLE: Calculate the hours per day that a collector tilted south
at the local latitude + 10° (A = ¢ + 10°) will see direct
beam sunlight on the summer solstice (8 = 23.45°).
Equation (11) for 8 > 0 is used to obtain the hour angle:
cos(w s ) = -tan{-lOO) tan(23.45°)
Ws = arccos(0.08) = 85.6° .
Using Equation (8), the answer is
Td = 15 Ws = 11,4 hours
2, Case 2: Vertical urface, East or West Orientation
In this case, Eq. (9) reduces to:

cos eVertical,East = -cos 8 sin w (12)

cos eVertical,West = +cos 8 sin w

Of course, for these surfaces the "dayll is half as long as given by Eq. (7)
and Fig. 8.
For other cases, Eq. (9) cannot be easily reduced to a simple form and
approximate solutions must be obtained by numerical techniques,
 j
"
J.i .j j

291

1M M R
 > ,
.}

293

A. N FOR IMATION METHODS

Solar energy applications for heating and cooling of buildings typically

use flat collectors tilted at various angles with respect to the horizontal plane.
In this type of application~ the solar data necessary for design are values of
the total radiation incident on a flat surface tilted at the angle of the
collector. Proposed solar electric plants would use focusing systems that
collect only the light coming directly from the sun. In addition, focusing
collectors are a possible means of providing electricity and heat to commercial
and industrial complexes. In the design of these plants~ direct beam radiation
would be the most important solar data input.
Unfortunately, in the state of California there are measurements for
neither direct beam radiation nor total radiation on tilted surfaces. In
fact, these two data types are rarely collected anywhere on a long-term basis.
As a result, a number of techniques have been developed for estimating their
values based on the measurement of another quantity. Some techniques use the
total radiation on a horizontal surface (measured by a pyranometer), and
others use the percent possible sunshine (measured by a sunshine switch). For
California there are more locations with pyranometer data than sunshine data.
Thus, the technique selected to calculate the monthly values in the data
tables (Section V) uses the total radiation on a horizontal surface. The
approach ;s based on that of Liu and Jordan (1960. 1961. 1963). Essentially
the same technique is used in f-chart (Klein. Beckman and Duffie. 1976), one
of the simplified solar design methods discussed in Section VIII.
The remainder of this section will present an outline of the estimation
technique, so that the user of the data tables might have some appreciation
for the assumptions and uncertainties involved. The user interested in fur-
ther details should consult the above references.

B, EN FRAMEWORK

The daily or monthly value of total radiation on a horizontal surface has

two components:
 294

Etotal _ Ebeam + Ediffuse (13 )

h h h

where E~eam is the direct beam radiation incident on the horizontal surface,
and E~iffuse is the diffuse skylight incident on the same surface, A similar
equation holds for a surface tilted with respect to the horizontal,

Etotal
t
'" Ebeam + Ediffuse + Ereflect
t t t ' (14 )

where Ereflect is the light reflected onto the tilted surface by the surroundings.
FOC~sing collectors use E~eam, the direct beam radiation on a surface kept
normal to the beam, whereas flat collectors use E~otal 9 the total radiation
incident on a surface which is tilted.
Estimating E~otal or E~eam requires two steps. The first step is to
separate the total radiation on a horizontal surface into its diffuse and
direct beam components, E~iffuse and E~eam The second step is to convert
these components into the desired quantities,

(15 )

and
Etotal (E beam • Rbeam ) + (Ediffuse. Rdiffuse) + (Etotal • Rreflect)
t h t h t h t 9

(16 )
where in each case R is the appropriate conversion factor. These two steps
will now be considered in more detail.

ESTIMATING DIRECT BEAM AND IFFUSE COMPONENTS OF

TOTAL HORIZONTAL RADIATION
The estimation method was developed by Liu and Jordan (1960), based on 10
years of simultaneous measurements of total and diffuse radiation at Blue Hill,
Massachusetts. They found a correlation between LO and KT, where
Ediffuse
L '" ---,-h---;---.-_ diffuse radiation on horizontal surface
o Etotal ::: ratio total radiation on horizontal surface
h

and
Etotal
h : : rat; 0 total radiation on horizontal surface
extraterrestrial radiation on hor;z, surface
 295

E~TR can be readily calculated from a knowledge of the solar constant and the
geometry of the earth-sun system. EhETR then nearly cancels out the effect on
E~otal of the position of the sun in the sky (low in winter, high in summer)
and the earth-sun distance (closer in winter than in summer). Consequently,
the variation in KT is nearly all due to the weather. Typical daily values are

KT ::: if the earth had no atmosphere

~ 0.8 very clear day
~ 0.3 - 0,6 broken clouds
~ 0.1 heavy overcast

Long-term monthly values for KT are included in the data tables. Typical
values are
KT ~ 0.7 clear month over the long term
~ 0.35 cloudy month over the long term

For a given value of KT, Liu and Jordan found that the value of LD is
about the same regardless of the time of year. A mathematical description of
the relationship between monthly values of LO and KT has been given by Klein,
Beckman and Ouffie (1976), This description was used to produce the values
that are given in the data exhibits (1, 7(a) and (b)). For the purpose of
understanding the relationship between LO and KT, the correlation can be
approximated by

This agrees VJith the observation that for very overcast skies (KT ~ 0.1) nearly
all the total radiation is diffuse (L ~ 1), Similarly, for very clear skies
D
(KT ~ 0,8) very little of the total radiation will be diffuse (LO ~ 0.1).
Once KT and LO are determined:

(17)

Ehbeam ::: (1 - L) Etotal

D • h (18 )
 296

D. CALCULATING THE I RADIATI NAT

NO L INCIDEN E
The method described above can be used to estimate E~eam9 the direct beam
radiation on a horizontal surface. To determine E~eam9 the direct beam incident
on a surface normal to the beam, we recall from Eq. (15) that

or from Eq. (18) above,

Ebeam ::; (1 _ LO) • Etota 1 • Rbeam (19 )

n h n

where
E~otal ::: measured value of total radiation on a horizontal
surface;
LO ::; ratio of diffuse to total radiation from the
method of Liu and Jordan;
R~eam ::: factor to convert the direct beam radiation from
a horizontal surface to a surface normal to the sun.
The next step for computing the normal incident quantity (E~eam) is to
determine Rnbeam in Eq. (15), which can be rewritten as

Let I~eam be the instantaneous direct beam (normal incidence) radiation as

would be measured by a pyrheliometer. As discussed in Section IX, the
instantaneous value on a horizontal surface is then

where cos 8h is given by Eq. (6). The daily values are related to the
instantaneous ones by integrating over time,

sunset sunset
Enbeam ::: rbeam dt
n
Ebeam
h
::: rnbeam • cos e dt
h
sunrise sunrise

(20)
 297

These expressions then give

sunset
rnbeam dt
Enbeam sunrise
R
beam :::: :::: (21)
n L

Ehbeam sunset
rnbeam co s eh dt
sunrise

where the sunrise and sunset times can be obtained from Eqs. (7) and (8) in
Section IX,
At first glance, this step appears to offer little progress since there
are no long-term measurements for I~eam in California, If there were, Eq, (20)
could be used to calculate E~eam and this whole estimation procedure could be
eliminated, However, an approximate value can be obtained for R~eam by virtue
of the fact that the appearance of I~eam in both the numerator and denominator
cancels out the absolute magnitude of this term, Only the shape of the solar
profile (relative intensity with respect to time of day) matters, and fortunately,
the result is not particularly sensitive to the exact shape chosen,
For the data tables in Section V, R~eam was calculated by numerical
integration techniques for the 15th of each month, Clear day solar profiles
of the type shown in g, 2 of Section IX were used for the integrations,
The shape of the profiles (but not the magnitude) should be a reasonable approx-
imation of the long-term average, except where long-term weather patterns for
a given month are correlated with the time of day,
Since R~eam is difficult to calculate except with a computer, values of
this factor are given in Section V, in the last row of the table of conversion
factors for each location, The interested user can then insert other values
of Ehtota 1 and LO lnto
' Eq, (19,
)

CALCULATIN THE TOTAL DIATI N ON A

TILTED SUR E
Equations (14), (16), (17), and (18) can be combined to yield

Etotal : : Etotal. [(1 _ L ) • Rbeam + L • Rdiffuse + Rreflect] (22)

thO t D t t '
 298

with
Rbeam
t
~
Etbeam .I Ehbeam

Rdiffuse Ediffuse / EdHfuse

t '" t h

Rreflect :;::: Eref1 ect I Etota 1

t t h
Each of these convers; on factors will be considered in turn.

1. irect n (

The procedure for calculating total radiation on a tilted surface is similar

to that for the direct beam (normal incidence). Note that on a tilted surface,
sunrise and sunset times are different from what they are on a horizontal
surface, and to account for this the integral notation 1s modified slightly
(sunrise ' and sunset').

sunset'
I~eam cos 8 dt
0

t
sunrise '

where 8t is given by Eq. (9), Section IX.

We then have

unset'
I beam • cos 8+ dt
n l,

se'
Rtbeam ::::
(23)
sunset
I beam • cos 8 dt
n h
sunrise

The values of R~eam for the data tables (Section V) were then computed using
the same numerical scheme used to calculate the direct beam conversion factor,
Rnbeam •
 299

2, Diffuse Conversion Factor ( iffuse)

The amount of diffuse radiation collected by a tilted surface depends on
the angular distribution of the diffuse light across the sky, On clear days
the sky will be brightest near the sun, while on cloudy or overcast days the
sky will be more uniformly bright, Average conditions are essentially unknown,
but there are two simple assumptions that cover the limiting cases,
The first assumption is that all diffuse radiation originates from near
the sun, In this case it is approximately true that
Rdiffuse = Rbeam (24)
t t

The second assumption is that the diffuse radiation is isotropic (the sky
is uniformly bri ght) , In thi s case

R~iffuse ::: (1 + cos A) /2 , (25)

where A is the tilt angle of the surface,

In accordance with common practice, the second assumption was used to
calculate the conversion factor, R~iffuse, for the data tables in Section V,

3, Reflection Conversion (R~eflect)

The light reflected onto a tilted surface depend~ crucially upon the nature
of the surroundings, Grass, nearby buildings, snow, water, and sand, to mention
a few common surface types, all reflect light differently, The only simple
assumption is that the surroundings are a diffuse reflector of infinite extent
and uniform reflectivity, A large grassy area would be approximately described
by this assumption, The conversion factor is then

Rreflect '" p(l - cos A) / 2 (26)

t

where p is the ground reflectivity coefficient and A the tilt angle. Typical
values of the reflectivity coefficient are p = 0,2 for ordinary ground cover and
p=0,7 for snow. Because Eq, (26) is only valid for diffuse reflectors and
the surface reflectivity varies from application to application, the values
for Ettotal ln
' the data tables were calculated for

Ereflect ::: 0
t
 300

Supplementary tables are given for E~eflect with p'" 0.2 (typical grassy
ground cover). Etreflect can be calculated for other p values by use of the
following relationship:

E~eflect (calculated) ;:; (cf2). E~eflect (tabulated) (27)

Various reflectivity values and the procedure for using them are given on
page 45.

F. IMATE FUN INTY IN

The method of Liu and Jordan is widely used, but has been tested against
only a small number of actual measurements of the radiation received by a tilted
surface. The data tables include graphs that show LBLis estimates of the range
of uncertainty of the calculations. Four sources of uncertainty were considered,

1, Error in LD
The original data used by Liu and Jordan to establish the relationship
between LO and KT have a spread about the nominal correlation curve. Also, a
recent study indicates that the correlation depends somewhat on geographic
location (Ruth and Chant, 1976). Based on this information, the error in LO
was estimated to be

for all values of KT'

The error in LO proved to be the dominant source uncertainty in the
direct beam (normal incidence) calculation [Eq, (19)J. For the total radiation
on a lted surface [Eq, (22)J the effect varied from being quite important for
south-facing surfaces during the winter, to being negligible during the summer
months for tilt angles less than 60°.

Error in Rbeam
n and
For the numbers in the data tables, a nominal clear-day solar profile was
assumed. The uncertainty in this assumption was investigated by repeating the
calculations for two alternative profiles. One was relatively higher in the
morning and afternoon than the nominal profile; the other relatively lower.
The error estimate for each val ue of R~eam or R~eam was taken as
 )

301

for whichever alternate value was the most different from the nominal value.
The errors were typically 1 to 2%, with a maximum of about 5% for vertical
surfaces facing east or west, The resulting errors in the direct beam (normal
incidence) and tilted surface radiation were of about the same size.

3. Uncertainty in I mption
Following general practice. the numbers in the table were calculated for
the assumption that the diffuse radiation is isotropic, The sensitivity of the
numbers to this assumption was tested by repeating the calculations for the
alternative case that some fraction of the diffuse radiation comes from near
the sun. Let
fs = fraction of diffuse from near the sun
The conversion factor then becomes:

A reasonable upper limit was judged to be:

fs = 0.2 (20% of diffuse from near the sun) ,

The calculation proved to be rather sensitive to the value chosen for fs

for south-facing surfaces during winter months, The effect is to increase the
predicted amount of total radiation. The unceTtainty associated with not
knowing the real value of fs is thus rather important because the effect is
biggest during the heating season,
During summer months variations in fs are not important except for very
steep surfaces (tilted greater than 60°). In this case. lower values of total
radiation are predicted,
The uncertainty introduced by varying fs is not a random error, but rather
a systematic shift towards higher (in winter) or lower (in summer) values for
the total radiation, The error graphs included with the data tables have this
shift ken into account. As a result. the graphs show (for winter months) a
larger positive uncertainty than a negative one.
 302

4, Error in the Total Horizontal Rad

The estimated direct beam (normal incidence) radiation and total radiation
for a tilted surface can never be more accurate than the primary ingredient,
the total horizontal radiation, For the purpose of the graphs in Section V it
was estimated that the uncertainty in E~otal is given by:

~Etotal = ±O,05. Etotal

h h
i.e., a 5% error,
These four contributions (L Dg Rbeam , f s ' E~otal) to the error in the
calculated solar radiation values have been combined to produce the error graphs
in Section V, Exhibits 5, 8(a), (b), and (c).
· ,

303

I.
 305

APPENDIX A ~ RA IATION GLOSSARY

TERM DEFINITION

Actinograph See Pyranograph.

Black and White A thermopile pyranometer manufactured by Eppley Labora-

pyranometer tory. Inc. that is intermediate in quality between a
PSP and a Light Bulb Pyranometer.

Blackbody An idealized body or surface that absorbs all radiation,

of any wavelength, which strikes it. When a blackbody
is heated, it emits radiation with a characteristic
spectrum described by Planck's law.

Cavity Radiometer A type of pyrheliometer with a black cavity as the

radiation absorber. These instruments provide the
most accurate measure currently available of the
Direct Beam (normal incidence) radiation.

Cloud Cover A measure of the fraction of the sky covered with

clouds. A human observer rates the cover on a scale
from 0 (no cover) to 10 (completely overcast).

Cooling Degree Days Each degree that the mean daily temperature is above
65°F is called a cooling degree-day unit. The monthly
value of cooling degree days is then the sum of the
degree-day units for the days in the month. Cooling
degree days are not a particularly good measure of a
building's cooling requirements since they do not
include relative humidity effects.

Declination Angle (5) Consider a person standing on the equator at solar noon.
The solar declination is then the anqle between the sun
and local vertical. The angle varies from -23.45° at
the winter solstice to +23.45° at the summer solstice g

where a positive angle means that the sun is to the

north of the equator.

Direct Beam The solar radiation coming directly from the sun,

Direct Beam The direct beam radiation incident upon a surface held
(normal incidence) normal (perpendicular) to the beam. This surface must
be rotated as the sun moves across the sky. Measured
by a pyrheliometer.
 306

Diffuse Radiation The light incident upon a surface from the sky, as
opposed to di y from un. This light was
originally from the sun, was scattered by Duds,
air molecules, dust, May measured by a
shadow-band pyranometer or by an ordinary pyranometer
and pyrheliometer in combination.

Extraterrestrial The solar radiation received at the top of the

Radiation atmosphere,

Global Radiation Same as Total Horizontal Radia on.

Heating Degree Days Each degree that the mean dai'ly temperature is .below
65°F is called a heating degree-day unit, The monthly
value is then the sum of the degree-day units for the
days in the month, Degree days are a fairly good
measure of a building's heating requirements, for
buildings of conventional construction,

Hour angle An angle that describes the number of hours that the
sun is away from Solar Noon (see Section IX), Each
hour corresponds to 15 0 of angle; positive values in
the afternoon,

Insolation Strictly speaking. the Total Horizontal Radiation,

The term is often used more loosely, however. to
refer to all types of solar radiation,

Isotropic Uniformly distributed, t~hen applied to Diffuse

Radiation, refers to the assumption that (except for
the sun itself) the sky is uniformly bright,

The ratio of Total Horizontal Radiation to Extraterres-

trial Radiation on a horizontal surface (see Section
IV or IX),

Light-Bulb Pyranometer See 180 0 Pyrheliometer.

NIP For Normal-Incidence Pyrheliometer, A commonly used

pyrheliometer manufactured by Eppley Laboratory, Inc,
The sensor is a thermopile, A black surface is the
radiation absorber,

Percent Possible The percent of the time between sunrise and sunset
Sunshine that the sun is shining (not obscured by clouds).
Measured by a Sunshine Switch,
 307

PSP For Precision Spectral Pyranometer. An advanced

type of thermopile pyranometer manufactured by Eppley
Laboratory, Inc. The "spectra P refers to the
potential use of the instrument with a colored filter
to measure a portion of the solar spectrum.

Pyranograph A type of pyranometer in which a bimetallic strip

senses the temperature difference between a black
surface and a white or reflecting surface. These
instruments are not as accurate as thermopile
pyranometers.

Pyranometer An instrument used to measure Total Radiation.

Usually mounted horizontally, but sometimes tilted.

Pyranometer A pyranometer with a black radiation-absorbing surface.

(Thermopile type) A thermopile senses the temperature difference between
this hot surface and a cooler surface that is either
painted white or shaded from the sun.

Pyrheliometer An instrument used to measure the Direct Beam

(normal incidence) radiation. A collimator (long
tube) shields the sensor from most of the diffuse
~ky light. Must be mounted on a sun-tracking mechanism.

180 0 Pyrheliometer Archaic name for a thermopile pyranometer manufactured

by Eppley Laboratory, Inc. The instrument looks like
a light bulb. It is no longer manufactured. Modern
pyranometers are generally considered superior.

Shadow-Band pyranometer A pyranometer with a metal strip that shades the sensor
from the direct beam radiation. Used to measure the
diffuse radiation.

Sky Chart A graph used to locate the position of the sun in the
sky for any hour of the day, for any day of the year
(see Sections IV and IX).

Solar Constant A measure of the radiation received from the sun at

the top of the earth's atmosphere. See Section IX.

Solar Noon Refers to 12:00 noon in a time system (Solar Time) in

which the sun is most directly overhead at noon.

Solar Time A time system in which the sun is at its highest point
in the sky at noon. Section IX gives the. relationship
between Solar Time and Pacific Standard Time.
 308

Sun Cha rt See Sky Chart.

Sunshine Hours The number of hours during some time period (day,
month, year) that the sun was shining (not obscu
by clouds). Measured by a Sunshine Switch.

Sunshine Switch A device that is "onll when the sun is shining and Hoff"
when the sun is obscured by clouds or at night. The
device has a threshold so that, roughly, it will be
on when the sun is bright enough to cast a shadow.
Sunshine Hours and Percent Possible Sunshine are
both derived from the measurements.

Thermopile A series of thermocouples. A higher temperature at

one end and a lower temperature at the other generates
an electrical voltage. Many common solar instruments
use a thermopile.

Total Horizontal Total (direct + diffuse) radiation incident upon a

Radiation horizontal surface. Measured by a pyranometer.
 309

EN IX - CONV ION FACTORS

From To Multiply by From To Multiply by

TIME: years hours 8760 AREA: m2 ft2 10.7639

years seconds 3.16xl0 7 m2 in 2 1550
days seconds 86,400 km 2 mile 2 0.3861
km 2 acres 247.105
LENGTH: meters feet 3.2808
meters inches 39.3701
km miles 0.62137

ENERGY: kWh Btu 3410.08 ENERGY kWh/m2 BtU/ft2 316.815

kJ 3600 DENSITY: kJ/m2 3600
kca 1 859.326 J/cm 2 360
erg, 3.6xlO 13 cal/cm2 85.933
(langley)
Btu kWh 2.928 x 10- 4
Btu/fe kWh/m2 3.1517xlO- 3
kJ 1.0548
kJ/m2 11 .3538
kcal 0.251996
J/cm 2 1.13538
erg 1.0548 x 10 10
10- 5 cal/cm 2 0.27125
therm (langley)
quad 10- 15

POWER: kW Btu/h 3414.43 POWER kW/m 2 Btu/ft2- h 317.21

Btu/min 56.8253 DENSITY: kJ/m2- h 3600
W/cm 2
4
cal/min 1.43197xl0 O. 1
cal/sec 238.662 langley/sec 0,23901
kcal/h 859.2 langley/min 14,3406
hp 1.3410
Btu/fe-h W/m2 3.1524
Btu/h kW 2.931 x 10- 4 kJ/m2-h 11 .348
Btu/min 0.01667 W/cm 2 3.1524xlO- 4
cal/min 4.1999 langley/sec 7, 5347xlO- 5
cal/sec 0.0700 langley/min 4.5208xlO- 3
kcal/h O. 996
hp 3.9275xl0- 4
 310

APPENDIX IBLI RAPHY

John A. Duffie and William A. Beckman, Solar Energy Thermal Processes

(John Wiley &Sons, New York, 1974).

Aden B. Meinel and Marjorie P. Meinel, Applied Solar Energy, An Introduction

(Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading, MA, 1976),

Frank Kreith and Jan Kreider, Solar Heating and Cooling: Engineering,
Practical Design and Economics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975),

Farrington Daniels, Direct. Use of the Sun's Energy (Yale University Press,
New Haven, 1964; Ballentine Books, New York, 1973).

U,S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Solar Energy - A

Bibliography, 2 Vols. (Technical Information Center, U.S, Department
of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161).

Kinsell L. Coulson, Solar and Terrestrial Radiation (Academic Press,

New York, 1975).

Report and Recommendati ons of the Sol ar Energy Data t~orkshop, November 29,:} 0 ,
1973, Report NSF-RA-N-74-062, available from National Technical
Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
 311

APPENDI D - REFERENCES

Balcomb, J.D. and Hedstrom, J.C. (1976)= A Simplified Method for Calculating
Required Solar Collector Array Size for Space Heating. Proceedings of
the International Solar Energy Society Joint Conference, Vol. 4, p.281,
Winnipeg, Canada.

Beck, E.J. Jr, and Field, R.L. (1976): Solar Heating of Buildings and Domestic
Hot Water. Technical Report R835, sponsored by Naval Facilities Engineer-
ing Command. The original version, which only treated liquid systems, is
now out of print. A revised version that includes air systems may be
ordered as a Xerox copy from NTIS (#AO-21862). An improved version is
also available for $6.95 from
SOL PUB
Box 2351
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20760

Berdahl, P., Martin, M., Grether, D., and Wahlig, M. (1977): Effects of Solar
Data Accuracy on the Performance and Economics of Solar Energy Systems,
Proceedings of the 1977 Annual Meeting, American Section of ISES, Vol. 1,
pp.26-29, Orlando, Florida. Also Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report
LBL-6354.

Bulk, Harold C, (1977): The Regionalization of California for Solar Monitoring.

Arizona State University, Laboratory of Climatology.

Cal-ERDA Group (1977): Cal-ERDA Useris Manual. Lawrence Berkeley laboratory.

For this manual contact:
Robert Graven
Bldg. 362
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne. Illinois 60439
For information on the availability of the computer program, contact:
Frederick Winkelmann
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
 312

Connolly, M" Giellis, R" Jensen, C" and McMordie. R. (1976): Solar Heating
and Cooling Computer Analysis-A Simplified Sizing Design Method for
Non-Thermal Specialists. Proceedings of the International Solar Energy
Society Joint Conference. Vol. 10. p.220, Winnipeg. Canada,

Duffie, J.A, and Beckman, W.A. (1974): Solar Energy Thermal Processes. John
Wiley, Inc" New York.

Duncan, C,H., Harrison, R.G" Hickey. J.R .• Kendall, J.M .• Thekaekara, M.P .•
and Willson. R.C. (1977): Rocket Calibration of the Nimbus 6 Solar
Constant Measurement, Appl. Opt. 1£. No. 10, p.2690.

ERDA-SAN/LASL (1976): ERDA's Pacific Regional Solar Heating Handbook.

Prepared for ERDA San Francisco Operations Office by the Los Alamos
Scientific Laboratory's Solar Energy Group, The handbook may be obtained
for $3.25 by requesting Stock #060-000-0024-7 from:
Superintendent of Documents
Washington, D.C. 20402
This handbook should also be available at the bookstores in the Federal
buildings in Los Angeles and San Francisco.

FCHART (1976): The Univer~ty of Wisconsin Interactive Solar Heating

Design Program, Contact:
Shirley Quamme (608/263-1586)
or Patrick Hughes (608/263-5626)
Solar Energy Laboratory
1303 Engineering Research Building
University of Wisconsin, t1adison
1500 Johnson Drive
Madison, Wisconsin 53706

Klein, S.A., Beckman, W.A .• and Duffie, J.A. (1976): A Design Procedure for
Solar Heating Systems. Solar Energy ~, No.2, p.93.

Klein, S,A., Beckman, W.A" and Duffie, J.A. (1977): A Design Procedure for
Solar Air Heating Syste~, Solar Energy ~, No.5, p.509.
 313

Klein, S.A. et al. (1976): TRNSYS, A Transient Simulation Program.

Engineering Station Report #38. Contact:
TRNSYS Coordinator
Solar Energy Laboratory
1303 Engineering Research laboratory
University of Wisconsin, Madison
1500 Johnson Drive
Madison, WI 53706

Liu, B.Y.H. and Jordan, R.D. (1960): The Interrelationship and Characteristic
Distribution of Direct, Diffuse, and Total Solar Radiation. Solar Energy i,
No.3, p.l.

liu, B.Y.H. and Jordan, R.D. (1961): Daily Insolation on Surfaces Tilted
Toward the Equator. Transactions ASHRAE, p.526.

Liu, B.Y.H. and Jordan, R.D. (1963): A Rational Procedure for Predicting the
Long-Term Average Performance of Flat-Plate Solar-Energy Collectors.
Solar Energy L, No.2, p.53.

Martin, M., Berdahl, P., Grether, D., and Wahlig, M. (1977): Rehabilitation
Techniques for Daily Solar Radiation Data. Proceedings of the 1977 Annual
Meeting, American Section of ISES, Vol. 1, p.14-22, Orlando, Florida.

Martin, Marietta (1977): SOLCOST, Solar Energy Design Program for Non-Thermal
Specialists, Part I-User1s Guide. Prepared for ERDA Division of Solar
Energy by Martin ~1arietta Aerospace, Denver. Contact:
Solar Environmental Engineering Co., Inc.
P.O. Box 1914
Fort Collins. Colorado 80522
Plans call for the program to be available on the CYBERNET and GElS
(General Electric Information System) timesharing networks.

NBS/HUD (1976): Intermediate Minimum Property Standards for Solar Heating

and Domestic Hot Water Systems. NBSIR 76-1059; prepared for HUD by the
Solar Energy Program of National Bureau of Standards. Contact:
Solar Energy Program
Office of Housing and Building Technology
Center for Building Technology, rAT
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, D,C, 20234
 314

or Department of Housing and Urban Development

Office of Policy Development and Research
Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards
Washington, D,C. 20410

Ruth, E,W. and Chant, R,E, (1976): The Relationship of Diffuse Radiation to
Total Radiation in Canada. Solar Energy ~, p.153.

Threlkeld, J.L. and Jordan, R.C, (1974): Clearness Number Contour M~,
as reproduced in Chapter 59 of the ASHRAE Applications Handbook from
Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning (September 1966).