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Swirl: Submitted By, Albert Abraham ME19MTECH11028

This ppt is a descriptiion of swirl phenomenon. This phenomenon finds application n various engineering disciplines such as automobile engineering, mechanics and turbulence. Hope this will be helpful.

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Albert Abraham
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61 views

Swirl: Submitted By, Albert Abraham ME19MTECH11028

This ppt is a descriptiion of swirl phenomenon. This phenomenon finds application n various engineering disciplines such as automobile engineering, mechanics and turbulence. Hope this will be helpful.

Uploaded by

Albert Abraham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SWIRL

Submitted by,
ALBERT ABRAHAM
ME19MTECH11028
What is swirl?

• Organised rotation of the charge about the cylinder axis.


• Created by bringing the intake flow into the cylinder
with an initial momentum
Significance of Swirl

• Used in diesel and stratified-charge engines to promote more rapid


mixing between the inducted air and injected fuel.
• Used to speed up combustion process in SI engines.
• Used in two-stroke engines to improve scavenging.
Measurement of Swirl

• Air is blown steadily through inlet port and valve into cylinder. A
paddy wheel or impulse swirl meter is used to measure air swirl.
• In paddy wheel its rate of rotation is used as a measure.
• Impulse torque meter determines the total torque exerted by the
swirling flow, which is a measure of the angular momentum.
For paddy wheel
Swirl Coefficient,

𝜔𝑝 𝐵
𝐶𝑠 =
𝑣0

𝜔𝑝 =paddle wheel angular velocity


𝐵=Bore
𝑣0 =characteristic velocity
• For compressible flow,

• For incompressible flow,


IMPULSE TORQUE METER

8𝑇
𝐶𝑆 =
𝑚𝑣
ሶ 0𝐵

T – Torque
𝑚-mass
ሶ flow rate of air

For an operating engine the parameter used is called SWIRL RATIO.


𝜔𝑆
𝑅𝑆 =
2𝜋𝑁
Swirl Generation during Induction
Two approaches to create swirl
1.The flow is discharged into the cylinder tangentially toward the
cylinder wall.
• Generated by forcing the flow distribution around the circumference
of the inlet valve to be nonuniform.
• Has a substantial angular momentum about the cylinder axis.
• The director and deflector port are two ways to achieve this.
Deflector wall and Directed ports

• The Directed port brings the flow towards the valve opening in the desired
tangential direction.
• Restricts the flow area and relatively low discharge coefficient.
• Deflector wall port uses the port inner side wall to force the flow through the
outer periphery of the valve opening, in a tangential direction.
Flow rotation can also be generated by masking off or shrouding part
of the peripheral inlet valve open area.
2.The second approach is to generate swirl within the port about the
valve axis, prior to the flow entering the cylinder.
• The flow is forced to rotate about the valve axis before it enters the
cylinder.
• Generated using helical ports.
• Generating swirl within the port about the axis prior to
flow entering the cylinder.
• Higher 𝐶𝑑 .
• Higher volumetric efficiency
• Swirl generated depends on geometry of port and not
on its position relative to cylinder axis.
Tangential deflector port and helical port
Swirl modification within cylinder
• The angular momentum of the air entering decays throughout the intake
process due to friction at thee walls and turbulent dissipation.
• ¼ to 1Τ3 of initial momentum is lost by the end of compression.
• Hence the need for suitable combustion chamber design to improve the
swirl velocity during compression.
• Swirling velocity is substantially increased by forcing air towards a bowl-in-
piston chamber, as the piston approaches the top centre position.
• Neglecting friction, as angular momentum is conserved, and as the
moment of inertia of the air is decreased its angular velocity must increase.
BOWL-IN-PISTON
EFFECT OF FRICTION ON SWIRL
• Angular momentum of the charge in the cylinder decays due to
friction at chamber walls.

𝑑Γ𝐶
= 𝐽𝑖 − 𝑇𝑓
𝑑𝑡
𝐽𝑖 - flux of angular momentum into the cylinder.
𝑇𝑓 -torque due to wall friction.
At each point in intake process,
𝐽𝑖 =‫𝑣 𝜃𝑣𝑟𝜌 𝐴׬‬. 𝑑𝐴𝑣
𝑣
Where 𝑑𝐴𝑣 is an element of the valve open area
Total angular momentum entering during intake process
𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑐
Γ𝐶,𝑖 = න න 𝜌𝑟𝑣𝜃 . 𝑑𝐴𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜 𝐴𝑣
• Actual angular momentum obtained is lesser than this value due to
friction.
• Friction is there at cylinder wall, cylinder head and piston crown
• Calculated by assuming flow over a flat plate, from shear stress
equations:
2
1 𝑤𝑠 𝐵
𝜏= 𝜌 𝐶𝐹
2 2

𝐶𝐹 = 0.037𝜆 𝑅𝑒𝐵 −0.2


𝑤𝑠 =equivalent solid body swirl
𝐶𝐹 =coefficient of friction
𝜆=empirical constant to allow difference between flat plate and
cylinder wall(≈ 1.5)
• Friction at other parts like cylinder head, piston crown and piston
bowl floor is also calculated using wall shear stress:
1 2
•𝜏 𝑟 = 𝐶1 𝜌 𝑣𝜃 𝑟 𝑅𝑒 −0.2 𝐶1 = 0.055
2
• Since 𝑣𝜃 varies with radius, shear stress at each radius and then
integrated.
𝜌𝑣𝜃 𝑟 𝑟
• 𝑅𝑒=
𝜇
• Alternatively, wall shear stress can be calculated at mean radius and
applied.
EFFECT OF RADIALLY INWARD DISPLACEMENT OF AIR CHARGE DURING
COMPRESSION
• Shape of the combustion chamber close to the top- centre forces the
radially inward motion of the charge.
• For a given swirling in-cylinder flow at the end of induction and
neglecting the effects of friction, to conserve angular momentum
𝐼↓ 𝜔↑
• Hence towards the end of induction, 𝜔𝑠 theoratically increase by a
factor of 4.But practically increase by about 2-3 times.
• The loss due to wall friction, dissipation in the fluid due to turbulence
and velocity gradients.
THANK YOU!

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