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This document provides an overview of globalization and how it can be defined. It discusses: 1) How scholars define globalization in different ways, from the intensification of worldwide social relations to the triumph of capitalism across the globe. 2) Key dimensions of globalization including the economic, political, cultural, and ecological spheres. 3) Characteristics of globalization trends such as the internationalization of production and finance, changing international divisions of labor, and vast population movements across borders. 4) The differences between globalization as a process, globality as a future social condition, and globalism as an ideology reflecting shared ideas about processes like market liberalization. The document aims to

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Emmanuel Bo
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202 views10 pages

Week1lessontcw PDF

This document provides an overview of globalization and how it can be defined. It discusses: 1) How scholars define globalization in different ways, from the intensification of worldwide social relations to the triumph of capitalism across the globe. 2) Key dimensions of globalization including the economic, political, cultural, and ecological spheres. 3) Characteristics of globalization trends such as the internationalization of production and finance, changing international divisions of labor, and vast population movements across borders. 4) The differences between globalization as a process, globality as a future social condition, and globalism as an ideology reflecting shared ideas about processes like market liberalization. The document aims to

Uploaded by

Emmanuel Bo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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This Learning Module on The Contemporary World is the Sorsogon

State College’s response to providing flexible learning contents and


outcomes-based assessment to students.

This module which integrates independent and collaborative tasks


exposes learners to the contemporary world which encompasses the
emergence of economic, political, social and cultural systems amid
globalization. This module aims to develop among learners critical and
analytical thinking skills as they reflect on their roles and responsibilities
as global citizens.
This course introduces students to the contemporary world by
examining the multifaceted phenomenon of globalization. Using the various
disciplines of the social sciences, it examines the economic, social, political,
technological, and other transformations that have created an increasing
awareness of the interconnectedness of peoples and places around the
globe.

To this end, the course provides an overview of the various debates


in global governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the
student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of
global citizenship and global ethical responsibility.

This course also includes mandatory topics on population education


in the context of population and demography.
FELINO S. JASMIN, Jr.
SSC-Education-Accountancy Department
Introduction to Globalization

The Structures of Globalization


The Global Economy
Market Integration
The Global Interstate System
Contemporary Global Governance

A World of Regions
The Global Divides: The North and the South
Understanding Global Stratification

A World of Ideas
Media and Globalization
The Globalization of Religion

Global Population and Mobility


Global City
Global Demography
Global Migration

Towards a Sustainable World


Sustainable Development
Food Security

Global Citizenship
Global Citizenship
LESSON 1: WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
Different scholars have different viewpoints of what globalization is. Some would view
globalization as a positive phenomenon, some would see its detrimental effects on society which
cannot be separated from issues of global economic and cultural imperialism.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson you are expected to:

• describe the contemporary world.


• craft one’s own working definition of globalization based on the different meanings
of globalization
• differentiate the meaning of globalization, globality and globalism from one another
• be familiarized with the dimensions and characteristics of globalization

PRE-READING ACTIVITY

Before reading the text below, choose whether to create a poster/collage, compose and perform
a song, or compose poem and deliver spoken poetry which depicts your concept of the world
today. Writing a short paragraph of description of our present world is also an option. Document
your choice and what you did.

READING

Giddens (1990) points out that globalization is the intensification of worldwide social
relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events
occurring many miles and away. In a conference in 2000, Giddens explained, “globalization is not
a single set of processes and does not lead into a single direction. It produces solidarities in some
places and destroys them in others. It has quite different consequences on one side of the world
from the other. In other words, it is a wholly contradictory process. It is not just about
fragmentation. I see it more as a shake-out of institutions in which new forms of unity go along
with new forms of unity go along with new forms of fragmentation.” Wallerstein (1998) believes
that globalization is a reflection of the triumph of a capitalist world economy bonded by a global
division of labour. Khor (1995) in discussing the world politics expressed that globalization has
long been experienced by the Third World called colonization.

For Mcgrew (1990) globalization is composed of multiple sameness and


interconnectedness that go beyond nation states where individuals and organizations in one part
of the world is affected by the activities, affairs, and convictions on another part of the globe. Holm
and George (1998) described globalization as the intensification of economic, social and cultural
relations across borders. Similarly, it is the processes by which the peoples of the world are
incorporated into a single world society, global society (Albrow, 1990). Simply, Kanter (1995) said
that it is a condition where the world is becoming a global shopping mall in which ideas and
products are available everywhere at the same time.

One of the most popular definitions of globalization is provided by Steger (2009) which
defined globalization as a set of social processes that appear to transform our present social
condition of weakening nationality into one globality. It is about the unprecedented compression
of time and space as a result of political, economic and cultural change, as well as powerful
technological innovations. Manfred further differentiated globalization, globality and globalism.
While globalization is a process, globality signifies a future social condition characterized by thick
economic, political and cultural interconnections and global flows that make currently existing
political borders and economic barriers irrelevant. On the other hand, globalism means
globalization as an ideology reflecting shared ideas, norms, values accepted as truth. He adds
that there are three kinds of globalism namely:

• Market globalism advocates promise a consumerist, neoliberal, free-market world. This


ideology is held by many powerful individuals, who claim it transmits democracy and
benefits everyone. However, it also reinforces inequality, and can be politically motivated.
• Justice globalism envisages a global civil society with fairer relationships and
environmental safeguards. They disagree with market globalists who view neoliberalism
as the only way.
• Religious globalism strives for a global religious community with superiority over secular
structures.
Steger (2009) further defines globalization as the expansion and intensification of social
relations and consciousness across world-time and world space. He explained that globalization
has several dimensions:

Economic: ‘The economic dimension of globalization’ explores how the way people have
undertaken economic production has changed. The global economic order emerged after
World War II, when the Bretton Woods Conference laid the foundations for the IMF, World
Bank, and WTO. In the 1980s neoliberalism liberalized financial transactions. However,
this unstable growth led to the Great Financial Crash, where banks traded toxic assets
without regulation. Transnational corporations rival nation-states in economic power, and
have had a profound effect on the structure and function of the global economy. The
Washington Consensus was drafted to reform indebted developing countries, but it has
thus far rarely helped countries develop.

Political: The political dimension of globalization’ looks at political arrangements beyond


the nation-state. Traditional politics harboured an ‘us’ and ‘them’ mentality. Contemporary
globalization has led to a permeation of those borders. The modern nation-state came into
being after the Protestant Reformation, characterized by centralized government and self-
determination. The rise of organizations such as the United Nations has threatened the
nation-state, according to globalization sceptics. However, national governments still hold
significant powers. There has been a rise in the number of supra-territorial institutions,
operating from the local level all the way to the global level

Cultural: The cultural dimension of globalization’ explores the intensification and


expansion of cultural flows across the globe. Critics of cultural globalization claim that the
world is being homogenized or ‘Americanized’. However, advocates say that globalization
reinvigorates niche cultures instead of eliminating them. The existence of the global
imaginary is linked to the rise of global media networks. These networks are owned by a
small group of transnational corporations, which can affect journalistic integrity. Several
different hypotheses exist about the effects of language globalization. Some say that it
leads to protection of native tongues. On the other hand, some foresee the rise of a
‘Globish’ language.

Ecological: ‘The ecological dimension of globalization’ examines the effects of global


alliances on ecological issues. There is an inexorable link between all humanity and the
planet Earth. The Industrial Revolution has caused many ecological problems, including,
resource and food shortages, overpopulation, reduced biodiversity, pollution, and climate
change. All these problems are global — the result of aggregated human action — and
require a coordinated response. However, there are still debates about the seriousness
of ecological issues, and, whilst progress has been made, few multilateral measures
have been implemented.

Furthermore Cox (1999) provides the characteristics of globalization trend:

▪ internationalizing of production
▪ globalizing of finance and securities trading
▪ changing international division of labor
▪ vast migratory movements from South to North
▪ competitive environment that accelerates these processes
▪ internationalizing of the state making states into agencies of the globalizing
world
POST READING ACTIVITY

Reflective discussion and written output with a classmate, relative, friend, or


household member. Present your answers in a matrix/table form:

1. Craft your own personal definition of globalization based on how you have experienced it.
Relate your definition to your outputs about depicting the contemporary world.

2. What is the difference between globality and globalism?

Assignment: Write an Essay of Analysis composed of 6 paragraphs on : How can


a globalizing world of differing countries – rich and poor, democratic and authoritarian – best
promote inclusive growth and human security by meeting the challenges of inequality, climate
change, rising populism, and global disease?

REFERENCES AND READINGS

Albrow, Martin (1990). Globalization, Knowledge and Society. London: Sage.

Giddens, Anthony (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Holm, Hans-Henrik and Georg Sorensen (1995) “Introduction: What Has Changed?” in Hans-
Henrik Holm and Georg Sorensen, eds., Whose World Order? Uneven Globalization and the
End of the Cold War (Boulder, CO: Westview), 1–17.

Kanter, Rosabeth Moss (1995). World Class: Thriving Locally in the Global Economy (New
York: Simon and Schuster, as cited in J. A. Scholte, “The Globalization of World Politics”, in
J. Baylis and S. Smith (eds.), The Globalization of World Politics, An Introduction to
International Relations. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Khor, Martin (1995). "Address to the International Forum on Globalization," New York City.

Mcgrew, A. (1990). A Global Society: Modernity and its Futures as cited by Brazalote and
Leonardo (2019) The Contemporary World: Outcome-Based Module. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing Inc.

Steger, Manfred. B. (2009). Globalization: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.

Wallerstein, Immanuel (1974). The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins
of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press.

https://gened.fas.harvard.edu/urgent-problems-enduring-questions

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