University of California, Berkeley Professor Hart

Department of Geography Spring 2009

______________________________________________________________________________

DS100/Geography 112: DEVELOPMENT IN THEORY AND HISTORY

Time: T-Th: 2-3:30

Room: 105 Northgate
Office Hours: Wed. 1-4
551 McCone

Course Description
Is Development dead, as neoliberal and postmodernist critics proclaim? Neoliberals assert the superiority of
market forces over planned intervention. The ‘post-Development’ critique that arose in the mid-1990s
condemns post-World War II efforts to impose a Western model of progress on the Third World and demands
an end to Development. Instead they call for indigenous knowledge, organizing outside the state, and defence
of ‘the local’ against ‘the global.’ More recently, we have seen the emergence of revisionist forms of
(neo)liberalism that emphasize institutional reforms, civil society and social development, and are similarly
focused on ‘the local.’

This course argues that the convergence between the ‘new Right’ and the ‘new Left’ fails to come to grips with
the central challenge of contemporary development studies: How to understand the multiple, nonlinear,
interconnected paths of socio-spatial change in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East taking place
in the context of intensified global integration and capitalist development – and what these mean in terms of the
possibilities for social change, especially in the context of the meltdown of the global economy.

The course is organized in three parts. Part I distinguishes between ‘Development’ as a post-war international
project that emerged in the context of decolonization, and capitalist development as a dynamic and highly
uneven historical process of creation and destruction. The second part of the course traces the history of
Development as an international project. We examine how Development emerged from the process of
decolonization in the 1940s, and the ways in which theories and practices of Development have shifted over
time. Part III focuses on the so-called ‘era of globalization’ and the need to move beyond local/global
dichotomies in thinking about possibilities for progressive social change. Topics include land, labor and
livelihood struggles; race, gender, power; and social movements; and civil society and the future of the state.

Course Requirements
There are three sets of requirements for the course: (1) Three research essays on a country of the
student’s choice (55% of the grade). The essays will be geared to the topics covered in lectures, and
will build on one another. (2) Section participation (15% of the grade). (3) A final exam (30% of
the grade).

Reader
The reader for the course is available at University Copy, 2425 Channing.

Graduate Student Instructors

Glenna Anton, Asher Ghertner, Nathan McClintock, Sapna Thottathil
 DS100: DEVELOPMENT IN THEORY AND HISTORY

Course Assignments

The assignments for the course are three essays (which together count for 55% of the grade), section
participation (15% of the grade) and a final exam (30 % of the grade). The essays are designed to
enable you to consider how the theories and debates that we discuss in class have played out in a
particular country.

The first step is to identify a country in Africa, Asia, Latin America, or the Middle East in which you
have a particular interest. The three essays will entail your doing background research and reading
on that country, and will be geared to the historical period and theoretical debates we are discussing
in class.

The essays (and grades) will be distributed as follows:

Essay # 1:
Handed out: 1/27 (Tues)
Due: 2/23 (Mon)
Length: 7-8 pages (double spaced, 12 point type)
15% of total grade

Essay # 2:
Handed out: 2/26 (Thurs)
Due: 3/27 (Fri)
Length: 8-10 pages (double spaced, 12 point type)
20% of total grade

Essay # 3:
Handed out: 3/31 (Tues)
Due: 4/20 (Mon)
Length: 8-10 pages (double spaced, 12 point type)
20% of total grade

Essay questions will be handed out in class. We will give instructions about where to turn them in.
Late essays will not be accepted, and the grade will be forfeited.

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 DS100/Geography 112: Course Outline

The Crisis of ‘Development’: Neoliberal and Post-Development Critiques

I. THEORIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM

Classical Theories of Capitalist Development: Smith & Marx

Imperialism: Hobson & Lenin

State, Market, Civil Society: Gramsci & Polanyi

Decolonization and the Post-War International Order

II. DEVELOPMENT AS A POST-WAR INTERNATIONAL PROJECT:

A HISTORY OF THEORIES AND PRACTICES

Modernization vs. Dependency: Early Development Debates

The 1950s & 1960s: Development Economics, Structuralism and Import Substitution
Industrialization (ISI)

The 1970s: Basic Needs

The 1980s: The Neoliberal Counterrevolution and Structural Adjustment

The 1990s & Beyond: The Rise and Decline of the Washington Consensus

III. BEYOND LOCAL/GLOBAL DICHOTOMIES:

SPACE, PLACE, POWER, & DIFFERENCE

Contesting Geographies of Globalization & D/development

Unfolding D/developments in Post-Apartheid South Africa

Reworking “The Local”

Redrawing the Map of the World?

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 DS100/Geography 112: Reading List
* Available online.
§ In reader for Geography 214
All other readings are in the reader for DS100/Geography 112
Additional material posted on bSpace

1/20: Introduction
Background References:
*UK Department for International Development (DFID) (2005): Fighting Poverty to Build
a Safer World: A Strategy for Security & Development.

*World Bank (2006): World Development Report: Equity & Development.

*World Bank (2009) World Development Report: Reshaping Economic Geography

www.youtube.com/watch?v=P6ihEQtCSss

1/22 - 1/27: Neoliberal and Post-Development Critiques

Deepak Lal, ‘The Misconceptions of Development Economics,’ Finance and
Development June 1985: 10-13.

Wolfgang Sachs ‘Introduction,’ in W. Sachs (ed) The Development Dictionary: A

Guide to Knowledge as Power (London: Zed Books, 1992).

Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the

Third World (Princeton University Press, 1995a): 1-11; 39-44; and ‘Imagining a
Post-Development Era,’ in J. Crush (ed.) Power of Development (London:
Routledge, 1995b).

Mohan, G. and K. Stokke, ‘Participatory Development and Empowerment: The

Dangers of Localism,’ Third World Quarterly 21(2) 2000: esp. 247-250; 258-263.

Related Readings:
*Deepak Lal The Poverty of Development Economics (2nd edition). (London: Institute for
Economic Affairs, 2002). (esp. postscript).

§Stuart Hall, ‘The West and the Rest: Discourse and Power’ in S. Hall et al (eds) Modernity
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1996): 185-227.

§J. Ferguson, ‘The Anti-Politics Machine: `Development’ and Bureaucratic Power in

Lesotho,’ The Ecologist 24:3, 1994: pp.176-181.

§Akhil Gupta, ‘Agrarian Populism in the Development of a Modern Nation,’ in F. Cooper

and R. Packard (eds) International Development and the Social Sciences (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1998).

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 PART I
Theories of the Development of Capitalism

1/29 – 2/3: Classical Theories of Capitalist Development: Smith and Marx

Vivienne Brown, ‘The Emergence of the Economy,’ in S. Hall et al (eds) Modernity
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1996).

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776): Chapters 1-3; & The Theory of Moral
Sentiments (selected pages).

Karl Marx & Frederick Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848).

Related Readings:
§Emma Rothschild, ‘Adam Smith and Conservative Economics,’ Economic History Review
45:1 1992.

§Additional reading from The Wealth of Nations

§David Harvey, ‘The Geography of the Manifesto,’ in Spaces of Hope (UC Press, 2000).

§Karl Marx, Wage, Labour and Capital: 203-217 in D. McClellan (ed) Karl Marx:
Selected Writings; and The German Ideology (Division of Labour: Town and Country): 68-
79.

Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: Political and Economic Origins of Our Time
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1944; 2001 edition edited by Fred Block): esp. Chapters 3-10. (On
reserve in Earth Sciences library)

2/5 - 2/10: Imperialism: Hobson & Lenin

J. Hobson Imperialism: A Study (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press 1967
[1902]). Introduction by Siegelman; Chapters I,IV,VI (Part I).

Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism [1916] : pp. 15-29; 99-128.

Related Readings:
§Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire: 1875-1914. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1987):
esp. Chapter 3.

§Additional readings from Hobson & Lenin.

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2/12 - 2/17: State, Market, Civil Society: Gramsci & Polanyi
J. Femia, Gramsci’s Political Thought (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987): pp.1-7.

*Sections from the website of the International Gramsci Society

(http://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/index.htm).

A. Gramsci ‘Revolution against ‘Capital’ (1917) plus selected pages from Gramsci’s
Prison Notebooks (1971: orig. 1935]).

*Selections from the website of the Karl Polanyi Institute of Political Economy
(www.artsandscience.concordia.ca/polanyi/).

F. Block (2001) Introduction to Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation [orig.

1944], plus the following selections from Polanyi: 71-80; 136-140; 145-7; 158-163;
265-267.

Related Readings:
§Stuart Hall (1995; orig. 1986) ‘Gramsci’s Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity,’
in D. Morley and K. Chen (eds) Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies.
(London: Routledge).

*M. Burawoy 2003. For a Sociological Marxism: The Complementary Convergence of

Antonio Gramsci and Karl Polanyi. Politics and Society 31 (4): 193-261.

*B. Silver and G. Arrighi. 2003. Polanyi’s ‘Double Movement’: The Belles Époques of
British and US Hegemony Compared. Politics and Society 31 (4): 325-55.

2/19 - 2/24: Decolonization and the Post-War International Order

W. Furnivall, Colonial Policy and Practice (New York: New York University Press,
1948): pp. 280-290; 312-318; 468-469.

F. Cooper, ‘Modernizing Bureaucrats, Backward Africans, and the Development

Concept,’ in F. Cooper and R. Packard, Development Knowledge and the Social
Sciences (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).

Frantz Fanon, “First Truths on the Colonial Problem,” in Toward the African
Revolution [orig. Pour la revolution Africaine, Maspero 1964].

Related Readings
§Robert Wood, From Marshall Plan to Debt Crisis: Foreign Aid and Development Choices
in the World Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986): pp. 21-93.

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 § Eric Hobsbawm ‘The End of Empires’ from The Age of Extremes. (New York: Vintage,
1994)

§Uma Kothari, ‘From Colonial Administration to Development Studies; A Post-Colonial

Critique of the History of Development Studies’, in U. Kothari (ed) A Radical History of
Development Studies (London: Zed Books, 2006).

PART II
Development as a Post-War International Project:
A History of Changing Theories and Practices

2/26 - 3/3: The 1950s and 1960s: Development Economics, Structuralism and Import Substitution
Industrialization (ISI)
Albert Hirschman, “The Rise and Decline of Development Economics,” in Essays in
Trespassing: Economics to Politics and Beyond (Cambridge University Press, 1981): pp. 1-
24.

W. Baer, ‘Import Substitution and Industrialization in Latin America: Experiences and

Interpretations,’ in M. Todaro (ed) The Struggle for Economic Development (New York:
Longman, 1983): pp. 301-315.

Harriet Friedmann, ‘The Political Economy of Food: The Rise and Fall of
the Postwar International Food Order,’ American Journal of Sociology (88) 1982: 248-286.

C. Kay, ‘Reflections on the Latin American Contribution to Development Theory,’

Development and Change 22, 1991: 31-68.

J. Palma, ‘Structuralism,’ in Eatwell (ed) Economic Development

Related Readings:
*Sylvia Maxfield and John Nolt, ‘Protectionism and the Internationalization of Capital: US
Sponsorship of Import Substitution Industrialization in the Philippines, Turkey, and
Argentina,’ International Studies Quarterly (34) 1990: pp.49-81.

§George Rosen, Western Economists in Eastern Societies: Agents of Change in South Asia,
1950-1970. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985): Chapters 1,2 & 8.

Nils Gilman, Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America.
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004): Chapter 1.
Background Readings:
R. Rosenstein-Rodan, ‘Problems of Industrialization in Eastern and Southeastern
Europe,’ The Economic Journal 53, 1943: pp.202-211.

W. Arthur Lewis, "Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor," in

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 Agarwala and Singh The Economics of Underdevelopment (1955).

R. Prebisch, The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal

Problems (New York: United Nations, 1950).

H. Singer, ‘The Distribution of Gains between Investing and Borrowing

Countries,’ American Economic Review 40(2), 1950.

W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960): pp.1-12.

E. Shils, ‘Political Development of the New States,’ Comparative Studies in

Society and History 2/3 1960.

3/5: The Dependency Critique

Andre Gunder Frank, ‘The Development of Underdevelopment,’ Monthly Review (18) 1966:
pp. 17-31.

Henry Bernstein and Howard Nicholas, ‘Pessimism of the Intellect, Pessimism of the Will? A
Response to Gunder Frank,’ Development and Change vol. 14, 1983: pp.609-624.

Related Readings:
*J. Palma, ‘Dependency: A Formal Theory of Underdevelopment or a Methodology for the
Analysis of Concrete Situations of Underdevelopment,’ World Development 6, 1978:
pp.881-924.

*T. Dos Santos,‘The Structure of Dependence,’ American Economic Review 60:2, 1970:
231-6.

§Cardoso, F.H. and E. Faletto. 1979. Dependency and Development in Latin America.
Berkeley: University of California Press. Preface to the English Edition.

*Brenner, R. 1977. The Origins of Capitalist Development: A Critique of Neo-Smithian

Marxism. New Left Review (104), 1977.

§Frederick Johnstone, ‘White Prosperity and White Supremacy in South Africa Today,’
African Affairs vol. 69, 1970: 124-140.

3/10: The 1970s: Basic Needs

Dudley Seers, ‘The Meaning of Development,’ International Development Review (XI) 1969:
pp.2-6.

International Labour Organization, Employment, Incomes, and Equality: A Strategy for

Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya (Geneva, 1972): ch. 1.

Robert McNamara, ‘Paupers of the World and How to Develop Them,’ (Excerpts from the
Address to the Board of Governors, World Bank, Nairobi 1973).

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 Robert Wood, ‘Basic Needs and the Limits of Regime Change,’ in From Marshall Aid to

Debt Crisis: Foreign Aid and Development Choices in the World Economy. Berkeley:
University of California Press: pp. 195-231.

Related Readings:
§Michael Goldman, ‘The Rise of the Bank,’ in Imperial Nature: The World Bank and
Struggles for Social Justice in the Age of Globalization. (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 2005): pp. 46-99.

§Yves Dezalay & Bryant Garth, The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers,
Economists, and the Contest to Transform Latin American States. (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2002): pp.73-94;141-152.

Background Readings:
Ester Boserup, Women’s Role in Economic Development. London: Allen & Unwin, 1970.

Michael Lipton, Why Poor People Stay Poor: Urban Bias in World Development.
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977).

3/12 - 3/19: The 1980s: The Neoliberal Counterrevolution & Structural Adjustment
Peter Gowan The Global Gamble (London: Verso Press, 1999): esp. pp. 8-12; 16-35; 41-
44;48-50.

William Canak, ‘Debt, Austerity, and Latin America in the New International Division of
Labor,’ in Lost Promises: Debt, Austerity, and Development in Latin America (Westview
Press, 1989): pp.9-29.

Lance Taylor, ‘The Revival of the Liberal Creed: the IMF and the World Bank in a
Globalized Economy,’ World Development 25 (2) 1997: 145-152.

Diane Elson ‘Male Bias in Structural Adjustment.’ In H. Afshar and C. Dennis Women and
Adjustment Policies in the Third World. (New York: St. Martin's Press): 46-68.

Thomas Biersteker, ‘Reducing the Role of the State in the Economy: A Conceptual
Exploration of IMF and World Bank Prescriptions,’ International Studies Quarterly 34 (4)
1991: pp. 477-492.

Related Readings:
§Michael Watts ‘Development II: The Privatization of Everything.’ Progress in Human
Geography 18(3), 1994: 371-384.

*William Easterly ‘The Lost Decades: Developing Countries’ Stagnation in Spite of Policy
Reform 1980-1998’ Journal of Economic Growth 6 (2001): 135-57.

3/31 – 4/2: The 1990s & Beyond: The Rise and Decline of the Washington Consensus
Jeffrey Williamson, ‘Democracy and the Washington Consensus,’ World Development 21(8),

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 1993:1329-36.

Gillian Hart, ‘Development Critiques in the 1990s: culs de sac and promising paths,’
Progress in Human Geography 24 (4) 2001: 649-658.

Robert Wade, ‘Greening the Bank: The Struggle over the Environment, 1979-1995,’ in D.
Kapur (ed) The World Bank: Its first Half Century (Washington: Brookings Institution Press,
1997): pp. 611-614; 729-734.

Ismail Serageldin Sustainability and the Wealth of Nations: First Steps in on Ongoing
Journey. Washington: The World Bank Environmentally Sustainable Development Studies
and Monograph Series, No. 5: 1996.

Re-read Mohan & Stokke (2000) & Escobar (1995b) (from Part I).

Related Readings:
*Michael Hudson & Jeffrey Sommers ‘The End of the Washington Consensus’
Counterpunch Dec. 12/14, 2008.

§Doug Porter & David Craig (2006) Development Beyond Neoliberalism? Governance,
Poverty Reduction & Political Economy. (London: Routledge): Chapters 1 & 9.

§Gillian Hart (2002). ‘Development/s beyond Neoliberalism? Power, Culture, Political

Economy. Progress in Human Geography 26 (6): 812-822.

*Charles Gore (2000). ‘The Rise and Fall of Washington Consensus as a Paradigm for
Developing Countries.’ World Development 28(5): 789-804.

§Michael Goldman (2005). Imperial Nature: The World Bank & Struggles for Social
Justice in the Age of Globalization. (New Haven: Yale University Press): Chapter 4.

Part III
Beyond Local/Global Dichotomies: Space, Place, Power, & Difference
(Preliminary: to be revised)

4/7-4/14: Contesting Geographies of Globalization & D/development

Friedman, T. (2005) The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century.
New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux: Chapters 1 & 11 (with review by Vandana
Shiva).

Barnett, T “The Pentagon’s New Map” (March 2003) Esquire Magazine.

Ferguson, J. (2006) “Governing Extraction: New Spatializations of Order and

Disorder in Neoliberal Africa,”in Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World
Order. Durham: Duke University Press.

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 Massey, D. (1994). “A Global Sense of Place,” in Space, Place and Gender.
Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press: 146-156 & “The Geography of Power,”
unpublished paper.

4/16 – 4/21: Unfolding D/developments in Post-Apartheid South Africa

Mbeki, G. (1995) Sunset at Midday. Johannesburg: Nolwazi Publishers, pp.101-
120.

Hart, G. (2002). Disabling Globalization: Places of Power in Post-Apartheid South

Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press (pp 1-33; 290-313); & “Post-
Apartheid Developments in Comparative and Historical Perspective,” in V.
Padayachee (ed.) The Development Decade? Economic & Social Change in South
Africa, 1994-2004. Pretoria: HSRC Press; “The New Poor Laws and the Crisis of
Local Government” Amandla 2007.

Pithouse, R. “The Necessity, Promises and Pitfalls of Global Linkages for South
African Movements,” in Gibson, N. (ed) (2006) Challenging Hegemony: Social
Movements and the Quest for a New Humanism in Post-Apartheid South Africa.
Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

4/23: Reworking “The Local”

The Sangtin Writers Collective (2006). Playing with Fire. Minnesota: University of
Minnesota Press: Introduction & Postscript.

4/28 – 4/30: Redrawing the Map of the World?

Reshaping Economic Geography: The 2009 World Development Report.
Washington DC: The World Bank.

Readings on the meltdown.

5/5 – 5/7: Course Review

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