JUNIORSTAV 2012

2.1 Concrete and Masonry Structures

DESIGN OF TWO-WAY PRESTRESSED SLABS

Piotr Sokal1

Abstract
The article is about design of prestressed slabs. It shows possible solutions of two-way prestressed floors depending on
different factors. The design process is briefly described. Some probable difficulties of it are mentioned. Also a
punching problem solution and suggestions of common critical areas for limit states verification are presented.

Keywords
Prestressed slab, slab-column system, two-way prestressing, flat slabs, punching problem, design of slabs, monolithic
slabs, prestressed slab deflection, prestressing systems, losses of prestressing force.

1 INTRODUCTION
Nowadays in the structures of floors the dominance of reinforced concrete or composite steel and concrete slabs are
easily seen and in the case of single-family residential buildings – precast slabs. In industrial or commercial buildings it
is possible to see a lot of prestressed slabs. These floors are usually made of prestressed and precast concrete elements.
The rarest solution are monolithic prestressed floor slabs. These floors can be prestressed in one or two directions. The
choice of the right option depends on the architectural concept, the setting and support spacing. In this paper the
attention is drawn to slab-column structures. It should be noted that two-way prestressed slabs have the following
advantages over the one-way prestressed slabs with transverse beams:
• possibility of realization of a flat slab,
• smaller slab thickness,
• smaller amount of normal reinforcement,
• better structural layout for equal support spacing in both directions is achieved,
• an easier way of setting various installations under the slab structure,
Prestressed floors comparing to other structural solutions have other advantages [1], [2]:
• smaller deflection than reinforced concrete slabs,
• reduced cracking – it usually occurs over the supports where structure is often protected from exposure to
corrosive agents by finishing layers. Cracks usually does not occur in the middle of the span. The conclusion is
that due to the lack or smaller cracks, structures have better durability,
• due to bigger distance between the supports there is a smaller number of beams and columns,
• higher strength for punching (in the case of slab-column system),
• better tightness of the structure,
• better possibilities of arranging the space,
• faster stripping of formwork after pouring concrete.

2 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS OF PRESTRESSED FLOORS

Now it is possible to find many solutions of prestressed slabs [1]. Besides typical flat and mushroom slabs, floors with
drop panels, beamed floors, there are banded flat slabs, ribbed or waffle slabs. Most of these floors may be made as a
two-way prestressed version. The choice of the number of prestressing directions depends on the spacing of supports in
different directions. Beamed, banded and ribbed floors can be done as a one-way floor.
The selection of specific solutions listed above depends on several factors. In this article, typically loaded structures
with an orthogonal column grid are discussed. The two main factors are: the spacing of supports and the live load acting
on the ceiling. Table 1 shows the typical places of application of types of floors. Table 2 presents possible solutions for
floors, depending on the length of the span.

1
Piotr Sokal, mgr inż., Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Materials and Structures, Department of
Prestressed Concrete, ul. Litewska 21/22, 30-014 Kraków, Poland, [email protected]

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type of system application

slab-column system residential buildings, office buildings, public buildings, hotels, car parks for passenger
cars

mushroom slab, solid flat slab similar to those of slab-column system

with drop panels

banded flat slab systems in which spacing of columns in one direction is bigger, conference rooms, car
parks for passenger cars, schools, public buildings, office buildings

solid slab with narrow beams similar to those of banded slab with the same spacing in both directions

ribbed floor libraries, warehouses, industrial buildings, conference halls, dance halls, airport
buildings
Tab. 1 Application of prestressed slabs [1]

type of system 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

slab-column system

mushroom slab, solid flat slab

with drop panels

banded flat slab

solid slab with narrow beams

ribbed floor

waffle flat slab

Tab. 2 Recommended spans of prestressed slabs [1]

The recommended dimensions of the structure can be found in the materials of Freyssinet [1], CLL Stressing Systems
[2]. Some of them come from a technical report of Concrete Society [3]. They are presented in table 3.

section type drawing total imposed span/slab height span/beam height

load (without ratio ratio
self-weight)
(kN/m2)

flat slab 2,5 40 -

5,0 36 -

10,0 30 -

solid flat slab with 2,5 44 -

drop panels
5,0 40 -

10,0 35 -

mushroom slab, 2,5 40 -

solid flat slab with
drop caps
5,0 36 -

10,0 32 -

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section type drawing total imposed span/slab height span/beam height

load (without ratio ratio
self-weight)
(kN/m2)

banded flat slab 2,5 45 25

5,0 40 22

10,0 35 18

waffle flat slab 2,5 25 -

5,0 23 -

10,0 20 -

waffle flat slab with 2,5 28 -

solid panel
5,0 26 -

10,0 23 -

waffle slab with 2,5 28 -

band beams
5,0 26 -

10,0 23 -

ribbed floor 2,5 30 -

5,0 27 -

10,0 24 -

solid slab with 2,5 42 18

narrow beams
5,0 38 16

10,0 34 13

Tab. 3 The proposed size of the prestressed slab elements depending on the solution and load [2], [3]

3 PRESTRESSING TECHNOLOGIES
Technologies of prestressing tendons for prestressed floors can be divided into two types: bonded and unbounded.
In Europe, there are unbounded prestressing systems: the BBR VT CONA CMM, the Freyssinet type F unbounded
cables and anchorages, the ALGA SLAB unbounded system, the CCL Stressing Systems monostrand.
Popular bounded systems: PTS Tensiacciai, VSLAB, the Freyssinet type F bounded cables and anchorages, the CCL
Stressing Systems bounded multistrand. The above-mentioned systems consist of cables (strips) arranged on one level.
This arrangement is efficient in situations where the designer wants to achieve eccentricity of tendons as big as possible

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in the construction. In the case of the waffle floor application of a bounded round cross-section cable system may be
reasonable. The legitimacy of that solution results from the reduction of the breadth of each rib in the waffle slab.
Systems used in the slabs consist of (depending on system) 1-5 (exceptionally 6) strand cables and flat anchorages. A
brief comparison of bounded and unbounded systems is shown in table 4.

feature bounded unbounded

friction coefficient approximately 0.10 - 0.19 [4] [5] approximately 0.05 - 0.06 [5] [6]

coefficient k approximately 0.005 - 0.010 rad/m [4] approximately 0.005 - 0.010 rad/m [4]

corrosion protection depending on the system: a duct, a depending on the system: HDPE-sheathing, the
filling material (eg, cement grout) protective grease

transfer of force to concrete through anchorages, along the cable through anchorages and deflectors [7]

strength in the ultimate limit 100% 85%-91% [4],[8]

states

weakness due to presence of 50% effectiveness of grouted duct lack of effectiveness of the duct, additional
cables in concrete weakness due to splitting

Tab. 4 Comparison of bound and unbound prestressing systems

4 DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS AND FIRE PROTECTION

In order to ensure good durability, it is necessary in the design process to ensure compliance with the conditions of
serviceability limit state of crack opening and to provide the adequate concrete cover. Only the fulfilment of these two
conditions will provide sufficient durability in a particular environment. In determining the concrete cover, the
recommendations contained in EN 1992-1-1 [7] can be used. It should be noted that the unbounded cables usually do
not require to fulfil this condition.
An important factor for determining the position of prestressing and normal reinforcement in the element are fire
protection requirements. They state the minimal distance from the concrete edge to axis of normal and prestressing
reinforcement and also set minimal dimensions of the elements. They are dependent on the required norm fire resistance
R, fire integrity E, fire insulation I, type and size of elements and also type of steel. Relevant guidelines can be found in
EN 1992-1-2 [9] or in [10]. Prestressing steel is more sensitive than normal steel on the growth of temperature. This
fact makes it necessary to increase distance between the concrete edge and axis of prestressing strand by 15mm
comparing to normal steel.
For this reason in many cases of prestressed structures the concrete cover is determined by requirements for fire
protection. For example, in slab-column system, which is located in dry or constantly wet environment (XC1 by EC2),
made of concrete C40/50 and with requirement for REI120, and with unbounded BBR's 20mm-heigth cables the
required concrete cover (taking into account the deviations) is 25mm. The concrete cover in the same conditions
resulting from the fire protection requirements is 40mm. During designing and constructing of prestressed structures it
is crucial to protect anchorages against fire. The designers should carefully check whether recommendations contained
in technical approvals comply with fire regulations and in the case they do not, they should correct the solution. This is
particularly important for unbounded systems, in which the prestressing force is transferred through the anchorage and
the destruction of it excludes strands from work.

5 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED SLABS

Design of slabs can be done using various methods. Currently, due to the development of computer programs it is
possible to prepare the project and carry out statics calculations using the finite element method. Another good way is
an equivalent frame method. However, it should be approached with great caution. American Standard ACI 318-02 [11]
does not recommend the use of the approximate distribution of moments to column and middle strips for prestressed
structures. In order to obtain good distribution statics analysis should be made by more accurate methods (eg FEM).
In the case of prestressed slabs and the use of FEM, it is preferable to design in a two-step approach. At the first stage
sizes of the elements and the amount of prestressing (the size of the prestressing force) are pre-selected. The
approximate verification of limit states in the most critical places are also done at this stage. In this article, particular
attention is paid to the solution of flat and mushroom (also with drop panels) slabs. This method with some
modifications can also be applied to other types of structural systems.
The first and very important step is to estimate thickness of the slab and check structure above the columns due to
punching. This verification is dependent on the proposed solution for punching problem. Selected thickness depends on
whether the designer provides additional reinforcement against punching or decides that only concrete works against

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punching. A very simplified (not accurate) calculation of the force which goes from floor to the column can be done. In
the case of slab with equal spans in both directions and in the 2x2 field system, the force (in interior column) can be
calculated from the formula (1):

V = 1.55 ⋅ ql 2 (1)
where: q – total uniform load over the slab, l – orthogonal distance between supports,
In the case of slabs with a greater number of fields a factor of 1.55 is smaller. Depending on the applied code the force
should be increased due to the moments in the column. After calculating the punching force the structure should be
verified according to the applied standard. In the case of non-compliance of conditions the structural solution (usually
thickness of the slab) should be changed.
The first step to determine the amount of the prestressing is to set the initial geometry of prestressing tendons and their
distribution in the plan. The structure should be divided into the appropriate column and middle strips for each
orthogonal direction. For the internal frame width ratio is 1:2:1 (middle strip, column strip, middle strip). As the shape
of the cable way, the best are folding parabolas. In the mid-spans cables should be placed (in most of the cases) in the
lower part of the plate and over support (and column strips) they should be in the upper part of the plate. Ratio of half of
the length of a concave parabola (passing in the column strip) to half of support spacing should be about 0.10 - 0.15. For
all types of cables a minimum radius of curvature should be kept. Information about this is given in the appropriate
technical approval.
Selection of prestressing forces can be done in several ways. A relatively simple method is the choice of amount
prestressing using equivalent loads from prestressing. The forces in this method are modelled as loads applied to the
anchorages and loads from the curvature of the cable. In most cases, the floors are loaded uniformly on the surface.
Prestressing should carry some part of the dead loads. A ratio of loads from curvature of prestressing tendons to the
dead loads is can be called χ. Its value should be between 0.8 and 1.0. Wherein when the ratio of live to dead loads is
0.5 or less, the value of the coefficient χ should be about 0.8. If the ratio is 1.0, the value of χ should be about 0.9 and
increase with the participation of live loads. Calculations should be carried out on the characteristic values. This
assumption definitely helps during verification of the serviceability limit states, especially deflection.
Transmission of loads in the two-way prestressed slabs has two stages. In the span loads acting on the floor (field A in
figure 1) are transmitted by cables of one directions to column bands (fields B and C) to prestressing reinforcement,
which is located there and which run in the perpendicular direction. Because of that, bands B and C are loaded by
perpendicular prestressing and basic loads acting on the ceiling. In the case of two-span or three-span or last but one
bands of multi-span fields B and C can be assumed that the load passing through the cables of A fields overload equal
to the ratio of successively 1.25, 1.1 and about 1.15. Then the load from the fields A and B is transferred to the
columns.
Distribution of amount of loads which are taken over by the prestressing cables in each direction depends on the spacing
of supports in different directions. If the distance of the supports in both directions are similar, each prestressing
direction takes over similar amount. When one span is shorter than the cables parallel to the shorter dimension take over
(in field A) more loads. Another part of loads from each field is transferred to external columns.

Fig. 1 The transmission of forces in the ceiling of between fields

In order to calculate the amount of prestressing force formula (2) should be used:

P= q⋅r (2)

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Where q – the relevant part of the load acting on the field, possibly with loads from cables which run perpendicularly
for 1m of width, r is the average radius of curvature of the cable in the considered segment. It depends on the system,
i.e.:
• type of cables (bound – unbound),
• strength and relaxation of prestressing steel,
• number of spans,
• moment of prestressing,
• type and class of concrete.
In case of usage unbound low-relaxation cables with the relatively low coefficient of friction and length 30-40m (2-3
spans) and the prestressing after about 7 days, a good approximation formula is given [12]:

P
Ap = (3)
0.95 ⋅ 0.65 ⋅ f pk
where: fpk – characteristic stress value at yield stresses.
These calculations use the approximate value of the stresses after all losses of prestressing force (in the presented
situation). In the case of bounded cables with it probably would be small decrease in the level of stress after all losses.
In the initial calculations, estimated forces do not have to match specific amount of prestressing strands. Calculated
prestressing must be applied to the structure in the form of forces or the forces and moments in the anchorages and the
load qpst from the curvature of the cable.
A finite element method is a good method used in the calculation of statics. In the modelling process the appropriate
size of finite elements should be selected. Adequate measures should be taken to obtain the correct values of the
bending moments over the supports. Recommendations for this can be given by the computer program manufacturer.
After the calculation of statics limit states of punching and flexure ought to be verified in critical areas. Usually these
points are the areas near internal columns. These verifications can be done using simplified methods. In case of
problems with limit states, the design solution should be changed.

6 DISTRIBUTION OF PRESTRESSING TENDONS

The next stage after the initial verifications is selection of the final number of prestressing tendons and their spacing.
For prestressing, cables having from 1-5 (or 6) strands can be used. The use of multistrand cables can definitely speed
up the work related with the laying of prestressing. The use of monostrands allows to bypass the designed openings in
the floor, because the cables are less rigid in the horizontal direction. A good recommendation [13] is the distribution of
prestressing tendons with the spacing which is greater than 8 heights of slab and 150cm.

7 LOSSES OF PRESTRESSING FORCE

The next step is to calculate the losses of prestressing force in each cable. It is a relatively complex issue, because in
order to make very precise calculations, it is necessary to repeat the calculation several times. It should be noted that the
final result from a practical point of view may have some inaccuracy. It follows from the fact that in the prestressed
structures prestressing force which is applied to the anchorages spreads to the entire slab. Determination of compressive
stresses in the particular point depends on the amount of prestressing in other places as well as on the acting forces in
the prestressing tendons. Because of this influence of prestressing on other cables as well as the impact of losses on the
loss of other cables, the unambiguous determination of the final loss is almost impossible. The approximate losses can
be calculated by applying some rules, which will be discussed below.
Losses of prestressing force can be divided into two types: initial and delayed or time dependent. Table 5 presents the
losses and equations for their calculation. Equations come from the PN-EN 1992-1-1 [7] and [4].

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initial losses equation

losses due to friction
∆P µ =P max (1− e )
− µ (θ+kx )

losses due to elastic shortening of concrete j∆σ c (t )

∆P el =A p E p
E cm (t )

losses due to anchorage slip

x 0− x
∆P sl = 2a sl E p Ap
x 20
1)

time dependent losses

losses due to shrinkage of concrete Ep
losses due to creep of concrete ϵ cs E p + 0 . 8 ∆σ pr+ ϕ (t,t 0 )σc,QP
E cm
losses due to relaxation of steel ∆P c+s+r =A p

( )[
E p Ap Ac 2
1+
E cm Ac
1+ z
I c cp
1+ 0 . 8ϕ (t,t 0 ) ]
2)

1)
the equation is suitable for situations where the range of slip does not exceed the length of the cable
2)
the equation shows the total value of the time dependent losses
Tab. 5 Prestressing losses [4], [7]
where:
θ - the sum of the angles of curves on the way of cable,
µ - coefficient of friction between the strands and the duct,
k – wobble coefficient, sum of angular displacements over the distance x
x - distance from the point where the force is equal to P0 (P0 - force on the active end shortly after the prestressing),
measured along the tendon,
Pmax - the force on the active end during prestressing,
j - a factor of (n-1) / (2n) (n is the number of actions of prestressing per one meter of slab width)
asl – slip of a tendon in the anchorage,
x0 - the range of slip
εcs – shrinkage strain of concrete,
φ(t, t0) - creep coefficient,
zcp - distance from the central plane to the axis of the cable,
Ep, Ecm, Ecm(t), Ic, Ac, Ap – the relevant characteristics values associated with the material or cross-section,
∆σc(t) – the value of changes of stresses in concrete at the moment of prestressing at the level of the centre of the gravity
of the tendon. The exact calculations of this value in slabs are difficult. A good approximation is ∆σc(t) = (Pmax-∆Pµ-
∆Psl)/Ac.
∆σpr – the value of changes of stresses in the tendon due to relaxation. The EC2 recommends to calculate this loss with
regard to the initial stresses after prestressing and the impact of quasi-permanent loads. This solution is very
troublesome in the case of slabs. It therefore seems reasonable to calculate the losses in a simplified manner as a change
of stresses in steel only due to prestressing without taking into account the moments which come from calculations of a
indetermined structure.
∆σc,QP – the value of changes of stresses in the concrete next to the tendon, caused by self-weight, the initial prestressing
forces and quasi-permanent loads. The exact calculation is impossible in the slabs. A good and quite safe approximation
can be ∆σc,QP = Pm0/Ac.
During calculating the time dependent losses of bounded tendons the value ∆σpr, ∆σc,QP in the specified point should be
used. They should be values in a given place in the structure. For unbounded tendons the value should be an average
along the length of the cable.

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Stresses in the prestressing steel should satisfy the following conditions:

σ p,max ⩽min (0 .8f pk ,0 . 9f p0,1k )

- the maximum stress in the tendon (in some cases, these values may be
different),

σ pm0 (x )⩽min (0 .75 f pk ,0. 85 f p0 ,1 k )

- stresses in the tendon immediately after the prestressing..
In concrete, it should be ensured that stresses do not exceed the level of 0.6fck(t).
After calculating the initial losses of prestressing force the statics analysis should be done with loads acting at the time
just after prestressing. A verification of some places should be done. It is essential to verify whether due to the absence
of the live loads any cracks have occurred. Then we proceed to analyse the statics at final situation with regard to the
prestressing loads after all losses. A comparison of the initial and final value of the prestressing force can be done at
some points. In the case of modelling and applying loads to the structure in computer programs some small rounding
down (0.5 – 1.0 kN/m2 ) can be done in order to simplify the design process. Such rounding will increase security for
the situation of final vertical location of cables. It especially helps structures with unbounded strands.

8 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES (ULS)

After obtaining the results of statics calculations the next stage of the project is to verify the ultimate limit states. The
standards require checking the ultimate limit states in all areas of the structure. Normally it is enough to check:
• bending with compression (eccentric compression) over the columns and probably near the capitals, the places
where slab thickness changes, in the spans of the slabs and also spandrel beams (if any) in the mid-span and over
the support,
• punching over the columns and near the edges of drop panels and capitals,
• shear of the slab, beams and bands,
• torsion of spandrel beams,
• shear between the beams and the slab,
• anchorage zones due to: pressures under the steel plate, deep-tensile stresses, head tensile stresses, corner tensile
stresses.
During verification and dimensioning the structure for flexure with the axial force it is good to consider the effect of
torsion in the slab. Torsion occurs near corners of the supports, in corners of drop panels and column capitals and in
corners of the slab near beams. It is safe to add torque to bending moment.
When dimensioning the structure some rules connected with prestressing should be taken into account. It is good to
treat prestressing tendons as a force in the structure and as reinforcement. This means that during verifying the ULS
prestressing is taken into account in the calculation of statics. This helps to avoid the calculation of moments which
appear due to indeterminacy of a structure. Additionally, in the case of bounded tendons difference between the design
value of yield stress and stresses in prestressing steel after all losses (the deformation of the concrete must be taken into
account), and for unbounded tendons the stress increment value in ULS (100 MPa) can be used like a normal
reinforcement.
One of the main problems is punching. Often there is a need for some special solutions to protect the floor against
punching. These are:
• stirrups and bent bars,
• stiff steel shearheads,
• stiff hidden steel capitals,
• drop panels,
• steel flanges,
• FRP strips,
• steel studs.
EC2 presents methods for calculating solutions using drop panels, traditional solutions with stirrups and bent bars. In
these calculations prestressing has an impact in two ways. Prestressing increases the strength of the control perimeter
and cables located within a distance of 0.5d from the edge of the supports, the punching force is reduced because of the
vertical component of the force which acts in these cables. The standard also allows the use of the product of some
companies, but the appropriate European Technical Approvals ([14], [15] and [16]) must be used. In the case of studs it

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should be noted that the punching force can be reduced by prestressing, but the technical approvals do not mention
anything about the increase in strength due to the appearance of compressive stresses. The reasoning for the work of
concrete against punching in the EC2 and technical approvals are very similar. This allows you to predict that the
compressive stresses effect like it is described in the EC2.
Spandrel beams when they are used acquire a substantial torque value. There also exist in large bending moments and
shear forces. On their side there are the anchorages of cables, which work in the perpendicular direction. The EC2
standard recommends to reduce the strength against the pressure in the zones of high shear forces. It seems that it is in
those areas with anchorages concrete works worse. Also in these zones prestressing works against head stresses and
deep-tensile stresses.

9 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES (SLS)

During designing the prestressed slabs the serviceability limit states should be also verified. They require a recalculation
of statics, using as characteristic values of loads and in many cases almost quasi-permanent load combination.
Prestressed floors usually have no problems in meeting the requirements.
Prestressing by introducing compressive stresses to the structure reduces the possibility of appearance cracks and
reduces their width. Crack width limit values depend on the type of prestressing, exposure environment and may also
result from other factors. They are presented in the EC2. During the verification of crack width the work of prestressing
should be considered. Unbounded tendons give beneficial compressive stresses to the structure, while bounded tendons
work also as reinforcement.
Prestressing reduces the deflection because it counteracts the dead loads, which are a major part of quasi-permanent
loads. Additionally, due to the smaller number of cracks, stiffness of individual elements is greater, what is beneficial in
deflection reduction. The exact determination of the deflection in the design process is difficult, beyond the situation
when the entire structure is not cracked – it is enough to calculate the elastic deflection, which is influenced of
rheology. When structure works as cracked in most of areas it is expected that the deflection will be large and it should
be calculated as for reinforced concrete elements. A situation, in which sections over the supports will be cracked is
relatively common. A safe verification of the deflection limit state in that case is to use ratio of uncracked support cross-
section stiffness to the stiffness of cracked cross-section support stiffness influenced by rheological effects. Then the
ratio must be multiplied by the elastic deflection at the critical point.

10 ADDITIONAL DESIGN INFORMATION

In the final version of the project design basic information of a typical reinforced concrete slab should be included.
Additionally, the project should include plans of prestressing cables and the relevant details of prestressing and
important cross-sections. In areas where normal reinforcement is not required minimum reinforcement should be
applied using appropriate spacing of bars given in EC2. Prestressing cables should be placed on a specially prepared
props. The coordinates of the bottom of the prestressing cables depending on the distance from the anchorage and the
forces of prestressing and the extensions on the cables during prestressing should be placed in the drawings. In the case
of dense prestressing around columns, there is a necessity of analysing for prestressing tendons penetration. Some the
appropriate adjustments must be done. They can influence the values in the tables with the coordinates of the bottom of
cables. However, when it is necessary to move the cable to a greater distance, eg approximately 5cm, designer should
make sure that it will not have a significant impact on the results of statics. For single cable it usually does not cause big
problems. In areas over the columns it is crucial to not forget about the correct placement of cables and reinforcement
for punching.

11 SUMMARY
Designing prestressed floors engineers can meet many difficulties, which in the first projects can complicate job.
However, with experience, designing of these floors will become much easier. Each designer will be able to precisely
determine an impact of some changes on the structure. During designing process a stage of choosing adequate structural
system can be very time-consuming. It is crucial to set some structural assumptions – especially connected with a
punching problem and a prestressing system. Fire protection requirement are also very important. In the drawings it is
essential to precisely located the cables and studs for shear to avoid problems with them. Prestressed slabs allow to
reduce amount of concrete. Due to smaller height of slabs it is possible to use less space comparing to reinforced
concrete structures. Prestressing allows builders to disassemble formwork of the floor and helps to achieve a sufficient
strength of the slab. It is easily seen in case of constructing buildings with repetitive floors. Prestressed concrete
structures are made of materials of better quality. Due to that they do not need often repairs and are more durable.

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LITERATURE
[1] Stropy sprężone, Freyssinet Polska Sp. z o.o., Warszawa.
[2] Post-tensioned slabs, CCL Stressing Systems Ltd, Leeds, UK.
[3] Post-tensioned concrete floors - Design handbook, Concrete Society, Camberley, UK , 2005.
[4] Ajdukiewicz A., Mames J., Betonowe konstrukcje sprężone, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej, Gliwice 2001.
[5] Europejska aprobata techniczna ETA – 06/0226, System sprężania Freyssinet, EOTA, 2010.
[6] Europejska aprobata techniczna ETA – 06/0165, BBR VT CONA CMM – System kabli sprężających bez
przyczepności zawierający 01, 02 lub 04 sploty, EOTA, 2006.
[7] PN-EN 1992-1-1:2008, Eurokod 2: Projektowanie konstrukcji z betonu. Część 1-1. Reguły ogólne i reguły dla
budynków, PKN, Warszawa 2008.
[8] Zuohan z., Bin N., Ju S.: Ultimate strength of externally prestressed concrete structures, FIP symposium 1993
-Modern Prestressing techniques and their applications, Kyoto, 1993.
[9] PN-EN 1992-1-2:2008, Eurokod 2: Projektowanie konstrukcji z betonu. Część 1-2. Projektowanie z uwagi na
warunki pożarowe, PKN, Warszawa 2008.
[10] Ajdukiewicz A.: Eurokod 2. Podręczny skrót dla projektantów konstrukcji żelbetowych Eurokod 2,
Stowarzyszenie Producentów Cementu, Kraków 2009.
[11] ACI Committee 318-02, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-02), and
Commentary (ACI 318R-02), American Concrete Institute, Detroid, 2002.
[12] Sokal P.: Praca magisterska pt: Projekt konstrukcji stropu dwukierunkowo sprężonego hotelowej sali
konferencyjnej, Kraków, 2011.
[13] Sengupta A.K.: Lecture 37-Two-Way Slabs(Part-1) [online], http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=HQtsnWHHO6c, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, 2007.
[14] Aprobata techniczna ITB AT-15-4214/2010 – Trzpienie stalowe HDB i HDB-G do przenoszenia sił ścinających,
ITB, Warszawa 2010.
[15] Aprobata techniczna ITB AT-15-5722/2005 – Trzpienie stalowe typu JDA do przenoszenia naprężeń
ścinających, ITB, Warszawa 2005.
[16] Aprobata techniczna ITB AT-15-5298/2008 – Trzpienie stalowe SCHOCK BOLE do przenoszenia sił
ścinających, ITB, Warszawa 2008.

REVIEWER
Wit Derkowski, dr inż., Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Materials and
Structures, Department of Prestressed Concrete, lecturer, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, +48 12 628-21-59,
[email protected]

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