International Journal of Plant and Animal Sciences Vol. 1 (1), pp. 042-049, xxxx, 2013.

Available online at
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Full Length Research Paper

Effect of partial mango pulp mixing in ration on

behaviour and production of broiler
Hidayatullah Soomro1*, Muhammad Ismail Rind1, Sarfaraz Nawaz Sanjrani 1 Abdul Samad
Magsi1, Ghulam Shabir Barham1, Shoaib Ahmed Pirzada1 And Hakim Ali Sahito1*
"Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh- Pakistan"
Received 22 December 2012; Accepted 31 January, 2013.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of various levels of mango pulp ration on the
growth, carcass and behavior of broiler during the year 2010 to 11. The experiment enrolled 200 one day old
st nd rd
chicks and randomly divided them into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D groups were fed during 1 , 2 and 3
weeks, later group A was not fed and kept as control beside others were fed a ration mixed with Mango
pulp as supplement at the rate of 2, 3 and 4% per kg, respectively. Mango pulp contained DM 97.5% and CP
12, Fiber 3.5 and Ash 2.5 percent on DM basis. All feeds were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric offered twice
a day and fresh water was made available over 24 hours thrice a day. At the end of the experiment, the
average of the liver weight in B (51.98) was higher than C (45.03), D (43.58) and A (40.71) g/b (P<0.05) and
gizzard weight was higher in group A (36.2) than D (34.58), C (31.8) and B (29.97) g/b, (P<0.05) but in the
hearts weight were found not significant differences (P>0.05) between group A (10.68), B (10.70), C (11.86)
and D (10.16) g/b, (P>0.05), respectively. RBC’s (2.60, 3.13, 2.03 and 1.97, m/ cu.mm), WBC’s (3933, 4500,
3450 and 3383, 000/ mm3) and Haemoglobulin values (9.0, 10.7, 6.5 and 5.5 g) were not different for groups
(A, B, C and D (P>0.05), respectively. Feeding, drinking, standing/walking and lying/sleeping behavior were
not significant differences (P>0.05) between the groups for periods of brooding and growing (P>0.05),
respectively, but generally all these behaviors were higher at brooding than growing periods (P<0.05),
respectively. It was concluded that mango pulp at a level of 2 percent had a better impact on both broiler
body and carcass weights and FCR with no health problem in broilers.

Key words: Broiler production, Mango pulp, Net profit.

INTRODUCTION

The standard daily per capita consumption of total protein trend GOP (2010). The dynamic growth and success of
is 102.7 g, availability of protein is 69.61g, out of which the poultry industry is based on a high degree of vertical
27.0 g should be of animal origin; while at present local integration, improved production efficiency standards
per capita consumption of animal protein is 17.0 g. (e.g. increased market values, reduced days-to market
Poultry culture in Pakistan is expanding rapidly and the and improved feed conversion) and greatly automated
rate of growth of commercial layer and broiler farms is processing combined with successful marketing (e.g. low
phenomenal to meet the ever increasing demand for fat, high-protein convenience products) and changed
proteins through poultry meat and eggs. This sector consumer habits e.g. health considerations (Sahito et al.,
generates employment for about 1.7 million people and 2012).
poultry meat contributes 23.8 percent of the total meat Mango, (Mangier indica L.) family: Anacardiaceae, is the
production in the country. During the last three years, the second major fruit crop in Pakistan. At present it is
poultry meat production in Pakistan was 601, 652 and grown on an area of 93.5 thousand per hectares.
707 thousand tons, showing gradually an increasing Pakistan is blessed with many important leading
commercial varieties of mango such as Sindhri, Langra,
Anwar Ratol, Summer Bisht, Fajri, Fazali, Zafran, Saroli,
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Dusheri, Gulab Khas, Swarnarica, Bagan Pali, Chuansa
+92-300-3046098. Black and White, and Neelum (Farag, 2001). Mango
waste and Fruit byproducts, which would otherwise, can pulp as a supplement in poultry ration, the study was
be used as an alternative feed resource in animal feeds, conducted during December 2010 to January 2011 at the
pose a disposal problem leading to environmental Poultry Experiment Station, Department of Poultry
pollution. Mango, apple, pineapple, citrus and tomato Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
were the main fruits used for processing in most of the Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh-
Asian countries (Kumar et al., 2007) and the fruit waste is Pakistan. One day-old about (200) broilers were
incorporated in poultry diets as dry product. Besides the purchased from Hyderabad market and separately
above fruits, papaya and guava fruits, which were weighted then randomly divided into A, B, C, and D
produced in 1.3 and 1.5 million metric tones per year, groups, every single group had 50 chicks. Broilers of
respectively in India, are being extracted and 25-35 per group A kept as control where the groups B, C and D
cent of the processed fruits were left as wastes and all were offered a mixed ration with mango pulp at the rate
made available for feeding livestock (Bansal, 1998). of 2, 3 and 4 percent on fresh bases / as fed basis in
Mango seed kernels and peels are commonly used in finisher ration. This kind of diet was offered by partially
poultry/livestock rations but the fiber for waste from mixing in start condition during 4th week as adaptation
mango fruit pulp is comparatively a new by product now period, later full supplement was offered during 5th and 6th
available for incorporation in poultry diets. An attempt weeks. Feed was given ad Libitum and the feed refusal
would be made in the present study to evaluate the effect was collected and that was weighted at morning on daily
of partial mango pulp mixing in ration on the production basis which was offered for 24 hours to each group of
and behaviour of broiler. Carson (2000) investigated broilers as to record daily feed intake. Like this similar
various uses of mango seed kernels and reported that technique was also used for water supply in each group.
mango seed kernel is an effective ingredient of poultry After that the shed was washed and cleaned with
feed. The addition of mango seed kernel improves pressure water with potassium permanganate on diluted
immunity and reduces mortality as compared to normal Formalin and shed kept to dry for 24 hours. Finally
commercial ration. Mhazo et al., (2003) evaluated the limestone was used on floor with wooden dust and chick-
possibilities of using fruits and vegetable wastes for paper (Horka-200) provided to comfort chicks during first
production of poultry feed and concluded from some week of the brooding at 90-95oF for first week latter it was
o o
experimental studies that mango and citrus wastes can reduced by 5 F in every week finally maintained at 70 F.
be a most planting and effective feed ingredient for Where the relative humidity 60% was maintained and the
poultry production. Shah (2005) conducted light was provided 24 hours by fixing fluorescent tube
comprehensive studies on utilization of fruit wastes light (40 Walt) fitted with roof at the height of 8 feet level.
(mango pulp and mango seed kernel) in poultry feed Both the temperature and relative humidity was recorded
production. It was found that the mango stone was used by using of thermometer and Hygrometer. Vaccination
as a non-conventional source of protein and a stone of processes were carried out during early morning and late
four local mango varieties was analyzed. Chapman, evening/night hours. All the behaviors were visually
(2006) concluded that the poultry feed diet composition of observed in all groups with in the one minute interval
poultry on a balanced feed composition plus a mango guided by stop watch by using Time Sampling Technique
pulp supplement, said feed supplement being particles of (Rind, 1995) where the weight was obtained on weekly
a substance untreated mango byproduct of dried mango basis for (42 days). Vaccination schedule for broiler was
pulp from mango. Chicken food consists of cereals, adopted as; N.D= New Castle, I.B= Infectious Bronchitis,
plants, animal, agro-based industrial, maize, sorghum, I.B.D= Infectious Bursal Disease, H.P.S= Hydro
rice, fish meal, meat meal, cotton seed meal, gluten meal Pericardium Syndrome for precautions to safe the shed.
and minerals (Sahito et al., 2012). Mango was collected from the local market and removed
The economic analysis of poultry production indicates the peels, dried in sun light approximately one week and
that the feed is a major expense in poultry production then whole pulp was put in the grinder for making powder
amounting to about 70 to 75 percent of the total cost. The in manual grinder and finally chemical analysis was done.
ration should suit the objective like using laying ration for Mango pulp was analyzed for dry matter, crude protein,
egg production, broiler ration for the production of broilers crud fiber and ash, total solid, crude protein, crude fiber,
(Sahito et al., 2012). Considering the importance of Ash according the AOAC, (2000) 5 gm sample was
alternate sources of vegetable protein in the production of digested using micro-kjeldhal in the presence of catalyst
broiler, the present investigation has been planned to (0.2 gm copper sulfate and 2 gm sodium sulfate) where
examine the effect of various levels of mango pulp in sulfuric acid (20-30 ml) was used as an oxidizing agent.
broiler ration on the growth, carcass and feed efficiency While, protein percentage was determined by conversion
of broilers. of nitrogen percentage to protein, assuming that all the
nitrogen in mango dried pulp powder was present as
protein i.e. Protein percentage = N% × Conversion factor.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Where conversion factor = 100 / N% x 6.25 in protein of
mango dried pulp powder (James, 1995). The blood was
In order to ascertain the effect of various levels of Mango collected from 10 birds of each group for haematology
 Table 1. Average feed intake of broiler gallon per broiler.

Probability
Groups
value of
Weeks
different
a b c d weeks
W1 165 129 111 141
W2 283 282 274 320

W3 477 454 467 476

(P>0.001)
W4 721 712 738 695
W5 982 987 1023 988
W6 1218 1204 1198 1206
Total 3846 3768 3811 3826

Probability value
of different (P>0.811)
groups

Note: Interaction between both groups and weeks at (P>0.898) found non significant.

Table 2. Average water intake of broiler in ml per broiler.

Groups Probability
value of
Weeks
a b c d different
weeks
W1 360 361 344 361

W2 796 772 774 800

W3 1196 1235 1210 1221
(P>0.001)
W4 1786 1900 1937 1974

W5 3501 3610 3691 3735

W6 5787 5862 5992 6054
Total 13426 13740 13948 14145
Probability
value of
(P>0.649)
different
groups

Note: Interaction between both groups and weeks at (P>1.000) found non significant.

purpose. Each bird was handled and alcohol swab was Blood cells were counted by haemocytometer consisted
used on wing vein as antiseptic. The syringe inserted in a of counting chamber and two diluting pipettes having a
wing vein of bird and 2 ml of blood was collected and put white bead and marking 11 above the bulb. Drew the
in test tube having EDTA anticoagulant. Hemoglobin whole Blood up-to 0.5 marks in a pipette. Wiped the
examination was done by the Acid Heamatin Method, blood from tip and drew Truck's solution (Diluting fluid)
Sahil's instrument and took 0.1N Hcl in diluting tube of up-to 11 mark. Count in all the four corner squares
heamoglobinometer up-to the 20%. Red Blood cells were making a total area of 4 sq. 10x lenses were used for the
counted by haemocytometer consisted of counting determination of WBC’s.
chamber and two diluting pipettes. For the examination of Chemical analysis of dried Mango pulp initially and
Red blood cells the using high power 40x lenses. White weekly live body weight, feed intake, water intake, mortal-
 Table 3. Average live body weight of broiler in gram per broiler.

Groups Probability
value of
Week
a b c d different
weeks
WO 42.5 42.4 40.6 41.9

W1 121.7 128.3 120.5 123.3

W2 410.1 418.3 418.5 397.3
W3 811.9 800.3 812.5 825.3 (P>0.001)
W4 1404.9 1406.3 1378.7 1357.3

W5 1714.3 1762.9 1706.5 1723.5

W6 2149.4 2254.3 2160.7 2151.3

Probability value
of different (P>0.001)
groups
Note: Interaction between both groups and weeks at (P>0.001) found non significant.

Table 4. Average carcass weight, dressing rate and feed conversion ratio of broiler.

Groups

a b c d
Carcass weight (g/b)
1120.4 1311.8 1237.7 1208.8
Dressing (%) 50.71 58.19 57.14 56.17
Feed Conversion Ratio 1.79 1.67 1.76 1.78
Note: Interaction among carcass weight, dressing and feed conversion ratio (P>0.002) found non significant.

ity, haematology, behaviors (Feeding, drinking, broiler groups feed intake was non significant (P> 0.05)
standing/walking, lying/sleeping), economics etc. At the are subject in under given table- 1.
end of experiment, ten broilers in each group were Average water intake of broiler in table-2 of group A , B,
slaughtered to study the carcass weight, dressing rate C and D were 13426, 13740 and 13948 and 14145 ml/b,
and weight of giblets. The collected data initially tabulated (P<0.05), respectively. The interaction between groups
in to computer subjected to Factorial analysis of variance and weeks (P>0.05) were found non-significant in table-2.
(AOV) to see the overall significant differences, while Average live body weight of broiler table-5 of group A , B,
comparison LSD was applied to see the significant C and D were 2149.4, 2254.3 and 2166.5 and 2166.5
differences within treatments. Statistics 8.1, A Computer g/b, (P>0.05), respectively. Minimum live body weight
Software package for student was used to perform was gain by the broilers in group A and maximum by
statistical analysis (2005). group B, respectively. The interaction between groups
and weeks (P<0.05) were found significant in table-3.
Average carcass weight of the chicks in table-4 of group
RESULTS A (control), B, C and D were 1120.4, 1311.8, 1237.7 and
1208.8 g/b and its dressing percentage calculated was
Mango pulp was analyzed for dry meter 97.5%, crude 50.71, 58.19, 57.14 and 56.17 percent respectively.
protein 12%, fiber3.5% and ash 2.5% on diameter basis Minimum dressing percentages were recorded from
(A.O.A.C 2000). Average feed intake of broiler for A, B, C broilers group A and maximum from group B, respectively
and D groups were 3846, 3768, 3811 and 3825 g/b (P> (P<0.05). Average feed conversion ratio of the broiler
0.05), respectively table-3. The differences between table-6 of group A, B, C and D were 1.78, 1.72 and 1.79
 Table 5. Average liver, heart, gizzard weights and mortality% of broilers.

Groups Probability
value of liver,
Parameters
heart and
a b c d gizzard

Liver 40.71 51.98 45.03 43.58 (P>0.093)

Heart 10.68 10.70 11.86 10.16 (P>0.078)
Gizzard 36.2 29.97 31.8 34.58 (P>0.018)
Broiler in numbers 2 01 3 3
(P>0.05)
Mortality (%) 4 02 6 6

Table 6. Haemotology of broiler.

Groups
Probability value
of haemoglobin,
Particulars a b c d RBC’s and
WBC’s

Haemoglobin (g/dl) 9.00 10.73 6.53 6.47 (P>0.243)

RBC’s (m/cumm) 2.60 3.13 2.03 1.97 (P>0.241)

WBC’s (000/mm )
3
3933.3 4500.0 3450.0 3383.3 (P>0.574)

Table 7. Average feeding and drinking behavior of broiler minimum per hour per broiler.

Groups
Period a b c d
Brooding 16.3 16.6 17.8 17.4

Growing 14.0 13.7 14.3 14.2

Probability value of
different groups (P>0.959)

Brooding 13.1 12.7 13.0 12.8

Growing 7.3 7.1 7.3 7.0

Probability value of
(P>0.999)
different groups

and 1.84, respectively. It is obvious from the results that the results that the liver weight was higher for broilers of
the minimum feed conversion ratio gained by the broilers group B and lowest for group A, respectively (P<0.05).
in group D and maximum by group A, respectively. Average heart weight of the broiler in groups A , B, C
Average liver weight of the broiler (edible parts weight) in and D were 10.68, 10.70, 11.86 and 10.16 g/b, (P>0.05)
table-5 of group A , B, C and D were 40.71, 51.98, 45.03 respectively. The minimum liver weights were gained by
and 43.58 g/b, (P<0.05), respectively. It is obvious from the broilers group A and maximum by group C, respecti-
 Table 8. Average standing/walking and lying/sleeping behavior of broiler in minimum per hour per broiler.

Groups
Period a b c d
Brooding 10.4 9.8 10.1 9.9

Growing 11.6 12.3 12.0 13.2

Probability value of
different groups (P>0.993)
Brooding 20.2 20.9 19.1 19.8

Growing 27.3 25.9 26.4 25.6

Probability value of
(P>0.984)
different groups

Table 9. Economics of broiler.

Groups
S. No. Economic Parameter

a b c d
1 Cost of day old chick in rupees per broiler 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5
2 Total feed intake (kg/broiler) 3.846 3.768 3.811 3.826

3 Total cost of feed (Rs./broiler) 89.23 87.41 88.42 88.76

4 Cost of Mango pulp (Rs./broiler) 0 10 15 20

5 Miscellaneous expenditure (Rs./broiler) 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00

6 Final live body weight (kg/broiler) 2.149 2.254 2.216 2.151

Total cost of Production (Rs./broiler)

7 111.73 119.91 125.92 131.26
(1+3+4+5)
8 Broiler sale rate (Rs. /kg) 105 105 105 105
9 Total income (Rs./broiler) (6x8) 225.64 236.67 232.67 225.85

10 Net profit (Rs./broiler) (9-7) 113.91 116.75 106.75 94.59

vely (P>0.05). Average gizzard weight of the broiler in Haemoglobin analysis shows that means were 9.00,
groups A , B, C and D were 36.2, 29.97, 31.8 and 34.58 10.73, 6.53, and 6.47 (g) for group A, B, C and D
g/b, (P<0.05), was found separately. The maximum (P>0.05). However its ranges were 6.00 to 13.20 (A),
gizzard weight was gained by the broilers in group A and 9.20 to 13.20 (B), 4.40 to 9.20 (C) and 4.40 to 9.00g (D),
minimum by group B, respectively. The differences respectively. RBC’s analysis shows that means were
between broiler groups means were found non-significant 2.60, 3.13, 2.03 and 1.97 million/mm 3 for group A, B, C
(P<0.05). Mortality denotes to the number of broiler died and D (P>0.05). However, its ranges were 1.80 to 3.80
from group of trial. The results showed that mortality (A), 2.70 to 3.80(B), 1.50 to 2.70 (C) and 1.50 to 2.50
tended to be higher in group B followed by C, D and A million/mm3 (D), respectively. WBC’s analysis shows that
3
(P<0.05), which indicated as 12, 6, 6 and 4%, means were 39.33, 45.00, 34.50 and 33.83 000/mm in
respectively. The most broiler mortality recorded in earlier groups A B, C and D (P>0.05), respectively. However, its
rearing weeks. ranges were 31.00 to 48.00 (A), 43.00 to 48.00 (B), 28.00
to 43.00 (C) and 28.00 to 41.00 000/mm 3 (D), Oluremi et al., (2007) reported that fresh mango pulp at
respectively (table-6). the rates of 2.5 and 5.0 percent was supplemented in the
Feeding behavior of broiler during brooding period table-7 commercial broiler ration. Before supplementation, the
in group A, B, C and D were 16.3, 16.6, 17.8 and 17.4 mango pulp was determined. Mango pulp was sun dried,
min/hr/b, while during growing period 14.0, 13.7, 14.3 and milled using hammer mill machine and analyzed in the
14.2 min/hr/b, respectively. Drinking behavior of broiler in laboratory to determine yield, proximate composition and
group A, B, C and D was 13.1, 12.7, 13.0 and 12.8 crude fiber fractions. Besides, Nazare (2005) reported
min/hr/b during brooding period, while during growing that the fruits can be used for a variety of purposes.
period 7.3, 7.1, 7.3 and 7.0 min/hr/b, respectively. Besides its vital use of human consumption, the fruit
Standing/walking behavior of broiler (table-8) in group A, wastes were effectively processed for livestock feed
B, C and D was 10.4, 9.8, 10.1 and 9.9 min/hr/b during production.
brooding period, while during growing period 11.6, 12.3, Influence of various levels of mango pulp mixed in
12.0 and 13.2 min/hr/b, respectively. Lying/sleeping finisher ration on behaviour and production of broiler at
behavior of broiler in group A, B, C and D was 20.2, 20.9, P.E.S. Mango pulp mixed with the feed at rate of 2, 3
19.1 and 19.8 min/hr/b during brooding period, while and 4 percent / 100kg for B, C and D group as
during growing period 27.3, 25.9, 26.4 and 25.6 supplement, while group A was controlled with no
min/hr/b, respectively. supplement, respectively. Whereas, Rabayaa et al., (2001)
After covering all the production aspects of broiler, the investigated the effects of different levels of olive pulp on body
economics of the ration were also worked to ascertain the weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency of
effect of different levels of mango pulp. The results in broiler chicks. Few studies were concluded by FAO (2001)
(table-9) indicated that group B proved to be most that farmers attempt to produce least cost rations by
economical where the birds were fed on ration containing including fruit and vegetable processing waste (citrus
mango waste at the rate of 2% feed where the net profit waste, mango waste, tomato, pineapple waste, tea
per broiler was taken. However, the groups A, B, C and D leaves, etc.), depending upon their cost, availability and
were recorded net profit of Rs. 113.91, Rs.116.75, 106.75 nutritive value. The use of mango waste/pulp was most
and Rs.94.59, respectively in Pakistani rupees at market beneficial and economical in poultry production, when the
value. weight gain and feed efficiency was better. Rabayaa et al.
(2001) investigated the effects of different levels of olive pulp
on body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion
DISCUSSION efficiency of broiler chicks. Larrauri et al., (2002) studied the
isolation and characterization of Mango peel dietary fiber.
Live body weight of broiler increased significantly with the Fresh mango peels, obtained as a byproduct of syrup
introduction of Mango pulp along with its increase in production, were successively wet-milled, washed with
offered percentage in finisher diets. Chemical analysis water and dried.
was recorded as D.M. 97.5% and C. P 12, C. F 3.5 and Both feed and water intake of broiler were non-significant
ash 2.5 % on D.M basis of Mango pulp. Results showed for all groups. While, feed intake was maximum (3826
significant differences (P<0.05) in live body weight and g/b) in group D and minimum (3768 g/b) in group B.
these results are in some arrangement with the results of Water intake was maximum (14145 ml/b) in the group D
Chapman (2006); Elegbed and Richard, (2007). Who and minimum (13426 ml/b) in A (control). Live body
reported that mango pulp/waste can be used for weight was maximum (2254.3 g/b) in group B and
improvement in broiler growth rate. Significant change minimum (2149.4 g/b) was recorded in group A. Results
was achieved for both carcass weight and recovery showed significant differences (P<0.05) for interaction
percentage (P<0.05) in group B, C and D respectively. between treatment and weeks for live body weight. Zafar
However the control group A was showed an increase in et al. (2005) studied that the feed of group A contained maize
trend B, C, D and A. Rabayaa et al., (2001) observed the in addition to other ingredients, whereas the feed of group B
same trends in broiler feed intake and FCR. Water intake substituted maize with apple by-products. Feed consumed,
and behavior (feeding, drinking, standing/walking and water intake, weight gained, Feed Conversion Ration (FCR)
lying/sleeping) were found non-significant and blood and mortality was recorded daily. In our studies, FCR was
haematology was non-significant and these results are in improved (1.67) in group B and found poor in group A
agreement with the results of Diarra and Usman, (2008); (1.79). Dressing percentage was higher (58.19%) in
Sahito et al. (2012) reported the most economical group group B and lowest (50.71%) in group A. Both liver and
is B, where the broiler were fed on ration containing heart weights were not different for groups of broiler.
mango pulp at the rate of 2% feed with the net profit Rs. Gizzard weight was higher in group A than D, C and B
116. 32/broiler. These results are in agreement with the groups. Mortality was higher (6%) in both groups of C
study of Siegal et al. (1992) who noticed that mango and D than A (4%) and B (2%). RBC’s and WBC’s count
kernel can attributed to increased growth, which enable and Haemotological values of broiler were not different
broilers to reach market condition at an earlier age. significantly between the groups. The results are agreed
with Gary, et al. 2002; Sahito, et al. (2012) who reported Larrauri JA, Ruperez P, Borroto B, Saura FC (2002).
that the mortality was average in broiler group receiving Mango peels as a new tropical fibre: preparation and
high dietary fat level. Body temperature of broiler characterization, Institute of investigations para: and
increased with increasing dietary fat levels and was industrial Alimentation, Carretera Guatao, Km 3.5, Lisa,
satisfactory and blood cholesterol level was increased but 19200, Ciudad Habana, Cuba.
within the range and fat% in meat of broilers was also Mhazo NH, Mlambo BT, Proctor S, Mupanda K, Nazare
increased with increasing dietary fat levels but it was also R (2003). Fruit waste/peeling for manufacturing of poultry
satisfactory. Feeding, drinking, standing / walking and feed in Zimbabwe: Overview. The Case of Fruits and
lying /sleeping behaviour of broiler were significantly Vegetables.
higher in brooding period than the growing period while Nazare RM (2005). Status of poultry industry and
its treatments were not different significantly further associated livestock feed industries in Zimbabwe.
results are agreed with Rind, (1995). It was concluded Assessment Mission Report prepared for the Dept. Agri.
that Mango pulp mixed with finisher feed as a supplement Engi. and Tech. Serv. and Food and Agri. Org. United
has positive effects on broiler live body weight, carcass Nations, Pp. 1-32.
weight and carcass rate of recovery. Mango pulp Oluremi OIA, Andrew IA, Ngi J (2007). Fruit varieties as
supplement at 2% rate may be mixed in broiler ration for feeding stuffs in poultry Production. Pak. J. Nutr. 6(6):
the improvement in FCR and net returns per broiler. It is 653-656.
suggested that broiler in their later age may be fed Rabayaa E, Abo JM, Omar, Othman RA (2001). Utilization of
supplemented feed with 2 percent Mango pulp to improve Olive pulp in broiler rations An-Najah Univ. J. Res., Int. J.
feed efficiency and net return per broiler. Poultry Sci. 5 (7): 613-617.
Rind MI (1995). Social Effects on the Feeding Behaviour
and Production of Dairy Cow. Ph.D.Thesis UCNW.
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