Competition between Airbus and Boeing

The competition between Airbus and Boeing has been characterised as a duopoly in the large jet airliner
market since the 1990s.[1] This resulted from a series of mergers within the global aerospace industry, with
Airbus beginning as a European consortium while the American Boeing absorbed its former arch-rival,
McDonnell Douglas, in 1997. Other manufacturers, such as Lockheed Martin and Convair in the United States,
and British Aerospace (now BAE Systems) and Fokker in Europe, were no longer able to compete and effectively
withdrew from this market.

In the 10 years from 2007 to 2016, Airbus received 9,985 orders while delivering 5,644, and Boeing received
8,978 orders while delivering 5,718. During their period of intense competition, both companies have regularly
accused each other of receiving unfair state aid from their respective governments. In 2019, Airbus displaced A Lufthansa Airbus A380 and Boeing 747-8 at
Boeing as the largest aerospace company by revenue due to the Boeing 737 MAX groundings, with revenues of Frankfurt Airport
US$78.9 billion and US$76 billion respectively. Boeing recorded $2 billion operating losses down from $12
billion profits the previous year, while Airbus profits dropped from $6 billion to $1.5 billion.[2]

Contents
Competing products
Passenger capacity and range comparison
Cargo capacity and range comparison
Airbus A320 vs Boeing 737
Twin aisles
Airbus A380 vs Boeing 747
EADS/Northrop Grumman KC-45A vs Boeing KC-767
Small narrowbodies
Modes of competition
Outsourcing
Technology
Engine choices
Currency and exchange rates
Safety and quality
Aircraft prices
Production planning
Effect of competition on product plans
Orders and deliveries
Orders for and deliveries of Airbus and Boeing aircraft
Orders and deliveries by year
Deliveries by region
Airliners in service
Controversies
Subsidies
World Trade Organization litigation
Tariffs
See also
References
Bibliography
External links

Competing products

Passenger capacity and range comparison

Airbus and Boeing have wide product ranges including single-aisle and wide-body aircraft covering a variety of combinations of capacity and range.
 Single aisle : Airbus,[3] 737[4]

Type length span MTOW pax range list price[5][6][7]

A220-100 35.0 m 35.1 m 60.8 t 100-120 3,400 nmi (6,300 km) US$79.5M
A220-300 38.7 m 35.1 m 67.6 t 120-150 3,350 nmi (6,200 km) US$89.5M
A319neo 33.8 m 35.8 m 75.5 t 120-150 3,700 nmi (6,900 km) US$101.5M
737 MAX-7 35.6 m 35.9 m 80.3 t 138-153 3,850 nmi (7,130 km) US$96.0M
A320neo 37.6 m 35.8 m 79.0 t 150-180 3,400 nmi (6,300 km) US$110.6M
737 MAX-8 39.5 m 35.9 m 82.2 t 162-178 3,550 nmi (6,570 km) US$117.1M
737 MAX-9 42.1 m 35.9 m 88.3 t 178-193 3,550 nmi (6,570 km) US$120.2M
737 MAX-10 43.8 m 35.9 m 89.8 t 188-204 3,300 nmi (6,100 km) US$129.9M
A321neo 44.5 m 35.8 m 97.0 t 180-220 4,000 nmi (7,400 km) US$129.5M
Narrowbodies passenger capacity and range comparison
Flight Global fleet forecasts 26,860 single aisle deliveries for a $1,360 Bn value at a
compound annual growth rate of 5% for the 2016–2035 period, with a 45% market share
for Airbus (12090), 43% for Boeing (11550), 5% for Bombardier Aerospace (1340), 4% for Comac (1070) and 3% for Irkut Corporation (810) ; Airbus predicts
23,531 and Boeing 28,140.[8] Single aisles generates a vast majority of profits for both, followed by legacy twin aisles like the A330 and B777: Kevin Michaels
of AeroDynamic Advisory estimates the 737 have a 30% profit margin and the 777 classic 20%.[9]

Widebodies : Airbus,[3] 787,[10] 777X,[11] 747[12]

Type length span MTOW pax range list price[5][6]

787-8 56.7 m 60.8 m 228.0 t 242 7,355 nmi (13,621 km) US$239.0M
A330neo-800 58.8 m 64.0 m 251.0 t 257 8,150 nmi (15,090 km) US$259.9M
A330neo-900 63.7 m 64.0 m 251.0 t 287 7,200 nmi (13,300 km) US$296.4M
787-9 63.0 m 60.8 m 254.0 t 290 7,635 nmi (14,140 km) US$281.6M
A350-900 66.8 m 64.8 m 280.0 t 325 8,100 nmi (15,000 km) US$317.4M
787-10 68.3 m 60.2 m 254.0 t 330 6,430 nmi (11,910 km) US$325.8M
777X-8 69.8 m 71.8 m 351.5 t 365 8,690 nmi (16,090 km) US$394.9M
A350-1000 73.8 m 64.8 m 316.0 t 366 8,400 nmi (15,600 km) US$366.5M
777X-9 76.7 m 71.8 m 351.5 t 414 7,525 nmi (13,936 km) US$425.8M
747-8 76.3 m 68.4 m 447.7 t 410 8,000 nmi (15,000 km) US$402.9M
A380 72.7 m 79.8 m 575.0 t 575 8,000 nmi (15,000 km) US$445.6M Widebodies passenger capacity and range comparison

Flight Global fleet forecasts 7,960 twin aisle deliveries for a $1,284 Bn value for the 2016–
2035 period.[13] They predict the B787 taking 31% of the market share, followed by the A350 with 27% and the 777 with 21%, then the A330 and A380 each
taking 7%.[14] In June 2017, The orderbook was for 1038 Airbus (41%) and 1,514 Boeings (59%).[15]

Capacity

Market North Atlantic[16] Trans-pacific[17]

type 1H2006 1H2016 2005 2015
A310/DC-10/MD-11 3% 1% 3% –
A320/737 1% 1% – –
A330 16% 26% 3% 10%
A340 10% 6% 11% 1%
A380 – 3% – 4%
747 15% 9% 49% 10%
757 6% 9% – –
767 28% 19% 7% 7%
777 21% 20% 27% 55%
787 – 6% – 13%

Cargo capacity and range comparison

 Type length span MTOW capacity range list price (USD)

A320P2F[18] 37.6 m 78.0 t 21.0 t 2,100 nmi (3,900 km) converted

737-800BCF[19] 39.5 m 35.8 m 79.0 t 22.7 t 2,000 nmi (3,700 km) converted

A321P2F[18] 44.5 m 93.5 t 27.0 t 1,900 nmi (3,500 km) converted

767-300F[19] 47.6 m 52.5 t 3,260 nmi (6,040 km) $203.7M

54.9 m 186.9 t
767-300BCF[19] 50.9 m 51.7 t 3,300 nmi (6,100 km) converted

A330-200P2F[20] 59.0 t converted

58.8 m 4,000 nmi (7,400 km)
A330-200F[3] 60.3 m 233.0 t 70.0 t $237.0M

A330-300P2F[20] 61.0 t 3,600 nmi (6,700 km) converted

63.7 m
777F[19] 64.8 m 347.8 t 102.0 t 4,970 nmi (9,200 km) $325.7M

747-8F[19] 76.3 m 68.4 m 447.7 t 137.7 t 4,120 nmi (7,630 km) $387.5M

As Airbus builds only one new freighter, the A330-200F, selling poorly with 42 orders including 38 already delivered, Boeing is almost in a monopoly and
can keep producing the 767F, 777F and 747-8F while their passenger variants are not selling anymore.[21]

Airbus A320 vs Boeing 737

Airbus sold well the A320 family aircraft to low-cost startups and offering a choice of engines could make them more
attractive to airlines and lessors than the single-sourced Boeing 737 family, but CFM engines are extremely reliable.
While the 737NG series outsold the A320ceo family since its introduction in 1988, in 2001,[22] and in 2007.[23] the last
became the best-selling jet airliner in 2002,[22] and in 2005–2006.[24]

In January 2016, the 737NG series was still lagging around 900 orders with 7,033 against 7,940 of the A320ceo family.
For the new re-engined variants, The 737 MAX series had 3,072 orders since its introduction in August 2011 and the United Airlines Airbus A320 and
A320neo family got 3,355 in the same time frame or in total 4,471 since its launch in December 2010. The six-month Boeing 737-900 on final approach
head-start of the A320neo allowed Airbus to rack up 1,000 orders.[25] Through August 2016, Airbus had a 59.4% market
share of the re-engined single aisle market, while Boeing had 40.6%; Boeing had doubts on over-ordered A320neos by
new operators and expected to narrow the gap with potential orders from established airlines.[26] In July 2017, however,
Airbus still had sold 1,350 more A320neos than Boeing had sold 737 MAXs.[27] In August 2018, the A321 had outsold the
737-900 three to one, as the A321neo was again dominating the 737-9 MAX, to be joined by the 737-10 MAX.[28] In
October 2019, ultimately, the A320 family surpassed the Boeing 737 to become the highest-selling airliner with a total
order of 15,193 and respectively 15,136 aircraft at the end of the month.

737 vs A320 family deliveries per

model 1967-2018

Airbus A320 family deliveries[29]

Boeing 737 series deliveries[30]

In terms of deliveries, as of October 2019, Boeing had shipped 10,563 aircraft of the 737 series since the first delivery to Lufthansa in late 1967, with a further
4,573 on firm order. Airbus had shipped 9,086 A320 family aircraft since the first delivery to Air France in early 1988, with another 6,107 on firm order[31]
and for comparison, Boeing delivered 9,037 aircraft within the same time frame.[32][33] To date, with its 21 years ahead of introduction, the 737 series aircraft
had been delivered nearly 1,500 more than the A320 family and within the same time frame, the last had 49, slightly more deliveries than its competitor. To
increase delivery, Boeing ramped up 737 monthly production from 47 in 2017 to 57 in 2019, whilst Airbus from 46 to 60 and both consider accelerating
further despite supplier strain.[34]

By September 2018, there were 7,251 A320ceo family aircraft in service versus 6,757 737NGs, while at the year end there were overall 7,506 A320 family
versus 7,310 Boeing 737.

Twin aisles

In November 2017, for its chief Willie Walsh, International Airlines Group budget carrier Level benefits more from its two A330-200 lower cost of ownership
than its 6t higher fuel burn ($3,500) on a Barcelona-Los Angeles flight: it will introduce three more as there aren't enough B787 pilots.[35] In early 2018, of
the 2,673 twin-aisle orders excluding the Airbus A330CEO and quad engine planes (the A380 and B747-8), Boeing had 1,603 (60%) and Airbus 1,070
(40%).[36]

The ultra-long-range variants of new types enable new routes between far away city pairs: the 9,700 nmi Airbus A350-900 ULR entered service in 2018 and
the 8,700 to 9,100 nmi Boeing 777-8 is expected in 2022. Singapore Airlines planned to reintroduce the world's longest flight between Singapore and New
York (8,285 nmi) in 2018 with an A350-900 ULR, Qantas hopes to fly from Sydney to New York (8,650 nmi) or London (9,200 nmi) within four years for the
Project Sunrise and Air New Zealand wish to operate to the US East Coast: Auckland and New York are 7,670 nmi apart.[37] The Singapore-New York A350-
900ULR will have a low density premium-focused configuration with only 161 seats: 94 premium economy and 67 business.[38]

Airbus A380 vs Boeing 747

During the 1990s both companies researched the feasibility of a passenger aircraft larger than the Boeing 747, which was
then the largest airliner in operation. Airbus subsequently launched a full-length double-deck aircraft, the A380, a decade
later while Boeing decided the project would not be commercially viable and developed the third generation 747, Boeing
747-8, instead.[39] The Airbus A380 and the Boeing 747-8 are therefore placed in direct competition on long-haul routes.

Rival performance claims by Airbus and Boeing appear to be contradictory, their methodologies unclear and neither are
validated by a third party source. Boeing claims the 747-8I to be over 10% lighter per seat and have 11% less fuel
consumption per passenger, with a trip-cost reduction of 21% and a seat-mile cost reduction of more than 6%, compared to Cross-section comparison of the
the A380. The 747-8F's empty weight is expected to be 80 tonnes (88 tons) lighter and 24% lower fuel burnt per ton with Airbus A380 (full-length double
21% lower trip costs and 23% lower ton-mile costs than the A380F.[40] On the other hand, Airbus claims the A380 to have deck) and the front section of
Boeing 747-400 (only the front
8% less fuel consumption per passenger than the 747-8I and in 2007 Singapore Airlines CEO Chew Choong Seng stated the
section has double deck)
A380 was performing better than both the airline and Airbus had anticipated, burning 20% less fuel per passenger than the
airline's 747-400 fleet.[41] Emirates' Tim Clark also claims that the A380 is more fuel economic at Mach 0.86 than at
0.83.[42] An independent analysis shows a fuel consumption per seat of 3.27 L/100 km for the A380 and 3.35 L/100 km for
the B747-8I; a hypothetical re-engined A380neo would have achieved 2.82 to 2.65 L/100 km per seat depending on the options taken.[43]

Airbus emphasises the longer range of the A380 while using up to 17% shorter runways.[44] The A380-800 has 478 square metres (5,145.1 sq ft) of cabin floor
space, 49% more than the 747-8, while commentators noted the "downright eerie" lack of engine noise, with the A380 being 50% quieter than a 747-400 on
takeoff.[45] Airbus delivered the 100th A380 on 14 March 2013.[46] From 2012, Airbus will offer, as an option, a variant with improved maximum take-off
weight allowing for better payload/range performance. The precise increase in maximum take-off weight is still unknown. British Airways and Emirates will
be the first customers to take this offer.[47]

As of December 2015, Airbus had 319 orders[48] for the passenger version of the A380 and is not currently offering the A380-800 freighter. Production of the
A380F has been suspended until the A380 production lines have settled with no firm availability date.[49] A number of original A380F orders were cancelled
following delays to the A380 program in October 2006, notably FedEx and the United Parcel Service. Some A380 launch customers converted their A380F
orders to the passenger version or switched to the 747-8F or 777F aircraft.[50][51]

At Farnborough in July 2016, Airbus announced that in a "prudent, proactive step," starting in 2018 it expects to deliver 12 A380 aircraft per year, down from
27 deliveries in 2015. The firm also warned production might slip back into red ink on each aircraft produced at that time, though it anticipates production
will remain in the black for 2016 and 2017. The firm expects that healthy demand for its other aircraft would allow it to avoid job losses from the cuts.[52][53]

As of June 2014, Boeing had 51 orders for the 747-8I passenger version and 69 for the 747-8F freighter.[54]

In February 2019, Airbus announced the end of A380 production by 2021, after its main customer, Emirates, agreed to drop an order for 39 of the aircraft.
Airbus will build 17 more A380s before closing the production line, taking the total number of expected deliveries of the aircraft type to 251.[55] At that time,
747 backlog and production rates were sufficient to sustain production until late 2022.[56]

As of 31 January 2020, Boeing had no outstanding unfulfilled orders for the 747-8I passenger version and 17 for the 747-8F freighter;[57] Airbus had 11
A380s remaining to be delivered.[58]

EADS/Northrop Grumman KC-45A vs Boeing KC-767

The announcement in March 2008 that Boeing had lost a US$40 billion refuelling aircraft contract to Northrop Grumman and Airbus for the
EADS/Northrop Grumman KC-45 with the United States Air Force drew angry protests in the United States Congress.[59] Upon review of Boeing's protest,
the Government Accountability Office ruled in favour of Boeing and ordered the USAF to recompete the contract. Later, the entire call for aircraft was
rescheduled, then cancelled, with a new call decided upon in March 2010 as a fixed-price contract.

Boeing later won the contest against Airbus (Northrop having withdrawn) and US Aerospace/Antonov (disqualified), with a lower price, on 24 February
2011.[60] The price was so low some in the media believe Boeing would take a loss on the deal; they also speculated that the company could perhaps break
even with maintenance and spare parts contracts.[61] In July 2011, it was revealed that projected development costs rose $1.4bn and will exceed the $4.9bn
contract cap by $300m. For the first $1bn increase (from the award price to the cap), the US government would be responsible for $600m under a 60/40
government/Boeing split. With Boeing being wholly responsible for the additional $300m ceiling breach, Boeing would be responsible for a total of $700m of
the additional cost.[62][63][64]

Small narrowbodies

In October 2017, Airbus took a 50.01% stake in the Bombardier CSeries programme.[65] In December 2017, Boeing confirmed that it was holding discussions
with Embraer for its airliner business.[66] Airbus took control of the CSeries on 1 July 2018 and renamed it Airbus A220.[67] On 5 July 2018, a Boeing-
Embraer joint venture was announced for Embraer's airliners, valued at $4.75 billion, for which Boeing was to invest $3.8 billion for an 80% holding.[68] The
Embraer E-Jet E2 family competes with the Airbus A220. However, the deal was terminated by Boeing on 24 April 2020.[69]

Modes of competition

Outsourcing

Because many of the world's airlines are wholly or partially government-owned, aircraft procurement decisions are often taken according to political criteria
in addition to commercial ones. Boeing and Airbus seek to exploit this by subcontracting the production of aircraft components or assemblies to
manufacturers in countries of strategic importance in order to gain a competitive advantage overall.
For example, Boeing has maintained longstanding relationships since 1974 with Japanese suppliers including Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Kawasaki
Heavy Industries by which these companies have had increasing involvement on successive Boeing jet programs, a process which has helped Boeing achieve
almost total dominance of the Japanese market for commercial jets. Outsourcing was extended on the 787 to the extent that Boeing's own involvement was
reduced to little more than project management, design, assembly, and test operation, outsourcing most of the actual manufacturing all around the world.
Boeing has since stated that it "outsourced too much" and that future airplane projects will depend far more on its own engineering and production
personnel.[70]

Partly because of its origins as a consortium of European companies, Airbus has had fewer opportunities to outsource significant parts of its production
beyond its own European plants. However, in 2009 Airbus opened an assembly plant in Tianjin, China for production of its A320 series airliners,[71] and
opened a similar assembly plant in Alabama, United States, in 2015.[72]

Technology

Airbus sought to compete with the well-established Boeing in the 1970s through its introduction of advanced technology. For example, the A300 made the
most extensive use of composite materials yet seen in an aircraft of that era, and by automating the flight engineer's functions, was the first widebody jet to
have a two-person flight crew. In the 1980s Airbus was the first to introduce digital fly-by-wire controls into an airliner (the A320).

With Airbus now an established competitor to Boeing, both companies use advanced technology to seek performance advantages in their products. Many of
these improvements are about weight reduction and fuel efficiency. For example, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner is the first large airliner to use 50% composites
for its construction. The Airbus A350 XWB features 53% composites.[73]

Engine choices

The competitive strength in the market of any airliner is considerably influenced by the choice of engine available. In general, airlines prefer to have a choice
of at least two engines from the major manufacturers General Electric, Rolls-Royce and Pratt & Whitney. However, engine manufacturers prefer to be a
single source and often succeed in striking commercial deals with Boeing and Airbus to achieve this.

In 2008, the competition was developing between two sides as Airbus selected the Rolls-Royce Trent XWB alone for the Airbus A350, while GE avoided a
$1 billion development competing with its Boeing 777HGW exclusive GE90.[74] In 2013, Boeing rejected a Rolls-Royce engine for the 777X to favor General
Electric's GE9X.[75] In 2014, Rolls-Royce secured its exclusivity to power the A330neo with the Trent 7000.[76]

Other aircraft providing a single engine offering include the Boeing 737 MAX (CFM LEAP) or the Airbus A220 (P&W GTF); while those with multiple sources
include the Boeing 787 (GEnx/Trent 1000) or the Airbus A320neo (P&W GTF/CFM LEAP).

Currency and exchange rates

Boeing's production costs are mostly in United States dollars, whereas Airbus's production costs are mostly in euro. When the dollar appreciates against the
euro the cost of producing a Boeing aircraft rises relatively to the cost of producing an Airbus aircraft, and conversely when the dollar falls relative to the euro
it is an advantage for Boeing. There are also possible currency risks and benefits involved in the way aircraft are sold. Boeing typically prices its aircraft only
in dollars, while Airbus, although pricing most aircraft sales in dollars, has been known to be more flexible and has priced some aircraft sales in Asia and the
Middle East in multiple currencies. Depending on currency fluctuations between the acceptance of the order and the delivery of the aircraft this can result in
an extra profit or extra expense—or, if Airbus has purchased insurance against such fluctuations, an additional cost regardless.[77]

Safety and quality

Both aircraft manufacturers have good safety records on recently manufactured aircraft and generally, both firms have a positive reputation of delivering
well-engineered and high-quality products.[78][79] By convention, both companies tend to avoid safety comparisons when selling their aircraft to airlines or
comparisons on product quality. Most aircraft dominating the companies' current sales, the Boeing 737-NG and Airbus A320 families and both companies'
wide-body offerings, have good safety records. Older model aircraft such as the Boeing 707, Boeing 727, Boeing 737-100/-200, Boeing 747-100/SP/200/300,
Airbus A300, and Airbus A310, which were respectively first flown during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, have had higher rates of fatal accidents.[80] According
to Airbus's John Leahy, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner battery problems will not cause customers to switch airplane suppliers.[81] The grounding of the Boeing
737 MAX following two high-profile crashes is also unlikely to significantly benefit Airbus at least short-term, as both the 737 MAX and A320neo production
lines have backlogs of several years and changing manufacturers requires significant crew training.[82][83]

Aircraft prices

Airbus and Boeing publish list prices for their aircraft but the actual prices charged to airlines vary; they can be difficult to determine and tend to be much
lower than the list prices. Both manufacturers are engaged in a price competition to defend their market share.[84]

The actual transaction prices may be as much as 63% less than the list prices, as reported in 2012 in The Wall Street Journal, giving some examples from the
Flight International subsidiary Ascend:[85]

Model List price 2012, US$M Market price % Discount

Boeing 737-800 84 41 51%
Boeing 737-900ER 90 45 50%
Boeing 777-300ER 298 149 50%
Airbus A319 81 30 63%
Airbus A320 88 40 55%
Airbus A330-200 209 84 60%

In May 2013, Forbes magazine reported that the Boeing 787 offered at $225 million was selling at an average of $116m, a 48% discount.[86]
For Ascend's Les Weal, Launch customers obtain good prices on heavier aircraft, Lessors are large buyers and benefit too, like airlines as Singapore Airlines
or Cathay Pacific since their name gives credibility to a program. In its annual report, Air France cites a €149 million ($195 million) A380, a 52% cut, while in
an October 2011 financial release Doric Nimrod Air notes $234 million for its A380 leased to Emirates. Teal group's Richard Aboulafia notes that Boeing's
pricing power for the 777-300ER was better when it was alone in its long-haul, large capacity twinjet market but this advantage dissipates with the A350-
1000 coming.[87]

For Leeham's Scott Hamilton, small orders are content with 35–40% discount but large airlines sometimes attain 60% and customers with old ties with
Boeing like American, Delta or Southwest get a Most-Favoured-Customer Clause guaranteeing them no other customer gets a lower price. Wells Fargo
indicates Southwest, the largest 737 customer with 577, got a unit price of $34.7 million for its 737 MAX order of 150 in December 2011, a 64% discount.
Ryanair got 53% in September 2001 and claims to obtain at least the same on its last 175 orders. The Airbus-Boeing WTO proceedings indicates EasyJet got a
$19,4 million unit price on its A319 order for 120 in 2002, a 56% discount at the time, the same kind of rebate Lion Air got for its A320 order of 234 on 18
March 2013.[87]

Each sale includes an escalation rate covering the workforce and raw material costs increases and as acquisition cost represents 15% of the 20-year total cost
of ownership, discussions also include the delivery date, fuel consumption guarantees, financial incentives, maintenance, and training. At Airbus, final price
in large campaigns is validated by a committee comprising sales head John Leahy, program director Tom Williams, financial principal Harald Wilhelm and
CEO Fabrice Brégier who has the final cut.[87]

Those discounts were presented again in Le Nouvel Observateur's Challenges.fr again with Ascend valuations in 2013:[87]

Model List price 2013 Market price Discount

Boeing 747-8 351.4 145.0 59%
Airbus A320-200 91.5 38.75 58%
Airbus A330-200 239.4 99.5 58%
Boeing 737-800 89.1 41.8 53%
Boeing 777-300ER 315.0 152.5 52%
Airbus A380 403.9 193.0 52%
Airbus A320neo 100.2 49.2 51%
Boeing 737 MAX-8 100.5 51.4 49%
Boeing 787-8 206.8 107.0 48%
Airbus A350-900 287.7 152.0 47%

In 2014, Airways News indicated discounted list prices for long haul liners :[88]

Model List price 2014 Market price Discount

Airbus A330-900neo 275.6 124.0 55%
Airbus A350-900 295.2 159.4 46%
Boeing 777-200LR 296.0 118.4 60%
Boeing 787-9 249.5 134.7 46%

On 24 December 2014, Transasia Airways announced a commitment to four A330-800neos, list price $241.7m, for $480m or $120m each.[89] At the end of
2015, the sale and leaseback of new Airbus A350-900 from GECAS to Finnair value them at €132.5M ($144M)[90]

In order to close the production gap between the B777 classic and the new 777X, Boeing is challenged by a $120m market price for the -300ERs. Competitive
pressure from the Bombardier CSeries and E-Jet E2 lead Boeing to pursue the development of the 737 MAX-7 despite low sales,[91] and to sell the Boeing
737-700 at $22m to United Airlines, 27% of the 2015 list price and well below what Embraer or Bombardier could offer for their aircraft.[92]

Moody’s Investors Service estimates Delta Air Lines paid $40 million each for its 37 A321ceo order on 29 April 2016, an "end-of-the-line model pricing" of
35% of the $114.9 million list price.[93] Likewise, Air Caraïbes subsidiary French Blue received its A330-300 for $100 million in September 2016.[94]

May 2016 market prices[95]

Aircraft List ($m) Mkt Value ($m) Discount Seats Mkt/Seat
A380 432.6 236.5 45% 544 434743
B777-300ER 339.6 154.8 54% 368 420652
A350-900 308.1 150.0 51% 325 461538
B787-9 264.6 142.8 46% 290 492414
B787-8 224.6 117.1 48% 242 483884
A330-300 256.4 109.5 57% 277 395307
A330-200 231.5 86.6 63% 247 350607
A321 114.9 52.5 54% 185 283784
A320neo 107.3 48.5 55% 165 293939
B737-900ER 101.9 48.1 53% 174 276437
B737-800 96.0 46.5 52% 160 290625
A320 98.0 44.4 55% 150 296000
A319 89.6 37.3 58% 124 300806
B737-700 80.6 35.3 56% 128 275781
This appears in the manufacturer's accounting: in their annual reports, Boeing values its 5,700 airliners order book at $416 billion using the contractual
prices while Airbus has a backlog of 6,900 worth €1,010 ($1,200) billion at catalog prices, but when updating to more stringent IFRS-15 rules, Credit Suisse
estimates it will be revised to €500 billion from 945.[96] Airbus will disclose its backlog value in its 2018 annual report at the latest.[97]

In January 2018, Airbus and Boeing raised their list prices by 2% and 4%, further obscuring pricing transparency as discount levels will rise and with the
growing importance of aftermarket services, following the Power by the Hour engine maker model.[98]

In February 2018, Hawaiian Airlines cancelled its order for six Airbus A330-800s to replace them with Boeing 787-9s priced less than $100–115m, close to
their production cost of $80–90m, while their normal sales price is around $125m.[99]

By mid 2019, market values are pressured downward by cheap fuel at $2-per-gallon down from $3 in 2011–2014, and low aircraft lease rates reaching less
than 0.7% per month while lessors manage 45% of the deliveries. It is exacerbated for Boeing amid the Boeing 737 MAX groundings: the value of a new 737
Max 8 was reduced by 5% from 49.1 million to $46.7 million, while a new A320neo stays at $49.1 million according to FlightGlobal affiliate Ascend. The
A330neo was developed at a fraction of the 787's cost, so Airbus can compete aggressively on price while the A330neo can almost match the 787's
performance: Boeing had to discount the dreamliner to win recent deals and 787-9 values eroded from the low-$140 million range to the mid-$130 million
range.[100]

Production planning

Former Airbus executive John Leahy indicated that Airbus has overbooked orders in its backlog, just as Boeing does, and uses internal algorithms to
anticipate defections in order to maintain steady production.[101]

Effect of competition on product plans

The A320 has been selected by 222 operators (Dec. 2008), among these several low-cost operators, gaining ground against the previously well established
737 in this sector; it has also been selected as a replacement for 727s and aging 737s by many full-service airlines such as Star Alliance members United
Airlines, Air Canada, and Lufthansa. After dominating the very large aircraft market for four decades, the Boeing 747 faced a challenge from the A380. In
response, Boeing offered the stretched and updated 747-8, with greater capacity, fuel efficiency, and range. Frequent delays to the Airbus A380 program
caused several customers to consider cancelling their orders in favour of the refreshed 747-8.[102] In February 2019 Airbus announced the end of the A380
production after the remaining orders would be delivered. By June 2019, 154 Boeing 747-8 were ordered and 134 delivered, while 290 Airbus A380 were
ordered and 238 delivered.

Boeing pursued and then cancelled several projects, including the Sonic Cruiser. Boeing's current platform for fleet rejuvenation is the Boeing 787
Dreamliner, which uses technology from the Sonic Cruiser concept.

Boeing initially ruled out producing a re-engined version of its 737 to compete with the Airbus A320neo family launch planned for 2015, believing airlines
would be looking towards the Boeing Y1 and a 30% fuel saving, instead of paying 10% more for fuel-efficiency gains of only a few percents. Industry sources
believe that the 737's design makes re-engining considerably more expensive for Boeing than it was for the Airbus A320. However, there was considerable
demand. Southwest Airlines, which uses the 737 for its entire fleet (680 in service or on order), said it was not prepared to wait 20 years or more for a new
737 model and threatened to convert to Airbus.[103] Boeing eventually bowed to airline pressure and in 2011 approved the 737 MAX project, scheduled for
first delivery in 2017.

Orders and deliveries

It took Boeing 42 years and 1 month to deliver its 10,000th 7series aircraft (October 1958 – Orders for and deliveries of Airbus and Boeing aircraft
November 2000), and 42 years and 5 months for Airbus to achieve the same milestone (May
1974 – October 2016).[106] Boeing deliveries considerably exceeded that of Airbus throughout
the 1980s. In the 1990s, this lead narrowed significantly but Boeing remained ahead of Airbus.
In the 2000s, Airbus assumed the lead in narrow-body aircraft. By 2010, little difference
remained between Airbus and Boeing in both the wide-body or narrow-body categories or the
range on offer.

Orders and deliveries by year

Airbus orders Airbus deliveries Boeing orders Boeing deliveries

Annual net orders and aircraft deliveries by Airbus and Boeing
Commercial Airplanes, respectively, since 1989.[104][105]
 Figures in blue indicate the year leader for deliveries. Figures in green indicate the year leader for orders.

Boeing[107] Airbus[108]
Deliveries per model Year Deliveries per model
Deliveries Orders Orders Deliveries
707 717 727 737 747 757 767 777 787 A220 A300 A310 A320 A330 A340 A35
21 91 55 22 189 1974 4 4
7 91 51 21 170 1975 8 8
9 61 41 27 138 1976 13 13
8 67 25 20 120 1977 15 15
13 118 40 32 203 1978 15 15
6 136 77 67 286 1979 26 26
3 131 92 73 299 1980 39 39
2 94 108 53 257 1981 38 38
8 26 95 26 2 20 177 1982 46 46
8 11 82 22 25 55 203 1983 36 19 17
8 8 67 16 18 29 146 1984 48 19 29
3 115 24 36 25 203 1985 42 16 26
4 141 35 35 27 242 1986 29 10 19
9 161 23 40 37 270 1987 32 11 21
0 165 24 48 53 290 1988 61 17 28 16
5 146 45 51 37 284 563 1989 421 105 24 23 58
4 174 70 77 60 385 456 1990 404 95 19 18 58
14 215 64 80 62 435 240 1991 101 163 25 19 119
5 218 61 99 63 446 230 1992 136 157 22 24 111
0 152 56 71 51 330 220 1993 138 138 22 22 71 1 22
1 121 40 69 41 272 112 1994 125 123 23 2 64 9 25
89 25 43 37 13 207 379 1995 106 124 17 2 56 30 19
76 26 42 43 32 219 664 1996 326 126 14 2 72 10 28
135 39 46 42 59 321 532 1997 460 182 6 2 127 14 33
282 53 54 47 74 510 606 1998 556 229 13 1 168 23 24
12 320 47 67 44 83 573 355 1999 476 294 8 222 44 20
32 282 25 45 44 55 483 588 2000 520 311 8 241 43 19
49 299 31 45 40 61 525 314 2001 375 325 11 257 35 22
20 223 27 29 35 47 381 251 2002 300 303 9 236 42 16
12 173 19 14 24 39 281 239 2003 284 305 8 233 31 33
12 202 15 11 9 36 285 272 2004 370 320 12 233 47 28
13 212 13 2 10 40 290 1002 2005 1055 378 9 289 56 24
5 302 14 12 65 398 1044 2006 790 434 9 339 62 24
330 16 12 83 441 1413 2007 1341 453 6 367 68 11
290 14 10 61 375 662 2008 777 483 386 72 13
372 8 13 88 481 142 2009 281 498 402 76 10
376 0 12 74 462 530 2010 574 510 401 87 4
372 9 20 73 3 477 805 2011 1419 534 421 87 0
415 31 26 83 46 601 1203 2012 833 588 455 101 2
440 24 21 98 65 648 1355 2013 1503 626 493 108
485 19 6 99 114 723 1432 2014 1456 629 490 108 1
495 18 16 98 135 762 768 2015 1080 635 491 103 14
490 9 13 99 137 748 668 2016 731 688 7 545 66 49
529 14 10 74 136 763 912 2017 1109 718 17 558 67 78
580 6 27 48 145 806 893 2018 747 800 33 626 49 93
127 7 43 45 158 380 −87 2019 768 863 48 642 53 112
1010 155 1831 10571 1555 1049 1176 1627 939 19913 Totals until 2019 12626 105 561 255 9247 1492 377 347
15 4 24 22 53 118 −1048 2020 297 477 32 379 14 51
707 717 727 737 747 757 767 777 787 A220 A300 A310 A320 A330 A340 A35
Deliveries Orders Orders Deliveries
Deliveries per model Year Deliveries per model
Boeing Airbus
 707 717 727 737 747 757 767 777 787 Backlog A220 A300 A310 A320 A330 A340 A35
30 30
3,333 9 81 346 471 4,240 November November 7,302 494 5,956 312 532
2020 2020

The former McDonnell Douglas MD-80, the MD-90 and the MD-11 are included in Boeing deliveries since MD's August 1997 merger with Boeing.

Deliveries by region

Deliveries by region through 31 December 2016, for Boeing[109] and Airbus[110]

737 737 A320 A320 A330
707 717 727 747 747 -8 737NG 757 767 777 787 Model / region A300 A310 A340 A350 A380
Orig. Clas. ceo neo ceo
139 9 210 366 43 284 457 1163 172 115 194 67 Europe 101 114 1639 18 203 179 8 36
582 125 1301 280 10 455 691 1609 634 447 211 72 North America 179 39 1029 4 90 10
21 89 13 60 18 213 60 12 31 Latin America 9 4 521 4 41 4 7
73 10 106 637 47 138 276 1404 83 264 538 198 Asia Pacific 187 48 1734 24 458 80 24 64
37 36 63 44 88 10 28 246 48 Middle East 32 27 207 114 35 13 107
31 54 31 94 27 143 7 19 30 29 Africa 28 13 103 38 22
11 25 14 34 513 1301 137 149 207 50 Lessors 22 7 2004 18 339 33 12
127 10 14 10 35 6 282 6 14 22 5 VIP/Gov. +Others 3 3 116 40 14
1010 155 1831 1418 110 1144 1988 6203 1049 1096 1460 500 Total 561 255 7353 68 1323 377 64 207

Airliners in service

World Airline Census

Year/Aircraft 707 717 727 737 747 757 767 777 787 Boeing[107] A220 A300 A310 A320 A330 A340 A350 A380 Airbus Ratio B:A

2006[111] 68 155 620 4328 989 996 862 575 8593 408 199 2761 418 306 4092 2.09:1

2007[112] 63 155 561 4583 985 1000 880 640 8867 392 193 3095 481 330 4491 1.97:1

2008[113] 61 154 500 4761 955 980 873 714 8998 387 194 3395 533 330 4 4843 1.86:1

2009[114] 58 142 442 4928 947 970 864 780 9131 376 188 3737 607 345 16 5269 1.73:1

2010[115][116] 39 147 398 5153 915 945 863 858 9318 348 160 4092 675 342 30 5647 1.65:1

2011[117] 10 130 250 5177 736 898 837 924 8962 296 121 4392 766 332 50 5957 1.50:1

2012[118] 2 143 169 5357 690 860 838 1017 15 9091 262 102 4803 848 312 76 6403 1.42:1

2013[119] 148 109 5458 627 855 821 1094 68 9180 234 84 5170 927 298 106 6819 1.35:1

2014[120][121] 154 87 5782 585 812 795 1188 163 9564 216 71 5632 1020 266 136 7341 1.30:1

2015[122] 136 69 6135 571 738 765 1265 286 9965 207 62 6050 1095 227 5 167 7813 1.28:1

2016[123][124] 154 64 6512 515 688 742 1324 423 10422 210 47 6510 1154 196 29 193 8339 1.25:1

2017[125][126] 154 57 6864 489 689 744 1387 554 10938 211 37 6965 1214 176 92 212 8907 1.23:1

2018[127] 148 44 7310 462 666 742 1416 675 11463 39 212 31 7506 1265 159 185 223 9620 1.19:1

2019[128] 145 40 7132 461 655 729 1424 808 11394 77 202 25 7913 1270 135 282 233 10137 1.12:1

2020 [129] 91 34 5743 327 479 544 1041 728 8987 105 185 14 6269 755 59 293 18 7698 1.17:1

707 717 727 737 747 757 767 777 787 Total A220 A300 A310 A320 A330 A340 A350 A380 Total

Controversies

Subsidies

Boeing has continually protested over launch aid in the form of credits to Airbus, while Airbus has argued that Boeing
receives illegal subsidies through military and research contracts and tax breaks.[130]

In July 2004, Harry Stonecipher (then CEO of Boeing) accused Airbus of abusing a 1992 bilateral EU-US agreement
regarding large civil aircraft support from governments. Airbus is given reimbursable launch investment (RLI, called
"launch aid" by the US) from European governments with the money being paid back with interest, plus indefinite The Boeing 787 competes with the
royalties if the aircraft is a commercial success.[131] Airbus contends that this system is fully compliant with the 1992 Airbus A350 (both pictured) and the
agreement and WTO rules. The agreement allows up to 33 percent of the program cost to be met through government Airbus A330neo
loans which are to be fully repaid within 17 years with interest and royalties. These loans are held at a minimum interest
rate equal to the cost of government borrowing plus 0.25%, which would be below market rates available to Airbus
without government support.[132] Airbus claims that since the signing of the EU-US agreement in 1992, it has repaid European governments more than
US$6.7 billion and that this is 40% more than it has received.
Airbus argues that pork barrel military contracts awarded to Boeing (the second largest US defense contractor) are in effect a form of subsidy (see the KC-X
program). The US government support of technology development via NASA also provides support to Boeing. In its recent products such as the 787, Boeing
has also received support from local and state governments.[133] Airbus's parent, EADS, itself is a military contractor, and is paid to develop and build
projects such as the Airbus A400M transport and various other military aircraft.[134]

In January 2005, European Union and United States trade representatives Peter Mandelson and Robert Zoellick agreed to talks aimed at resolving the
increasing tensions. These talks were not successful, with the dispute becoming more acrimonious rather than approaching a settlement.

World Trade Organization litigation

On 31 May 2005 the United States filed a case against the European Union for providing allegedly illegal "We remain united in our determination that this
subsidies to Airbus. Twenty-four hours later the European Union filed a complaint against the United dispute shall not affect our cooperation on wider
States protesting support for Boeing.[136] bilateral and multilateral trade issues. We have
worked together well so far, and intend to
continue to do so."
Increased tensions, due to the support for the Airbus A380, escalated toward a potential trade war as the
launch of the Airbus A350 neared. Airbus preferred the A350 program to be launched with the help of state
Joint EU-US statement[135]
loans covering a third of the development costs, although it stated it will launch without these loans if
required. The A350 will compete with Boeing's most successful project in recent years, the 787 Dreamliner.
EU trade officials questioned the nature of the funding provided by NASA, the Department of Defense, and
in particular the form of R&D contracts that benefit Boeing; as well as funding from US states such as Washington, Kansas, and Illinois, for the development
and launch of Boeing aircraft, in particular, the 787.[137] An interim report of the WTO investigation into the claims made by both sides was made in
September 2009.[138]

In March 2010, the WTO ruled that European governments unfairly financed Airbus.[139] In September 2010, a preliminary report of the WTO found unfair
Boeing payments broke WTO rules and should be withdrawn.[140] In two separate findings issued in May 2011, the WTO found, firstly, that the US defence
budget and NASA research grants could not be used as vehicles to subsidise the civilian aerospace industry and that Boeing must repay $5.3 billion of illegal
subsidies.[141] Secondly, the WTO Appellate Body partly overturned an earlier ruling that European Government launch aid constituted unfair subsidy,
agreeing with the point of principle that the support was not aimed at boosting exports and some forms of public-private partnership could continue. Part of
the $18bn in low interest loans received would have to be repaid eventually; however, there was no immediate need for it to be repaid and the exact value to
be repaid would be set at a future date.[142] Both parties claimed victory in what was the world's largest trade dispute.[143][144][145]

On 1 December 2011, Airbus reported that it had fulfilled its obligations under the WTO findings and called upon Boeing to do likewise in the coming
year.[146] The United States did not agree and had already begun complaint procedures prior to December, stating the EU had failed to comply with the DSB's
recommendations and rulings, and requesting authorisation by the DSB to take countermeasures under Article 22 of the DSU and Article 7.9 of the SCM
Agreement. The European Union requested the matter be referred to arbitration under Article 22.6 of the DSU. The DSB agreed that the matter raised by the
European Union in its statement at that meeting be referred to arbitration as required by Article 22.6 of the DSU however on 19 January 2012 the US and EU
jointly agreed to withdraw their request for arbitration.[147]

On 12 March 2012, the appellate body of the WTO released its findings confirming the illegality of subsidies to Boeing whilst confirming the legality of
repayable loans made to Airbus. The WTO stated that Boeing had received at least $5.3 billion in illegal cash subsidies at an estimated cost to Airbus of
$45 billion. A further $2 billion in state and local subsidies that Boeing is set to receive have also been declared illegal. Boeing and the US government were
given six months to change the way government support for Boeing is handled.[148] At the DSB meeting on 13 April 2012, the United States informed the DSB
that it intended to implement the DSB recommendations and rulings in a manner that respects its WTO obligations and within the time-frame established in
Article 7.9 of the SCM Agreement. The European Union welcomed the US intention and noted that the 6-month period stipulated in Article 7.9 of the SCM
Agreement would expire on 23 September 2012. On 24 April 2012, the European Union and the United States informed the DSB of Agreed Procedures under
Articles 21 and 22 of the DSU and Article 7 of the SCM Agreement.[149]

On 25 September 2012, the EU requested discussions with the US, because of the alleged non-compliance of the US and Boeing with the WTO ruling of 12
March 2012. On 27 September 2012, the EU requested the WTO to approve EU countermeasures against the USA's subsidy of Boeing. The WTO approved
creating a panel to rule on the disputed compliance this was initially to rule in 2014 but is not now expected to complete its work before 2016 due to the
complexity of the case. The EU wants permission to place trade sanctions of up to 12 billion US$ annually against the USA. The EU believes this amount
represents the damage the illegal subsidies of Boeing cause to the EU.[150][151]

On 19 December 2014, the EU requested WTO mediated consultations with the US over the tax incentives given by the state of Washington to large civil
aircraft manufacturers which they believed violated the earlier WTO ruling, on 22 April 2015 at the request of the EU a WTO panel was set up to rule on the
complaint.[152] The tax incentives given by the state of Washington and believed to be the largest in US history[153] surpassing the previous record of $5.6bn
over 30 years awarded by the state of New York to the aluminum producer Alcoa in 2007. The $8.7bn over 40 years incentive to Boeing to manufacture the
777X in the state includes $4.2bn from a 40% reduction in business taxes, £3.5bn in tax credits for the firm, a $562m tax credit on property and buildings
belonging to Boeing, a $242m sales tax exemption for buying computers and $8m to train 1000 workers,[154] Airbus alleges this is larger than the budgeted
cost of Boeing's 777X development program and the EU argues amounts to an entire publicly funded free aircraft program for Boeing, the legislation was an
extension of the duration of a tax break program given to Boeing for Dreamliner development that had already been ruled illegal by the WTO in 2012.[155]
Boeing defends the allegation by arguing the subsidies are available to anyone however for an aircraft to qualify for the tax breaks a company must
manufacture aircraft wings and perform all final assembly for an aircraft model or variant exclusively in the state.[156]

In September 2016, the WTO found that Airbus did not remedy the harm to Boeing from illegal subsidies, and the EU immediately appealed for a final
decision in late spring 2018. Boeing expect the 2016 decision will be largely maintained with sanctions between $10 to $15 billion, which could be levied by
punitive tariffs by the US government, but the EU would retaliate strongly. The EU case against Boeing filed as a countersuit lags the US case and the
decision on Boeing's appeal will not come out until late in 2018 or even in 2019.[157] Both are exposed with a backlog of 644 Boeing orders in the EU and
1,340 Airbus orders in the US, but this is mitigated as many are from lessors, to be delivered elsewhere, and as Airbus has an assembly line in Alabama.[158]

On 15 May 2018, in its EU appeal ruling, the WTO concluded that the A380 and A350 received improper subsidies through repayable launch aids or low
interest rates, like previous airliners, which could have been avoided. Boeing claimed victory but Airbus countered it is thin with 94% of the complaints
rejected, as launch aids are legal but at market interest rates, not lower: violations will be corrected. US tariffs, probably on other industries, may take up to
18 months to get WTO approval, but EU could retaliate over Washington State 787 subsidies and tax breaks for the 777X.[159] The US will pursue penalties if
an agreement cannot be reached but is willing to reach a settlement with the European Union.[160]
Tariffs

On 9 April 2019, the US Government announced that it would pursue penalties by placing tariffs on Airbus and other European Union goods over Airbus'
improper subsidies, in an apparent act of retaliation. In response, Bruno Le Maire, France's financial minister, said that a "friendly" solution should be
made.[161][162][163][164] On 1 July, the US Government proposed more tariffs for the same reason.[165]

On 24 September the same year, it was announced that the WTO would authorize the US to place the tariffs. The WTO stated that the $8 billion USD of EU
goods could be affected by the tariffs.[166]

The WTO announced the allowed level of punitive tariffs on 30 September, around $5-10 billion down from the $25 billion asked for, then the USTR should
issue a list of products to be taxed from year-end. By mid-2020, the WTO is slated to determine the allowed EU punitive tariffs, as the EU claims $20 billion
in damages. It would damage both sides, with Boeing having the most to lose as US Aerospace and defense exports to Europe totals $30.5 billion, while
imports are $23.6 billion.[167]

On 2 October 2019, the WTO approved US tariffs on $7.5 billion worth of European goods,[168] and officially authorized them on 14 October, despite the
European Union urging for a negotiated settlement.[169][170]

After midnight on 18 October, the US tariffs went into effect. The tariffs target Airbus, wine, and other European goods.[171][172]

On 15 February 2020, the US government announced that they would increase tariffs on Airbus aircraft from 10% to 15%. Airbus expressed regret at the
statement.[173] The increased tariffs went into effect on 17 February.[174][175] In an attempt to reduce the threat of retaliatory tariffs by the European Union on
exports from Washington state, Boeing requested on 19 February that the Washington State Legislature suspend its preferential business-and-occupation tax
rate, which saves Boeing around $100 million annually. The WTO ruled in March of the previous year that the tax breaks for Boeing by the state of
Washington constituted illegal US subsidies, but determined that, except for the tax break which Boeing requested suspension of, the European Union had
no grounds to seek damages.[176]

On 30 September 2020, the WTO approved the European Union's retaliatory tariffs on $4.1 billion worth of US goods, this is in addition to the previous
unimplemented sanction allowing the EU the right to impose tariffs of up to $8.2 billion on US goods and services.[177][178][179] On 11 October acting
European Commissioner for Trade Valdis Dombrovskis urged the US to withdraw its tariffs, reiterating retaliatory action.[180] Two days later on 13 October
the WTO authorized the EU's tariffs.[181] The next day, on 14 October, the US finally offered to remove their tariffs if Airbus would refinance the state loans at
a level of interest that assumed a 50% product failure rate. The EU criticized the deal as "unacceptable" due to its cost estimated to be around $10 billion
along with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the aviation industry. The US argued that European tariffs on US goods were unnecessary as the local
tax subsidies for Boeing had ended while Airbus countered that the US was still applying import tariffs even though the A380 was no longer in production.
Further talks with the WTO regarding the tariffs are scheduled for 26 October, however, the tariffs may only go into effect depending on the results on the
2020 United States presidential election.[182][183][184][185] On 9 November the WTO announced that the EU's tariffs would still go into effect,[186] though the
EU indicated it was hopeful a settlement could be reached with the new US administration in 2021.[187][188] On 13 November Bruno Le Maire said a
settlement could potentially be reached in several weeks.[189]

See also
Airbus Corporate Jets
Boeing Commercial Airplanes
Competition in the Regional jet market
List of civil aircraft

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Bibliography
Newhouse, John (2007), Boeing versus Airbus, USA: Vintage Books, ISBN 978-1-4000-7872-1

External links
Official Airbus website (http://www.airbus.com/)
Official Boeing website (http://boeing.com/)
Official Airbus Military website (https://web.archive.org/web/20040612115251/http://www.airbusmilitary.com/)
Complete production lists of all Airbus models (http://www.abcdlist.nl/main.html)
BBC Q&A: Boeing and Airbus (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3722888.stm)

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