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Chapter 12 PDF

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

2K views96 pages

Chapter 12 PDF

Uploaded by

Khaled Al-Swairki

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 96

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., 330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 10013. All rights reserved.

This material is protected under all copyright laws as they

currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

12–1. A canal is 2 m deep and 3 m wide, and the water

flows with a velocity of 1.5 m>s. If a stone is thrown into it,
determine how fast the waves will travel upstream and
downstream. What is the Froude number? 1.5 ms

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow is steady and water is incompressible.
The speed of the wave in still water is

c = 2gy

c = 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m) = 4.429 m>s

Thus, applying the relative velocity equation with vw>r = c the speed of a wave
traveling upstream is

(Vw)u = vr + vw>r
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int

+ b(vw)u = - 1.5 m>s + 4.429 m>s = 2.93 m>s Ans.

th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

and the speed of a wave traveling downstream is

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

(Vw)d = vr + vw>r
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

+ Q(vw)d = 1.5 m>s + 4.429 m>s = 5.93 m>s Ans.

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n

The Froude number of the flow is

St in ar on ot
at st ni t p

1.5 m>s
es ru ng he er
k

V V
Fr = = 0.339 Ans.
co cto . D W mit

= =
py rs is or ted

1gy C 4.429 m>s

rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
b)

Ans:
Vup = 2.93 m>s
Vdown = 5.93 m>s
Fr = 0.339

1035

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1035 16/03/17 4:47 PM

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., 330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 10013. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they
currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

12–2. A large tank contains water having a depth of 3 ft. If

the tank is on an elevator that is descending, determine the
horizontal speed of a wave created on its surface if the rate
of descent is (a) constant at 3 ft>s, (b) accelerated at 2 ft>s2,
(c) accelerated at 32.2 ft>s2.

SOLUTION mg

Water is considered to be incompressible.

Referring to the free-body diagram of the tank in Fig. a,
a
+ T ΣFy = may; mg - N = ma

N = m(g - a)

Here, g′ = g - a and the speed of the wave can be determined using c = 2g′y N
2
a.) For a = 0, g′ = g - 0 = 32.2 ft>s . Then, (a)
Th nd co of y th

c = 2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (3 ft) = 9.83 ft>s Ans.

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

b.) For a = 2 ft>s2, g′ = g - 2 ft>s2 = 30.2 ft>s2. Then,

o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

c = 2 ( 30.2 ft>s2 ) (3 ft) = 9.52 ft>s Ans.

ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

c.) For a = 32.2 ft>s2, g′ = g - 32.2 ft>s2 = 0. Then,

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

c = 20(3 ft) = 0 Ans.

d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
b)

Ans:
a) 9.83 ft>s
b) 9.52 ft>s
c) 0

1036

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1036 16/03/17 4:47 PM

12–3. A rectangular channel has a width of 2 m. If the flow

is 5 m3 >s, determine the Froude number when the water
depth is 0.5 m. At this depth, is the flow subcritical or
supercritical? Also, what is the critical speed of the flow?

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
The velocity of the flow is
Q 5 m3 >s
V = = = 5 m>s
A (2 m)(0.5 m)

Thus, the Froude number is

V 5 m>s
Fr = = = 2.26 Ans.
2gy 29.81 m>s2(0.5 m)
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

Since the channel is rectangular and Fr 7 1, the flow is supercritical. The critical
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

depth is
is
w

pr d s as f th y o

1 1
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

3 3
Q2 ( 5 m3 >s ) 2
te fo sin or w

yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.8605 m
d
d o it

( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2

by r th g s (in ork

gb
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n

At critical flow, Fr = 1. Then,

St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

V Vc
co cto . D W mit

Fr = ; 1 =
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .

2gy 29.81 m>s2(0.8605 m)

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w

Vc = 2.91 m>s Ans.

s ing ion We
b)

Ans:
Fr = 2.26, supercritical
Vc = 2.91 m>s

1037

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1037 16/03/17 4:47 PM

*12–4. A rectangular channel has a width of 2 m. If the

flow is 5 m3 >s, determine the Froude number when the
water depth is 1.5 m. At this depth, is the flow subcritical or
supercritical? Also, what is the critical speed of the flow?

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
The velocity of the flow is
Q 5 m3 >s
V = = = 1.667 m>s
A (2 m)(1.5 m)

Thus, the Froude number is

V 1.667 m>s
Fr = = = 0.434 Ans.
2gy 29.81 m>s2(1.5 m)
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int

Since the channel is rectangular and Fr 6 1, the flow is subcritical. The critical
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

depth is
is
w

pr d s as f th y o

1 1
ot ole se is f t

3 3
Q2 ( 5 m3 >s ) 2
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w

yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.8605 m
d
d o it

gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

At critical flow, Fr = 1. Then,

d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

V Vc
co cto . D W mit

Fr = ; 1 =
py rs is or ted

2gy 29.81 m>s2(0.8605 m)

rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de

Vc = 2.91 m>s Ans.

w
s ing ion We
b)

Ans:
Fr = 0.434, subcritical
Vc = 2.91 m>s

1038

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1038 16/03/17 4:47 PM

12–5. Water flows with a velocity of 6 ft>s in a rectangular

channel having a width of 5 ft. If the depth of the water is
2 ft, determine the specific energy and the alternate depth
that provides the same flow.

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
The flow is

Q = VA = ( 6 ft>s ) (5 ft)(2 ft) = 60 ft3 >s

Since the channel is rectangular, the critical depth is

1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 60 ft3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 1.648 ft
gb ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (5 ft)2
Th nd co of y th

and the specific energy is

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

Q2
k ide an art egr
is
w

E = + y
pr d s as f th y o

2gb2y2
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

( 60 ft3 >s ) 2
by r th g s (in ork

2.2360
E = + y = + y (1)
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (5 ft)2y2 y2

te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er

For a depth of 2 ft, Eq. (1) gives

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

2.2360
rig in se ld .
i

E = + 2 ft = 2.5590 ft = 2.56 ft Ans.

ht te min Wi

(2 ft)2
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

Substituting this result into Eq. (1),

2.2360
2.5590 ft = + y
y2
b)

y3 - 2.5590y2 + 2.2360 = 0

Solving by trial and error,

y = 2.00 ft 7 yc (subcritical)

y = 1.37 ft 6 yc (supercritical) Ans.

y = -0.814 ft (unrealistic)

Ans:
E = 2.56 ft, y = 1.37 ft

1039

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1039 16/03/17 4:47 PM

12–6. Water flows in a rectangular channel with a velocity

of 2 m>s and depth of 4 m. What other possible depth of
flow provides the same specific energy? Plot the specific
energy diagram.

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. The flow rate
is Q = VA = 12 m>s23b14 m24 = 8 b. For the rectangular channel, the specific
energy can be determined by
Q2 18b2 2 3.2620
E = 2 2
+ y = 2 2 2
+ y = + y (1)
2gb y 219.81 m>s 21b 2y y2
For the depth of y = 4 m, Eq. (1) gives
3.2620
E = + 4 m = 4.2039 m
14 m2 2
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

Substitute this result into Eq. (1),

o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o

3.2620
ot ole se is f t

4.2039 m = + y
ec ly s w he

y2
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

y3 - 4.2039y2 + 3.2620 = 0
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n

Solving numerically,
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

y = 1.01072 m = 1.01 m Ans.

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .

y = 4 m (The given depth)

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w

y = -0.8068 m (not realistic)

s ing ion We

In this case, the critical depth can be determined by

y(m)
Q2 1>3 18b2 2 1>3
y5E
yc = a b = c d = 1.8685 m
b)

gb2 19.81 m>s2 2b2

For y = 4 m 7 yc, the flow is subcritical. 4

For y = 1.01 m 6 yc, the flow is supercritical.

The minimum specific energy can be determined by

3 3 yC 5 1.869
E min = y = 11.8685 m2 = 2.803 m
2 c 2 1.011
The plot of depth y vs specific energy is shown in Fig. (a)
E(m)
4.204
Emin 5 2.803
(a)

Ans:
y = 1.01 m

1040

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1040 16/03/17 4:47 PM

12–7. Water flows in a rectangular channel with a velocity

of 4 m>s. If the depth is 1.5 m, what other possible velocity of
flow provides the same specific energy?

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible The flow rate
is Q = VA = 14 m>s23b11.5 m24 = 6 b. For the rectangular channel, the specific
energy can be determined by

Q2 16b2 2 1.8349
E = 2 2
+ y = + y = + y (1)
2gb y 219.81 m>s2 21b2 2y2 y2

For the depth of y = 1.5 m, Eq. (1) gives

1.8349
Th nd co of y th

E = + 1.5 m = 2.3155
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

11.5 m2 2
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

Substitute this result into Eq. (1)

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

1.8349
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w

2.3155 = + y
d

y2
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

y3 - 2.3155y2 + 1.8349 = 0
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

Solving by trial and error,

at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

y = 1.5865 m
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

y2 = 1.5 m (The given depth)

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

y = -0.7710 (Not realistic)

In this case, the critical depth can be determined.

Q2 1>3 16b2 2 1>3

yc = a b = c d = 1.5425 m
) b

2 2 2
gb 19.81 m>s 2b

For y = 1.5 m 6 yc, the flow is supercritical.

For y = 1.5865 m 7 yc, the flow is subcritical.

Using the continuity equation,

r V # dA = 0
0 t Lcv Lcs
0
r dV +

0 - V1A1 + V2A2 = 0
- 14 m>s23b11.5 m24 + V2 3b11.5865 m24 = 0
V2 = 3.7819 m>s = 3.78 m>s Ans.

Ans:
V2 = 3.78 m>s

1041

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1041 16/03/17 4:47 PM

*12–8. A rectangular channel having a width of 8 ft is

transporting water at a rate of 36(103) ft3 >min. If the depth
is 8 ft, determine the specific energy at this depth, and also
the specific energy at the critical depth.

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Since
the channel is rectangular, the specific energy can be determined. Here,
ft3 1 min
Q = c 361103 2 da b = 600 ft3 >s.
min 60 s

Q2
E = + y
2gb2y2
1600 ft3 >s2 2
Th nd co of y th

= + y
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

2132.2 ft>s2 218 ft2 2y2

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

87.3447
is
w

= + y (1)
pr d s as f th y o

y2
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d

For y = 8 ft,
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

87.3447
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

E = + 8 ft = 9.3648 ft = 9.36 ft Ans.

te e

18 ft2 2
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

The critical depth for a rectangular channel can be determined by

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .

Q2 1>3 1600 ft3 >s2 2 1>3

ht te min Wi

yc = a b = c d = 5.5901 ft
la ach at de

2 2 2
gb 132.2 ft>s 218 ft2
w
s ing ion We

Thus, the specific energy when the flow depth is at yc, which happens to be its
minimum, can be determined using Eq. (1) by substituting y = yc = 5.5901 ft.
87.3447
b

Emin = + 5.5901 ft = 8.3852 ft = 8.39 ft Ans.

)

15.5901 ft2 2

Alternatively, Emin can be determined by

3 3
Emin = y = 15.5901 ft2 = 8.3852 ft = 8.39 ft
2 c 2

Ans:
E = 9.36 ft, E min = 8.39 ft

1042

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1042 16/03/17 4:47 PM

12–9. The channel transports water at 8 m3 >s. If the depth is

y = 1.5 m, determine if the flow is subcritical or supercritical.
What is the critical depth of flow? Compare the specific
energy of the flow with its minimum specific energy.

2.5 m

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
Since the channel is rectangular, the critical depth is
1
3
1
3
Q2 ( 8 m3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 1.0144 m = 1.01 m Ans.
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2.5 m)2

Since y = 1.5 m 7 yc, the flow is subcritical.

Also, the minimum specific energy is

Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int

3 3
th r sa es

or v

Emin = yc = (1.0144 m) = 1.52 m Ans.

o ill d

k ide an art egr

2 2
is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

The specific energy at y = 1.5 m is

te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

Q2 ( 8 m3 >s ) 2
U e u tud clu an

E = + y = + 1.5 m = 1.73 m Ans.

ni s en d d
te e

2gb2y2 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2.5 m)2(1.5 m)2

d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
yc = 1.01 m, subcritical
Emin = 1.52 m
At y = 1.5 m, E = 1.73 m

1043

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1043 16/03/17 4:47 PM

12–10. The rectangular channel transports water at

12(103) ft3 >min. Determine the critical depth yc, plot the
specific energy diagram for this flow, and calculate E for
y = 0.75yc and y = 1.25yc. y

6 ft

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Since
the channel is rectangular, the critical depth can be determine. Here,
ft3 1 min
Q = c 121103 2 da b = 200 ft3 >s.
min 60 s

Q2 1>3 1200 ft3 >s2 2 1>3

yc = a b = c d = 3.2556 ft. = 3.26 ft Ans.
gb2 2
132.2 ft>s 216 ft2 2

Thus, the minimum specific energy is

Th nd co of y th

3 3
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

Emin = yc = 13.2556 ft2 = 4.8834 ft.

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

y(m)
or v

2 2
o ill d

k ide an art egr

y5E
w

pr d s as f th y o

The specific energy in terms of depth y is

ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w

Q2
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

E = + y
U e u tud clu an

2gb2y2
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n

1200 ft3 >s2 2

St in ar on ot

= + y
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er

2132.2 ft>s2 216 ft2 2y2

4.07
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

17.2533 yC 5 3.26
rig in se ld .
i

= + y 2.44
ht te min Wi

y2
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

3 3 E(m)
For y = y = 13.2556 ft2 = 2.4417 ft, 5.34
4 c 4 Emin 5 4.88 5.11
17.2533 (a)
b

E = + 2.4417 ft = 5.3356 ft.

)

12.4417 ft2 2
5 5
For y = y = 13.2556 ft2 = 4.0695 ft,
4 c 4
17.2533
E = + 4.0695 ft = 5.111 ft.
14.0695 ft2 2

The plot of y vs E is shown in Fig. a

Ans:
yc = 3.26 ft
For y = 0.75yc, E = 5.34 ft
For y = 1.25yc, E = 5.11 ft

1044

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1044 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–11. The rectangular channel transports water at

48 (103) ft3 >min. Determine the critical depth and the
minimum specific energy. If the specific energy is 12 ft, what
are the two possible flow depths?

10 ft

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Since
the channel is rectangular, the critical depth can be determined. Here,
ft3 1 min
Q = c 481103 2 da b = 800 ft3 >s.
min 60 s

Q2 1>3 (800 ft3 >s)2 1>3

yC = a 2
b = c 2 2
d = 5.8359 ft = 5.84 ft Ans.
gb (32.2 ft>s )(10 ft)
Then, the minimum specific energy is
Th nd co of y th

3 3
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

Emin = yc = 15.8359 ft2 = 8.7539 ft = 8.75 ft Ans.

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

2 2
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

The specific energy as a function of depth y can be determined. For E = 12 ft by

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

Q2
te fo sin or w

E = + y
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

2gb2y2
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

1800 ft3 >s2 2

te e
d of t le ng is n

12 ft = + y
St in ar on ot

2132.2 ft>s2 2110 ft2 2y2

at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

99.3789
py rs is or ted

12 = + y
rig in se ld .
i

y2
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

y3 - 12y2 + 99.3789 = 0
Solving by trial and error,
y = 11.2090 ft = 11.2 ft 7 yc (subcritical) Ans.
) b

y = 3.3992 ft = 3.40 ft 6 yc (supercritical) Ans.

y = -2.6082 ft (not realistic)

Ans:
yc = 5.84 ft, Emin = 8.75 ft
y = 3.40 ft or y = 11.2 ft

1045

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1045 16/03/17 4:48 PM

*12–12. The rectangular channel transports water at

8 m3 >s. Plot the specific energy diagram for the flow and
indicate the depth y for E = 3 m.
y

1.5 m

SOLUTION y (m)
E=y
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
Since the channel is rectangular, the critical depth is Q = 8 m3 s

1 1
3 3 2.82
Q2 ( 8 m3 >s ) 2 subcritical
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 1.4260 m yc = 1.43
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (1.5 m)2 0.814 supercritical
E (m)
Also, the minimum specific energy is 3
Emin = 2.14
3 3
= yc = ( 1.4260 m ) = 2.14 m
Th nd co of y th

Emin (a)
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

2 2
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

The specific energy is

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

Q2
te fo sin or w

E = + y
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

2gb2y2
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

( 8 m3 >s ) 2
te e
d of t le ng is n

3m = + y
St in ar on ot

2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (1.5 m)2y2

at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

y3 - 3y2 + 1.4498 = 0
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

Solving by trial and error,

la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

y = 2.82 m 7 yc (subcritical) Ans.

y = 0.814 m 6 yc (supercritical) Ans.

y = -0.632 m (unrealistic)
) b

The specific energy diagram is shown in Fig. a.

Ans:
y = 2.82 m (subcritical)
y = 0.814 m (supercritical)

1046

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1046 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–13. The rectangular channel passes through a transition

that causes its width to narrow from 8 ft to 6 ft. If the flow is
8 ft
18(103) ft3 >min and yA = 6 ft, determine the depth at B.
A
6 ft

yA B

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Since the
channel is rectangular, the critical depth can be determined using Eq. 12–7. Here,
ft3 1 min
Q = c 181103 2 da b = 300 ft3 >s. At section A,
min 60 s

Q2 1>3 1300 ft3 >s2 2 1>3

1yC 2 A = a b = c d = 3.5216 ft
gbA2 2
132.2 ft>s 218 ft2 2

and at section B,
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

Q2 1>3 1300 ft3 >s2 2 1>3

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

1yC 2 B = a b = c d
or v

= 4.2661 ft
o ill d

k ide an art egr

gbB2 2
132.2 ft>s 216 ft2 2
is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

The specific energy of the flow can be determined at section A,

ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

Q2 1300 ft3 >s2 2

by r th g s (in ork

E = + yA = + 6 ft = 6.6066 ft
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

2gbA2yA2 2132.2 ft>s2 218 ft2 2 16 ft2 2

te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

E remains constant throughout the channel. Then, at section B,

at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

Q2
py rs is or ted

E = + yB
rig in se ld .
i

2gbB2yB2
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w

1300 ft3 >s2 2

s ing ion We

6.6066 ft = + yB
2132.2 ft>s2 216 ft2 2yB2
yB3 - 6.6066yB2 + 38.8199 = 0
) b

Solving by trial and error;

yb = 5.13345 ft 7 1yc 2 B (subcritical)
yB = 3.58342 ft 6 1yc 2 B (supercritical)
yB = - 2.11031 ft (not realistic)

Since yA = 6 ft 7 1yc 2 A, the flow at section A is subcritical. Since the type of flow
must remain the same throughout the channel, the flow at section B must also be
subcritical. This requires yB 7 1yc 2 B. Thus
yB = 5.13 ft Ans.

Ans:
yB = 5.13 ft

1047

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1047 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–14. The rectangular channel has a transition that

causes its width to narrow from 8 ft to 6 ft. If the flow is
8 ft
18(103) ft3 >min and yB = 3.5 ft, determine the depth at A.
A
6 ft

yA B

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Since
the channel is rectangular, the critical depth can be determined. Here,
ft3 1 min
Q = c 181103 2 da b = 300 ft3 >s. At section A,
min 60 s
Q2 1>3 1300 ft3 >s2 2 1>3
1yc 2 A = a b = c d = 3.5216 ft
gbA2 2
132.2 ft>s 218 ft2 2

And at section B,
Q2 1>3 1300 ft3 >s2 2 1>3
Th nd co of y th

1yc 2 B = a b = c d = 4.2661 ft
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int

2
gbB 132.2 ft>s2 216 ft2 2
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

The specific energy of the flow can be determined at section B,

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

Q2 1300 ft3 >s2 2

te fo sin or w
d

E = + yB = + 3.5 ft = 6.6690 ft
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

2gbB2yB2 2132.2 ft>s2 216 ft2 2 13.5 ft2 2

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

E remain constant throughout the channel. Then at section A,

d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p

Q2
es ru ng he er
k

E = + yA
co cto . D W mit

2gbA2yA2
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

1300 ft3 >s2 2

la ach at de

6.6690 ft = + yA
w
s ing ion We

2132.2 ft>s2 218 ft2 2yA2

yA3 - 6.6690yA2 + 21.8362 = 0
Solving by trial and error,
) b

yA = 6.0778 ft 7 1yc 2 A (subcritical)

yA = 2.2139 ft 6 1yc 2 A (supercritical)
yA = - 1.6228 ft (not realistic)

Since yB = 3.5 ft 6 1yc 2 B, the flow at section B is supercritical. Since the type of
flow must remain the same throughout the channel, the flow at section A must also
be supercritical. This requires yA 6 1yc 2 A. Thus,
yA = 2.21 ft Ans.

Ans:
yA = 2.21 ft

1048

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1048 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–15. The volumetric flow in the channel is measured 8 ft

using the venturi segment. If yA = 8 ft and yB = 7.6 ft, 3 ft
determine the flow through the channel. A
B

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Since the
channel is rectangular, the specific energy can be determined. At sections A and B,
Q2 Q2 Q2
EA = + yA = + 8 ft = + 8
2gbA2yA2 2 2
2132.2 ft>s 218 ft2 18 ft2 2 263782.4
2
Q Q2 Q2
EB = + yB = + 7.6 ft = + 7.6
2gbB2yB2 9132.2 ft>s2 213 ft2 2 17.6 ft2 2 33477.696

Since the head losses are neglected, specific energy remains constant throughout the
Th nd co of y th

channel. Thus,
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

EA = EB
is
w

pr d s as f th y o

2
Q2
ot ole se is f t

Q
ec ly s w he

+ 8 = + 7.6
te fo sin or w

263782.4 33477.696
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

Q = 123.85 ft3 >s = 124 ft3 >s Ans.

ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
Q = 124 ft3 >s

1049

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1049 16/03/17 4:48 PM

*12–16. The rectangular channel tapers gradually from

10 ft wide to 6 ft wide, with a transition as shown. If water
10 ft
flows with a velocity of 3 ft>s on the 10-ft-wide side, 6 ft
determine the depth y2 on the 6-ft-wide side. Also, what is
the horizontal force directed downstream that the water
exerts on each of the flared wing walls?
y2

4 ft

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Here the flow
rate is F1
F2
Q = V1A1 = 13 ft>s23110 ft214 ft24 = 120 ft >s 3 2F
w1 w2
Since the channel is rectangular, the critical depth can be determined. For 10-ft-wide
channel, (a)
Q2 1>3 1120 ft3 >s2 2 1>3
1yc 2 1 = a 2 b = c d = 1.648 ft
gb1 132.2 ft>s2 2110 ft2 2
Th nd co of y th

Since y1 = 4 ft 7 1yc 2 1, the flow is subcritical. For 6-ft-wide channel

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

Q2 1>3 1120 ft3 >s2 2 1>3

o ill d

k ide an art egr

1yc 2 2 = a b = c d = 2.316 ft
is
w

gb22 2 2
pr d s as f th y o

132.2 ft>s 216 ft2

ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w

Since the channel base remains horizontal, the specific energy for 10-ft-wide and
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

6-ft-wide sections must be the same. For 10-ft-wide section,

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

Q2 1120 ft3 >s2 2

d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

E = + y1 = + 4 ft = 4.1398 ft
at st ni t p

2gb12y12 2132.2 ft>s2 2110 ft2 2 14 ft2 2

es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

For 6-ft-wide section,

py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

Q2 1120 ft3 >s2 2

la ach at de

E = + y2; 4.1398 ft = + y2
w
s ing ion We

2gb22y22 2132.2 ft>s2 216 ft2 2 y22

y23 - 4.1398y22 + 6.2112 = 0
Solving numerically,
) b

y2 = 3.6815 ft 7 1yc 2 2 (subcritical)

y2 = 1.5481 ft 6 1yc 2 2 (supercritical)
y2 = - 1.0898 ft (not possible)

1050

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1050 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–16. Continued

The subcritical flow must be maintained downstream. Thus

y2 = 3.6815 ft = 3.68 ft Ans.
The continuity equation can be simplified as

r V # dA = 0
0 t Lcv Lcs
0
r dV +

0 - V1A1 + V2A2 = 0
- 120 ft3 >s + V2 316ft213.6815 ft24 = 0
V2 = 5.4326 ft>s
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

The fixed control volume considered contains the water between the upstream and
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

downstream cross sections of the channel, Fig. a. The intensities of the distributed
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

loads acting on these cross sections are

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

W1 = gwy1b1 = 162.4lb>ft3 214 ft2110 ft2 = 2.4961103 2 lb>ft

te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

W2 = gwy2b2 = 162.4lb>ft3 213.6815 ft216 ft2 = 1.378 1103 2 lb>ft

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n

Thus, the resultants of the distributed loads are

St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

1 1
w y = 32.496 1103 2 lb>ft414 ft2 = 4.992 1103 2 lb
co cto . D W mit

F1 =
2 1 1
py rs is or ted

2
rig in se ld .
i

1 1
ht te min Wi

F2 = w2 y2 = 31.378 1103 2lb>ft413.6815 ft2 = 2.5372 1103 2 lb

la ach at de
w

2 2
s ing ion We

The FBD of the control volume is shown in Fig. a. Since the flow is steady and
incompressible, the linear momentum equation can be simplified as

Vr V # dA
0 t Lcv Lcs
0
ΣF = Vr dV +
) b

+ ΣFx = 0 + 1V1 2 x rw 1 -Q2 + 1V2 2 x rwQ

S
+
S ΣFx = rwQ31V2 2 x - 1V1 2 x 4
4.9921103 2 lb - 2.53721103 2 lb - 2F
62.4 lb>ft3
= a b 1120 ft3 >s215.4326 ft>s - 3 ft>s2
32.2 ft>s2
F = 944.57 lb = 945 lb Ans.

Ans:
y2 = 3.68 ft
F = 945 lb

1051

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1051 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–17. Water flows at 25 ft3 >s in the channel, which is

originally 6 ft wide and then gradually narrows to b2 = 4 ft. 6 ft
If the original depth of water is 3 ft, determine the depth y2
after it passes through the transition. What width b2 will
produce critical flow y2 = yc? b2

3 ft

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
Since the channel is rectangular, the specific energy is
Q2
E = + y
2gb2y2
At section (1), y = 3 ft and b = 6 ft . Then,
( 25ft3 >s ) 2
E = + 3 ft
2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (6 ft)2(3 ft)2
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

= 3.0300 ft
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

At section (2), y = y2 and b = 4 ft . Then

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

( 25ft3 >s ) 2
te fo sin or w

3.0300 ft = + y2
d
d o it

2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (4 ft)2y22

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

y23 - 3.0300y22 + 0.6066 = 0

d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

Solving by trial and error,

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

For critical flow

rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de

y2 = 2.96 ft
w
s ing ion We

y2 = 0.489 ft
y2 = - 0.419 ft

Also, the critical depths at sections (1) and (2) are

) b

1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 25 ft3 >s ) 2
(yc)1 = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.8139 ft
gb1 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (6 ft)2
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 25 ft3 >s ) 2
(yc)2 = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 1.067 ft
gb2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (4 ft)2

Since y1 = 3 ft 7 ( yc ) 1, the flow at section (1) is subcritical. Since the type of

flow must remain the same throughout the channel, the flow at section (2) is also
subcritical. This requires y2 7 ( yc ) 2.

y2 = 2.96 ft Ans.

When the critical flow occurs,
3
Emin = E = y
2 c
3
3.0300 ft = y
2 c
yc = 2.0200 ft

1052

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1052 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–17. Continued

Also, it requires that

Vc
Fr = = 1
2gyc
Vc = 2gyc = 2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (2.0200 ft)

Vc = 8.0649 ft>s

Thus,

Q = VA; Q = Vcbcyc
Th nd co of y th

25 ft3 >s = ( 8.0649 ft>s ) (bc)(2.0200 ft)

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

bc = 1.53 ft Ans.

o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
y2 = 2.96 ft, b2 = 1.53 ft

1053

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1053 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–18. The rectangular channel has a width of 15 ft and A

transports water at 36(103) ft3 >min. If the depth at A is 8 ft, B
determine the minimum height h of the channel bed at B in yB
order to produce critical flow at B. 8 ft
h

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Since
the channel is rectangular, the critical depth can be determined. Here,
ft3 1 min
Q = c 361103 2 da b = 600 ft3 >s. It is required that
min 60 s
Q2 1>3 1600 ft3 >s2 2 1>3
yB = yC = a b = c d = 3.6764 ft
gb2 132.2 ft>s2 2115 ft2 2

Thus, the minimum specific energy

Th nd co of y th

3 3
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

EB = Emin = y = 13.6764 ft2 = 5.5146 ft

w ro es y p int

2 c
th r sa es

2
or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

The specific energy at section A can be determined by

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

Q2 1600 ft3 >s2 2

te fo sin or w
d
d o it

EA = + yA = + 8 ft = 8.3882 ft
by r th g s (in ork

2gb2yA2 2132.2 ft>s2 2115 ft2 2 18 ft2 2

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n

Thus, the minimum height of the channel’s bed is

St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

hmin = EA - Emin
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

= 8.3882 ft - 5.5146 ft
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de

= 2.8736 ft
w
s ing ion We

= 2.87 ft Ans.

If h 7 hmin , the flow is choked and will remain critical after being lifted.
) b

Ans:
hmin = 2.87 ft

1054

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1054 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–19. The rectangular channel has a width of 8 ft and

transports water at 18(103) ft3 >min. If the elevation of the
bed drops by 0.75 ft, determine the depth y2 after the y2
6 ft
depression.

0.75 ft

Q2 1>3 1300 ft3 >s2 2 1>3

yc = a 2
b = c 2 2
d = 3.5216 ft
gb 132.2 ft>s 218 ft2
The specific energy at sections (1) and (2) can be determined
Th nd co of y th

Q2 1300 ft3 >s2 2

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

E1 = + y1 = + 6 ft = 6.6066 ft
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

2gb2y12 2132.2 ft>s2 218 ft2 2 16 ft2 2

o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o

Q2 1300 ft3 >s2 2

ot ole se is f t

21.8362
ec ly s w he

E2 = + y2 = + y2 = + y2
te fo sin or w

2
2gb y22 2132.2 ft>s2 218 ft2 2y22 y22
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

Since the elevation of the bed is decreasing, h = -0.75 ft. Here

ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

E1 = E2 + h
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

21.8362
co cto . D W mit

6.6066 ft = + y2 + 1 -0.75 ft2

py rs is or ted

y22
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de

y23 - 7.3566y22 + 21.8362 = 0

w
s ing ion We

Solving by trial and error,

y2 = 6.8976 ft 7 yc (subcritical)
y2 = 2.0235 ft 6 yc (supercritical)
) b

y2 = - 1.5645 ft (not realistic).

Since y1 = 6 ft 7 yc, the flow at section (1) is subcritical and this type of flow must
remain the same throughout the chain. The flow at section (2) also is subcritical. This
requires y2 7 yc. Thus
y2 = 6.90 ft Ans.

Ans:
y2 = 6.90 ft

1055

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1055 16/03/17 4:48 PM

*12–20. The channel is 2 m wide and transports water at

18 m3 >s. If the elevation of the bed is raised 0.25 m,
determine the new depth y2 of the water and the speed of 1.5 m y2
the flow. Is the new flow subcritical or supercritical?

0.25 m

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
Since the channel is rectangular, the specific energies at sections (1) and (2) are
Q2
E1 = + y1
2gb2 y12
( 18 m3>s ) 2
= + 1.5 m = 3.3349 m
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2(1.5 m)2
Q2 ( 18 m3>s ) 2
E2 = + y2 = + y2
Th nd co of y th

2gb2y22 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2y22

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

4.1284
is
w

= + y2
pr d s as f th y o

y22
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d

Thus,
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

E1 = E2 + h
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n

4.1284
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p

3.3349 m = + y2 + 0.25 m
es ru ng he er
k

y22
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .

y23 - 3.0849y22 + 4.1284 = 0

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w

Solving by trial and error,

s ing ion We

y2 = 2.3136 m
y2 = 1.7760 m
y2 = - 1.0047 m (unrealistic)
) b

Also, the critical depth is

1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 18 m3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 2.021 m
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2

Since y1 = 1.5 m 6 yc, the flow at section (1) is supercritical. Since the type of
flow must remain the same throughout the channel, the flow at section (2) is also
supercritical. This requires y2 6 yc.
y2 = 1.7760 m = 1.78 m Ans.
The mean velocity at section (2) is
Q 18 m3 >s
V2 = ; = 5.07 m>s Ans.
A2 (2 m)(1.7760 m)

Ans:
y2 = 1.78 m
V2 = 5.07 m>s

1056

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1056 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–21. Water flows at 10.8(103) ft3 >min through a A

rectangular channel having a width of 6 ft. If yA = 5 ft, show B
that yB = 4.25 ft is possible. What is the necessary increase in yA yB
elevation h of the channel bed to create this depth?

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Since
the channel is rectangular, the critical depth can be determined. Here,
ft3 1 min
Q = c 10.81103 2 da b = 180 ft3 >s.
min 60 s

Q2 1>3 1180 ft3 >s2 2 1>3

yc = a b = c d = 3.0348 ft
gb2 132.2 ft>s2 216 ft2 2

Since yA = 5 ft 7 yc, the flow at section A is subcritical. This requires yB 6 yA and

also yB 7 yC to maintain subcritical flow. In this case, yB = 4.25 ft indeed satisfies
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

these two requirements. The specific energies at sections A and B can be determined
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

by
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o

Q2 1180 ft3 >s2 2

ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

EA = + yA = + 5 ft = 5.5590 ft
te fo sin or w

2gb2yA2 2132.2 ft>s2 216 ft2 2 15 ft2 2

d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

1180 ft3 >s2 2

ni s en d d

Q2
te e

EB = + yB = + 4.25 ft = 5.0237 ft
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

2
2gb yB2 2132.2 ft>s2 216 ft2 2 14.25 ft2 2
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

From the requirement of the rising flow,

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

EA = EB + h
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

5.5590 ft = 5.0237 ft + h
h = 0.5353 ft = 0.535 ft Ans.
) b

Ans:
h = 0.535 ft

1057

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1057 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–22. Water flows at 10.8(103) ft3 >min through a B

rectangular channel having a width of 6 ft. If yA = 2 ft,
show that yB = 2.75 ft is possible. What is the necessary A
increase in elevation h of the channel bed to create this yB
depth?
yA

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Since
the channel is rectangular, the critical depth can be determined. Here
1 min
Q = 310.81103 2 ft3 >min4 a b = 180 ft3 >s.
60 s

Q2 1>3 1180 ft3 >s2 2 1>3

y = a b = c d = 3.0348 ft.
gb2 2
132.2 ft>s 216 ft2 2

Since yA = 2 ft 7 yc, the flow at section A is supercritical. This requires yB 7 yA

Th nd co of y th

and also yB 6 yC to maintain supercritical flow. In this case, yB = 2.25 ft indeed

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

satisfies these two requirements. The specific energies at section A and B can be
or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

determined by
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

Q2 1180 ft3 >s2 2

ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w

EA = + yA = + 2 ft = 5.4938 ft
d
d o it

2
2gb yA2 2132.2 ft>s2 216 ft2 2 12 ft2 2
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

Q2 1180 ft3 >s2 2

d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

EB = + yB = + 2.75 ft = 4.5980 ft
at st ni t p

2gb2yB2 2132.2 ft>s2 216 ft2 2 12.75 ft2 2

es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

From the requirement of the rising flow,

py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

EA = EB + h
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

5.4938 ft = 4.5980 ft + h
h = 0.8958 ft = 0.896 ft Ans.
) b

Ans:
h = 0.896 ft

1058

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1058 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–23. Water flows within the 4-m-wide rectangular A B

channel at 20 m3 >s. Determine the depth yB at the
downstream end, and the velocity of flow at A and B. Take yB
yA
yA = 5 m.
0.2 m

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
Since the channel is rectangular, the specific energy at section A is
Q2
EA = + yA
2gb2yA2
( 20 m3 >s ) 2
= + 5m
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (4 m)2(5 m)2
= 5.0510 m
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

The specific energy at section B is

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

EA = EB + h
is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

5.0510 m = EB + 0.2 m
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

EB = 4.8510 m
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

Then,
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

Q2
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

EB = + yB
co cto . D W mit

2gb2yB2
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

( 20 m3 >s ) 2
la ach at de

4.8510 m = + yB
w
s ing ion We

2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (4 m)2yB2

yB3 - 4.8510yB2 + 1.2742 = 0
Solving by trial and error,
) b

yB = 4.7956 m
yB = 0.5439 m
yB = - 0.4885 m (unrealistic)
Also, the critical depth is
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 20 m3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 1.366 m
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (4 m)2

Since yA = 5 m 7 yc, the flow at section A is subcritical. Since the type of flow must
remain the same throughout the channel, the flow at section B is also subcritical.
This requires yB 7 yc.
yB = 4.7956 m = 4.80 m Ans.
The mean velocity at sections A and B is
Q 20 m3 >s
VA = = = 1 m>s Ans.
AA 4 m(5 m)

Q 20 m3 >s
VB = = = 1.04 m>s Ans. Ans:
AB 4 m(4.7956 m) yB = 4.80 m, VA = 1 m>s,
VB = 1.04 m>s

1059

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1059 16/03/17 4:48 PM

*12–24. Water flows within the 4-m-wide rectangular A B

channel at 20 m3 >s. Determine the depth yB at the
downstream end, and the velocity of flow at A and B. Take yB
yA
yA = 0.5 m.
0.2 m

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
Since the channel is rectangular, the specific energy at section A is
Q2
EA = + yA
2gb2yA2
( 20 m3 >s ) 2
= + 0.5 m
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (4 m)2(0.5 m)2
= 5.5968 m
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

The specific energy at section B is

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

EA = EB + h
is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

5.5968 m = EB + 0.2 m
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

EB = 5.3968 m
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

Then,
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

Q2
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

EB = + yB
2gb2yB2
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

( 20 m3 >s ) 2
ht te min Wi
la ach at de

5.3968 m = + yB
w

2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (4 m)2yB2

s ing ion We

yB3 - 5.3968 myB2 + 1.2742 = 0

Solving by trial and error,
b

yB = 0.5107 m
)

yB = 5.3524 m
yB = - 0.4662 m (unrealistic)
Also, the critical depth is
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 20 m3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 1.366 m
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (4 m)2
Since yA = 0.5 m 6 yc, the flow at section A is supercritical. Since the type of flow
must remain the same throughout the channel, the flow at section B is also super-
critical. This requires yB 7 yc.
yB = 0.5107 m = 0.511 m Ans.
The mean velocity at sections A and B is
Q 20 m3 >s
VA = = = 10 m>s Ans.
AA 4 m(0.5 m)

Q 20 m3 >s Ans:
VB = = = 9.79 m>s Ans.
AB 4 m(0.5107 m) yB = 0.511 m
VA = 10 m>s
VB = 9.79 m>s

1060

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1060 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–25. The rectangular channel is 5 ft wide, and the depth of 4 fts

the water is 6 ft as it flows with a velocity of 4 ft>s. Determine
if the flow is initially subcritical or supercritical. What is the
y15 6 ft
required height h of the properly designed bump so that the y2
flow can change to another type of flow after it passes over h
the bump? What is the new depth y2 for this flow?

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Here, the flow
rate is Q = VA = 14 ft>s2315 ft216 ft24 = 120 ft3 >s.The critical depth of the flow
can be determined by

Q2 1>3 1120 ft3 >s2 2 1>3

yc = a 2
b = c 2 2
d = 2.6153 ft
gb 132.2 ft>s 215 ft2

Since y1 7 yc, the initial flow is subcritical. The minimum specific energy is
3 3
Th nd co of y th

Emin = y = 12.6153 ft2 = 3.9230 ft

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

2 c 2
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

The specific energy can be determined. In general,

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

Q2 1120 ft3 >s2 2

te fo sin or w

E = + y = + y
d
d o it

2gb2y2 2132.2 ft>s2 215 ft2 2y2

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

8.9441
d of t le ng is n

E = + y
St in ar on ot

y2
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

At section (1) where y = y1 = 6 ft,

py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

8.9441
la ach at de

E1 = + 6 ft = 6.2484 ft
w

16 ft2 2
s ing ion We

Then, the required height of the bump is

h = E1 - Emin = 6.2484 ft - 3.9230 ft = 2.3255 ft = 2.33 ft Ans.
b

At section (2), E2 = E1 = 6.2484 ft. Then

)

8.9441
E2 = + y2
y22
8.9441
6.2484 ft = + y2
y22
y23 - 6.2484y22 + 8.9441 = 0
Solving by trial and error,
y2 = 6 ft 7 yc (subcritical)
y2 = 1.3515 ft 6 yc (supercritical)
y2 = - 1.1030 ft (not realistic)
Here, the bump is properly designed. Hence the flow will change to supercritical
after the peak of the bump. Thus
y2 = 1.35 ft Ans.

Ans:
h = 2.33 ft
y2 = 1.35 ft

1061

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1061 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–26. The rectangular channel is 1.5 m wide, and the water 3.5 ms
flows with a velocity of 3.5 m>s. If y1 = 0.9 m, show that
this flow is supercritical. Determine the required height h of y2
y1
the bump so that the flow can change to subcritical flow after h
it passes over the properly designed bump. What is the depth
y2 for this flow?

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Here the flow
rate is Q = VA = 13.5 m>s2311.5 m210.9 m24 = 4.725 m3 >s. The critical depth
can be determined
Q2 1>3 14.725 m3 >s2 2 1>3
yc = a 2
b = c 2 2
d = 1.0038 m
gb 19.81 m>s 211.5 m2
Since y1 6 yc, the flow at section (1) is supercritical. The minimum specific energy is
3 3
Emin = y = 11.0038 m2 = 1.5057 m
2 c
Th nd co of y th

2
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

The specific energy can be determined. In general,

o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o

Q2 14.725 m3 >s2 2 0.5057

ot ole se is f t

E = + y = + y = + y
ec ly s w he

2 2
219.81 m>s2 211.5 m2 2y2 y2
te fo sin or w

2gb y
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

At section (1) where y = y1 = 0.9 m,

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n

0.5057
St in ar on ot

E1 = + 0.9 m = 1.5244 m
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er

10.9 m2 2
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

Then the required height of the bump is

rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de

h = E1 - Emin = 1.5244 m - 1.5057 m = 0.01865 m = 18.7 mm Ans.

w
s ing ion We

At section (2), E2 = E1 = 1.5244 m. Then

0.5057
E2 = + y2
y22
) b

0.5057
1.5244 m = + y2
y22
y23 - 1.5244y22 + 0.5057 = 0
Solving by trial and error,
y2 = 0.9 m 6 yc (supercritical)
y2 = 1.1242 m 7 yc (subcritical)
y2 = - 0.4998 (not realistic)
Here the bump is properly designed. Hence the flow will change to subcritical after
the peak of the bump. Thus,
y2 = 1.12 m Ans.

Ans:
h = 18.7 mm
y2 = 1.12 m

1062

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1062 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–27. The rectangular channel has a width of 3 ft, and the

depth of the water is originally 4 ft. If the flow is 50 ft3 >s,
show that the upstream flow is subcritical, and determine 4 ft y9
y2
the required depth of the water, y′, at the top of the bump
so that the downstream flow can be transformed to
supercritical flow. What is the downstream depth?

SOLUTION
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 50 ft3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 2.0509
gb ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (3 ft)2

Since 4 ft 7 2.0509 ft the flow is tranquil.

At the top of the bump the flow has the critical depth.
yc = 2.05 ft Ans.
In general
Th nd co of y th

Q2 ( 50 ft3 >s ) 2
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

E = + y = + y
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

2gb2y2 2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (3 ft)2y2

o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o

4.313
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

E = + y
te fo sin or w

y2
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

At depth 4 ft, E = 4.270 ft

ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n

Thus,
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er

4.313
k

4.270 ft = + y
co cto . D W mit

y2
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

y3 - 4.270y2 + 4.313 = 0
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

y2 = 4 ft 7 2.0509 ft (tranquil flow)

y2 = 1.18 ft 6 2.0509 ft (rapid flow) Ans.
y2 = - 0.912 ft (unrealistic)
) b

The water surface profiles are

4 ft 2.05 ft 4 ft Tranquil

4 ft 2.05 ft
Rapid

Ans:
y′ = 2.05 ft
y2 = 1.18 ft

1063

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1063 16/03/17 4:48 PM

*12–28. A flow of 60 m3 >s passes under the sluice gate. If 4 ft

y1 = 6 m, determine the depth y2 and the type of flow
downstream. Also, what is the maximum volumetric flow
that can pass through the gate?

SOLUTION
We will consider y1 as constant so that the flow is steady and the water is incompressible.
The critical depth of the flow is
2 2
yc = y = 16 m2 = 4 m
3 1 3
Here, y1 and y2 can be related using
Q2
y1 = + y2
2gb2y22
Th nd co of y th

160 m3 >s2 2
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

6m = + y2
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

219.81 m>s2 214 m2 2y22

o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o

y23 - 6y22 + 11.4679 = 0

ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w

Solving by trial and error,

d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

y2 = 5.6394 m 7 yc (subcritical)
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

y2 = 1.6177 m 6 yc (supercritical)
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

y2 = - 1.2571 m (not realistic)

py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

So the depths and type of flow are

la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

Supercritical: y2 = 1.62 m
Subcritical: y2 = 5.64 m
The maximum volumetric flow rate for this sluice gate is
) b

8
Q max = gb2y13
A 27
8
= 19.81 m>s2 214 m2 2 16 m2 3
A 27
= 100.23 m3 >s = 100 m3 >s Ans.

Ans:
Q max = 100 m3 >s
Supercritical: y2 = 1.62 m
Subcritical: y2 = 5.64 m

1064

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1064 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–29. Determine the volumetric flow of water through

4 ft
the gate if y1 = 6 m, y2 = 2.5 m. What type of flow occurs?

SOLUTION
We will consider y1 as constant so that the flow is steady and the water is
incompressible. Using the relation between y1 and y2,
Q2
y1 = + y2
2gb2y22
Q2
6m = + 2.5 m
219.81 m>s2 214 m2 2 12.5 m2 2
Q = 82.87 m3 >s = 82.9 m3 >s Ans.
Th nd co of y th

The critical depth of the flow downstream from the gate is

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

2 2
o ill d

k ide an art egr

yc = y = 16 m2 = 4 m
is
w

3 1
pr d s as f th y o

3
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w

Since y2 = 2.5 m 6 yc; the flow is supercritical.

d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
Q = 82.9 m3 >s, supercritical

1065

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1065 16/03/17 4:48 PM

12–30. If the depths y0 = 6 ft, where the water is essentially

4 ft
at rest, and y2 = 2 ft, determine the volumetric flow through
the sluice gate and the depth y1 just before the gate.

SOLUTION
We will consider y1 as constant so that the flow is steady and the water is
incompressible. Using the relation between y0 and y2,
Q2
y0 = + y2
2gb2y22
Q2
6 ft = + 2 ft
2132.2 ft>s2 214 ft2 2 12 ft2 2
Q = 128.40 ft3 >s = 128 ft3 >s Ans.
Th nd co of y th

Using this result and the relation between y0 and y,

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

Q2
o ill d

k ide an art egr

y0 = + y
is
w

2gb2y2
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

1128.40 ft3 >s2 2

te fo sin or w
d

6 ft = + y
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

2132.2 ft>s2 214 ft2 2y2

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

y3 - 6y2 + 16 = 0
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p

Solving by trial and error,

es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

y = 2 ft
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

y = 5.4641 ft
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

y = -1.4641 ft (not realistic)

The first root is the flow depth downstream from the gate, and the second root is the
flow depth just before the gate. Thus,
b

y1 = 5.46 ft Ans.

)

Ans:
Q = 128 ft3 >s
y1 = 5.46 ft

1066

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1066 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–31. If the flow is 7200 ft3 >min and y0 = 8 ft, where the 4 ft
water is essentially at rest, determine the depth y2 and the
depth y1 just before the gate.

SOLUTION
We will consider y1 as constant so that the flow as steady and the water as
ft3 1 min
incompressible. Here, Q = a7200 ba b = 120 ft; In general,
min 60 s
Q2
y0 = + y
2gb2y2
1120 ft3 >s2 2
8 ft = + y
2132.2 ft>s2 214 ft2 2y2
Th nd co of y th

y3 - 8y2 + 13.9752 = 0
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

Solving by trial and error,

o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

y = 7.7684 ft
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d

y = 1.4620 ft
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

y = - 1.2305 ft
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

The first root is the flow depth just before the gate, and the second root is the flow
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

depth further downstream from the gate. Thus,

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .

y2 = 1.46 ft Ans.

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w

y1 = 7.77 ft Ans.

s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
y2 = 1.46 ft
y1 = 7.77 ft

1067

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1067 16/03/17 4:49 PM

*12–32. If the depth y0 = 12 ft, where the water is

4 ft
essentially at rest, determine the volumetric flow through
the channel as a function of depth y2. Plot the results of flow
on the vertical axis, versus depth y2 for 0 … y2 … 10 ft . Use
increments of ∆y2 = 2 ft .

SOLUTION
We will consider y1 to be constant so that the flow is steady and the water is
incompressible. Using the relation between y0 and y2,
Q2
y0 = + y2
2gb2y22
Q (ft3ys)
Q2
12 ft = + y2 600
2132.2 ft>s2 214 ft2 2y22
500
Q = 21030.4y22 112 - y2 2
Th nd co of y th

400
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

The maximum flow occurs when

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

2 2 300
is
w

y2 = y = 112 ft2 = 8 ft
pr d s as f th y o

3 0 3
ot ole se is f t

200
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d

The values of Q for 0 … y2 … 10 ft with increment of Ay2 = 2 ft are tabulated

d o it

by r th g s (in ork

100
below and the plot of Q vs y2 is shown in Fig. a.
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

y2 (ft)
d of t le ng is n

0 2 4 6 8 10
St in ar on ot

y2 1ft2 0 2 4 6 8 10
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

Q 1ft3>s2 0 203 363 472 514 (Max.) 454

co cto . D W mit

(a)
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

1068

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1068 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–33. Determine the hydraulic radius for each channel

cross section. 30° 30°
h
l

(a) (b)

30° 30°
SOLUTION
a.) For the rectangular section, l l

A = bh p = 2h + b
b
bh
Rh = Ans.
2h + b (c)
b.) For the triangular section,

1 1 1 23 23 2
A = 3 (2 l sin 30°)(l cos 30°) 4 = £ 2l a b ° l¢ § = l
2 2 2 2 4
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

P = 2l
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

23 2
pr d s as f th y o

l
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

4 23
te fo sin or w

Rh = = l Ans.
d
d o it

2l 8
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

c.) For the trapezoidal section

te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

1
at st ni t p

A = 2c 3 (l sin 30°)(l cos 30°) 4 d + b(l cos 30°)

es ru ng he er
k

2
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

1 23 23 23 2 23 23
l ( l + 2b )
la ach at de

= l2 a b ° ¢ + bl = l + bl =
w

2 2 2 4 2 4
s ing ion We

P = 2l + b

23
l (l + 2b)
b

23l (l + 2b)
)

4
Rh = = Ans.
2l + b 4 (2l + b)

Ans:
bh
a. Rh =
2h + b
23
b. Rh = l
8
23l1l + 2b2
c. Rh =
412l + b2

1069

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1069 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–34. The channel has a triangular cross section.

Determine the critical depth y = yc in terms of u and the
flow Q.

u u

SOLUTION
For a non-rectangular section, the condition for critical flow is
gAc3
= 1 (1)
Q2btop
From the geometry shown in Fig. a,
yc 2yc
btop = 2 a b =
tan u tan u
Then,
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e

yc2
a eir le tro

1 1 2yc
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

Ac = btop yc = a byc =
or v
o ill d

2 2 tan u tan u
k ide an art egr
is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

Substituting these results into Eq. (1),

ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

yc2 3
by r th g s (in ork

ga b
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

tan u
te e

= 1
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

2yc
at st ni t p

2
Q a b
es ru ng he er
k

tan u
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

1
2Q2 tan2 u 5
ht te min Wi

yc = a b Ans.
la ach at de
w

g
s ing ion We

btop
) b

(a)

Ans:
2Q2 tan2 u 1>2
a b
g

1070

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1070 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–35. The drainage canal has a downward slope of 0.003. 12 ft

If its bottom and sides have weed growth, determine the
volumetric flow of water when the depth is 8 ft. Take
n = 0.030.

8 ft

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible.

A = 112 ft218 ft2 = 96 ft2

P = 218 ft2 + 12 ft = 28 ft

For FPS units, k = 1.486 in the Manning equation

kA5>3S 01>2 1.486196 ft2 2 5>3 10.0031>2 2

Q = = .
n P 2>3 10.030 s>ft1>3 2128 ft2 2>3
Th nd co of y th

= 592.20 ft3 >s = 592 ft3 >s Ans.

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
Q = 592 ft3 >s

1071

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1071 16/03/17 4:49 PM

*12–36. The rectangular channel has a finished concrete

surface and has a slope of 0.0015. If it is to discharge
8.75 m3 >s, determine the depth for uniform flow. Is the flow
subcritical or supercritical? Take n = 0.012.
y

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and water as incompressible. The cross sectional
area and the wetted perimeter are
A = (2 m)(y) = (2y) m2 P = 2y + 2 m
For SI units, k = 1. Then, applying the Manning equation using the given flow rate,

kA5>3S 01>2 112y2 5>3 10.00151>2 2

Q = ; 8.75 m3 >s =
n P 2>3 10.012 s>m1>3 212y + 22 2>3
Th nd co of y th

1.2672y5>2 - 2y - 2 = 0
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

Solving numerically,
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

y = 1.81603 m = 1.82 m Ans.

ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

The mean velocity of the flow is

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

Q 8.75 m3 >s
ni s en d d
te e

V = = = 2.4091 m>s
d of t le ng is n

A 211.81603 m2
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

Thus, the Froude number is

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

V 2.4091 m>s
rig in se ld .
i

Fr = = = 0.5708
ht te min Wi
la ach at de

2gy 219.81 m>s2 211.81603 m2

w
s ing ion We

Since Fr 6 1, the flow is subcritical

Ans:
y = 1.82 m, subcritical

1072

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1072 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–37. The channel is made of wood and has a downward

slope of 0.0015. Determine the volumetric flow of water if
y = 2 ft. Take n = 0.012.
y

3 ft

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
1
From Table 12–2, n = 0.012 s>m 3 for a wood surface. Here,
A = (3 ft)(2 ft) = 6 ft2
P = 2(2 ft) + 3 ft = 7 ft
For FPS units,
5 1
1.486 ( 6 ft2 ) 3 ( 0.0015 2 )
5 1
1.486A3S 02
Q = = = 26.0 ft3 >s Ans.
Th nd co of y th

2 1 2
nP 3 ( 0.012 s>m 3 ) (7 ft)3
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
Q = 26.0 ft3 >s

1073

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1073 17/03/17 12:00 PM

12–38. The channel is made of wood and has a downward

slope of 0.0015. Determine the depth of flow y that will
produce the maximum volumetric flow using the least
amount of wood when it is flowing full of water, that is, y
when y = h. What is this volumetric flow? Take n = 0.012.

3 ft

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
b 3 ft
The optimum cross section for a rectangular channel is when y = = = 1.5 ft .
2 2
y = 1.5 ft Ans.
2
A = (3 ft)(1.5 ft) = 4.5 ft
P = 2(1.5 ft) + 3 ft = 6 ft
1
From Table 12–2, n = 0.012 s>m 3 for a wood surface. For FPS units,
Th nd co of y th

5 1
1.486 ( 4.5 ft2 ) 3 ( 0.0015 2 )
5 1
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

1.486A3S 02
w ro es y p int

= 17.8 ft3 >s

th r sa es

Q = = Ans.
or v
o ill d

2 1 2
( 0.012 s>m 3 ) (6 ft)3
k ide an art egr

nP 3
is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
y = 1.5 ft
Q = 17.8 ft3 >s

1074

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1074 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–39. The sewer pipe, made of unfinished concrete, is

required to carry water at 60 ft3 >s when it is half full. If the
downward slope of the pipe is 0.0015, determine the
required internal radius of the pipe. Take n = 0.014.
R

SOLUTION
1
From Table 12–2, n = 0.014 s>ft 3 for an unfinished concrete surface. Here,
p
A = R2 P = pR
2
For FPS units,
5 1
1.486A3S 02
Q = 2
nP 3
5
p 3 1
1.486 a R2 b a0.00152 b
Th nd co of y th

2
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

60 ft3 >s =
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

1 2
( 0.014 s>ft 3 ) (pR)3
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o

R = 2.74 ft Ans.
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
R = 2.74 ft

1075

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1075 16/03/17 4:49 PM

*12–40. A 1.5-m-diameter unfinished-concrete drain pipe is

required to transport 4.25 m3 >s of water at the depth shown.
Determine the required downward slope of the pipe. Take
n = 0.014.

1.125 m
0.75 m

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. From the
geometry shown in Fig. a,
0.375 m
u = cos -1 a b = 60°
0.75 m
Then
p rad 4
a = 360° - 2u = 360° - 2160°2 = 1240°2 a b = p rad
180° 3
The cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter are
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

2
R2 10.75 m2 4 4
w ro es y p int

u u
th r sa es

1a - sin a2 = c p - sin a pb d = 1.4217 m2 0.375 m

or v

A = 0.75 m
o ill d

k ide an art egr

2 2 3 3
is
w

pr d s as f th y o

4
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

P = aR = a pb 10.75 m2 = p m a
0.75 m
te fo sin or w

3
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

For SI units, k = 1. Then Manning equation becomes

ni s en d d
te e

(a)
d of t le ng is n

A5>3S 01>2
St in ar on ot

Q =
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er

nP 2>3
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

11.4217 m2 2 5>3S 01>2

rig in se ld .
i

4.25 m3 >s =
ht te min Wi

10.014 s>m1>3 21p m2 2>3

la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

S0 = 0.0050417 = 0.00504 Ans.

) b

Ans:
S0 = 0.00504

1076

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1076 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–41. Water flows through the 1-m-diameter culvert at a

depth of 0.25 m. If the culvert has an unfinished-concrete
surface and has a slope of 0.002, determine the volumetric
flow. Take n = 0.014.

0.5 m

0.25 m

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. From the
geometry shown in Fig. a,
0.25 m
u = cos -1 a b = 60°
0.5 m
Then
p rad 2
a = 2u = 2160°2 = 1120°2 a b = p rad. 0.5 m
180° 3 u u 0.25 m
a
The cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter are
0.25 m
Th nd co of y th

R2 10.5 m2 2 2 2
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

A = 1a - sin a2 = c p - sin a pb d = 1.1535 m2

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

2 2 3 3
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

2 (a)
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

P = aR = a pb 10.5 m2 = 0.3333 p m
ec ly s w he

3
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

For SI units, k = 1. Then the Manning equation gives

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

kA5>3S 01>2
d of t le ng is n

Q =
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p

nP 2>3
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

110.1535 m2 2 5>3 10.0021>2 2

py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .

=
i

ht te min Wi

0.01410.3333p2 2>3
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

= 0.1364 m3 >s = 0.136 m3 >s Ans.

) b

Ans:
Q = 0.136 m3>s

1077

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1077 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–42. A 3-ft-diameter unfinished-concrete drain pipe is

required to transport 80 ft3 >s of water at a depth of 2.25 ft.
Determine the required downward slope of the pipe. Take
n = 0.014.

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.

From the geometry shown in Fig. a,

0.75 ft
u = cos -1 a b = 60°
1.5 ft
Then,
p rad 4
a = 360° - 2u = 360° - 2(60°) = 240° a b = p rad
180° 3
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

The cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter are

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

(1.5 ft)2 4
is

R2 4
w

pr d s as f th y o

A = (a - sin a) = c p rad - sin p d = 5.6867 ft2

ot ole se is f t

2 2 3 3
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

4
by r th g s (in ork

P = aR = p(1.5 ft) = 2p ft
U e u tud clu an

3
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n

1
St in ar on ot

From Table 12–2, n = 0.014 s>ft3 for an unfinished concrete surface. For FPS units,
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

5 1
1.486A3S 02
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

Q =
rig in se ld .

2
i

nP 3
ht te min Wi
la ach at de

5 1
1.486 ( 5.6867 ft2 ) 3S 02
w
s ing ion We

3
80 ft >s = 1 2
( 0.014 s>ft3 ) (2p ft) 3
S0 = 0.0201 Ans.
) b

0.75 ft
1.5 ft

1.5 ft

(a)

Ans:
S0 = 0.0201

1078

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1078 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–43. The channel is made of unfinished concrete and

has the cross section shown. If the downward slope is 0.0006,
6 ft
determine the flow of water through the channel when y
y = 6 ft. Take n = 0.014.
2 ft

6 ft 8 ft 6 ft

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible.
A = 120 ft214 ft2 + 18 ft212 ft2 = 96 ft2
P = 214 ft + 6 ft + 2 ft2 + 8 ft = 32 ft
For FPS units, k = 1.486. Then the Manning equation becomes.
1.486 A5>3S 01>2
Q =
nP 2>3
1.486196 ft2 2 5>3 10.00061>2 2
Th nd co of y th

=
is is p urs an e

10.014 s>ft1>3 2132 ft2 2>3

a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

= 519.18 ft3 >s = 519 ft3 >s

k ide an art egr

Ans.
is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
Q = 519 ft3 >s

1079

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1079 16/03/17 4:49 PM

*12–44. The channel is made of finished concrete and has the

cross section shown. If the downward slope is 0.0006, determine
6 ft
the flow of water through the channel when y = 5 ft. Take y
n = 0.012.
2 ft

6 ft 8 ft 6 ft

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Here
A = 120 ft213 ft2 + 18 ft212 ft2 = 76 ft2
P = 213 ft + 6 ft + 2 ft2 + 8 ft = 30 ft
For FPS units, k = 1.486. Then the Manning equation becomes
1
1.486A5>3S 02
Q =
nP 2>3
Th nd co of y th

1.486176 ft2 2 5>3 10.00061>2 2

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

=
or v

10.012 s>ft1>3 2130 ft2 2>3

o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

= 428.41 ft3 >s = 428 ft3 >s Ans.

ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
Q = 428 ft3 >s

1080

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1080 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–45. Water flows uniformly through the triangular

channel having a downward slope of 0.0083. If the walls are
made of finished concrete, determine the volumetric flow
when y = 1.5 m. Take n = 0.012. 20° 20°
y

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
1
From Table 12–2, n = 0.012 s>m 3 for a finished concrete surface. Also, with
a = 90° - 20° = 70° and y = 1.5 m for the triangular channel,
y2 (1.5 m)2
A = = = 0.8189 m2
tan a tan 70°
2y 2(1.5 m)
P = = = 3.1925 m
sin a sin 70°
Th nd co of y th

For SI units,
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

5 1
( 0.8189 m2 ) 3 ( 0.0083 2 )
5 1
k ide an art egr

A3S 02
is
w

Q = = = 2.51 m3 >s Ans.

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

2 1 2
nP 3 ( 0.012 s>m3 ) (3.1925 m)3
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
Q = 2.51 m3 >s

1081

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1081 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–46. The channel has a triangular cross section and is

flowing full. Determine the volumetric flow of water if the
sides are made of wood and the downward slope is 0.002.
Take n = 0.012.
3 ft

50° 50°

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
1
From Table 12–2, n = 0.012 ft>m 3 for a wood surface. Also, with a = 50° and
y = 3 ft for a triangular channel,
y2 (3 ft)2
A = = = 7.5519 ft2
tan a tan 50°
2y 2(3 ft)
P = = = 7.8324 ft
sin a sin 50°
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

For FPS units,

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

5 1
1.486 ( 7.5519 ft2 ) 3 ( 0.002 2 )
5 1
is
w

1.486 A3S 02
pr d s as f th y o

Q = = = 40.8 ft3 >s Ans.

ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

2 1 2
nP 3 ( 0.012 ft>m 3 ) (7.8324 ft)3
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
Q = 40.8 ft3 >s

1082

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1082 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–47. The drainage pipe is made of finished concrete and

is sloped downward at 0.002. Determine the volumetric flow
from the pipe if the center depth is y = 1 m. Take n = 0.012.

0.6 m
y

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. From the
geometry shown in Fig. a,
0.4 m
u = cos -1 a b = 0.8411 rad
0.6 m
Then 0.4 m u u
0.6 m
a = 2p - 210.84112 = 4.6010 rad
a
The cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter are 0.6 m
Th nd co of y th

R2 10.6 m2 2
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

A = 1a - sin a2 = 34.6010 - sin14.601024 = 1.0071 m2

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

2 2
or v

(a)
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

P = aR = 14.6010210.6 m2 = 2.7606 m
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

For SI units, k = 1. Then Manning equation becomes

te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

1
U e u tud clu an

A5>3S 02
ni s en d d
te e

Q =
d of t le ng is n

nP 2>3
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er

11.0071 m2 2 5>3 10.0021>2 2

co cto . D W mit

=
py rs is or ted

10.012 s>m1>3 212.7606 m2 2>3

rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de

= 1.9162 m3 >s = 1.92 m3 >s Ans.

w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
Q = 1.92 m3 >s

1083

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1083 16/03/17 4:49 PM

*12–48. The drainage pipe is made of finished concrete

and is sloped downward at 0.002. Determine the volumetric
flow from the pipe if the center depth is y = 0.3 m. Take
n = 0.012.
0.6 m
y

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. From the
geometry shown in Fig. a,

0.3 m
u = cos -1 a b = 60°
0.6 m 0.6 m
Then 0.3 m u u
a
p rad 2
a = 2u = 2160°2 = 1120°2 a b = p rad 0.3 m
180° 3
The cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter are
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

(a)
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

R2 10.6 m2 2 2 2
or v
o ill d

c p - sin a pb d = 0.2211 m2
k ide an art egr

A = 1a - sin a2 =
is
w

2 2 3 3
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

2
te fo sin or w

P = aR = a pb 10.6 m2 = 0.4p m
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

3
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

For SI units, k = 1. Then Manning equation becomes

d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

A5>3S 01>2
co cto . D W mit

Q =
py rs is or ted

nP 2>3
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de

10.2211 m2 2 5>3 10.0021>2 2

w
s ing ion We

=
10.012 s>m1>3 210.4p m2 2>3
= 0.2587 m3 >s = 0.259 m3 >s Ans.
) b

Ans:
Q = 0.259 m3 >s

1084

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1084 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–49. The culvert is at a downward slope S0. Determine

the depth y of water that will produce the maximum
volumetric flow.

u y
SOLUTION
Assume that uniform steady flow occurs in the channel and water is incompressible.
The geometry of the cross section is shown in Fig. a. From this geometry, the area
and wetted perimeter are

1 2 1
A = R (2u) - (2R sin u)(R cos u)
2 2
1
A = R2u - 3 R2 (2 sin u cos u) 4
2
1 2
A = R2u - R sin 2u (1)
2
P = R(2u) = 2Ru (2)

Manning’s equation, in the form of writing

Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

kA5>3S 01>2 A5 1>3 kS 01>2

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

Q = = a b a b
o ill d

k ide an art egr

nP 2>3 P2 n
is
w

pr d s as f th y o

A5
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

Since k, S0 and n are constant, Q will be maximum if 2 is maximum. This requires

te fo sin or w

A5 P
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

d a 2b R
U e u tud clu an

P
ni s en d d

= 0.
te e
d of t le ng is n

du
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er

Here,
k

y
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

A5 dA dP
P 2 1 5A4 2
rig in se ld .

d a 2b - A5(2P)
i

ht te min Wi

P du du
la ach at de

= = 0
w

du 2 P4 (a)
s ing ion We

dA dP
5P 2A4 - 2PA5 = 0
du du
dA dP
PA4 a5P - 2A b = 0
) b

du du

Since PA4 ≠ 0;
dA dP
5P - 2A = 0 (3)
du du
Here
dA 1
= R2 - R2 (cos 2u)(2) = R2 (1 - cos 2u)
du 2
dP
= 2R
du
Substituting these results, Eqs. (1) and (2) into Eq. (3),
1 2
5(2Ru) 3 R2(1 - cos 2u) 4 - 2aR2u - R sin 2ub ( 2R ) = 0
2
2R3(3u - 5u cos 2u + sin 2u) = 0

Since 2R3 ≠ 0, then

3u - 5u cos 2u + sin 2u = 0

Solving numerically,

u = 2.6391 rad = 151.21°

1085

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1085 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–49. Continued

Finally,

y = R - R cos u

= R - R cos 151.21°

= 1.8764 R

= 1.88 R Ans.
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
y = 1.88R

1086

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1086 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–50. The culvert is at a downward slope S0. Determine

the depth y of water that will produce maximum velocity
for the flow.

u y

SOLUTION
Assume that uniform steady flow occurs in the channel and water is incompressible.
The geometry of the flow cross section is shown in Fig. a. From this geometry, the
flow area and wetted perimeter are
1 2 1
A = R (2u) - (2R sin u)(R cos u)
2 2
1 2
= R2u - 3 R (2 sin u cos u) 4 R
2
1 2
= R2u - R sin 2u
Th nd co of y th

2 y
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

P = R(2u) = 2Ru
is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

(a)
ec ly s w he

Referring to the Manning equation,

te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

kRh 2>3S0 1>2

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

V =
te e

n
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p

Since k, S0 and n are constants, then V will be a maximum if Rn is maximum. This

es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

dRn
py rs is or ted

requires = 0. Here,
rig in se ld .
i

du
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w

1 2
s ing ion We

R2u - R sin 2u
A 2 R 1 sin 2u
Rn = = = - R
P 2Ru 2 4 u

Then
) b

dRn 1 u(cos 2u)(2) - sin 2u(1)

= 0 - RJ R = 0
du 4 u2

R
- (2u cos 2u - sin 2u) = 0
4u 2

R
Since ≠ 0,
4u 2
2u cos 2u - sin 2u = 0
2u - tan 2u = 0
Solving by trial and error,
u = 2.2467 rad = 128.73°

Finally,
y = R - R cos u
= R - R cos 128.73°
= 1.6256R
Ans:
= 1.63R Ans.
y = 1.63R

1087

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1087 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–51. The channel is made of unfinished concrete and

has a downward slope of 0.005. Determine the volumetric 5 5
y 3 3
flow if the depth is y = 6 ft. Take n = 0.014.
4 4

5 ft

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible.
3 3
Here, tan a = , sin a = , y = 6 ft, and b = 5 ft. Then
4 5
y 6 ft
A = ya + bb = 16 ft2 c + 5 ft d = 78 ft2
tan a 3>4
2y 216 ft2
P = + b = + 5 ft = 25 ft
sin a 3>5
For FPS units, k = 1.486. Then Manning equation becomes
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

1.486A5>3S 01>2
or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

Q =
is
w

nP 2>3
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

1.486178 ft2 2 5>3 10.0051>2 2

te fo sin or w
d

=
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

10.014 s>ft1>3 2125 ft2 2>3

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

= 1249.99 ft3 >s = 1250 ft3 >s Ans.

d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
Q = 1250 ft3>s

1088

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1088 16/03/17 4:49 PM

*12–52. The channel is made of unfinished concrete.

Determine the critical depth if the volumetric flow is 3
5 5
3
y
1200 ft3 >s. Also, what is the corresponding critical slope? 4 4
Take n = 0.014.

5 ft

SOLUTION
3
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Here, tan a = ,
3 4
sin a = , b = 5 ft and y = yc.
5
yc yc 8
btop = 2a b + b = 2a b + 5 ft = y + 5 (1)
tan a 3>4 3 c
yc yc 4
Ac = yc a + bb = yc a + 5b = yc a yc + 5b (2)
tan a 3>4 3
2yc 2yc 10
Th nd co of y th

Pc = + b = + 5 = y + 5 (3)
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

sin a 3>5 3 c
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

For the critical flow to occur,

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

gAc3
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

= 1
by r th g s (in ork

Q2btop
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n

3
4
St in ar on ot

132.2 ft>s2 2 c yc a yc + 5b d
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er

3
k

= 1
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

8
11200 ft3 >s2 2 a yc + 5b
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

3
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

3
4
c yc a yc + 5b d
3
= 44720.50
8
yc + 5
3
) b

Solving numerically,
yc = 7.0790 ft = 7.08 ft Ans.
Substitute this result into Eqs. (1), (2), and (3),
btop = 23.8773 ft A c = 102.2109 ft2 P c = 28.5966 ft
Then
Ac 102.2109 ft2
1Rh 2 c = = = 3.5742 ft
Pc 28.5966 ft
For FPS units, k = 1.486. The critical slope is

n2gAc 10.014 s>ft1>3 2 2 132.2 ft>s2 21102.2109 ft2 2

Sc = =
1.4862btop 1Rh 2 4>3
c 1.4862 123.8773 ft213.57422 4>3
= 0.002239 = 0.00224 Ans.

Ans:
yc = 7.08 ft
Sc = 0.00224

1089

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1089 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–53. The channel is made of unfinished concrete.

Determine the required slope if the flow is to be 500 ft3 >s
1 1 y
when the depth is y = 6 ft. Take n = 0.014.
1 1

8 ft

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Also, with
a = 45°, y = 6 ft and b = 8 ft.
y 6 ft
A = ya + bb = 16 ft2 c + 8 ft d = 84 ft2
tan a tan 45°
2y 216 ft2
P = + b = + 8 ft = 24.9706 ft
sin a sin 45°
For FPS units, k = 1.486. Then the Manning equation becomes
Th nd co of y th

1.486A5>3S 01>2
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int

Q =
th r sa es

or v

np2>3
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o

1.486184 ft2 2 5>3S 01>2

ot ole se is f t

500 ft3 >s =

ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w

10.014 s>ft1>3 2124.9706 ft2 2>3

d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

S0 = 0.000624 Ans.
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
S0 = 0.000624

1090

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1090 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–54. The channel is made of unfinished concrete. If the

slope is 0.003, determine the volumetric flow when the
1 1 y
depth y = 8 ft. Is the flow subcritical or supercritical? Take
1
n = 0.014. 1

8 ft

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow is steady and the water is incompressible. Also, with
a = 45°, y = 8 ft and b = 8 ft, then
y 8 ft
A = ya + bb = 18 ft2 c + 8 ft d = 128 ft2
tan a tan 45°
2y 218 ft2
P = + b = + 8 ft = 30.6274 ft
sin a sin 45°
For FPS unit, k = 1.486. The Manning equation becomes
Th nd co of y th

1.486A5>3S 01>2 1.4861128 ft2 2 5>3 10.0031>2 2

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

Q = =
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

nP 2>3 10.014 s>ft1>3 2130.6274 ft2 2>3

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o

= 1930.76 ft3 >s = 1931 ft3 >s Ans.

ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w

The average velocity of the flow is

d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

Q 1930.76 ft3 >s

te e
d of t le ng is n

V = = = 15.084 ft>s
St in ar on ot

A 128 ft2
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

Thus, the Froude number is

py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

15.084 ft>s
ht te min Wi

V
la ach at de

Fr = = = 0.9398
w

2132.2 ft>s2 218 ft2

s ing ion We

2gy
Since Fr 6 1, the flow is subcritical.
) b

Ans:
Q = 1931 ft3 >s, subcritical

1091

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1091 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–55. The channel is made of unfinished concrete. If

it is required to transport water at 12 m3 >s, determine the
critical depth y = yc and the critical slope. Take n = 0.014.
60° 60°

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow is steady and the water is incompressible. Here
a = 60°, b = 3 m and y = yc. Then
yc yc 2yc
btop = 2a b + b = 2a b + 3m = + 3 (1)
tan a tan 60° 23
yc yc yc
Ac = yc a + bb = yc a + 3 mb = yc a + 3b (2)
tan a tan 60° 23
2yc 2yc 4yc
Pc = + b = + 3m = + 3 (3)
Th nd co of y th

sin a sin 60° 23

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

For critical flow to occur,

o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

gAc3
ec ly s w he

= 1
te fo sin or w

Q2btop
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

yc 3
d of t le ng is n

19.81 m>s2 2 c yc a + 3b d
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p

23
es ru ng he er
k

= 1
co cto . D W mit

2yc
py rs is or ted

3 2
112 m >s2 a + 3b
rig in se ld .
i

23
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

yc 3
yc3 a + 3b
23
= 14.6789
2yc
+ 3
23
) b

Solving numerically,
yc = 1.0933 m = 1.09 m Ans.
Substitute this result into Eqs. (1), (2), and (3)
btop = 4.2624 m A c = 3.9699 m2 Pc = 5.5248 m
Then

Ac 3.9699 m2
1Rh 2 c = = = 0.7186 m
Pc 5.5248 m
For SI unit system, k = 1. The critical slope is

n2gAc 10.014 s>m1>3 2 2 19.81 m>s2 213.9699 m2 2

Sc = =
btop 1Rh 2 c4>3 14.2624 m210.7186 m2 4>3

= 0.0027825 = 0.00278 Ans.

Ans:
yc = 1.09 m
Sc = 0.00278

1092

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1092 16/03/17 4:49 PM

*12–56. The channel is made of unfinished concrete. If it is

required to transport water at 12 m3 >s, determine its
downward slope when the depth of the water is 2 m. Also,
60° 60°
what is the critical slope for this depth, and what is the
corresponding critical flow? Take n = 0.014.
3m

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow is steady and the water is incompressible. Here, a = 60°,
b = 3 m, and y = 2 m.
y 2m
btop = 2a b + b = 2a b + 3 m = 5.3094 m
tan a tan 60°
y 2m
A = ya + bb = 12 m2 a + 3 mb = 8.3094 m2
tan a tan 60°
2y 212 m2
P = + b = + 3 m = 7.6188 m
sin a sin 60°
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int

For SI units, k = 1. Then the Manning equation becomes

th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o

A5>3S 01>2
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

Q =
te fo sin or w

nP 2>3
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

18.3094 m2 2 5>3S 01>2

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

12 m3 >s =
te e

10.014 s>m1>3 217.6188 m2 2>3

d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

S0 = 0.00036411 = 0.364110-3 2 Ans.

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

For the critical depth yc = 2 m, the corresponding critical flow rate can be
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

determined,
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

gAc3
= 1
Qc2btop
19.81 m>s2 218.3094 m2 2 3
= 1
Qc2 15.3094 m2
) b

Qc = 32.56 m3 >s = 32.6 m3 >s Ans.

Ac
Then, the corresponding critical slope can be determined with 1Rh 2 c = =
Pc
8.3094 m2
= 1.0906 m.
7.6188 m
n2gAc 10.014 s>m1>3 2 2 19.81 m>s2 218.3094 m2 2
Sc = =
btop 1Rh 2 4>3
c 15.3094 m211.0906 m2 4>3

= 0.0026804 m>m = 0.00268 Ans.

Ans:
S0 = 0.364110-3 2
Qc = 32.6 m3 >s
Sc = 0.00268

1093

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1093 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–57. Determine the volumetric flow of water through

the channel if the depth is y = 1.25 m and the downward
slope of the channel is 0.005. The sides of the channel are 2 2 y
finished concrete. Take n = 0.012.
1 1

SOLUTION
Assume that uniform steady flow occurs in the channel, and water is incompressible.
The geometry of the cross section is shown in Fig. a. For this geometry
a 1 1.25 m 2 1.25 m
= ; a = = 0.625 m
1.25 m 2 2 1
Thus, the area and the wetted perimeter are
1 a 2m a
A = 3 2 m + 2 m + 2(0.625 m) 4 (1.25 m) = 3.28125 m2
2
(a)
Th nd co of y th

P = 2 m + 22(1.25 m)2 + (0.625 m)2 = 4.7951 m

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

1
From Table 12–2, n = 0.012 s>m 3 for finished concrete. Applying Manning’s equation,
is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

5 1
A3S 02
te fo sin or w
d

Q =
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

2
nP 3
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

( 3.28125 m2 ) 3 1 0.0052 2
te e

5 1
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

=
at st ni t p

1 2
( 0.012 s>m 3 ) (4.7951 m)3
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

= 15.0 m3 >s Ans.

rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
)b

Ans:
Q = 15.0 m3 >s

1094

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1094 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–58. Determine the normal depth of water in the

channel if the flow is Q = 15 m3 >s. The sides of the channel
are finished concrete, and the downward slope is 0.005. Take 2 2 y
n = 0.012.
1 1

SOLUTION
Assume that the uniform steady flow occurs in the channel and the water is
incompressible. The geometry of the cross section is shown in the Fig. a. For this
geometry 2 y
1
a 1 1
= ; a = y
y 2 2
a 2m a
Thus, the area and the wetted perimeter are
(a)
Th nd co of y th

1 1 1
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

A = c 2 m + 2 m + 2 a yb d y = a y2 + 2yb m2
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

2 2 2
or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

1 2
pr d s as f th y o

y2 + a yb = ( 2 + 15y ) m
ot ole se is f t

P = 2m + 2
ec ly s w he

B 2
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

1
ni s en d d

From Table 12–2, n = 0.012 s>m 3 for finished concrete. Applying Manning’s
te e
d of t le ng is n

equation,
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

5
1
a y2 + 2yb 1 0.0052 2
3
py rs is or ted

1
rig in se ld .

5 1
i

A S0
3 2 2
ht te min Wi

Q = ; 15 m3 >s =
la ach at de

2 1 2
( 0.012 s>m 3 )( 2 + 15y ) 3
w

nP 3
s ing ion We

5
1 3
a y2 + 2yb
2
2
= 2.5456
( 2 + 15y ) 3
) b

Solving by trial and error,

y = 1.249 m = 1.25 m Ans.

Ans:
y = 1.25 m

1095

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1095 16/03/17 4:49 PM

12–59. The channel is made of unfinished concrete and

has a slope of 0.004. Determine the volumetric flow and the 0.75
corresponding critical slope. Specify whether the flow is 2m 0.75
1 1
subcritical or supercritical. Take n = 0.012.

SOLUTION
3
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Here tan a = ,
3 4
sin a = , b = 3 m and y = 2 m. Then
5
y 2m
A = ya + bb = 12 m2 a + 3 mb = 11.3333 m2
tan a 3>4
2y 212 m2
P = + b = + 3 m = 9.6667 m
sin a 3>5
For FPS units, k = 1.486. Then the Manning equation becomes
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

1.486A5>3S 01>2
or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

Q =
is
w

nP 2>3
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

1.486111.3333 m2 2 5>3 10.0042 1>2

te fo sin or w
d

=
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

10.012 s>m1>3 219.6667 m2 2>3

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

= 98.69 m3 >s = 98.7 m3 >s Ans.

d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

When the critical flow occurs, y = yc. Then

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

yc yc
rig in se ld .
i

btop = 2a b + b = 2a b + 3 m = 12.6667yc + 32 m (1)

ht te min Wi

tan a 3>4
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

yc yc
Ac = yc a + bb = yc a + 3 mb = 11.3333yc2 + 3yc 2 m2 (2)
tan a 3>4
2yc 2yc
Pc = + b = + 3 m = 13.3333yc + 32 m (3)
sin a 3>5
) b

For critical flow to occur,

gAc3
= 1
Q2btop
19.81 m>s2 211.3333yc2 + 3yc 2 3
= 1
198.69 m3 >s2 2 12.6667yc + 32
11.3333yc2 + 3yc 2 3
= 992.86
2.6667yc + 3

1096

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1096 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–59. Continued

Solving numerically,
yc = 3.1263 m
Substitute this result into Eqs. (1), (2), and (3)
btop = 11.3369 m A c = 22.4110 m2 Pc = 13.4211 m
Then
Ac 22.4110 m2
1Rh 2 c = = = 1.6698 m
Pc 13.4211 m
The critical slope is
Th nd co of y th

n2gAc 10.012 s>m1>3 2 2 19.81 m>s2 2122.4110 m2 2

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

Sc = =
or v
o ill d

btop 1Rh 2 c4>3 111.3369 m211.66982 4>3

k ide an art egr
is
w

pr d s as f th y o

ot ole se is f t

= 0.0014096 = 0.00141 Ans.

ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

Since S0 = 0.004 7 Sc, the flow is supercritical.

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
Q = 98.7 m3>s,
Sc = 0.00141, supercritical

1097

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1097 16/03/17 4:50 PM

*12–60. The finished concrete channel has a flow of

20 m3 >s. Determine the critical slope. Take n = 0.012. 2 2
yc
1 1

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Here, tan a = 2,
2
sin a = , b = 3 m, and y = yc.
25
yc yc
btop = 2a b + b = 2a b + 3 m = 1yc + 32m (1)
tan a 2
yc yc yc
Ac = yc a + bb = yc a + 3 mb = 1y + 62m2 (2)
tan a 2 2 c
2yc 2yc
Th nd co of y th

Pc = + b = + 3 m = 25yc + 3 (3)
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

sin a 2> 25
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

For the critical flow to occur,

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

gAc3
te fo sin or w

= 1
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

Q2btop
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

yc 3
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

19.81 m>s2 2 c 1yc + 62 d

at st ni t p

2
es ru ng he er
k

= 1
co cto . D W mit

120 m3 >s2 2 1yc + 32

py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

3yc 1yc + 624 3

la ach at de

= 326.20
w
s ing ion We

yc + 3
Solving numerically,
yc = 1.51405 m Ans.
) b

Substitute this result into Eqs. (1), (2), and (3)

btop = 4.51405 m A c = 5.6883 m2 P c = 6.3855 m
Then
Ac 5.6883 m2
1Rh 2 c = = = 0.89082 m
Pc 6.3855 m
For SI units, k = 1. The critical slope is

n2gAc 10.012 s>m1>3 2 2 19.81 m>s2 215.6883 m2 2

Sc = =
k 2btop 1Rh 2 4>3
c 112 214.51405 m210.89082 m2 4>3

= 0.002077 = 0.00208 Ans.

Ans:
Sc = 0.00208

1098

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1098 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–61. The unfinished concrete channel is intended to

have a downward slope of 0.002 and sloping sides at 60°. If
the flow is estimated to be 100 m3 >s, determine the base 4m
60° 60°
dimension b of the channel bottom. Take n = 0.014.

SOLUTION
1
From Table 12–2, n = 0.014 s>m 3 for an unfinished concrete surface. Also, with
a = 60° and y = 4 m, then
y 4m
A = ya + bb = (4 m) a + bb = (9.2376 + 4b) m2
tan a tan 60°
2y 2(4 m)
P = + b = + b = (9.2376 + b) m
sin a sin 60°

For SI units,
Th nd co of y th

(9.2376 + 4b)3 1 0.002 2 2

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

5 1 5 1
A3S 02
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

Q = = = 100 m3 >s
o ill d

k ide an art egr

2 1 2
( 0.014 s>m 3 ) (9.2376 + b)3
is

nP 3
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

5
te fo sin or w

(9.2376 + 4b)3
d
d o it

= 31.305
by r th g s (in ork

2
U e u tud clu an

(9.2376 + b)3
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

Solving by trial and error,

at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

b = 3.08 m Ans.
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
b = 3.08 m

1099

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1099 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–62. Determine the length of the sides a of the channel

in terms of its base b, so that for the flow at full depth it
provides the best hydraulic cross section that uses the
120° 120°
minimum amount of material for a given discharge.
a a

SOLUTION b
The cross-sectional area and wetted perimeter of the trapezoidal channel written in
terms of flow depth y with a = 60° are

y y y2
A = ya + bb = y a + bb = + by
tan a tan 60° 23
2y 2y 4y
P = + b = + b = + b
sin a sin 60° 23
Expressing A in terms of P by eliminating b from the above two equations,

A = Py - 23y2 (1)
1
5 2
A S0
3
Taking Q as fixed, we rewrite Q = 2
nP 3
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

as
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

2
A = kP 5
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w

Where K is constant. Substituting from Eq. (1),

d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

2
Py - 23y2 = kP 5
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

dP
at st ni t p

Taking the derivative of both sides with respect to y and setting = 0 to obtain
es ru ng he er
k

dy
co cto . D W mit

the minimum P,
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .

dP 2 3 dP
i

ht te min Wi

P + y - 223y = kP - 5
la ach at de

dy 5 dy
w
s ing ion We

P - 223y = 0
4y
However, P = + b. Then,
b

23
)

4y
+ b - 223y = 0
23
4y
223y - = b
23

23
y = b
2
But,
y
a =
sin 60°
Then,
23
b
2
a = = b
23
2

a = b Ans.
Ans:
a = b

1100

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1100 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–63. Determine the angle u and the length l of its sides

so that the channel has the best hydraulic trapezoidal cross
section of base b.
u u
l l
b

SOLUTION
The cross-sectional area and wetted perimeter of the trapezoidal channel written in
terms of flow depth y with a = u are

y y y2
A = ya + bb = ya + bb = + by
tan a tan u tan u
2y 2y
P = + b = + b
sin a sin u
Expressing A in terms of P by eliminating b from the above two equations,
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

y2 2y2
or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

A = - + Py
is
w

tan u sin u
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w

Taking Q as fixed, we rewrite

d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

1
ni s en d d

5 2
A3S 0
te e
d of t le ng is n

Q =
St in ar on ot

2
nP 3
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

as
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .

2
i

A = kP 5
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

and so
y2 2y2 2
- + Py = kP 5 (1)
tan u sin u
b

We now minimize P with respect to both u and Y , beginning with u.

)

0P
Taking the partial derivative of both sides with respect to u and setting = 0 to
0u
obtain the minimum P,

y2 2y2cos u 0P 2 3 0P
- 2
+ 2
+ y = kP - 5
sin u sin u 0u 5 0u
y2 2y2 cos u
- + = 0
sin2 u sin2 u
1
cos u =
2
u = 60° Ans.

Substituting this result into Eq. (1),

2
Py - 23y2 = kP 5 (2)

1101

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1101 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–63. Continued

0P
Taking the partial derivative of both sides with respect to y and setting = 0 to
0y
obtain the minimum P,

0P 2 -3 0P
P + y - 223y = kP 5
0y 5 0y
P - 223y = 0
2y 423
However, P = + b = y + b. Then,
sin 60° 3
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

423
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

y + b - 223y = 0
or v
o ill d

3
k ide an art egr
is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

23
ec ly s w he

y = b
te fo sin or w

2
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

However,
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

13
at st ni t p

¢ ≤b
es ru ng he er
k

y 2
co cto . D W mit

l = = = b Ans.
py rs is or ted

sin 60°
rig in se ld .

13
i

ht te min Wi

¢ ≤
la ach at de

2
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
u = 60°, l = b

1102

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1102 16/03/17 4:50 PM

*12–64. Show that the width b = 2h(csc u - cot u) in

order to minimize the wetted perimeter for a given cross-
sectional area and angle u. At what angle u will the wetted h
perimeter be the smallest for a given cross-sectional area u u
and depth h?
b

SOLUTION
Assume that the uniform steady flow occurs in the channel and water is
incompressible. The geometry of the cross section is shown in Fig. a. For this
geometry
l l h
h
= tan u a = h cot u
a
Thus, the area and the wetted perimeter are

1 a b a
A = (b + b + 2h cot u)h = bh + h2 cot u (1)
2 (a)
P = b + 2h csc u (2)
Th nd co of y th

Using Eq. (1) to express b in term of h and A

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

A - h2 cot u
k ide an art egr
is
w

b =
pr d s as f th y o

h
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

Substituting this result into Eq. (2),

te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

A - h2 cot u
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

P = + 2h csc u
te e

h
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p

A
es ru ng he er
k

P = + h(2 csc u - cot u)

co cto . D W mit

h
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

To have minimum P for a given area (A = constant) and angle u (u = constant),

la ach at de
w

dP
s ing ion We

we must set = 0.
dh

dP A
= - 2 + 2 csc u - cot u = 0
dh h
) b

Substituting Eq. (1) into this equation,

bh + h2 cot u
-a b + 2 csc u - cot u = 0
h2
b = 2h(csc u - cot u) (Q .E .D) (3)

To have minimum P, for a given area (A = constant) and depth (h = constant), we

dP
must set = 0
du
dP
= 0 + h 3 2( -csc u cot u) - ( -csc 2u ) 4 = 0
du
h ( csc 2u - 2 csc u cot u ) = 0

1103

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1103 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–64. Continued

Since h ≠ 0. Then

csc 2u - 2 csc u cot u = 0

csc u(csc u - 2 cot u) = 0

Since csc u ≠ 0. Then

csc u - 2 cot u = 0

1 2 cos u
- = 0
sin u sin u
1 - 2 cos u
Th nd co of y th

= 0
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

sin u
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

1 - 2 cos u = 0
k ide an art egr
is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

1
ec ly s w he

cos u =
te fo sin or w
d

2
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

u = 60° Ans.
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p

Substituting this result into Eq. (3),

es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

2 1 2
rig in se ld .

b = 2h(csc 60° - cot 60°) = 2h a - b = h

ht te min Wi

13 13 13
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

The lengths of the sides are

2 2
l = h csc u = h csc 60° = h a b = h
13 13
) b

This shows that the most efficient of all trapozoidal sections would be one with
three equal sides and 120° interior angles. Actually, it is a half hexagon which can be
inscribed in a semicricle, which is the most efficient among all the shapes.

Ans:
u = 60°

1104

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1104 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–65. Show that when the depth of flow y = R, the

semicircular channel provides the best hydraulic cross
section. R
y

SOLUTION
Referring to Fig. a, a = 2u. Then,
R R
R2 R2
A = (a - sin a) = (2u - sin 2u) R
2 2 y
P = aR = (2u)R = 2Ru
(a)
Expressing A in terms of P by eliminating R from the above two equations,

P2 2 sin 2u
A = a - b
8 u u2
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

Then,
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

2
w

A = kP 5
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

P2 2 sin 2u
te fo sin or w

2
d

a - b = kP 5
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

8 u u2
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

2 sin 2u
d of t le ng is n

-8
St in ar on ot

- = 8kP 5
at st ni t p

u 2
es ru ng he er

u
k

co cto . D W mit

dP
py rs is or ted

Taking the derivative of both sides with respect to u and setting = 0 to obtain
rig in se ld .
i

du
ht te min Wi

the minimum P,
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

2 2 cos 2u 2 sin 2u 64 -13 dP

- 2
- 2
+ 3
= - kP 5
u u u 5 du
1
(2 sin 2u - 2u cos 2u - 2u) = 0
u3
) b

2 sin 2u - 2u cos 2u - 2u = 0

Solving by trial and error,

u = 90°

when u = 90°,
y = R (Q.E.D)

1105

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1105 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–66. A rectangular channel is made of unfinished

concrete, and it has a width of 6 ft and an upward slope of
0.008. Determine the type of surface profile for a flow of
200 ft3 >s if the depth of the water at a specific location is
y = 2.5 ft. Sketch this profile. Take n = 0.014.

SOLUTION Type A3 profile

We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. For the
y 5 2.5 ft
rectangular channel, the critical depth can be determined by yC 5 3.2556 ft

Q2 1>3 1200 ft3 >s2 2 1>3 8

yc = a b = c d = 3.2556 ft 1000
2 2 2
gb 132.2 ft>s 216 ft2 Adverse slope
(a)
Since y = 2.5 ft 6 yc, the flow is supercritical. Also, the channel has an adverse
slope. Referring to Table 12–2 with these two conditions, the surface profile is of
type A3. The plot of this profile is shown in Fig. a.
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
A3

1106

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1106 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–67. A rectangular channel is made of unfinished

concrete, and it has a width of 1.5 m and a downward slope
of 0.06. Determine the type of surface profile for a flow of
8.5 m3 >s if the depth of the water at a specific location is
y = 2 m. Sketch this profile. Take n = 0.012.

SOLUTION Type S1 profile

We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. For the yC 5 1.485 m
rectangular channel, the critical depth can be determined.
y52m
Q2 1>3 18.5 m3 >s2 2 1>3
yc = a b = c d = 1.4848 m
gb2 19.81 m>s2 211.5 m2 2 yn 5 0.5835 m 6
100

Since y = 2 m 7 yc, the flow is subcritical. The depth yn of the uniform flow can be
determined using the Manning equation. Here (a)
A = byn = 11.5 m2yn = 1.5yn P = 2yn + 1.5 m
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

For SI units, k = 1.
or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o

A5>3S 01>2
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

Q =
te fo sin or w

nP 2>3
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

11.5yn 2 5>3 10.061>2 2

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

8.5 m3 >s =
te e
d of t le ng is n

10.012 s>m1>3 212yn + 1.52 2>3

St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

yn5>3
co cto . D W mit

= 0.21186
py rs is or ted

12yn + 1.52 2>3

rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de

Solving numerically,
w
s ing ion We

yn = 0.5834 m
The critical slope can now determined with A c = 11.5 m211.4848 m2 = 2.22717 m2,
A c 2.22717 m2
btop = 1.5 m, Pc = 211.4848 m2 + 1.5 m = 4.46956 m and 1Rh2 c = = =
) b

Pc 4.46956 m
0.49830 m

n2gAc 10.0125 s>m1>3 2 2 19.81 m>s2 212.22717 m2 2

Sc = =
btop 1Rh 2 4>3
c 11.5 m210.49830 m2 4>3
= 0.005309

Here, S0 = 0.06 7 Sc and y = 2 m 7 yc 7 yn. Referring to Table 12–2 with these

two conditions, the surface profile is of type S1. The plot of this profile is shown in
Fig. a.

Ans:
S1

1107

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1107 16/03/17 4:50 PM

*12–68. A rectangular channel is made of finished

concrete, and it has a width of 10 ft and a downward slope of
0.0002. Determine the type of surface profile for a flow of
150 ft3 >s and the depth of the water at a specific location is
4 ft. Sketch this profile. Take n = 0.012.

SOLUTION Type M2 profile

We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. For the
rectangular channel, the critical depth can be determined by yn 5 4.736 ft
y 5 4 ft
Q2 1>3 1150 ft3 >s2 2 1>3
yc = a b = c d = 1.9118 ft 2
gb2 132.2ft>s2 2110 ft2 2 yC 5 1.912 ft 10,000
(a)
Since y = 4 ft 7 yc, the flow is subcritical. The depth yn of the uniform flow can be
determined using the Manning equation. Here
Th nd co of y th

A = byn = 110 ft2yn = 10yn p = 2yn + 10 ft.

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

For FPS units, k = 1.486. Then

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w

1.486A5>3S 01>2
d
d o it

Q =
by r th g s (in ork

nP 2>3
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

1.486110yn 2 5>3 10.00021>2 2

d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

150 ft3 >s =

at st ni t p

10.012 s>ft1>3 212yn + 102 2>3

es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

yn5>3
rig in se ld .
i

= 1.8453
ht te min Wi

12yn + 102 2>3

la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

Solving numerically,

yn = 4.7359 ft

The critical slope can now be determined using A c = 110 ft211.9118 ft2 =
) b

Ac
19.1180 ft2, btop = 10 ft, Pc = 211.9118 ft2 + 10 ft = 13.8236 and 1Rh 2 c = =
Pc
2
19.1180 ft
= 1.3830 ft.
13.8236 ft
n2gAc 10.012 s>ft1>3 2 2 132.2 ft>s2 2119.1180 ft2 2
Sc = =
btop 1Rh 2c4>3 110 ft211.3830 ft2 4>3
= 0.005753

Here, S0 = 0.0002 6 Sc and yc 6 y = 4 ft 6 yn. Referring to Table 12–2 with these

two conditions, the surface profile is of type M2. The plot of this profile is shown in
Fig. a.

Ans:
M2

1108

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1108 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–69. A rectangular channel is made of finished concrete,

and it has a width of 1.25 m and a downward slope of
0.01. Determine the surface profile for the flow if it is
0.8 m3 >s and the depth of the water at a specific location is
0.6 m. Sketch this profile. Take n = 0.012.

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady. Type S1
The critical depth is
1>3 1>3
Q2 ( 0.8 m3 >s ) 2
yc = ° ¢ = £ § = 0.3469 m y = 0.6 m
gb2 9.81 m>s2 ( 1.25 m ) 2 1
yn = 0.245 m 100
Since y = 0.6 m 7 yc the flow is subcritical. For normal flow, the cross-sectional yc = 0.347 m
area and wetted perimeter of the rectangular channel are
Steep slope
A = (1.25 m)yn = (1.25yn) m2 (a)
P = ( 2yn + 1.25 ) m
From the Table 12–2, n = 0.012 for a finished concrete surface. For SI units to
Th nd co of y th

determine the normal depth,

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

A5>3S 01>2
is
w

pr d s as f th y o

Q =
ot ole se is f t

nP 2>3
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d

( 1.25yn ) 5>3 ( 0.01 ) 1>2

d o it

by r th g s (in ork

0.8 m3 >s =
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

0.012 ( 2yn + 1.25 ) 2>3

te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

yn5>3
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

= 0.06618
( 2yn + 1.25 ) 2>3
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

Solving by trial and error,

la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

yn = 0.2447 m
Using the result of yc,

Ac = (1.25 m)(0.3469 m) = 0.4337 m2

) b

Pc = 2 ( 0.3469 m ) + 1.25 m = 1.9438 m

Thus,
Ac 0.4337 m2
( Rh ) c = = = 0.2231 m
Pc 1.9438 m

The critical channel slope can be determined using

n2gAc 0.0122 ( 9.81 m>s2 )( 0.4337 m2 )
Sc = = = 0.00362
btop ( Rh ) c4>3 1.25 m ( 0.2231 m ) 4>3
Here, y 7 yc 7 yn and S0 7 Sc (steep slope). Referring to Table 12–2 with these two
conditions, the surface profile is of type S1. The plot of this profile is shown in Fig. a.

Ans:
S1

1109

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1109 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–70. A rectangular channel is made of finished concrete,

and it has a width of 1.25 m and a downward slope of 0.01.
Determine the surface profile for the flow if it is 0.8 m3 >s
and the depth of the water at a specific location is 0.3 m.
Sketch this profile. Take n = 0.012.

SOLUTION yc = 0.347 m
type S2

Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.

The critical depth is 1 yn = 0.245 m
y = 0.3 m 100
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 0.8 m3 >s ) 2 Steep slope
yc = ° ¢ = £ § = 0.3469 m
gb2 9.81 m>s2 ( 1.25 m ) 2 (a)

Since y = 0.3 m 6 yc the flow is supercritical. For normal flow, the cross-sectional
area and wetted perimeter of the rectangular channel are

A = (1.25 m)yn = (1.25yn) m2

Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int

P = ( 2yn + 1.25 ) m
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

From the Table 12–2, n = 0.012, for a finished concrete surface. For SI units to
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w

determine the normal depth,

d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

5 1
ni s en d d

A3S 02
te e
d of t le ng is n

Q =
St in ar on ot

2
nP 3
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

5 1
( 1.25yn ) 3 ( 0.01 ) 2
py rs is or ted

0.8 m3 >s =
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

2
0.012 ( 2yn + 1.25 ) 3
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

5
y n3
2
= 0.06618
( 2yn + 1.25 ) 3
b

Solving by trial and error,

)

yn = 0.2447 m

Using the result of yc,

Ac = (1.25 m)(0.3469 m) = 0.4337 m2

Pc = 2 ( 0.3469 m ) + 1.25 m = 1.9438 m

Thus,
Ac 0.4337 m2
( Rh ) c = = = 0.2231 m
Pc 1.9438 m

The critical channel slope can be determined using

n2gAc 0.0122 ( 9.81 m>s2 )( 0.4337 m2 )

Sc = 4
= 4
= 0.00362
btop ( Rh ) c3 1.25 m ( 0.2231 m ) 3

Here, yc 7 y 7 yn and S0 7 Sc (steep slope). Referring to Table 12–2 with these two
conditions, the surface profile is of type S2. The plot of this profile is shown in Fig. a.
Ans:
S2

1110

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1110 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–71. Water flows at 4 m3 >s along a horizontal channel

made of unfinished concrete. If the channel has a width of
2 m, and the water depth at a control section A is 0.9 m,
approximate the depth at the section where x = 2 m from
the control section. Use increments of ∆y = 0.004 m and
plot the profile for 0.884 m … y … 0.9 m. Take n = 0.014.

yC = 0.892 m
SOLUTION yB = 0.896 m
yD = 0.888 m
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady. A B C y = 0.884 m
D E
The critical depth is 1 E
2 3
1 1
yA = 0.9 m 4
3 3
Q2 ( 4 m3 >s ) 2 x (m)
yc = ° ¢ = £ § = 0.7415 m
gb2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )( 2 m ) 2 0 0.663 1.306 1.930 2.536
(a)
Since yA = 0.9 m 7 yc the flow is subcritical. Also, the channel bed is horizontal.
Referring to Table 12–2 with these two conditions, the surface profile is of type
H2 as shown in Fig. a. Thus, the flow depth decreases as x increases. At the control
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

section A, yA = 0.9 m. Then,

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

4 m3 >s
pr d s as f th y o

Q
ot ole se is f t

VA = = = 2.2222 m>s
ec ly s w he

AA (2 m)(0.9 m)
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

AA (2 m)(0.9 m)
U e u tud clu an

( Rh ) A = = 0.4737 m
ni s en d d

=
te e

PA 2(0.9 m) + 2 m
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

Here, ∆y = 0.004 m is chosen. Then yB = 0.9 m - 0.004 m = 0.896 m. Thus, at

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

section B,
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w

Q 4 m3 >s
s ing ion We

VB = = = 2.2321 m>s
AB (2 m)(0.896 m)
AB (2 m)(0.896 m)
( Rh ) B = = = 0.4726 m
PB 2(0.896 m) + 2 m
) b

Then, the mean values for segment (1) between sections A and B are

VA + VB 2.2222 m>s + 2.2321 m>s

Vm = = = 2.2272 m>s
2 2
( Rh ) A + ( Rh ) B 0.4737 m + 0.4726 m
( Rh ) m = = = 0.4731 m
2 2
n2Vm2 0.0142 ( 2.2272 m>s ) 2
Sm = 4
= 4
= 0.002637
( Rh )m3 ( 0.4731 m ) 3

( yB - yA ) + ( VB2 - VA2 ) >2g - 0.004 m + 3 ( 2.2321 m>s ) 2 - ( 2.2222 m>s ) 2 4 > 3 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) 4
∆x = =
S0 - Sm 0 - 0.002637
= 0.6627 m

1111

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1111 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–71. Continued

Using the same procedure, the computation for the sections that follow are
tabulated below.

Section Segment y(m) V ( m>s ) Vm ( m>s ) Rh(m) (Rh)m(m) Sm ∆x(m) x(m)

A 0.9 2.2222 0.4737 0
1 2.2272 0.4731 0.002637 0.6627
B 0.896 2.2321 0.4726 0.6627
2 2.2371 0.4720 0.002669 0.6434
C 0.892 2.2422 0.4715 1.3061
3 2.2472 0.4709 0.002702 0.6242
D 0.888 2.2523 0.4703 1.9303
Th nd co of y th

4 2.2573 0.4698 0.002735 0.6051

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

E 0.884 2.2624 0.4692 2.5355

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o

Since the section x = 2 m is between sections D and E, its flow depth can be
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

determined by interpolation of the flow depth between these two sections.

te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

0.884 m - 0.888 m
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

y = 0.888 m + a b(2 m - 1.9303 m)

te e

2.5355 m - 1.9303 m
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er

= 0.88745 m = 0.888 m Ans.

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
y = 0.888 m

1112

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1112 16/03/17 4:50 PM

*12–72. Water flows at 300 ft3 >s along a horizontal

rectangular channel made of finished concrete. If the channel
has a width of 10 ft and the water depth at the control section
A is 2 ft, determine the approximate distance x from A to
where the depth becomes 2.5 ft. Use ∆y = 0.1 ft and plot
the surface profile. Take n = 0.012.

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Since the
channel is rectangular, the critical depth can be determined by Eq. 12–7.

Q2 1>3 1300 ft3 >s2 2 1>3

yc = a 2
b = c 2 2
d = 3.0348 ft
gb 132.2 ft>s 2110 ft2

Since yA = 2 ft 6 yc, the flow is supercritical. Also, the channel bed is horizontal.
Referring to Table 12–2 with these two conditions, the surface profile is of type H3
as shown in Fig. a where the flow depth increases with x. At the control station A,
Th nd co of y th

yA = 2 ft . Then
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

Q 300 ft3 >s

is
w

VA = = = 15 ft>s
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

AA 110 ft212 ft2

ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w

AA 110 ft212 ft2

d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

1Rh 2 A = = = 1.4286 ft
U e u tud clu an

PA 212 ft2 + 10 ft
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n

Here, Ay = 0.1 ft is chosen. Then at station B, yB = 2 ft + 0.1 ft = 2.1 ft. Thus

St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

Q 300 ft3 >s

py rs is or ted

VB = = = 14.2857 ft>s
rig in se ld .
i

AB 110 ft212.1 ft2

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

AB 110 ft212.1 ft2

1Rh 2 B = = = 1.4789 ft
PB 212.1 ft2 + 10 ft
Thus the mean values for segment (1) between station A and B are
b

VA + VB
)

Vm = = 14.6429 ft>s
2
1Rh 2 A + 1Rh 2 B 1.4286 ft + 1.4789 ft
1Rh 2 m = = = 1.4537 ft
2 2

n2Vm2 10.012 s>ft1>3 2 2 114.6429 ft>s2 2

Sfm = = = 0.0084905
1.4862 1Rh 2 m4>3 1.4862 11.4537 ft2 4>3

1yB - yA 2 + 1VB2 - VA2 2 >2g 0.1 ft + 3114.2857 ft>s2 2 - 115 ft>s2 2 4 > 32132.2 ft24
∆x = =
S0 - Sfm 0 - 0.0084905
= 26.48 ft

1113

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1113 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–72. Continued

Using the same procedure, the computation for the stations that follow are tabulated
below.

Station Segment y(ft) V(ft , s) Vm(ft , s) Rh(ft) (Rh)m (ft) Sfm ∆x(ft) x(ft)
A 2 15 1.4286 0
1 14.6429 1.4537 0.0084905 26.48
B 2.1 14.2857 1.4789 26.48
2 13.9610 1.5033 0.0073806 24.60
C 2.2 13.6364 1.5278 51.08
Th nd co of y th

3 13.3399 1.5516 0.0064606 22.54

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

D 2.3 13.0435 1.5753 73.62

k ide an art egr
is
w

pr d s as f th y o

4 12.7717 1.5985 0.0056913 20.31

ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w

E 2.4 12.5 1.6216 93.92

d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

5 12.25 1.6441 0.0050429 17.89

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n

F 2.5 12.0 1.6667 111.81

St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

Thus, the location of station having a depth of y = 2.5 ft is

py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

x = 112 ft Ans.

la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

The plot of the surface profile is shown in Fig. a

yD 5 2.30 ft yE 5 2.40 ft
yC 5 2.20 ft F
E
) b

yB 5 2.10 ft D
C
B
A

yA 5 2 ft yF 5 2.50 ft

1 2 3 4 5
x (ft)
0 26.48 51.08 73.62 93.92 111.81
(a)

Ans:
x = 112

1114

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1114 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–73. Water flows at 150 ft3 >s down a rectangular A

channel made of finished concrete. The channel has a width B
of 10 ft and a downward slope of 0.0002, and the water 4 ft
depth is 4 ft at the control section A. Determine the distance
x from A to where the depth becomes 3.5 ft. Use ∆y = 0.1 ft
and plot the surface profile. Take n = 0.012. x

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. For the
rectangular channel, the critical depth can be determined using Eq. 12–7

Q2 1>3 1150 ft3 >s2 2 1>3

yc = a 2
b = c 2 2
d = 1.9118 ft
gb 132.2 ft>s 2110 ft2

Since yA = 5 ft 7 yc, the flow is subcritical. The depth yn of the uniform flow can be
determined using Manning equation. Here,
A = byn = 110 ft2yn = 10yn P = 2yn + 10 ft yB 5 3.90 ft
Th nd co of y th

yC 5 3.80 ft
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

yD 5 3.70 ft
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

For FPS units, k = 1.486. Then

or v

A yE 5 3.60 ft
o ill d

k ide an art egr

B
is

C
w

D E
pr d s as f th y o

F
1.486A5>3S 01>2
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

Q =
te fo sin or w

nP 2>3
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

1.486110yn 2 5>3 10.00021>2 2

ni s en d d

150 ft3 >s = yF 5 3.50 ft

te e
d of t le ng is n

10.012 s>ft1>3 212yn + 102 2>3 yA 5 4 ft

St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

yn5>3
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

= 1.8453
rig in se ld .

12yn + 102 2>3

ht te min Wi

1 2 3 4 5
la ach at de
w

Solving numerically, x (ft)

s ing ion We

0 696 1275 1763 2176 2528

yn = 4.7359 ft (a)
The critical slope can now be determined with A c = 110 ft211.9118 ft2 =
Ac
19.1180 ft2, btop = 10 ft, Pc = 211.9118 ft2 + 10 ft = 13.8236 ft and 1Rh 2 c =
b

=
)

Pc
2
19.1180 ft
= 1.3830 ft
13.8236 ft
n2gAc 10.012 s>ft1>3 2132.2 ft>s2 2119.1180 ft2 2
Sc = =
k 2btop 1Rh 2 c4>3 11.4862 2 110 ft211.3830 ft2 4>3

= 0.002605
Here, SB = 0.0002 6 Sc and yc 6 yA = 4 ft 6 yn. Referring to Table 12–2 with
these two conditions, the surface profile is of type M2 as shown in Fig. a where the
flow depth decreases as x increases. At the control station A, yA = 4 ft. Then

Q 150 ft3 >s

VA = = = 3.75 ft>s
AA 110 ft214 ft2

110 ft214 ft2

1Rh 2 A = = 2.2222 ft
214 ft2 + 10 ft

1115

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1115 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–73. Continued

Here, ∆y = 0.1 ft is chosen. Then at station B, yB = 4 ft - 0.1 ft = 3.90 ft. Thus,

Q 150 ft3 >s

VB = = = 3.8462 ft>s
AB 110 ft213.90 ft2
110 ft213.90 ft2
1Rh 2 B = = 2.1910 ft
213.90 ft2 + 10 ft
Thus the mean values for segment 1 between stations A and B

VA + VB 3.75 ft>s + 3.8462 ft>s

Vm = = = 3.7981 ft>s
2 2
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

1Rh 2 A + 1Rh 2 B 2.2222 ft + 2.1910 ft

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

1Rh 2 m = = = 2.2066 ft
o ill d

k ide an art egr

2 2
is
w

pr d s as f th y o

10.012 s>ft1>3 2 2 13.7981 ft>s2 2

ot ole se is f t

n2Vm2
ec ly s w he

Sfm = = = 0.00032745
te fo sin or w

2
1Rh 2 4>3 1.4862 12.2066 ft2 4>3
d

1.486
d o it

by r th g s (in ork

m
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

1yB - yA 2 + 1VB2 - VA2 2 >2g 0.1 ft + 313.8462 ft>s2 2 - 13.75 ft>s2 2 4 > 32132.2 ft>s2 24
te e
d of t le ng is n

Ax = =
St in ar on ot

S0 - Sfm 0.0002 - 0.00032745

at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

= 695.61 ft
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

Using the same procedure, the computation for the stations that follow are tabulated
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

below.

Station Segment y(ft) V(ft , s) Vm(ft , s) Rh(ft) (Rh)m (ft) Sfm ∆x(ft) x(ft)
A 4 3.75 2.2222 0
) b

1 3.7981 2.2066 0.00032745 695.61

B 3.90 3.8462 2.1910 695.61
2 3.8968 2.1751 0.00035138 579.69
C 3.80 3.9474 2.1591 1275.30
3 4.0007 2.1428 0.00037783 487.79
D 3.70 4.0541 2.1264 1763.09
4 4.1104 2.1097 0.00040718 413.30
E 3.60 4.1667 2.0930 2176.38
5 4.2262 2.0759 0.00043982 351.83
F 3.50 4.2857 2.0588 2528.21

Thus, the location of station having a depth of y = 3.50 is

x = 2528 ft Ans.
The plot of the surface profile is shown in Fig. a

Ans:
x = 2528 ft

1116

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1116 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–74. The unfinished concrete channel has a width of 3 m 6 ms

B
and slopes upward at 0.008. At control section A, the water A
depth is 2 m and the velocity is 6 m>s. Determine the depth y
2m
of the water y at the section 5.5 m downstream from A. Use
∆y = 0.03 m and plot the surface profile. Take n = 0.014.
5.5 m

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Since
the channel is rectangular, the critical depth can be determined. Here
Q = VAAA = 16 m>s2313 m212 m24 = 36 m3 >s.

Q2 1>3 136 m3 >s2 2 1>3

yc = a 2
b = c 2 2
d = 2.4485 m
gb 19.81 m>s 213 m2

Since yA = 2 m 6 yc, the flow is rapid. Also, the channel has an adverse slope.
Referring to Table 12–2 with these two conditions, the surface profile is of type A3
Th nd co of y th

as shown in Fig. a where the flow depth increases with x. At the control station A,
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

yA = 2 m. Then
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o

VA = 6 m>s
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w

AA 13 m212 m2
d
d o it

1Rh 2 A = = = 0.8571 m
by r th g s (in ork

PA 212 m2 + 3 m
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n

Here, Ay = 0.03 m is chosen. Then, at station B, yB = 2 m + 0.03 m = 2.03 m. Thus,

St in ar on ot
at st ni t p

36 m3 >s
es ru ng he er
k

Q
co cto . D W mit

VB = = = 5.9113 m>s
py rs is or ted

AB 13 m212.03 m2
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

AB 13 m212.03 m2
la ach at de
w

1Rh 2 B = = = 0.8626 m
s ing ion We

PB 212.03 m2 + 3 m
The mean values for segment 1 between station A and B are

VA + VB 6 m>s + 5.9113 m>s

Vm = = = 5.9557 m>s
)

2 2
1Rh 2 A + 1Rh 2 B 0.8571 m + 0.8626 m
1Rh 2 m = = = 0.8599 m
2 2
n2Vm2 10.014 s>m1>3 2 2 15.9557 m>s2 2
Sfm = = = 0.0085023
1Rh 2m4>3 10.8599 m2 4>3

1yB - yA 2 + 1VB2 - V 2A 2 >2g 0.03 m + 3159113 m>s2 2 - 16 m>s2 2 4 > 3219.81 m>s2 24
∆x = =
S0 - Sfm - 0.008 - 0.0085023
= 1.4441 m

1117

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1117 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–74. Continued

Station Segment y(ft) V(ft , s) Vm(ft , s) Rh(ft) (Rh)m (ft) Sfm ∆x(ft) x(ft)
A 2 6 0.0571 0
1 5.9557 0.8599 0.0085023 1.4441
B 2.03 5.9113 0.8626 1.4441
2 5.8683 0.8653 0.0081858 1.3281
C 2.06 5.8252 0.8680 2.7723
3 5.7834 0.8706 0.0078860 1.2146
D 2.09 5.7416 0.8733 3.9869
Th nd co of y th

4 5.7010 0.8758 0.0076018 1.1036

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

E 2.12 5.6604 0.8785 5.0904

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

5 5.6209 0.8810 0.0073321 0.9949

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

F 2.15 5.5814 0.8836 6.0854

te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

Since x = 5.5 m is between station E and F, its flow depth can be determined by
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n

interpolation of the flow depth between these two stations.

St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

2.15 m - 2.12 m
co cto . D W mit

y = 2.12 m + a b 15.5 m - 5.0904 m2

py rs is or ted

6.0854 m - 5.0904 m
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

= 2.1323m = 2.13 m Ans.

la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

The plot of the surface profile is shown in Fig. a

yD 5 2.09 m
b

yC 5 2.06 m yE 5 2.12 m
)

yB 5 2.03 m
C D E F
A B

yA 5 2 m

yF 5 2.15 m

1 2 3 4 5
x (ft)
0 1.444 2.772 3.987 5.090 6.085
(a)

Ans:
y = 2.13 m

1118

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1118 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–75. Water flows under the partially opened sluice gate,

A
which is in a rectangular channel. If the water has the depth
shown, determine if a hydraulic jump forms, and if so, find
the depth yc at the downstream end of the jump.
6m C
B
yC
2m

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
Applying the energy equation between points A and B by neglecting the losses and
setting the datum at the channel bed,

pA VA2 pB VB2
+ + zA = + + zB
g 2g g 2g
VB2
0 + 0 + 6m = 0 + + 2m
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )
Th nd co of y th

VB = 8.8589 m>s
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

The Froude number at B is

o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o

VB 8.8589 m>s
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

(Fr)B = = = 2.00
te fo sin or w

2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)
d

2gyB
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

Since (Fr)B 7 1, the flow at section B is supercritical, which means that a hydraulic
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n

jump can occur.

St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

yC 1
py rs is or ted

= c 21 + 8(Fr)B2 - 1 d
rig in se ld .

yB 2
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w

yC 1
s ing ion We

= c 21 + 8(2.00)2 - 1 d
2m 2
yC = 4.74 m Ans.
) b

Ans:
yes, yc = 4.74 m

1119

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1119 16/03/17 4:50 PM

*12–76. The sill at A causes a hydraulic jump to form in

the channel. If the channel width is 1.5 m, determine the 4m
upstream and downstream velocities of the water. What 2.5 m A
amount of energy head is lost in the jump?

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
Here, the flow depths at sections (1) and (2) are y1 = 2.5 m and y2 = 4 m, respectively.

2V12 y2 2 y2
= a b +
gy1 y1 y1

2V12 4m 2 4m
= a b +
( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2.5m) 2.5 m 2.5 m
Th nd co of y th

V1 = 7.1423 m>s = 7.14 m>s Ans.

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

Applying the continuity equation,

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

r V # dA = 0
0f Lcv Lcs
0
ec ly s w he

r dV +
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e

0 - V1A1 + V2A2 = 0
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

( - 7.1423 m>s ) [1.5 m(2.5 m)] + V2[(1.5 m)(4 m)]

rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

V2 = 4.4639 m>s = 4.46 m>s Ans.

The energy loss during the jump can be determined from

( y2 - y1 ) 3 (4 m - 2.5 m)3
) b

hL = =
4y1y2 4(2.5 m)(4 m)

= 0.084375 m = 0.0844 m Ans.

Ans:
V1 = 7.14 m>s
V2 = 4.46 m>s
hL = 0.0844 m

1120

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1120 16/03/17 4:50 PM

12–77. Water flows at 650 ft3 >s over the 12@ft-wide spillway
of the dam. If the depth of the water at the bottom apron is
2 ft, determine the depth y2 of the water after the hydraulic
jump. y2
2 ft

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
The velocity of the flow at section (1) of depth y1 = 2 ft is

Q 650 ft3 >s

V1 = = = 27.083 ft>s
A1 (12 ft)(2 ft)

Then, the Froude number of the flow at section (1) is

V1 27.083 ft>s
( Fr ) 1 = = = 3.3749
2gy1 2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (2 ft)
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

Since ( Fr ) 1 7 1, the flow at section (1) is supercritical, which means that a

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

hydraulic jump can occur.

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

y2 1
ec ly s w he

= c 21 + 8Fr12 - 1 d
te fo sin or w
d

y1 2
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

y2 1
te e

= c 21 + 8 ( 3.3749 ) 2 - 1 d
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

2 ft 2
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

y2 = 8.60 ft Ans.
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
y2 = 8.60 ft

1121

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1121 16/03/17 4:51 PM

12–78. Water runs from a sloping channel with a flow of

8 m3 >s onto a horizontal channel, forming a hydraulic jump.
If the channel is 2 m wide, and the water is 0.25 m deep
0.25 m
before the jump, determine the depth of water after the
jump. What amount of energy head is lost within the jump? y2

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
The velocity of the flow at section (1) of depth y1 = 0.25 m is
Q 8 m3 >s
V1 = = = 16 m>s
A1 (2 m)(0.25 m)
Then, the Froude number of the flow at section (1) is
V1 16 m>s
( Fr ) 1 = = = 10.2168
2gy1 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (0.25 m)
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

Since (Fr)1 7 1, the flow at section (1) is supercritical, which means that a hydraulic
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

jump can occur.

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

y2
ec ly s w he

1
te fo sin or w

= c 21 + 8 Fr12 - 1 d
d
d o it

y1 2
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

y2 1
te e

= c 21 + 8 ( 10.2168 ) 2 - 1 d
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

0.25 m 2
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

y2 = 3.4894 m = 3.49 m Ans.

py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

( y2 - y1 ) 3 ( 3.4894 m - 0.25 m ) 3
la ach at de
w

hL = =
s ing ion We

4y1y2 4(0.25 m)(3.4894 m)

= 9.7416 m = 9.74 m Ans.
) b

Ans:
y2 = 3.49 m
hL = 9.74 m

1122

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1122 16/03/17 4:51 PM

12–79. The hydraulic jump has a depth of 10 ft at the 4 fts

downstream end, and the velocity is 4 ft>s. If the channel is
6 ft wide, determine the depth y1 of the water before the
jump and the head loss within the jump. 10 ft
y1

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. Applying the
continuity equation

rV # dA = 0
0t Lcv Lcs
0
r dV +

0 - V1A1 + V2A2 = 0
- V1 316 ft2y1 4 + 14 ft>s2316 ft2110 ft24 = 0
40
Th nd co of y th

V1 = a b ft>s
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

y1
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

Then
is
w

pr d s as f th y o

2V12
ot ole se is f t

y2 2 y2
ec ly s w he

= a b +
te fo sin or w

gy1 y1 y1
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

40 2
te e

2a b
d of t le ng is n

10 ft 2
St in ar on ot

y1 10 ft
at st ni t p

= a b +
es ru ng he er
k

2 y1 y1
132.2 ft>s 2y1
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .

y12 + 10y1 - 9.9379 = 0

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w

Solving for the positive root,

s ing ion We

y1 = 0.9108 ft = 0.911 ft Ans.

The head loss during the jump is
b

1y2 - y1 2 3 110 ft - 0.9108 ft2 3

)

hL = =
4y1y2 410.9108 ft2110 ft2
= 20.61 ft = 20.6 ft Ans.

Ans:
y1 = 0.911 ft
hL = 20.6 ft

1123

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1123 16/03/17 4:51 PM

*12–80. Water flows at 30 ft3 >s through the 4-ft-wide

rectangular channel. Determine if a hydraulic jump will y2
1 ft
form, and if so, determine the depth of flow y2 after the
jump and the energy head that is lost due to the jump.

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
The velocity of the flow at section (1) of depth y1 = 1 ft is
Q 30 ft3 >s
V1 = = = 7.5 ft>s
A1 (4 ft)(1 ft)
Then, the Froude number of the flow at section (1) is
V1 7.5 ft>s
(Fr)1 = = = 1.3217
2gy1 2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (1 ft)
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

Since (Fr)1 7 1 the flow at section (1) is supercritical, which means that a hydraulic
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

jump can occur.

o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

y2 1
ec ly s w he

= c 21 + 8(Fr)12 - 1 d
te fo sin or w
d

y1 2
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

y2 1
te e

= c 21 + 8 ( 1.3217 ) 2 - 1 d
d of t le ng is n

1 ft 2
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

y2 = 1.4349 ft = 1.43 ft Ans.

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

Using this result, the energy head loss during the jump is
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

(y2 - y1)3 (1.4349 ft - 1 ft)3

hL = =
4y1y2 4(1 ft)(1.4349 ft)
= 0.01433 ft = 0.0143 ft Ans.
) b

Ans:
y2 = 1.43 ft
hL = 0.0143 ft

1124

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1124 16/03/17 4:51 PM

12–81. The hydraulic jump has a depth of 5 m at the 1.25 ms

downstream end, and the velocity is 1.25 m>s. If the channel
is 2 m wide, determine the depth y1 of the water before the
jump and the energy head lost during the jump. 5m
y1

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
Applying the continuity equation,

rV # dA = 0
0t L L
0
r dV +
cv cs

0 - V1A1 + V2A2 = 0

- V1 3 2 m ( y1 ) 4 + ( 1.25 m>s ) 3 (2 m)(5 m) 4 = 0

Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

6.25
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

V1 =
or v
o ill d

y1
k ide an art egr
is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

Thus,
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

2V12
by r th g s (in ork

y2 2 y2
= a b +
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

gy1 y1 y1
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot

6.25 2
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

2a b
co cto . D W mit

y1 5m 2 5m
py rs is or ted

= a b +
rig in se ld .

( 9.81 m>s ) y1
i

2 y1 y1
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w

5y12 + 25y1 - 7.9638 = 0

s ing ion We

Solving for the positive root,

y1 = 0.30049 m = 0.300 m Ans.

) b

Using this result, the energy head loss during the jump is
(y2 - y1)3 (5 m - 0.30049 m)3
hL = =
4y1y2 4(0.30049 m)(5 m)

= 17.27 m = 17.3 m Ans.

Ans:
y1 = 0.300 m
hL = 17.3 m

1125

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1125 16/03/17 4:51 PM

12–82. Water flows down the 10-ft-wide spillway, and at the

bottom it has a depth of 2 ft and attains a speed of 30 ft>s.
y2
Determine if a hydraulic jump will form, and if so, determine 2 ft
the velocity of the flow and its depth after the jump.

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. The Froude
number of the flow at section (1) where y1 = 2 ft is
V1 30 ft>s
1Fr2 1 = = = 3.7383
2gy1 2132.2 ft>s2 212 ft2
Since 1Fr2 1 7 1, the flow at section (1) is supercritical, which means that a hydraulic
jump can occur.
y2 1
= 3 21 + 81Fr2 12 - 14
y1 2
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

y2 1
w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v

= 3 21 + 813.73832 2 - 14
o ill d

k ide an art egr

2 ft 2
is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t

y2 = 9.6208 ft = 9.62 ft Ans.

ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

Applying the continuity equation,

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d

rV # dA = 0
0 t Lcv Lcs
0
te e
d of t le ng is n

r dV +
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit

0 - V1A1 + V2A2 = 0
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi

- 130 ft>s23110 ft212 ft24 + V2 3110 ft219.6208 ft24 = 0

la ach at de
w
s ing ion We

V2 = 6.236 ft>s = 6.24 ft>s Ans.

) b

Ans:
y2 = 9.62 ft
V2 = 6.24 ft>s

1126

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1126 16/03/17 4:51 PM

12–83. The rectangular channel has a width of 3 m and the

depth is 1.5 m. Determine the volumetric flow of water over 3m
the rectangular sharp-crested weir if the depth of the water
over the top of the weir plate is H = 1 m. Take Cd = 0.83.
1.5 m

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.

2 3
Qactual = C 22g bH 2
3 d
2 3
= (0.83) 22 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (3 m)(1 m)2
3
= 7.35 m3 >s Ans.
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
Qactual = 7.35 m3 >s

1127

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1127 16/03/17 4:51 PM

*12–84. The rectangular channel is fitted with a 90° triangular

weir plate. If the upstream depth of the water is 6 ft, and the
bottom of the weir plate is 4.8 ft from the bottom of the
channel, determine the volumetric flow of water passing over 90°
the weir. Take Cd = 0.72.
6 ft

4.8 ft

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. For a
triangular weir, the volumetric flow rate can be determined. Using u = 90°, H =
6 ft - 4.8 ft = 1.2 ft and Cd = 0.72.
8
Qactual = C 22gH 5>2 tan u>2
15 d
8 90°
= 10.722 a 22132.2 ft>s2 211.2 ft2 5>2 tan a b
15 2
Th nd co of y th

= 4.8610 ft3 >s = 4.86 ft3 >s Ans.

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
Qactual = 4.86 ft3 >s

1128

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1128 16/03/17 4:51 PM

12–85. Determine the volumetric flow of water passing

over the broad-crested weir if it is in a channel having a
width of 3 m. Take Cw = 0.87. 1.5 m
0.75 m

SOLUTION
We will consider the flow as steady and the water as incompressible. For
the broad-crested weir, the volumetric flow rate can be determined. Using,
H = 1.5 m - 0.75 m = 0.75 m, b = 3 m and Cw = 0.87.

3>2
2
Qactual = Cwb2ga Hb
3
3>2
2
= 10.87213 m2 1 29.81 m>s2 2 c 10.75 m2 d
3
= 2.890 m3 >s = 2.89 m3 >s Ans.
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
Qactual = 2.89 m3 >s

1129

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1129 16/03/17 4:51 PM

12–86. The flow of water over the broad-crested weir is

15 m3 >s. If the weir and the channel have a width of 3 m, y
determine the depth of water y within the channel. Take 1m
Cw = 0.80.

SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
3
2 2
Qactual = Cwb1g a Hb
3
3
2 2
15 m3 >s = 0.8 (3 m) 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) c ( y - 1) d
3
y = 3.3775 m = 3.38 m Ans.
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es

or v
o ill d

k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b

Ans:
y = 3.38 m

1130

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1130 16/03/17 4:51 PM

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Chapter 12 PDF

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Chapter 12 PDF

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© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., 330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 10013. All rights reserved.

This material is protected under all copyright laws as they

12–1. A canal is 2 m deep and 3 m wide, and the water

c = 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m) = 4.429 m>s

+ b(vw)u = - 1.5 m>s + 4.429 m>s = 2.93 m>s Ans.

k ide an art egr

and the speed of a wave traveling downstream is

+ Q(vw)d = 1.5 m>s + 4.429 m>s = 5.93 m>s Ans.

The Froude number of the flow is

1gy C 4.429 m>s

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1035 16/03/17 4:47 PM

12–2. A large tank contains water having a depth of 3 ft. If

Water is considered to be incompressible.

c = 2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (3 ft) = 9.83 ft>s Ans.

b.) For a = 2 ft>s2, g′ = g - 2 ft>s2 = 30.2 ft>s2. Then,

k ide an art egr

c = 2 ( 30.2 ft>s2 ) (3 ft) = 9.52 ft>s Ans.

c.) For a = 32.2 ft>s2, g′ = g - 32.2 ft>s2 = 0. Then,

c = 20(3 ft) = 0 Ans.

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1036 16/03/17 4:47 PM

12–3. A rectangular channel has a width of 2 m. If the flow

Thus, the Froude number is

k ide an art egr

( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2

At critical flow, Fr = 1. Then,

2gy 29.81 m>s2(0.8605 m)

Vc = 2.91 m>s Ans.

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1037 16/03/17 4:47 PM

*12–4. A rectangular channel has a width of 2 m. If the

Thus, the Froude number is

k ide an art egr

gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2

At critical flow, Fr = 1. Then,

2gy 29.81 m>s2(0.8605 m)

Vc = 2.91 m>s Ans.

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1038 16/03/17 4:47 PM

12–5. Water flows with a velocity of 6 ft>s in a rectangular

Q = VA = ( 6 ft>s ) (5 ft)(2 ft) = 60 ft3 >s

Since the channel is rectangular, the critical depth is

and the specific energy is

2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (5 ft)2y2 y2

For a depth of 2 ft, Eq. (1) gives

E = + 2 ft = 2.5590 ft = 2.56 ft Ans.

Substituting this result into Eq. (1),

Solving by trial and error,

y = 1.37 ft 6 yc (supercritical) Ans.

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1039 16/03/17 4:47 PM

12–6. Water flows in a rectangular channel with a velocity

Substitute this result into Eq. (1),

k ide an art egr

y = 1.01072 m = 1.01 m Ans.

y = 4 m (The given depth)

y = -0.8068 m (not realistic)

In this case, the critical depth can be determined by

gb2 19.81 m>s2 2b2

For y = 4 m 7 yc, the flow is subcritical. 4

For y = 1.01 m 6 yc, the flow is supercritical.

The minimum specific energy can be determined by

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1040 16/03/17 4:47 PM

12–7. Water flows in a rectangular channel with a velocity

For the depth of y = 1.5 m, Eq. (1) gives

k ide an art egr

Substitute this result into Eq. (1)

Solving by trial and error,

y2 = 1.5 m (The given depth)

y = -0.7710 (Not realistic)

Q2 1>3 16b2 2 1>3

For y = 1.5 m 6 yc, the flow is supercritical.

For y = 1.5865 m 7 yc, the flow is subcritical.

Using the continuity equation,

M12_HIBB9290_01_SE_C12_ANS.indd 1041 16/03/17 4:47 PM

*12–8. A rectangular channel having a width of 8 ft is

2132.2 ft>s2 218 ft2 2y2

k ide an art egr

E = + 8 ft = 9.3648 ft = 9.36 ft Ans.

The critical depth for a rectangular channel can be determined by

Vc = 2.91 m>s Ans.

Vc = 2.91 m>s Ans.

y = 1.37 ft 6 yc (supercritical) Ans.

y = 1.01072 m = 1.01 m Ans.

E = + 8 ft = 9.3648 ft = 9.36 ft Ans.

Emin = + 5.5901 ft = 8.3852 ft = 8.39 ft Ans.

Emin = yc = 15.8359 ft2 = 8.7539 ft = 8.75 ft Ans.

y = 3.3992 ft = 3.40 ft 6 yc (supercritical) Ans.

Q = 123.85 ft3 >s = 124 ft3 >s Ans.