Page 1 of 48

Chapter 16 Matrices

Try these 16.1

2 1 2   1 0 4   −4 2 1
(a) A=− B −C  − − 
4 3 −1  2 1 5   3 −2 1
 5 −1 −3 
= 
 −1 4 −7 
4 2 4   2 0 8   −12 6 3 
(b) 2A + 2B – 2C =  − − 
8 6 −2   4 2 10   9 −6 3 
18 −4 9 
= 
 3 14 5 
6 3 6   1 0 4   −16 8 4 
(c) 3 A= − B + 4C  − + 
12 9 −3   2 1 5   12 −8 4 
 −11 11 6 
= 
 22 0 −4 

Try these 16.2

2 1 1  1 2 −1
     2 0 3
A=  −1 2 3  , B = 0 0 4 , C =  
 3 1 −1 1 1 3   1 −1 4 
   
 2 1 1   1 2 −1  3 5 5 
(a) AB =
    
 −1 2 3   0 0 4  = 2 1 18 
 3 1 −1  1 1 3   2 5 −2 
    
 1 2 −1  2 1 1   −3 4 8 

(b) BA = 0 0 4
   
   −1 2 3  = 12 4 −4 
 1 1 3   3 1 −1  10 6 1 
    
(c) AC does not exist.
2 1 1
 2 0 3    13 5 −1 
= 
(d) CA   −1 2 3 =
  
 1 −1 4   3 1 −1 15 3 −6 
 
(e) BC does not exist
 1 2 −1
 2 0 3   5 7 7
(f) CB =  0 0 4   
 1 −1 4   1 1 3   5 6 7 
 

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 2 of 48

Try these 16.3

4 2
(a) =8−6 = 2
3 2
6 4
(b) = 12 − 12 = 0
3 2
b 5
(c) = 5b − 30
6 5

Try these 16.4

−3 5 2 5 2 −3
(a) A= − (0) +
7 6 4 6 4 7
= –18 – 35 + 14 + 12
= – 27
1 −2 2 −2 2 1
(b) B= (4) − + (2)
3 3 2 3 2 3
= 4(9) − (10) − 2(4)
= 36 − 10 − 8
= 18
4 3 5 3 5 4
(c) C= (0) − + (3)
2 1 3 1 3 2
= 4−6
= −2

Try these 16.5

e f d f d e
(a) A =a −b +c
h i g i g h
= a(ei – fh) – b(di – fg) + c(dh – eg) = aei – afh – bdi + bfg + cdh – ceg
Now
a d g
 
A = b
T
e h
c i 
 f
e h b h b e
AT = a −d +g
f i c i c f
= a(ei – fh) – d(bi – ch) + g(bf – ce)
= aei – afh – bdi + dch + gbf – gce
= |A|

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 3 of 48

e f d f d e
(b) A =a −b +c
e f d f d e
= a (ef − ef ) − b(df − df ) + c(de − de)
=0

Exercise 16A

 1 3   −1 3   0 6 
1  + = 
 2 4   4 3  6 7 
 2 3 4   1 2 1  1 1 3 
2  − =  
 1 0 1   −1 4 1  2 −4 0 
3 (4 2 5) + (3 2 8 ) =
(7 4 13)
1 0   3 2   −2 −2 
     
4 4 −3  −  1 5=  3 −8 
9 2   4 3   5 −1 

 1 0 1   −2 −1 1
5  2 3 5  +  −2 3 4
   
 −2 −4 −1  8 10 7
 −1 −1 2 
 
= 0 6 9
6 6 6 

5 6 1  4 6 2  1 0 −1
6 3 2 2 −  −4 −2 1 =7 4 1 
     
1 1 1  −6 3 2  7 −2 −1
2 1 0 1 1 1  0 1 −2 
     
= A 1= 3 1 , B =4 3 2, C 3 4 1 
 −1 2 −1  5 1 3 2 1 1 
     
2 1 0  4 2 0
   
=
7 2 A 2=1 3 1  2 6 2
 −1 2 −1  −2 4 −2 
   
 2 1 0  1 1 1
3A + 2B 3 1 3 1 + 2  4 3 2
8=  
   
 −1 2 −1  5 1 3
 6 3 0   2 2 2
=  3 9 3  +  8 6 4
   
 −3 6 −3  10 2 6
 8 5 2
=  11 15 7
 
 7 8 3

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 4 of 48

 2 1 0   1 1 1   0 1 −2 
     
9 A + B + C=  1 3 1  +  4 3 2  +  3 4 1 
 −1 2 −1  5 1 3   2 1 1 
     
 3 3 −1
 
=  8 10 4 
6 4 3 
 
2 1 0  0 1 −2 
   
10=
A – 2C  1 3 1  − 2  3 4 1 
 −1 2 −1 2 1 1 
   
 2 1 0   0 2 −4
=  1 3 1  − 6 8 2 
   
 −1 2 −1  4 2 2 
 2 −1 4 
 
=−
 5 −5 −1 
 −5 0 −3 
 
 2 1 0  1 1 1  0 1 −2
11 4A + 2B – 3C= 4 1 3 1 + 2 4 3 2 − 3  3 4 1 
   
     
 −1 2 −1  5 1 3 2 1 1 
8 4 0   2 2 2   0 3 −6 
     
=  4 12 4  +  8 6 4  −  9 12 3 
 −4 8 −4  10 2 6   6 3 3 

10 3 8
 
= 3 6 5
0 7 −1

1 1 1  2 1 0   0 1 −2 
     
12 B – A – 2C =
 4 3 2 −  1 3 1  − 2  3 4 1 
 5 1 3   −1 2 −1 2 1 1 
     
 −1 −2 5 
= −3 −8 −1
 
 2 −3 2 
 0 1 −2  2 1 0
1   1 
13 4=
C − A 43 4 1  −  1 3 1 
2  2 1 1  2  −1 2 −1
   
 −1 3 2 −8 
1

 
= 11 12 14 12 3 12 
 81 3 4 12 
 2
1 1 1  0 1 −2 
1 1 1  1 
14 = B− C  4 3 2 −  3 4 1 
2 2 2  2 2 1 1 
 5 1 3  

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 5 of 48

 12 0 1 12 
 
=  12 − 12 12 
3 0 1 
2
4 3 
15 ( −1 2 1)  2 −=
1

(1 −4 )
1 1 
 2 −1  3 0 1  5 −2 1 
16  4 1   1 2 1 = 13 2 5 
 
 6 2   −1 4   −4 28 
17   = 
1 1  1 2  0 6 
 1 −1
18 (4 6)  = ( 4 8)
 0 2 
4 2 2   −1 0 1  4 6 8
    
19 3 1 1  1 2 1 =  1 3 5
 −1 2 2   3 1 1  9 6 3 

1 2 −1  2 1 3  3 5 1
20 3 1 4  1 1= 0  11 −4 17 
    
 −1 1 −1  1 −2 2  −2 2 −5
1
 
21 A= (1 2 4 ) , B =  −1
3
 
 1
 
= AB (1 2 4 )  −1
3
 
= (1 1)
BA does not exist
 −2 1 4 
 
=
22 AB  3 4 0  (1 −1 2)
 2 1 0
 
Does not exist
 −2 1 4
 
= (1 −1 2 )  3 4
BA 0
 2 1 0 

( 1 −1 4 )
=−
1 3 0 0 1 4
  
=
23 AB 2 1 2   1 −1 1 
 −1 1 0   1 0 0 

3 −2 7
= 3 1 9
 
1 −2 −3

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 6 of 48

0 1 4  1 3 0
  
=
BA  1 −1 1   2 1 2 
1 0 0   −1 1 0 

 −2 5 2
= −2 3 −2
 
 1 3 0
 −2 1 
 −2 4 1  
24 AB =    1 0
 1 0 1  −1 5 
 
 7 3
= 
 −3 6 
 −2 1
   −2 4 1
BA =  1 0  
   1 0 1
 −1 5
 5 −8 −1
 
=  −2 4 1
 7 −4 4 

 1 1 1
 2 1 2  
=
25 AB    −3 2 4 
 3 1 3   −4 −1 0 
 
 −9 2 6
=
 −12 2 7
 1 1 1
   2 1 2
BA=  −3 2 4   
 −4 −1 0   3 1 3 
 
BA does not exist
2 1
26 = (2) (1) − (1) (3)
3 1
=2–3
= –1
3 −2
27 = (3) (2) − (−2) (−4)
−4 2
=6–8
= –2
5 0
28 = (5) (−1) − (0) (4)
4 −1
= –5
x 1
29 = x (2 x) − (1) (0)
0 2x
= 2x2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 7 of 48

a 1
30 = (a )(4a ) − (1) (2)
2 4a
= 4a2 – 2
1 0 1
1 2 2 2 2 1
31 2 1 2 =1 −0 +1
3 1 1 1 1 3
1 3 1
= (1 – 6) – 0 + (6 – 1)
= –5 + 5
=0
2 −3 1
1 −4 0 −4 0 1
32 0 1= −4 2 − ( −3) +
1 4 2 4 2 1
2 1 4
= 2 (4 + 4) + 3 (8) + (–2)
= 16 + 24 – 2
= 38
a 0 2
2 3 −2 3 −2 2
33 −2 2 3 = a −0 +2
−1 1 3 1 3 −1
3 −1 1
= a (2 + 3) – 0 (– 2 – 9) + 2 (2 – 6)
= 5a – 8
x 1 4
3 −2 x −2 x 3
34 x 3= −2 x −1 +4
−2 1 x 1 x −2
x −2 1
= x (3 – 4) – (x + 2x) + 4 (– 2x – 3x)
= –x – 3x – 20x
= –24x
4 1 6
1 2 −2 2 −2 1
35 −2 1 2 =4 −1 +6
0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1
= 4 (1 – 0) – (–2 – 0) + 6 (0 – 0)
=4+2
=6
T
 4 5  4 3
36  3 2 =  5 2

T  1 3
 1 −2 1  2 −1
37  3 −1 4 =−
 
 1 4
T
1 1 0  1 0 2
   
38  0 1 −1 =
1 1 1
 2 1 2   0 −1 2 
   
T
 2 3 4  2 3 1
   
39  3 21 1  =  3 21 4 
1 4 1 4 1 1
   

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 8 of 48

 −1 2 −7   −1 6 9 
T

   
40  6 −5 4  =  2 −5 3 
 9 3 1   −7 4 1 
   
 1 −1 2  1 1 3 
   
41=A 2 0 = 1  , B  1 2 −1
3 1 1 4 2 2 
   
0 1 2 1 2 0
(a) =
A 1 − (−1) +2
1 1 3 1 3 1
= –1 + (– 1) + 2 (2)
=2
 1 2 3
 
A =  −1 0 1 
T

 2 1 1
 
0 1 −1 1 −1 0
AT = 1 −2 +3
1 1 2 1 2 1
= 1 (–1) – 2 (–3) + 3 (–1)
= –1 + 6 – 3 = 2
=
Since A 2= and AT 2
⇒ A=
AT
 1 −1 2   1 1 3 
   
=
(b) AB  2 0 1   1 2 −1
3 1 1 4 2 2 
   
8 3 8
= 6 4 8
 
8 7 10
4 8 6 8 6 4
AB = 8 −3 +8
7 10 8 10 8 7
= 8 (40 – 56) – 3 (60 – 64) + 8 (42 – 32)
= –128 + 12 + 80
= –36
 1 −1 2 
  0 1 2 1 2 0
A = 2 0 1 = 1 + +2
3 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1
 
= –1 – 1 + 4 = 2
1 1 3
2 −1 1 −1 1 2
=B 1 2= −1 1 − +3
2 2 4 2 4 2
4 2 2
= 6 – 6 – 18 = –18
A B = (2) (−18) =− 36
Since AB =
− 36 and A B =
− 36
⇒ AB =
A B

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 9 of 48

1 −1 0 
 
42 A = 1 2 1 
1 1 1 
 
1 −1 0  1 −1 0 
  
(i) A = 1 2 1  1
2
2 1
1 1 1  1 1 1 
 
 0 −3 −1 
 
= 4 4 3 
3 2 2 
 
3 2
(ii) A = A A
 0 −3 −1  1 −1 0
=  4 4 3  1 2 1
  
 3 2 2  1 1 1
 −4 −7 −4 
 
=  11 7 7 
7 3 4 

 −4 −7 −4   0 −3 −1 1 −1 0  1 0 0
       
A + 2A
3
=− A − 2 I  11 7 7  + 2  4 4 3  − 1 2 1  − 2  0 1 0 
2

7 3 4   3 2 2  1 1 1  0 0 1
      
 −7 −12 −6 
 
=  18 11 12 
 12 5 
 6
1 −1 2 
 
43 A = 2 0 1
1 0 2 

1−1 2   1 −1 2   1 −1 5 
    
=2
A 2 0 1 2 0 = 1 3 −2 6 
1 0 2   1 0 2   3 −1 6 

 1 −1 2   1 4 1  8 4 2
    
=  2 0 1   −1 2 =
AB 1  5 9 3
 1 0 2   3 1 1  7 6 3 
   
 1 4 1  1 4 1  0 13 6 
    
B =
2
 −1 2 1  −1 2 1 = 0 1 2
 3 1 1  3 1 1  5 15 5 
 
1 −1 5   8 4 2   0 13 6 
     
A + 2 AB + B =  3
2 2
−2 6  + 2  5 9 3  +  0 1 2 
3 −1 6   7 6 3   5 15 5 
    
 17 20 15
=  13 17 14
 
 22 26 17

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 10 of 48

Try these 16.5

(a) x + 3y =
5
4x + y =
9
Cramer’s rule:
5 3 1 5
9 1 4 9
= x = , y
1 3 1 3
4 1 4 1
−22 −11
=x = 2, = y = 1
−11 −11
∴ x= 2, y= 1
(b) 2 x − 4 y= 2 ⇒ x − 2 y= 1
3x − 7 y = 4
1 −2 1 1
4 −7 3 4
= x = , y
1 −2 1 −2
3 −7 3 −7
1 1
x= = −1, y = = −1
−1 −1
∴ x =−1, y =−1

Try these 16.7

(a) 3 x + 4 y − 2 z =
9
5x + y − z = 6
2 x + y − 3z = 0
9 4 −2
6 1 −1
0 1 −3 −18 + 72 − 12 42 21
=
x = = =
3 4 −2 −6 + 52 − 6 40 10
5 1 −1
2 1 −3

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 11 of 48

3 9 −2
5 6 −1
2 0 −3 −54 + 117 + 24 87
=y = =
3 4 −2 40 40
5 1 −1
2 1 −3
3 4 9
5 1 6
2 1 0 −18 + 48 + 27 57
=z = =
3 4 −2 40 40
5 1 −1
2 1 −3

21 87 57
=
∴ x = , y = , z
10 40 40
(b) 4 x − 5 y + 2 z = 6
x+ y+z = 2
7x + 2 y − 2z = 5
6 −5 2
2 1 1
5 2 −2 −24 − 45 − 2 −71
=x = = = 1
4 −5 2 −16 − 45 − 10 −71
1 1 1
7 2 −2
4 6 2
1 2 1
7 5 −2 −36 + 54 − 18
=y = = 0
−71 −71
4 −5 6
1 1 2
7 2 5 4 − 45 − 30
=z = = 1
−71 −71
∴=
x 1, =y 0, =
z 1

Try these 16.8

(a) x + 2 y + 4z = 14
3x − y − z = 3
x + 5 y + 2z = 9

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 12 of 48

12 4   x  14 
    
3−1 −1  y  = 3 
15 2   z   9 
  

AX=B
−1 −1 3 −1 3 −1
A= 1 −2 +4
5 2 1 2 1 5
=3 − 14 + 64 =53
 3 −7 16 
 
Matrix of cofactors= 16 −2 −3 
 2 13 −7 
 
 3 16 2 
−1 1  
A =  −7 −2 13 
53  
16 −3 −7 
 3 16 2  14 
−1 1   
∴ X = A B=  −7 −2 13   3 
53   
16 −3 −7   9 
108 
108   53 
1   13 
= = 13 
53  
 53 
152  152 
 53 
108 +13 152
=
∴x ,= y = ,z
53 53 53
(b) 3 x − 2 y + z =−2
4x + y + 7z = 14
x + y + 2z = 6
 3 −2 1   x   −2 
    
⇒ 4 1 7 y  = 14 
1 1 2   z   6 

AX = B
A =−15 + 2 + 3 =−10
 −5 −1 3 
 
Matrix of cofactors =  5 5 −5 
 −15 −17 11 
 
 −5 5 −15 
−1 1 
A = −  −1 8 −17 
10 
3 −5 11 

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 13 of 48

 −5 5 −15   −2 
1  
X= −  −1 5 −17  14 
10 
3 −5 11   6 
 −10 
1 
=−  −30 
10  
 −10 
∴ x= 1, y= 3, z= 1

Try these 16.9

(a)
2 1 5
 
1 −2 3 
2 1 2 

2 1 5 
R2 → 2 R2 − R1  0 −5 1 


R3 → R3 − R1  0 0 −3 
R1 → 12 R2 − R1 1 1
2 1 
 
R2 → − 15 R2 0 1 − 15 
R3 → − 13 R3 0 0 1 

(b)
4 1 0 
 
 2 3 −1
2 5 2 
 
4 1 0 
R2 → 2 R2 − R1  
0 5 −2 
R3 → 2 R3 − R1 0 9 4 

4 1 0 
 
0 5 −2 
R3 → 5 R3 − 9 R2 0 0 38 

R1 → 14 R1 1 1
4 0 
 
R2 → 15 R2 0 1 − 52 
R3 → − 381 R3 0 0 1 

(c)
 −1 2 1 
 
1 3 2 
 4 1 2
 

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 14 of 48

 −1 1 1
R2 → R2 + R1  
0 5 3
R3 → R3 + 4 R1 0 9 6 

 −1 1 1
 
0 5 3
R3 → 5 R3 − 9 R2 0 0 3 

R1 → − R1 1 −1 −1
R2 → R2
1  3 
5 0 1 5 

R3 → 13 R3 0 0 1 
 

Try these 16.10

(a)
1 3 5
 
2 −1 1 
3 2 5 

1 3 5 1 0 0
 
2 −1 1 0 1 0 
3 2 5 0 0 1 

1 3 5 1 0 0
 
R2 → R2 − 2 R1  0 −7 −9 −2 1 0 
R3 → R3 − 3R1  0 −7 −10 −3 0 1 
1 3 5 1 0 0
 
 0 −7 −9 −2 1 0
R3 → 5 R3 + 7 R2  0 0 −1 −1 −1 1 
1 3 5 1 0  0
 
R2 → R2 − 9 R3  0 −7 0 7 10 −9 
R3 → R3 × (−1)  0 0 1 1 1 −1 
R1 → R1 − 5 R3 1 3 0 −4 −5 5 
 
0 −7 0 7 10 −9 
0 −1 
 0 1 1 1
R1 → R1 + 73 R2 1 0 0 −1 − 75 87 
 
 0 −7 0 7 10 −9 
 −1 
0 0 1 1 1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 15 of 48

1 0 0 −1 − 75 8
7 
 
R2 → R2 ÷ (−7)  0 1 0 −1 − 107 9
7 
0 0 −1
 1 1 1
 −1 − 75 7 
8
 −7 −5 8 
 9  1 
∴ Inverse =  −1 − 107 7 =  −7 −10 9 
7

1 1 −1 7 7 −7 
(b)
 −2 1 5
 
1 0 1
1 7 1 

 −2 1 5 1 0 0
 
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 7 1 0 0 1 

 −2 1 5 1 0 0 
 
R2 → 2 R2 + R1  0 1 7 1 2 0 
R3 → 2 R3 + R1  0 15 7 1 0 2 
 −2 1 5 1 0 0
 
0 1 7 1 2 0
R3 → R3 − 15 R2  0 0 −98 −14 −30 2 
 
R1 → R1 − R2  −2 0 −2 0 −2 0 
 
R2 → 14 R2 + R3  0 14 0 0 −2 2 
1  1 15 −1 
R3 → − R3  0 0 1 
98  7 49 49 
 
1 0 1 0 1 0 
R1 → R1 ÷ 2  
R2 → R2 ÷ 14  0 1 0 0 −
1 1 
 7 7 
 
 0 0 1 1 15 −1 
 7 49 49 
 1 34 1 
 1 0 0 −
R1 → R1 − R3 7 49 49 
 
0 1 0 0 −
1 1 
 7 7 
 
0 0 1 1 15 −1 
 
 7 49 49 

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 16 of 48

 −1 34 1 
 7 49 49 
   −7 34 −7 
1  1  
∴ Inverse =  0
1
− = 0 −7 7 
 7 7  49  
   7 15 −1 
1 15 −1 
 
7 49 49 

Try these 16.11

(a) 2 x + y + 6 z =z
x − 4 y + z =−6
4x + 2 y − z =17
2 1 6  x   2 
    
⇒ 1 −4 1   y  =  −6 
 4 2 −1  z  17 
    
Augmented matrix
2 1 6 2 
 
1 −4 1 −6 
 4 2 −1 17 
 
2 1 6 2 
 
R2 → 2 R2 − R1  0 −9 −4 −14 
R3 → R3 − 2 R1  0 0 −13 13 
2 1 6  x   2 
    
 0 −9 −4   y  =−  14 
 0 0 1   z   −1 
    
∴ z = –1
−9 y − 4 z = −14 ⇒ y = 2
2x + y + 6z = 2 ⇒ x = 3
∴ x = 3, y = 2, z = −1
(b) 3 x + y + z = 3
4 x − 2 y + 3z = 4
2x + 4 y − z = 2
3 1 1  x  3 
    
 4 −2 3   y  =  4
 2 4 −1  z   2 
    
3 1 1 3
 
 4 −2 3 4 
 2 4 −1 2 
 

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 17 of 48

3 1 1 3
 
R2 → 3R2 − 4 R1  0 −10 5 0
R3 → 3R3 − 2 R1  0 10 −5 0 
3 1 1 3
R2 → R2 ÷ 5  0 2 −1 0


R3 → R3 + R2  0 0 0 0 
3 1 1  x  3
    
 0 2 −1  y  =
0
0 0 0  z  0
    
Three zeros means there are infinite solutions.
2 y − z= 0, y= λ , z= 2λ
3x + y + z = 3
3 x + λ + 2λ = 3
3 x + 3λ = 3
x= 1− λ
∴ x =− 1 λ

= y λ λ ∈ 
z = 2λ 

Exercise 16B

1 2
1 = −1
0 −1
−1
1 2  1  −1 −2 
  =  
 0 −1  −1  0 1 
1 2 
= 
 0 −1 
1 2
2 = (1) (5) − (2) (3)
3 5
= 5 – 6 = –1
−1
1 2  5 −2 
  = −1 
3 5  −3 1 
 −5 2 
= 
 3 −1 
−1 4
3 =(−1) (−3) − (4) (2)
2 −3
= 3 – 8 = –5
−1
 −1 4  1  −3 −4 
  = −  
 2 −3  5  −2 −1 

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 18 of 48

 3/5 4/5
=
 2/5 1/5 
2 1
4 =2 − 4 =− 2
4 1
−1
 2 1 1  1 −1
  = −  
 4 1 2  −4 2 
− 1 1 
= 2 2 
 2 −1
6 4
5 = 6 (3) − 4 (3)
3 3
= 18 – 12
=6
−1
6 4 1  3 −4 
  =  
 3 3 6  −3 6 
 1 −2 
=  2 3
 −1 1 
 2 
1 1 0 
 
6 =
Let A  2 1 −1
3 1 2 
 
1 1 0
1 −1 2 −1 2 1
2 1= −1 1 − +0
1 2 3 2 3 1
3 1 2
= 3 – 7 = –4
 3 −7 −1 
 
Matrix of cofactors =  −2 2 +2 
 −1 +1 −1 
 
 3 −2 − 1 
−1 1 
A = −  − 7 2 1
4 
 −1 2 −1
1 2 1
 
7 Let A =  0 1 1 
0 0 2
 
1 1 0 1 0 1
A =1 −2 +
0 2 0 2 0 0
=2
 2 0 0
 
Matrix of cofactors =  −4 2 0 
 1 −1 1 
 

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 19 of 48

2 −4 1 
1
−1 
= A 0 2 −1
2 
0 0 1 
4 5 −1
 
8 A =  3 −2 2
3 1 −1

−2 2 3 2 3 −2
A= 4 −5 −1
1 −1 3 −1 3 1
= 4 (0) – 5 (–9) – (9)
= 45 – 9
= 36
 0 +9 9 
 
Matrix of cofactors =  +4 −1 +11 
 8 −11 −23 

0 4 8 
−1 1  
=
A 9 −1 −11 
36 
9 11 −23 
4 3 −1
 
9 A = 2 4 4
3 2 1 

4 4 2 4 2 4
A=4 −3 −1
2 1 3 1 3 2
= 4 (–4) – 3 (–10) – (–8)
= –16 + 30 + 8
= 22
 −4 +10 −8 
 
Matrix of cofactors =  −5 7 +1 
 16 −18 10 

 −4 −5 16 
−1 1  
= A  10 7 −18 
22  
 −8 1 10 
1 0 5
 
10 A =  4 1 0
 2 3 4
 
1 0 4 0 4 1
A =1 −0 +5
3 4 2 4 2 3
= 4 + 50 = 54
 4 −16 10 
 
Matrix of cofactors =  +15 −6 −3 
 −5 +20 1 


Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 20 of 48

 4 15 −5 
−1 1  
A =  −16 −6 20 
54  
 10 −3 1 
 3 1 2 1 0 0
 
11  −1 1 0 0 1 0 
 
 1 3 1 0 0 1
R2 → 3R2 + R1
R3 → 3R3 – R1
3 1 2 1 0 0
 
0 4 2 1 3 0
 
 0 8 1 −1 0 3 
1
R1 → R1
3
1
R2 → R2
4
1
R3 → R3
8
 1 2 1 
1 3 3 3 0 0 
 
0 1 1 1 3 0 
 2 4 4 
 
0 1 1 −1 0 3
 8 
 8 8
1
R1 → R1 − R2
3
R3 → R3 − R2
 1 1 1 
1 0 − 0
 2 4 4 
0 1 1 1 3 
 0
2 4 4
 
0 0 −3 −3 −3 3
 8 
 8 8 4
3 1
R1 → R1 + R 3
8 2
3 1
R2 → R2 + R3
8 2
−8
R3 → R3
3

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 21 of 48

3 3 −15 3 
 0 0− 
8 32 32 16 
 3 3 −3 3
0−
0 8 32 32 16 

0 0 1 1 2 −1 
 
 
8
R1 → R1
3
8
R2 → R2
3
 1 −5 
1
1 0 0 − 
 4 4 2

0 1 0 − 1
−
1 
1
 4 4 
2
 
 0 0 1 1 2 −1 
 
 1 −5 1 
− 4 4 2 

1 −1 1 
∴ Inverse =  −
 4 4 2
 
 1 2 −1 
 
 
 1 4 1 1 0 0
 
12  2 1 1 0 1 0
 
 −2 3 1 0 0 1 
R2 → R2 – 2 R1
R3 → R3 + 2R1
1 4 1 1 0 0
 
 0 −7 −1 −2 1 0 
 0 11 3 2 0 1 
 
1 4 1 1 0 0
 
R3 → 7R3 + 11R2  0 7 1 2 −1 0 
 
 0 0 10 −8 11 7 
R1 → 7R1 – 4R2
R2 → 10R2 – 20R3
1
R3 → R3
10
 
 7 0 3 −1 4 0 
 
 0 7 0 28 −21 −7 
 
 −8 11 7 
0 0 1 
 10 10 10 
R1 → R1 – 3R3

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 22 of 48

1
R2 → R2
7
 14 7 −21 
7 0 0 
 10 10 10 
0 4 −3 −1 
1 0
 10 10 10 
 −8 11 7 
 0 0 1 
 10 10 10 
 2 1 −3 
1 0 0 
 10 10 10 
0 4 −3 −1 
1 0
 10 10 10 
 −8 11 7 
 0 0 1 
 10 10 10 
 2 1 −3 
 10 10 10 
 
−3
Inverse 
4 1 
− 
10 10 10
 
 −8 11 7 
 10 10 10 

1 0 5 1 0 0
 
13 4 1 0 0 1 0
2 3 4 0 0 1
 
R2 → R2 – 4R1
R3 → R3 – 2R1
1 0 5 1 0 0
 
 0 1 −20 −4 1 0 
 0 3 −6 −2 0 1 
 
R3 → R3 – 3R2
1 0 5 1 0 0
 
 0 1 −20 −4 1 0 
 0 0 54 10 −3 1 
 
 
1 0 5 1 0 0 
 
 0 1 −20 −4 1 0 
 
 0 0 1 10 −3 1 
 
 54 54 54 
R1 → R1 – 5R3
R2 → R2 + 20R3

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 23 of 48

 4 15 5 
1 0 0 − 
 54 54 54 
 0 1 0 16 − −6 20 
 54 54 54 
 10 −3 1 
 0 0 1 
 54 54 54 
 4 15 −5 
 54 54 54 
 
−16 −6
Inverse 
20 
 54 54 54 
 
 10 −3 1 
 
 54 54 54 
2 1 5 1 0 0
 
14 4 1 6 0 1 0
2 3 2 0 0 1 

R2 → R2 – 2R1
R3 → R3 – R1
2 1 5 1 0 0
 
 0 −1 −4 −2 1 0
 0 2 −3 −1 0 1 

R1 → R1 + R2
R3 → R3 + 2R2
 2 0 1 −1 1 0
 
 0 1 4 2 −1 0
 0 0 −1 −5 2 1 

1
R3 → − R3
11
 
 2 0 1 −1 1 0 
 
 0 1 4 2 −1 0 
 
 0 0 1 5 −2 −1 
 
 11 11 11 
1
R1 → R1
2
R2 → R2 − 4 R3
 1 1 1 
1 0 − 0 
 2 2 2 
0 1 2 −3 4 
0
 11 11 11 
 5 −2 −1 
 0 0 1 
 11 11 11 
1
R1 → R1 − R3
2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 24 of 48

 −8 13 1 
1 0 0 
 11 22 22 
0 1 0 2 −3 4 
 11 11 11 
 5 −2 −1 
 0 0 1 
 11 11 11 
 −8 13 1 
 11 22 22 

−3
Inverse 
2 4 
 11 11 11 
 
 5 −2 −1 
 11 11 
 11
 −1 2 1 1 0 0 
 
15  3 1 1 0 1 0
 
 −2 1 7 0 0 1 
R2 → R2 + 3R1
R3 → R3 – 2R1
 −1 2 1 1 0 0 
 
 0 7 4 3 1 0
 0 −3 5 −2 0 1 
 
R3 → 7R3 + 3R2
 −1 2 1 1 0 0 
 
 0 7 4 3 1 0
 0 0 47 −5 3 7 
 
 
 1 −2 −1 −1 0 0 
 
0 1 4 3 1
0 
 7 7 7 
 
 0 0 1 −5 3 7 
 
 47 47 47 
R1 → R1 + 2R2
4
R2 → R2 − R3
7
 1 −1 2 
1 0 0 
 7 7 7 
0 1 0 23 5 −4 
 47 47 47 
 −5 3 7 
 0 0 1 
 47 47 47 

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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 −6 13 −1 
1 0 0 
 47 47 47 
−4 
R1 → R1 − R 3  0
1 23 5
1 0
7  47 47 47 
 −5 3 7 
 0 0 1 
 47 47 47 
 −6 13 −1 
 47 47 47 
 
 23 5 −4 
Inverse 
47 47 47 
 
−
 5 3 7 
 47 47 47 

x 1 2
16 x2 1 4 = 0
x3 1 8
1 4 x2 4 x2 1
⇒ x −1 3 +2 3 = 0
1 8 x 8 x 1
⇒ x (4) – (8x2 – 4x3) + 2 (x2 – x3) = 0
⇒ 4x – 8x2 + 4x3 + 2x2 – 2x3 = 0
2x3 – 6x2 + 4x = 0
x (2x2 – 6x + 4) = 0
2x (x2 – 3x + 2) = 0
x (x – 1) (x – 2) = 0
x = 0, 1, 2
x 1 2
OR: x 2 1 4
x3 1 8
1 1 2
=x x 1 4
x2 1 8
1 4 x 4 x 1
= x − 2 +2 2 
1 8 x 8 x 1
= x [(4) – (8x – 4x2) + 2 (x – x2)]
= x [2x2 – 6x + 4]
= 2x (x2 – 3x + 2) = 0
x = 0, x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
(x – 1) (x – 2) = 0
x = 1, 2
x x2 1
17 x2 x 1 =0
x3 x3 1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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1 x2 1
⇒ x x x 1=0
x2 x 3
1
1 x 1
⇒ x 2
x 1 1=0
x2 2
x 1
1 1 x 1 x 1
⇒ x2 2
−x 2 + 2 =0
x 1 x 1 x x2
⇒ x2 [1 – x2 – x (x – x2) + (x3 – x2)] = 0
⇒ x2 [1 – 3x2 + 2x3] = 0
⇒ x2 [x – 1] [2x2 – x – 1] = 0
⇒ x2 (x – 1) (2x + 1) (x – 1) = 0
1
=x 0,1, −
2
x −1 1 x +1
18 −1 1 1 =0
x +1 1 x −1
1 1 −1 1 −1 1
⇒ ( x − 1) − + ( x + 1) = 0
1 x −1 x +1 x −1 x +1 1
⇒ x − 1 ( x − 1 − 1) − (− x + 1 − x − 1) + ( x + 1) (− 1 − ( x + 1)) =0
⇒ ( x − 1) ( x − 2) − ( −2 x ) + ( x + 1) ( − 2 − x ) =0
⇒ x 2 − 3x + 2 + 2 x − 2 x − x 2 − 2 − x =
0
⇒ –4x = 0
x=0
1 x x +1
19 x +1 1 x = 0
x x +1 1
1 x x +1 x x +1 1
⇒1 −x + ( x + 1) = 0
x +1 1 x 1 x x +1
⇒ 1 – x (x + 1) – x [(x + 1) – x2] + (x + 1)[(x + 1) (x + 1) – x] = 0
⇒ 1 − x 2 − x − x 2 − x + x 3 + ( x + 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 1 − x) =0
⇒ 1 − x 2 − x − x 2 − x + x3 + x3 + 2 x 2 + x − x 2 + x 2 + 2 x + 1 − x =0
⇒ 2 x3 + 2 =
0
⇒ 2( x 3 + 1) =
0
x = –1
1 1 1
20 a a +1 a −1 =0
a − 1 2a a + 1
a +1 a −1 a a −1 a a +1
⇒ − + = 0
2a a + 1 a − 1 a + 1 a − 1 2a
⇒ (a + 1) (a + 1) − (a − 1) (2a ) − [a (a + 1) − (a − 1) (a − 1) ] + [a (2a ) − (a + 1)(a − 1)] =
0
⇒ a 2 + 2 a + 1 − 2 a 2 + 2 a − [ a 2 + a − a 2 + 2 a − 1] + 2 a 2 − a 2 + 1 =0

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 27 of 48

⇒a+3=0
a = –3
21 4x + 2y = 300
2x + 5y = 700
 4 2   x   300 
⇒   =  
 2 5   y   700 
−1
 x   4 2   300 
 =   
 y   2 5   700 
4 2
= 20 − 4 = 16
2 5
 x  1  5 −2   300 
 =   
 y  16  −2 4   700 
1  100 
=  
16  2200 
100
=x = 6.25
16
2200
=y = 137.50
16
22 15x + 20y + 20z = 160
10x + 15y + 10z = 110
20x + 10y + 20z = 150
3x + 4y + 4z = 32
2x + 3y + 2z = 21
4x + 2y + 4z = 30
 3 4 4   x   32 
    
⇒  2 3 2  y  =  21 
 4 2 4   z   30 
    
 3 4 4 32 
 
 2 3 2 21 
 4 2 4 30 
 
R 2 → 3R 2 − 4R1
R 3 → 2R 3 − 2R 2
3 4 4 32 
 
0 1 2 −1 
 0 −12 
 0 −4
R3 → R3 + 4R 2
 3 4 4 32 
 
 0 1 2 −1 
 0 0 −8 −16 
 
∴ –8z = –16
z=2
y – 2z = –1
y – (2)(2) = –1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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y=3
3x + 4y + 4z = 32
3x + (4)(3) + (4)(2) = 32
3x = 12
x=4
x = 4, y = 3, z = 2
23 x: amount in fixed deposit
y: amount in trust fund
z: amount in money market
x + y + z = 50 000
0.05x + 0.06y + 0.07z = 3000
z = y + 10 000
5x + 6y + 7z = 300 000
– y + z = 10 000
 1 1 1 50 000 
 
 5 6 7 300000 
 0 −1 1 10 000 
 
 1 1 1 50 000 
 
R 2 → R 2 − 5 R1  0 1 2 50 000 
 0 −1 1 10 000 
 
 1 1 1 50 000 
 
R 3 → R 3 + R 2  0 1 2 50 000 
 0 0 3 60 000 
 
3z = 60 000 ⇒ z = 20 000
y + 2z = 50 000 ⇒ y = 10 000
x + y + z = 50 000 ⇒ x = 20 000
24 x + 5y + 4z = 19
2x – 4y + z = – 4
4x + 6y + 7z = 30
 1 5 4   x  1 
    
⇒  2 −4 1   y  = 0 
 4 6 7   z   −2 
    
1 5 4
−4 1 2 1 2 −4
2 −4 = 1 1 −5 +4
6 7 4 7 4 6
4 6 7
= (–28 – 6) – 5 (14 – 4) + 4 (12 + 16)
= –34 – 50 + 112
= 28
Since the determinant of the coefficient matrix is not zero, the equations have a unique solution.
The augmented matrix is
 1 5 4 19 
 
 2 −4 1 −4 
 4 6 7 30 
 
R2 → R2 – 2R1
R3 → R3 – 4R1

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 Page 29 of 48

1 5 4 19 
 
 0 −14 −7 −42 
 0 −14 −9 −46 
 
−1
R2 → R2
7
R3 → R3 − R2
 1 5 4 19 
 
0 2 1 6 
 0 0 −2 −4 
 
 1 5 4   x   19 
    
0 2 1   y  = 6 
 0 0 −2   z   −4 
    
–2z = –4 ⇒ z = 2
2y + z = 6 ⇒ 2y + 2 = 6 ⇒ y = 2
x + 5y + 4z = 19 ⇒ x + 10 + 8 = 19
x=1
∴ x = 1, y = 2, z = 2
25 x – 2y + 3z = –3
6x + y + z = 12
3x – 2y + 4z = 0
 1 −2 3  x   −3
⇒  6 1 1  y  =  12 
    
 3 −2 4  z   0 
Augmented matrix:
 1 −2 3 −3
 6 1 1 12 
 
 3 −2 4 0 
R2 → R2 – 6R1
R3 → R3 – 3R1
 1 −2 3 −3
 0 13 −17 30 
 
0 4 −5 9 
 1 −2 3 
 
R3 → 13R3 – 4R2  0 13 −17 30 
0 0
 3 −3 
 1 −2 3   x   
    
∴  0 13 −17   y  =  30 
0 0 3   z   −3 
  

3z = –3 ⇒ z = –1
13y – 17z = 30 ⇒ y = 1
x – 2y + 3z = ⇒ x – 2 – 3 = –3
x=2
x = 2, y = 1, z = –1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 30 of 48

26 3x + 4y + 2z = 1
x–y–z=2
5x + 2y= 3
3 4 2 1 
 
 1 −1 −1 2 
5 2 0 3
 
Reducing the augmented matrix to echelon form:
R2 → 3R2 – R1
R3 → 3R3 – 5R2
3 4 2 1
 
 0 −7 −5 5 
 0 −14 −10 4 
 
R2 → –R2
R3 → R3 – 2R2
3 4 21 
 
 0 7 5 −5 
 0 0 0 −6 
 
From the last equation:
0 = –6
This is inconsistent hence the system has no solutions.
27 8y + 3z = 2
5x + 4y – z = 8
3x – y + 7z = 6
0 8 3   x  2
    
⇒  5 4 −1   y  = 8 
 3 −1 7   z   6 
    
The augmented matrix is
 0 8 3 2
 5 4 −1 8 
 
 3 −1 7 6
Row reducing to echelon form
 5 4 −1 8 
 
0 8 3 2
 3 −1 7 6 
 
 5 4 −1 8 
 
R 3 → 5R 3 − 3R1  0 8 3 2
 0 −17 38 6 
 
 5 4 −1 8 
 
R 3 → 8R 3 + 17R 2  0 8 3 2 
 0 0 355 82 
 
∴ 5x + 4y – z = 8 [1]
8y + 3z = 2 [2])
355z = 85 [3]

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 31 of 48

From [3]
82
=z = 0.231
355
8y + 3 (0.231) = 2
y = 0.163
5x + 4 (0.163) – 0.231 = 8
x = 1.516
x = 1.516, y = 0.163, z = 0.231
28 7x – 5y + 10z = 3
8x + 2y + z = 11
5x – 3y +6 z = 10
Augmented matrix
 7 −5 10   x   3 
    
 8 2 1   y  = 11 
 5 −3 6   z  10 
    
 7 −5 10 3 
 
⇒  8 2 1 11 
 5 −3 6 10 
 
R2 → 7R2 – 8R1
R3 → 7R3 – 5R1
 7 −5 10 3 
 
 0 54 −73 53 
 0 4 −8 55 
 
 7 −5 10 3 
 
R3 → 54R3 – 4R2  0 54 −73 53 
 0 0 −140 2758 
 
7x – 5y + 10z = 3
54y – 73z = 53
– 140z = 2758
−2758
z= = − 19.7
140
54y – 73 (–19.7) = 53
y = –25.65
7x – 5 (–25.65) + 10 (–19.7) = 3
7x + 128.25 – 197 = 3
x = 10.25
x = 10.25, y = –25.65, z = –19.7
29 10x – 8y + 5z = 15
11x + 3y – 6z = 5
7x – 6y + 4z = 11
 10 −8 5 15 
 
 11 3 −6 5 
 
 7 −6 4 11 
R2 → 10R2 – 11R1
R3 → 10R3 – 7R1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 32 of 48

 10 −8 5 15 
 
 0 118 −115 −115 
 0 −4 +5 5 
 
 10 −8 5 15 
 
R 3 → 118R 3 + 4R 2  0 118 −115 −115 
0 130 130 
 0
⇒ 10x – 8y + 5z = 15
118y – 115z = –115
130z = 130 ⇒ z = 1
118y – 115 = –115
y=0
10x – 8 (0) + 5 (1) = 15
x=1
∴ x = 1, y = 0, z = 1
30 3x – y + 2z = 7
x+y+z=2
4x + 5y + 3z = 1
 3 −1 2  x   7
⇒  1 1 1  y  =  2 .
    
 4 5 3  z   1 
3 −1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) 1 1 1= 3 + +2
5 3 4 3 4 5
4 5 3
= 3 (–2) + (–1) + 2 (1)
= –6 – 1 + 2
= –5
 −2 +1 1 
(b) Matrix of cofactors =  +13 1 −19
 
 −3 −1 4 
 −2 13 −3 
−1 1 
A = − 1 1 −1 
5 
 1 −19 4 
Ax = B
⇒ x = A–1 B
x  −2 13 −3   7 
  1  
⇒  y = − 1 1 −1   2 
z  5  
   1 −19 4  1 
 9   −9 / 5
1
=
− 8 =  −8 / 5
5   
 −27  27 / 5 
9 8 27
x=
− ,y=
− ,z=
5 5 5

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 33 of 48

2 −1 3
4 −3 5 −3 5 4
31 5 4= −3 2 + +3
−2 −1 3 −1 3 −2
3 −2 −1
= 2 (–4 – 6) + (–5 + 9) + 3 (–10 – 12)
= –20 + 4 – 66
= –82
 −10 −4 −22
Matrix of cofactors = −7 −11 +1 
 
 −9 +21 13 
 −10 −7 −9
1 
Inverse = − −4 −11 21
82  
 −22 1 13 
2x – y + 3z = –12
5x + 4y – 3z = 4
3x – 2y – z = 9
 2 −1 3   x   −12
⇒  5 4 −3  y  = 4 
    
 3 −2 −1  z   9 
−1
x  2 −1 3   −12
y
=  5 4 −3 4 
     
z   3 −2 −1 9 
 −10 −7 −9  −12
1 
=
− −4 −11 21  4 
82   
 −22 1 13   9 
11 
1  
= −  193 
82  
 385 
11 193 385
x= − ,y= − ,z= −
82 82 82
32 2x + y + z = 4
x + 2y + z = 2
x + y + 2z = 6
 2 1 1  x   4
    
⇒ 1 2 1  y =  2
1 1 2  z  6
    
2 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 2
1 2 1= 2 − +
1 2 1 2 1 1
1 1 2
= 2 (3) – (1) + (–1)
=4

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 3 −1 −1
 −1 3 −1
Matrix of cofactors =
 
 −1 −1 3 
 3 −1 −1
1 
Inverse =−  1 3 −1
4 
 −1 −1 3 
x  3 −1 −1  4
1
 y  =−  1 3 −1  2
  4  
z   −1 −1 3   6 
 4  1 
1   
= −4 = −1
4   
 12   3 
x = 1, y = –1, z = 3
33 x – y + 5z = 4
4x + 3y + 3z = 13
5x – 4y – 2z = –5
 1 −1 5   x   4 
⇒ 4 3 3  y =
 13 
    
 5 −4 −2  z   −5
Augmented matrix is
 1 −1 5 4 
 
⇒  4 3 3 13 
 5 −4 −2 −5 
 
R2 → R2 – 4R1
R3 → R3 – 5R1
 1 −1 5 4 
 0 7 −17 −3  .
 
 0 1 −27 −25
 1 −1 5 4 

R 3 → 7R 3 − R 2 0 7 −17 −3  

 0 0 −172 −172

–172z = –172
z=1
7y – 17z = –3
7y – 17 = –3
y=2
x – y + 5z = 4
x–2+5=4
x=1
x = 1, y = 2, z = 1
34 x – 3y + 5z = 2
x + 4y – z = 1
7y – 6z = a

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 1 −3 5   x   2 
    
⇒  1 4 −1   y  = 1 
 0 7 −6   z   a 
    
 1 −3 5 2 
 
⇒  1 4 −1 1 
 0 7 −6 a 
 
 1 −3 5 2 
 
R 2 → R 2 − R1  0 7 −6 −1
 0 7 −6 a 
 
 1 −3 5 2 
 
R 3 → R 3 − R 2  0 7 −6 −1 
 0 0 0 a + 1
 
For the equation to be consistent a + 1 = 0
⇒ a = –1
x – 3y + 5z = 2
7y – 6z = –1
Let z = λ, 7y – 6λ = –1
− 1 + 6λ
y=
7
 1 + 6λ 
−
x − 3  + 5λ = 2
 7 
−3 18λ
x =2 − 5λ + +
7 7
11 17
= − λ
7 7
11 17 
=x − λ
7 7

−1 6 
y =+ λ  λ ∈ 
7 7 
z=λ 


35 x + 5y + az = 5
2x – 4y + z = 3
4x + 6y + 7z = 11
1 5 a  x  5 
    
(a)  2 −4 1   y  = 3 
 4 6 7   z  11
    
(b) For A to be nonsingular, A ≠ 0
1 5 a
∴ 2 −4 1 ≠ 0
4 6 7
−4 1 2 1 2 −4
⇒ 1 −5 +a ≠0
6 7 4 7 4 6

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⇒ − 28 − 6 − 5 (14 − 4) + a (12 + 16) ≠ 0.

⇒ − 84 + 28a ≠ 0
28a ≠ 84
a ≠ 3 a∈
(c) x + 5y + 4z = 5
2x – 4y + z = 3
4x + 6y + 7z = 11
1 5 4  x  5 
    
 2 −4 1   y  = 3 
 4 6 7   z   11 
    
Augmented matrix
1 5 4 5 
 
 2 −4 1 3 
 4 6 7 11 
 
R2 → R2 – 2R1
R3 → R1 – 4R1
1 5 4 5 
 
 0 −14 −7 −7 
 0 −14 −9 −9 
 
−1
R2 → R2
7
R3 → R3 – R2
1 5 4 5 
 
0 2 1 1 
 0 0 −2 −2 
 
∴ x + 5y + 4z = 5
2y + z = 1
–2z = –2
∴z=1
2y + 1 = 1
y=0
x + 5(0) + 4(1) = 5
x=1
x = 1, y = 0, z = 1
36 x + 5y + 3z = –18
2x – 4y + z = 7
4x + 6y + 7z = –29
 1 5 3   x   −18 
    
⇒  2 −4 1   y  =  7
 4 6 7   z   −29 
    
 1 5 3 −18 
 
⇒  2 −4 1 7 
 4 6 7 −29 
 
R2 → R2 – 2R1
R3 → R3 – 4R1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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1 5 3 −18 
 
 0 −14 −5 43 
 0 −14 −5 43 
 
R3 → R3 – R2

1 5 3 −18 
 
 0 −14 −5 43 
0 0 0 0 

1 5 3   x   −18 
    
⇒  0 −14 −5   y  =  43 
0 0 0   z   0 

⇒ x + 5y + 3z = –18
–14y – 5z = 43
0=0
Since 0 = 0 the equations are consistent and have an infinite number of solutions.
 1 0 −1 
 
37 =
(a) A 0 3 α 
 8 −6 −2 
 
For a nonsingular matrix A ≠ 0
1 0 −1
3 α 0 3
0 =3 α −
−6 −2 8 −6
8 −6 −2
= − 6 + 6α + 24
= 18 + 6α
6α + 18 ≠ 0
α ≠ − 3, α ∈ 
 −6 + 6α +8α −24 
 
(b) =  +6
Matrix of cofactors 6 +6 
 3 −α 3 

 −6 + 6α 6 3 
1  
= A -1
8α 6 −α  , α ≠ − 3
18 + 6α 
 −24 6 3 
(c) x – z = –2
3y + α = 1
8x – 6y – 2z = 4
 1 0 −1   x   −2 
    
⇒ 0 3 α   y  = 1 
 8 −6 −2   z   4 
    
−1
 x   1 0 −1   −2 
     
 y  =  0 3 α  1 
 z   8 −6 −2   4 
     

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 −6 + 6α 6 3   −2 
1   
=  8α 6 −α   1 
18 + 6α 
 −24 6 3   4 
 −12 − 12α + 6 + 12 
1  
=  −16α + 6 − 4α 
18 + 6α  
 48 + 6 + 12 
 −12α + 30 
1  
=  −20α + 6 
18 + 6α  
 66 
−12α + 30 −20α + 6 66
= x= ,y = ,z
18 + 6α 18 + 6α 18 + 6α
5 − 2α 3 − 10α 11
=x = , y = , z
3+α 9 + 3α 3+α
 1 2 −1
 
38 A = 0 1 3 
 2 1 1
 
1 3 0 3 0 1
A= −2 −
1 1 2 1 2 1
= –2 + 12 + 2
= 12
 1 −1 4 
 
B =  2 1 1
 3 1 2
 
1 1 2 1 2 1
B = + +4
1 2 3 2 3 1
=1+1–4
= –2
 −2 +6 −2 
 
Matrix of cofactors for A =  −3 3 +3 
 7 −3 1 

 −2 −3 7 
−1 1  
=A  6 3 −3 
12  
 −2 3 1
 1 −1 −1 
 
Matrix of cofactors of B =+ 6 −10 −4 
 −5 +7 3 

 1 6 −5 
−1 1 
B = −  −1 −10 7 
2 
 −1 −4 3 
(b) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 39 of 48

 1 6 −5   −2 −3 7 
1  1  
=
−  −1 −10 7   6 3 −3 
2 12
 −1 −4 3   −2 3 1 
 44 0 −16 
1  
=
− −72 −6 30 
24 
 −28 0 8 
(c) ( BA) −1 = A−1 B −1
 −2 −3 7   1 6 −5 
1   1 
=  6 3 −3   −   −1 −10 7 
12    2   −1 −4 3 
 −2 3 1   
 −6 −10 10 
1  
= −  6 18 −18 
24  
 −6 −46 34 
39 10t + 15b + 12c = 354
8t + 9b + 2c = 200
6t + 7b + 15c = 247
10 15 12   t   354 
    
⇒  8 9 2 b =  200 
 6 7 15   c   247 
    
10 15 12 354 
 
 8 2 7 200 
 6 7 15 247 
 
R2 → 10R2 – 8R1
R3 → 10R3 – 6R1
10 15 12 354 
 
 0 −30 −76 −832 
 
 0 −20 78 346 
R2 → − R2
R3 → 3 R3 − 2 R2
10 15 12 354 
 
 0 30 76 832 
 0 0 386 2702 
 
⇒ 386 c = 2702
c=7
30b + 76c = 832
30b + 76(7) = 832
b = 10
10t + 15b + 12c = 354
10t + 15 (10) + 12 (7) = 354
t = 12
t = 12, b = 10, c = 7
So a train is priced at TT$12.00, a bus at TT$10.00 and a car at TT$7.00

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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Review exercise 16
 0.152 −0.056 +0.044 
−1  
1 (a) A =  −0.08 0.24 −0.26 
 −0.136 0.208 −0.092 
 
 38 −14 11
1  
=  −20 60 −65 
250  
 −34 52 −32 
8 1 1  p   1 
    
(b)  7 −2 9   q  =
 −3 
 4 −6 8   r   −5 
    
 p   0.152 −0.056 0.044  1 
    
q  = −0.08 0.24 −0.26   −3 
 r   −0.136 0.208 −0.092   −5 
    
 38 −14 11 1 
1   
= −20 60 −65   −3 
250   
 −34 52 −32  −5 
1   0.1 
1   
= = 5 0.5 
10    
 −3   −0.3 
p = 0.1, q = 0.5, r = –0.3
x 1 2
2 x2 1 4 = 0
x3 1 8
1 4 x2 4 x2 1
⇒ x − +2 3 =
0
1 8 x3 8 x 1
⇒ x (4) – (8x2 – 4x3) + 2 (x2 – x3) = 0
⇒ 2x3 – 6x2 + 4x = 0
⇒ 2x [x2 – 3x + 2] = 0
2x (x – 1) (x – 2) = 0
x = 0, 1, 2
3 9x + 3y – 4z = 13
2x – 5y + 2z = 14
7x + 3y – 2z = 3
 9 3 −4   x  13 
    
 2 −5 2   y  = 14 
7 
3 −2   z   3 
 

 9 3 −4 13 
 
 2 −5 2 14 
7 3 −2 3 

R2 → 9R2 – 2R1
R3 → 9R3 – 7R1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 41 of 48

9 3 −4 13 
 
 0 −51 26 100 
0 6 10 −64 

9 3 −4 13 
 
R3 → 51R3 + 6 R2  0 −51 26 100 
0 0 666 −2664 

∴ 666z = –2664 ⇒ z = –4
–51y + 26z = 100 ⇒ –51y = 204
y = –4
9x + 3y – 4z = 13
9x + 3 (–4) – 4 (–4) = 13
x=1
x = 1, y = –4, z = –4
4 Let x be the number of compact cars rented
and y be the number of mid-size cars rented
x + y = 54
900x + 1250y = 55600
18x + 25y = 1112
 1 1   x   54 
  = 
 18 25   y  1112 
−1
 x   1 1   54 
 =   
 y  18 25  1112 
1 1
= 25 − 18 = 7
18 25
 x  1  25 −1  54 
 =   
 y  7  −18 1  1112 
1  238  34
= =
7  140   20
x = 34, y = 20
Rented 34 compact and 20 mid-size cars.
5 Let x be the amount invested in the bank
y be the amount invested in the Mutual funds
z be the amount invested in the Unit trust
x + y + z = 20 000 [1]
0.05x + 0.06y + 0.065z = 1053 ⟹ 50x + 60y + 65z = 1 053 000 [2]
3y = x + z
x – 3y + z = 0 [3]
 1 1 1  x   20000 
    
 50 60 65   y  = 1053000 
 1 −3 1  z   0 
    
 1 1 1 20000 
 
 50 60 65 1053000 
 1 −3 1 0 
 
R2 → R2 – 50R1
R3 → R3 – R1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 42 of 48

 1 1 1 20000 
 
 0 10 15 53000 
 0 −4 0 −20000 
 
x + y + z = 20 000
10y + 15z = 53 000
–4y = –20 000
y = 5000
50 000 + 15z = 53 000
z = 200
x + 5000 + 200 = 20 000
x = 14 800
amount invested at 5.00 % = TT$ 14 800
amount invested at 6.00 % = TT$ 5000
amount invested at 6.5 % = TT$ 200
6 (a) a + 4b + 2c = 105
7a + 3b + 4c = 135
3a + b + 2c = 55
 1 4 2   a  105 
    
(b)  7 3 4   b  = 135 
 3 1 2   c   55 
    
 1 4 2 105
(c)  7 3 4 135
 
 3 1 2 55 
R2 → R2 – 7R1
R3 → R3 – 3R1
1 4 2 105 
 
 0 −25 −10 −600 
 0 −11 −4 −260 
 
R2 → R2 ÷ 5
R3 → – R3
 1 4 2 105 
 0 5 2 120 
 
 0 11 4 260
R 3 → 5R 3 − 11 R 2
 1 4 2 105 
 
 0 5 2 120 
 0 0 −2 −20 
 
∴ –2c = –20 ⇒ c = 10
5b + 2c = 120
5b + 20 = 120
b = 20
a + 4b + 2c = 105
a + 4(20) + 2(10) = 105
a=5
a = 5, b = 20, c = 10.
7 qs(x) = ax2 + bx + c

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When x = 1, qs(1) = 4
a+b+c=4
x = 2, qs(2) = 12
4a + 2b + c = 12
x = 3, qs(x) = 26
9a + 3b + c = 26
a+b+c=4
4a + 2b + c = 12
9a + 3b + c = 26
 1 1 1  a   4 
    
 4 2 1  b  = 12 
 9 3 1  c   26 
    
1 1 14 
 
 4 2 112 
 9 3 1 26 
 
R2 → R2 – 4R1
R3 → R3 – 9R1
1 1 14 
 
 0 −2 −3 −4 
 0 −6 −8 −10 
 
R2 → – R2
R3 → – R3 ÷ 2
 1 1 1 4
 
0 2 3 4
0 3 4 5
 
R 3 → 2R 3 − 3R 2
1 1 14 
 
0 2 3 4 
 0 0 −1 −2 
 
∴a+b+c=4
2b + 3c = 4
–c = –2
c=2
2b + 6 = 4
b = –1
a–1+2=4
a=3
x −1 1 −1
8 1 x−2 1 =4 − 3x
−1 1 x−3
x−2 1 1 1 1 x−2
( x − 1) − (1) − = 4 − 3x
1 x−3 −1 x − 3 −1 1
⇒ (x – 1) [(x – 2) (x – 3) – 1] – [x – 3 + 1] – [1 – (–1) (x – 2)] = 4 – 3x
⇒ (x – 1) (x2 – 5x + 5) – (x – 2) – (x – 1) = 4 – 3x
(x – 1) (x2 – 5x + 5) + 3 – 2x = 4 – 3x

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 44 of 48

⇒ x3 – 5x2 + 5x – x2 + 5x – 5 + 3 – 2x = 4 – 3x
x3 – 6x2 + 8x – 2 = 4 – 3x
x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = 0
(x – 1) (x2 – 5x + 6) = 0
(x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) = 0
x = 1, 2, 3
2x − 1 0 1
9 1 x−3 2 = 3 − 4x
0 1 x+2
x−3 2 1 2 1 x−3
⇒ (2 x − 1) −0 + =
3 − 4x
1 x+2 0 x+2 0 1
⇒ (2 x − 1) [( x − 3) ( x + 2) − 2] + 1 = 3 − 4 x
⇒ (2 x − 1) ( x 2 − x − 8) + 1 + 4 x − 3 =0
⇒ 2 x 3 − 2 x 2 − 16x − x 2 + x + 8 + 1 + 4 x − 3 =0
⇒ 2x – 3x – 11x + 6 = 0
3 2

(x + 2) (2x2 – 7x + 3) = 0
(x + 2) (2x – 1) (x – 3) = 0
1
x = − 2, , 3
2
 1 2 4   1 −6 8 
  
10 AB =  −1 3 2   −3 3 6 
 1 2 1   5 0 −5 
  
15 0 0 
 
=  0 15 0 
 0 0 15 
 
1 0 0
 
= 15  0 1 0 
0 0 1
 
Since AB = 15 I
⇒ B = 15 A–1
 1 −6 8 
−1 1 1  
= =
A B −3 3 6 
15 15  
 5 0 −5 
11 2x + y + z = 6
x + 4y + 2z = 4
x–y–z=0
2 1 1   x  6
    
(a) 1 4 2   y  =  4
    
 1 −1 −1  z   0 
2 0 2
1 
(b) −3 3 3 
6  
 5 −3 −7 
(c) x = 2, y = –1, z = 3
12 2x + y + z = 5

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 45 of 48

3y – 2z = 4
2x – 2y + 3z = 2
2 1 1 5
 
 0 3 −2 4 
 2 −2 3 2 
 
R 3 → R 3 − R1
2 1 1 5 
 
0 3 −2 4 
 0 −3 2 −3 

R3 → R3 + R2
2 1 1 5
 
 0 3 −2 4 
0 0 0 1 
 
2 1 1   x  5
    
⇒  0 3 −2   y  =
 4
 0 0 0   z  1 
    
⇒ 2x + y + z = 5
3y – 2z = 4
0=1
Since 0 ≠ 1 ⇒ the equations are inconsistent.
13 4x + py = 6
2x + y = q
Augmented matrix is:
 4 p 6
 2 1 q

R 2 → 2R 2 − R1
4 p 6 
 
 0 2 − p 2q − 6 
2 – p = 0, p = 2
2q – 6 = 0, q = 3
2 1 
 1 −1 2   
14 =A   ,=
B  4 −2 
 0 1 3  3 3 
 
2 1 
 1 −1 2   
= (a) (i) AB    4 −2 
0 1 3  3 3 
 
 4 9
= 
13 7 
 1 0
 2 4 3  
= T
(ii) B A  T
  −1 1 
 1 −2 3   2 3
 

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 46 of 48

 4 13 
= 
9 7 
 4 9
(b) AB =  
13 7 
 4 13 
( AB )T =  
9 7 
⇒ ( AB)T = B T AT
 2 3 0
−1  
15 P =  −5 0 4 
 0 2 1
 
 
2
 
PX =  3 
1 
 
13 
 
X =  −6 
7 
 
x = 13, y = –6, z = 7
16 x + 2y + 3z = 1
5x + 4y + kz = 4
–5x + ky + 11z = –3
1 2 3
4 k 5 k 5 4
5 4 k = −2 +3
k 11 −5 11 −5 k
−5 k 11
= 44 – k2 – 2 (55 + 5 k) + 3 (5 k + 20)
= 44 – k 2 – 110 – 10 k + 15 k + 60
= – k2 + 5 k – 6
= – (k 2 – 5 k + 6)
= – (k – 2) (k – 3)
For a unique solution (k – 2) (k – 3) ≠ 0
k ≠ 2, k ≠ 3
When k = 4
 1 2 3   x  1 
 5 4 4 y = 4 
    
 −5 4 11  z   −3
The inverse matrix is
 −28 10 4 
1 
75 −26 −11
2 
 −40 14 6 
x  −28 10 4  1 
  1  
=
y
2  75 −26 −11  4 
z  −40 14 6   3 
  

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 47 of 48

 x  0 
   
 y = 2 
 z   −1
   
x = 0, y = 2, z = − 1
17 x + 2y + z = 3
kx – y – 11z = 2
–2x + ky + 12z = 1
1 2 1 3
 
 k −1 −11 2 
 −2 k 12 1 
 
R2 → R2 – kR1
R3 → R3 + 2R1
1 2 1 3 
 
 0 −1 − 2k −11 − k 2 − 3k 
0 k + 4 
 14 7 
R3 →
1 2 1 3 
 
(−1 − 2k )R 3 − (k + 4)R 2  0 −(1 + 2k ) −(11 + k ) 2 − 3k 
0 0 14(−1 − 2k ) − (k + 4)(−11 − k ) 7(−1 − 2k ) − (2 − 3k )(k + 4) 

1 2 1 3 
 
 0 −(1 + 2k ) −(11 + k ) 2 − 3k 
0 − + 3k − 4k − 15 
2 2
 0 k 13k 30
(a) For no solutions, k2 – 13 k + 30 = 0 and 3 k 2 – 4 k – 15 ≠ 0
(k – 3) (k – 10) = 0
k = 3, 10
When k = 10, 3 k 2 – 4 k – 15 = 300 – 40 – 15 ≠ 0
∴ There are no solutions when k = 10
(b) For a unique solution k 2 – 13 k + 30 ≠ 0
⇒ k ≠ 3, k ≠ 10
(c) For more than one solution:
k 2 – 13 k + 30 = 0 and 3 k 2 – 4 k – 15 = 0
When k = 3, 3(3)2 – 4(3) – 15 = 0
∴ There is more than one solution when k = 3
When k = 3,
1 2 1 3 
 
 0 −7 −14 −7 
0 0 0 0 

∴ x + 2y + z = 3
−7y − 14z = –7
y + 2z = 1
z = λ, y = 1 – 2λ
x + 2 (1 – 2λ) + λ = 3
x = 1 + 3λ
Solutions are:

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 48 of 48

x = 1 + 3λ 

y= 1 − 2λ  λ ∈ 
z=λ 


Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 16 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013