> SS) cmacicon 8 Pek ‘.5.yearld man wn astro ongesive Pear aus hesplaies wo ches pan ndhypransn equrng admission ihe ca eae unt An gare nes paced oct ood pressure mandoieg, Canseculve eas of is ta-atial led pressive 75,10, 80, 90,75 ana 110 mm ig. Wrich othe cloning represents the mean a hece Bood poser rea6ngs? Oa moomia OR sonia Oc sonia Ob. 100mm He OE Hommia o! ial> SS) cmacicon 8 Pek ‘.5.yearld man wn astro ongesive Pear aus hesplaies wo ches pan ndhypransn equrng admission ihe ca eae unt An gare nes paced oct ood pressure mandoieg, Canseculve eas of is ta-atial led pressive 75,10, 80, 90,75 ana 110 mm ig. Wrich othe cloning represents the mean a hece Bood poser rea6ngs? Oa moomia OR sonia Oc sonia Ob. 100mm He OE Hommia o! ialcoco BP Me a ee ‘.5.yearld man wn astro ongesive Pear aus hesplaies wo ches pan ndhypransn equrng admission ihe ca eae unt An gare nes paced oct ood pressure mandoieg, Canseculve eas of is ta-atial led pressive 75,10, 80, 90,75 ana 110 mm ig. Wrich othe cloning represents the mean a hece Bood poser rea6ngs? A sommes 2) embry 68%) ©. sommes) . 100mm He 0%) E Homi (0%) vied = oem rose orescazy Some LW Seaaacorcy ‘rosie toes Soon \isinpotanttoundersang the ifererce between he median mean, and mode wbich are 8 measures of central tendency The median of 21 rere aaast se numer at separates he ih af a he data Yom tele Nat. The alse! IST be rete ere he mean amines be nurbe of cbsrvaorsin the datasets even, tage mean eyes adang the me 2 values ogee nd ing thateum by2 ‘The crete eats ns cases 75,75, 80,90, 110,10}. Tae ar coseraons whch an even rumber cf csenatns. Te mean ‘ale eles th dataset aes Beton 80 and 90 (8 vas heeft and 3 vals enh it). The eda (80 + €0)/2= 85 mmHgcoco BP Me a ee ‘.5.yearld man wn astro ongesive Pear aus hesplaies wo ches pan ndhypransn equrng admission ihe ca eae unt An gare nes paced oct ood pressure mandoieg, Canseculve eas of is ta-atial led pressive 75,10, 80, 90,75 ana 110 mm ig. Wrich othe cloning represents the mean a hece Bood poser rea6ngs? A sommes 2) embry 68%) ©. sommes) . 100mm He 0%) E Homi (0%) vied = oem rose orescazy Some LW Seaaacorcy ‘rosie toes Soon \isinpotanttoundersang the ifererce between he median mean, and mode wbich are 8 measures of central tendency The median of 21 rere aaast se numer at separates he ih af a he data Yom tele Nat. The alse! IST be rete ere he mean amines be nurbe of cbsrvaorsin the datasets even, tage mean eyes adang the me 2 values ogee nd ing thateum by2 ‘The crete eats ns cases 75,75, 80,90, 110,10}. Tae ar coseraons whch an even rumber cf csenatns. Te mean ‘ale eles th dataset aes Beton 80 and 90 (8 vas heeft and 3 vals enh it). The eda (80 + €0)/2= 85 mmHg[a On ee) Cn Os) aren tent ‘sirponanttoundustané he erence tween rasan mean and mode veh a3 esau cena ney Te edn of 20 cored atast is he numer at spats the ight af of he data tom theletha. The dle MIST be ordered befor the medians Cetines. ine nurber ofcbervaorsin the stasis ven, tng he mec requres ang te mele 2 valves other and cing that sum by2 “Tho erred datactin ths casei 7,75, 80,40, 110,10}. There ae 8 cbseratns which an even rumber fests. The mean ‘ele sets th atasetin haf es beter 80 and 90 (8 vas cn eet and 3 vals en he it). The median is (80 + 0)2= 5 mm Hg No, sesue one a he ves misig and ne xseres tase clues the along Scheer aa munber cf seneons}(5, , 90,110, 0} nis case, te main valve wou b rm Hg, win spt he datast rhe (2 values on he et 2 vals onthe i) (rotes and D) Te lus 0 ant 10D mmHg we nat measles te centro me case, (hole €) To fre mean of dtc aca oe cteonations and hide that sumby he umber ofcbeenaons. Inti cae, the mean e(se75+90¢90+ 10s 1/8 90mm, (Ghote 8) Arotner meso center ofa ast isthe ade. Fnngtie made ica because is the most equet value ofa dataset Incuscenari, the datasets "ined because Sand 11 rm Hg re e3c ete ce Eduestona objective: “he medan she vl tats cated inthe recs cere ofan ordered dataset separates he rita fhe ata from hele ha Biosuisics _Sstatsics A Epdemicony _Cenaltendency (nem, medan, mode, cules) Sine Sou ee o! ialEo CL CO ‘A says conduct assess te reas betoen Smoking Sas and ces expan lume mane Secor (FEV). Subjects ae ‘random sketed and cxegezed based on smoking ls Gop A consis of 200 rensmokes aup 8 canis o200 gt Sake ‘erates por day, group C consis cf 200 moderta makers (822 ogeretos pr day), and group D conse of 20 heawy scars (23¢ cartes per ay) FEVisquatahvey measured nal propa sina pope catrats ofc sarees. Wich of te folonng he mos aptopate tata method ta compare the mean FEV rn artong al 4?Oo ar) - wa ‘A says conduct assess te reas betoen Smoking Sas and ces expan lume mane Secor (FEV). Subjects ae ‘random sketed and cxegezed based on smoking ls Gop A consis of 200 rensmokes aup 8 canis o200 gt Sake ‘erates por day, group C consis cf 200 moderta makers (822 ogeretos pr day), and group D conse of 20 heawy scars (23¢ cartes per ay) FEVisquatahvey measured nal propa sina pope catrats ofc sarees. Wich of te folonng he ‘mos aptopat tata method ta compare he mean FEV rst artong al 2? A. brass of vaiance 6) 8. Chisquaretest 21) ©. Metearansis (4) . Mute ot regression 2) . Pearson contin coficert (1) Twosanpe ses 2%) ‘Analysis of variance (ANOVA)a] - wa ey ‘Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Null hypothesis Alternate hypothesis [A samplescrawn fom ‘Samples ran rom ‘he same population ‘ferent populations WH? 0) ‘Small apparent ferences between the means ofthe samples: = ul ypebest rt eects om Hye Hy la Lage apparent elferences between Re meas oe samples 2 va oa _ oy ae6 ar) aren Large apparent iorences between the means ofthe samples: nut hypothesis rejacteg My bs Analysis of variance (ANOVA) sends trans hater there ar ry rca! ffernaes between the means ct zeverslindepandent ‘groupe ‘ANOWA compares the means between the OUP atte the vaabiiy win ours tes) and tenes wheter an of hosernears ae Serscaray teen tom ane acter Spactcaly este nul Pypthete thal gous ate Spy andan samp ote sare ponuaton e.the means are the same). Te nul hyatens S ected when are ate teas? eeup ans at ate Sandy rent ‘romans anor ‘NWA can be used compare 2 fps Es realy sen compare 3 groupe (tecase ner equvaert meas xs 6 campae? ‘oups).Fer eral the 2iodepedn! samples testis aspecal cas of he Fiestin ANOVA. The assumtons fr bette andthe resuong pues arth sare (note 8) chesque ests can be used oxi ne seocaton teen 2 capi! arable. For ange FEV; imu a8 9 ‘tegoeal arti (oa crow) then ach-square tet cold be used a detsmne thre an aesodabon between FEN, ad rohing ‘Sas. Honeve, hs ud is speccaycerpatng he mean FEV, results uate vaiab) bene TAs (rete C) mesa mses ne pot data tom several Sus o param an nas WA eae atc power Man he neal ‘suis ene. For example nda suds assessing he eects of gp on conan carovascuar eves maybe cere. However, ary f data comps tom mute cca als may eveal 3 seria bereft Ca GB ialar) GB aie a eee ‘Analysis of varance (ANOVA) uses o termine eter here ar ry Scat lerances betwen the means several independent roupe, ‘ANU compares the means between te group fltne the arab wha gous te and etemines heme any of ose nears ae Sorscaay erent tom ae acter Spectealy e's he nul typethesis that al ours te Spy ‘andan samp ome sare ‘onan othe means are the same). Th nl hypotheses ojecad when hare are at ast? geup mans at ae ogntcaoy sare fromone mater ‘ANDWA can be used 2 compare 2 fous Es really sen compare 23 groups (Because her quent meats ext 6 campare? g00ps). Fer exarpl the 2indepadent samples testis aspecal casa of me Festi ANOVA. The assumtonsforbom tet andthe resutng pues athe sare (oie 8) Che cau et canbe ued to evi tesescaton btneen 2 caper! arable. For van, fFEVs ie measured ae 2 ‘egal arate (eg, norma ero, then @ch-squar tes col bo used fe detrmine thre an assoaton between FEV ar roking Sous Honeve, hs dy is speccalycempaing he mean FEV; rest (a uasitie vais) einen ss (hole €) Mets ansjis mites the posing of data tom several susie to pafom an anajss wih reste satstical power han the neil ‘Sues one. For examen studies assessing heeft of spn on cevtan casovascuareverss maybe neerciue. However, rays of ta campled tor mute inca ale may evens aga! Seett (hole D) Mutip logs regression a mathe used to prod the prbabiy of tna ovtome (ep presence or absence of asc cance) based former ncepenent rites that can teeter crinucus or categercal Fot expe, hs fest culdbe used 9 re he rotabty gue cancer based onalcohaleansumpon fabaco ee, acted food consunoten (Chote B) The Pearson craton coofcenti¢2 mess of to stengh and decton fs rer elaoretip betmeen 2 quartatve nines) vals. For exarpl, a tudy may report acareaon coon esrbing he asocaton between homoge rd ‘veggie gucse eves (Ghoie F) tsarple Hest canbe wed when2 grup nears ae compared. Ths test cel have teen used forthe exarpl nthe question ‘fhety pacar were ded ito cing and nonamoking onsen fe, 2 oupsintead 8) . ial Capeer A Giail ‘sung pues arene sane (rote 8) Che=qane et canbe ued to crane sesacaton belneen2 calor able. Far mami, # FEV; menured 5 3 ‘tegeeal vara (a, ea crow, ten achiguar ts cod be used a dtrane thre an atc teen FEV ae rong tas. Honeve, bis ud is pecicaly compatng he mean FEV, esl (a quanto vail) blneen gps. (reiee €) ie. aayjismawes ne ptr data tom sent tues 0 param an nas wah eae satel power han he neal ‘Sues done. For example raha! Suse assessing he efi of spn 1 cean crovascUa VEE Maybe EAECUSNE. Howeve, nays of data compled tom mat ical ls may eveala signa best. (ree D) ttpe ngs regression a atnod used oped! the proband ef2nnay eae (ep, pesenceo teen of asc cance) asec tr mace naependen vars hal canbe eterchucus of ceguncl For exanoe th est could be used ore! ne robs of asic carcer bases on alcohol consumption, bacon ue, ae raed fod consunpn, (Choice ) Te Person coreision concent mesure teste aa ection are elaorsip betes 2 carat fe ‘canoe varies, For xan, a ty may repo acoreleton coer eeerbing te asodton teen magn A vl and ‘eagles cose eves (rete F) A wosanpl est canbe wed when 2 fun nears we compared. Ts est cols have Been sed forte xa nhs question tne sypancipas were ed ito cmelrg and nersmoting runs ony fe, 2 rupsinteado 4). Edueatons objective: ‘A ests used compare derce betwee te means coups. Aas ct variance ANOVA) comparestederence beten he means of or more groups. Resut om ast and ANOVA et wile equvlert when compan the ference Peween re mears of 2 Biosuisics BostatsiesAEpdemicoay Sttstcatests Sine Sou 8 Ca ialOo. sao Qe m0 aren Surgeal nection SS sueus metiiin-ssnstie Ctperangens Sepaomas Tt 0 1 * > a 1 10 6} a en ee) Auburn nose unergairg sn anual ew by nea cae scceatoncgariaton. Aa grt ha process, atogane acon ae reassessed fal mar haspal series. nga sual econ sissies lobe st yer ate sown below fatal cates faaleanen nonfatal canea nonfatal cases 2» 0 at tne eset ra for meiner uve spe testers ne nso? o! ialSEO oem > Eo Ee OC) Suret intern ial casee fatal anes confit ants nonatal ases Soueus meticlinsenstie 10 n 2% " ee ee) 2 7 2 tperangens 1 1 ‘ a Sepaomas 2 3 = “ Tt * 10 0 100 nat tne eset rat for meiner uous spe fectone nthe nso? A coro(6%) vy © 8 tanto a0) ©. A075 (0%) . sa00@%) E 7o22000%) mits oa usec scrane0 — LW isco Toco es E o! ialpee det a ee con rn LW eeedcoret note fBeetieane lonaton ‘Casedaaity rate (CFR) sa meas lhe sever ofa seas rcnstion. I's asthe proportion of reotes cases ofa specie decane cr canon (9, matnalin esata Saurus, MRSA ht ae wn he papdaton alee by he aeare ce conn oer 2 ‘cette. The CFR canbe caladsed a he urbe atl cates of ese or condoned byte eal nunber of pepe wih he dees er condton, Inte sean, dtl nd 70 oni eases ef NRA acon se repo. Tete te CFR CFR =40/(40 +70)=40/ 110 (hoi A) Tis toe descbes teat ffl nonfatal MRSA infchon cases 4070, (Cneies Cando) These cnaces deste tne papeton of MRSA eas ct of Sige foten deaths (7S= 51100) (Ghote €) This cheicedesrbes te preperion fora cases of MRSA nection cut of a ofa sua nection cases 7022) Education ebjective: (Caen nti clevtes by sing me runt ct ates fa ese or anston by he i manner ot pels wn at een oe conation Siosuisics Sostatsics A Endemicony Moby nd mata res Sine Sou twee ial> RC) aren ‘lage especie stuty avast he atop beeen aso consumption an beast cance nao 400 mide aged women ae erate inte say tough avandam Slecton oeientlasesses, Cal coal consunpton ard bea career Woderce are assessed througthe us of protic qustemaies. On hear folowp he investgatersrepor the astecitontrween alcohol consumpion and breast cance see isk of 1.32 95% cence renal = 00-85) 800 subjects wee ost lbw oye ere fhe dy, the api fhe wereresentets hen shal consumers, Aesotng ste inamaion whch fhe flowng ses eos lobe reser andiay nave ae esus? Lente bas teoner bas ra GB ial aa eyOo ar) - wa aren ‘lage especie stuty avast he atop beeen aso consumption an beast cance nao 400 mide aged women ae erate inte say tough avandam Slecton oeientlasesses, Cal coal consunpton ard bea career Woderce are assessed througthe us of protic qustemaies. On hear folowp he investgatersrepor the astecitontrween alcohol consumpion and breast cance see isk of 1.32 95% cence renal = 00-85) 800 subjects wee ost lbw oye ere fhe dy, the api fhe wereresentets hen shal consumers, Aesotng ste inamaion whch fhe flowng ses eos lobe reser andiay nave ae esus? A 8 Lenetime bas (19%) (toner bas) arco misma is (11%) cat as(11%) Setcton nas 55) pletion Attrition bias ra ialro lasers to systematic (ef rerandom factors tatcan eskin an icaect ssocaton beeen the exsoaire and utc geal when bar pecent He rests ae cote dttedin one rection In pospeche hale, oe 9 folou upcrmitz sjoponnaiynetoen te exposed an uneposed ous, ation bla can esu est suet Er ne sk even 2 ceuzeme conpared othe reraning subject. Atton ass a flor o aeletin bia (atm that ost tan fats systema recs etiean geupsin ere of retro eepone of zoe). rton ae does ot occ hen loses Raper random between he crmose nd unetnoes ripe, 2 hs sno leads asl shy option Inti crane, asta umber of eet (80/4000 = 20%) ware lata elowup manly hase wth gneve eco! Censimpton these oe store ha'ahighernednce of est onc than ose aman ntha sc fen 3 aleve los otk ‘abies nouldhave eecaedin the exocod group. Asa est he east ofthe assocaton between aloha Use an reat cancer Wo be desist in might expan wy ne snide asocation was aan hs ud as th conence manal ot 990%o 185 css 1, mien she va ate nh (hoiee A) Les ime as amie wen screening tot dagrosee aaear eave than # woud have appeared nal lay lene 29 ‘mat meme fom dapress unl deat peas longed even neigh ere mas acl) be no prover Suna, (Ghote B) Observer tas an occur cic ils when study srg rivers ae aware of nv eat assignments. cate prevented ty pereming aco. stuay nwhih ether faepars nor wvesigatrs fe are ese ssgemer (Chole €) Mecassteson tas occ when ete the epposu rth came ot deified carey. Rar or onde) mcasicatonafecs a ours the sane enent. For exe pedi ize sphygromanemete cis wed onal patos (renner and co grup) 8 prt atc inact tnt, tbo pressure adage wb ncoret (Que ote Met 8), However he resting miscassaton wil Maly fect bh cus to te Same eet (ees the ame cu was use) (hoe D) Recalltias ests rom he mceurate recall fact epocire stati. teapot eblemforretgpecbesuses sich a care cl sues, panculaty when questonrares ae weds nqure 2. Slr pas exposule However nINSpespeche Sy, osu aus detmined trough perodc qusionnaies assessing daly ache corumgton tout nquing about distant pas ecosue) In such ‘econ. rca Bas es nt et ess G‘nis exarple, 2 substaral number of sects 6004000 = 20) werelesto flow up, primal those wth Niger eves of echl censompton these os subjects hs ahah incdence feast cancer than ose rearing nthe soy fen a selec los thas ‘abject aulthove cexuredin ihe exoned gaup_ Aaa este reat th saronaton beeen alah ure an ae cacer Wo Be Uoeesimatc in might expan wy ne sneer ssonaon was san hs ud a th concen anal ot 08040 185 see 1, ih the vale fr ate it (ree A) Leasme as acas when asreening test dagrosesacdsease ere than ous have appeared natal say lene 50 ‘matmetme rom dapres url deat appears longed even neu ere mas acualy be Ne mpreNeert sun (hole B) Observer tas an occur calls when study prcpnt ives ae aware of nv reaimet assignment. cane prevented pereming aco. stuay nuh other fanegarts nor wvesigatrs af are teen ssghmer (hole ¢) Miscossieton tas occurs when ete the exposure or the ovcameis at denis coneciy. Radom (ernie) mecaatiaton stds a gauges the sare ene Frere da pdahc are shygramaneriete af = vdon al patparis (@eamert rd cool ups 25 pact aun a penis, eo ressueveasags wb ncoret (Quo he Met S28) However the esting micesafeston vil lly fst bch rou tote same eer (because the came ca was wed). ar) GB aren (rete D) Recaltas ess om re maces eal of past expose Sas. is apollo rvospecte uses Such a case. cl sues panculaty when questnrares ae used a nqure bo. Lar past expsue. Honewec nS pospece Sy, osu ‘sas detmined trough pero questoanatesaesssng diy ache consumo (tout nqung abut Sse pas ccs). In sh scenario, recal assess he ect ests Education cbjective: Ingrospecivestusies, proportionate os tofalowp betwen ne exposed and unewposed groups rests he stent fr arton is, which |safom ofseectonbas. Asa resut,mvestgtrs genera yt 2ciee hgh patent folewupratesinrespee ses Giosuisics _Sostatsics&Endemicony _Confounng.efet moseation tas, rors Sine Sou ee ial raEner doe = oo) re CS) esearctars a sudyngtne lanshipbewcen essential hypertension anda cemenmuaton nth suc soaum chanel prem A -Sudy pons randomly sete and Deed sarge ave obainedfor iar gentyarg, The pence hypansea s eterined ‘based on mean Bord pressure measurements tained ung sandaczod anlar toed press monteng cone over 1 weck Based ‘onthe aa resus, the researchers cone hat he sodium chnne srucure muatons associated with hperenson. Which the folowing bet desebes the st sn wed he imeciga? OA Case coroo sus OB Gres sectona sty © 6 Prospecive coker su 5). Rantorizes inca o ialoe og a esearctars a sudyngtne lanshipbewcen essential hypertension anda cemenmuaton nth suc soaum chanel prem A -Sudy pons randomly sete and Deed sarge ave obainedfor iar gentyarg, The pence hypansea s eterined ‘based on mean Bord pressure measurements tained ung sandaczod anlar toed press monteng cone over 1 weck Based ‘onthe aa resus, the researchers cone hat he sodium chnne srucure muatons associated with hperenson. Which the folowing best deserbs the sy sgn ved by the ies? ‘A Caseconrl sty (10) V8. Cross-sectional sty 65) ©. Prospective cob st (17%) . Randorizes cali) EE. Retaspectve coat ty (%) Temporality of different study designs Past Present Fuze ial raCu ee - wa ae ee OR Temporalty of different study designs Past Present Fuze Cina ta “Teament rap j—>, Comore Contol groun_—r otis Prospective cohort Rak crs }—> cape Risk facor= > idence =e C= ee onerarer [a 1 @ Pm Ea ee 00) rose-sectional a raacrs > Ooo > Rekiedor~ 1 pede = ‘Across-sectional study (2is0 known as 2 prevalence stuxy) simultaneously measures exposures and outcomes. The cross-sectional study has ot 2 “snapshot” design that i frequertly used in surveys, mosty because itis inexpensive and easy to perform. In this example, a snapshot was = ‘arcs ara are sce Yoni pps er Bool spe wes re pecs Ge sek ca 2 tno aie pes type ncaa. The jc ease ered co ge im ‘eon nyt ny nen sncompernnen errs ctr) Teme = eae el eae ems | a Le ee el eee eee = eee ae [2 Egat Bm Oo oo a er ae> Ce ee) EA donid La vabes ies catuater ere Cer Tet Ze tg ‘Acreseeationa si (ao kraun a6 aprealnce say) siatneove measures egonues and eons Ta cross sctonl sy nat 2 aapsher desig a 6 Tequray used sures, mast erase ls expensive area operon. ns xanga, snapshot was otane fsusse andomlesaestrrntne populton ther oo earls ere ayaa eth grsence he sci enna een ‘itaion and ie prevalence ofhipetenson was calcvated The secs Hood pessze as measied oir 7 doysto clan a aeore ton oars ecbna Sut design 9a temporal elatonshp Daween agesueané ccm isc ays eat However NS cae, demonetaig &enpealeltonsp was aghtomar cous the poseeson oa peo gonclype Cea recedes yates, (ehcie A caze-sntal yf deset by atecing ince wih a parte daze cars), mde whet at ees (conto) ansmenevauiang pevous rosie stzus. Ths sy wuld ave been Cassie 25a ase contd ty tha exp fected ‘nga wth cases) ar wou (ort) hyparenscn (ther han andomy selec a spe om a populton) and evant hi ‘adm cannel mutton pate (rotees Cand EA prspecine caer sy uous ave ake nas wiht hyperensen Rem the populate, aad er oc samplers th seirtutin she sosunn chanel maton an slowes nm overt sas) deter ne rooron ot nen cases fyperenson nga and woe muita. ins eam. atch hyperenson as eased ier several dys he checive was rots dorumentnosece of nen carr of hypeenson (ach uculdbeurhayedeeop over Tweet meant ne prevalence of peterson uh ensuing at average lod ressue measuemens were ianed ‘Arevospecive design woud have a assessed incidence ot revalence of hperterion orate oan eae pod fe, based ona ee eee telecaster otnavette dase c nets! (e9,peerion, delemiirg Per expssue Sas and en folowing ten (era nne oem poe ‘he past othe preset) assess rhe development fhe dea (ree D) rardemizedcancl il ect compares 22 wearers. Usual he subjects are ardent ase a expnencea spate expose (69 ammeaean) on expasue (ep, place) ard are en ole asses fhe cuz of eet (6, 2a56) tna cass sectona sty exposure and ouome are measured Smutarcous a parca plat atm Stapshat shay) nate say esis, acorn ine peso spares te exsosure mie culcone ee a Oe ear) GB Irtation oa cross ecbonal study designs tat temporal reionshp between egesureané outcome snc ays ear Hower inthis as, demonstatrg a tempera reatensp was stanhtonas because the possession ofa speci gerlype Cea recedes hypertension (hein A) Acase conte sty is deine by seeing inva wih apartcua disease (cass), duds wiht at seas (conto anaton evaiang previous rosie sas. This uy wuld have been Cassifid as a casecontl sy ft hat cmpoy rected Incas wih cases) ar wou Cort) hpetenson ater han random selecting a saree for a pops) a ease hei ‘dum channel mation ptm (Ghoies Cand E) A prspecie coer ty woul ave aken nists wiht Perens fem the popuatn, razed ter bce ‘sles to deter the drt of he sodium chanel maton, ad flowed thor te yeas) to dete the roportn of ren cases tmyperensin inpatients wih nd woul emutaion.infas earls, ato hypertension was menses ae evel Sys Me aren 2 cece was ets document nedncec new.case cf hypenenson (hich wou be unk © Geveup over 1 wee) uo masse Me * ‘rvaence of yperanson while ersuring tat verage lod pressure measurements ere Olaned = ‘Areuospave design woud have ao assessed dence (nc reves) of Mpeerion onatedo an eater perit ne based on 2 rs ‘carteven ethic data, Prospective ard etospacve cor use are ganze y elecng a glow ef ndnaial (eco) ho go 7 othavethe dase ners (a, perersion), deterring Por exposure sts arden folowingthem Ceara 3p cS ‘hepato the preset tnasess rhe devoprent ofthe dsease = (Chole) randomized incall ec orpares 22 rearert. sun he subjects are anon sees to expnance a apente 2 ‘exoosre (ea arescaton) on exposure (Placebo) ard are en elles to asses fo the oucome fies e250 = Educational cbective: 2 Ingcrors sectoral tty, expoeu and otome ae messured simutaeous at parca pointe (sapshe su) Inter study a Gesans,acetain me pind septs ie excsure fom te coe. os Biosuisics SostaisicsAEpdemicoay Stuy desins te Sine Sou ee = re a) > anSEO oem > Eo Ee OC) | a-yeacald man's asta othe espa aode ces pan. ANECG i ebtane nthe emegercy pare and shous ST Segment tetatonin leas, ard avF_ Asan ofbood taken tome set anda ne et suse to measire pass eanaeysene eves “ne test rapes tas wh ne ood ala, ans terse ate 1 pm, 92 jal, and 9 7 moi Garay trees range Wc fe folowngearareers sos ity be or based en he esuts of he ne es? A Resaoy 8. Precon 2 ©. Seneny = OD. Severe " Oe vay 2 Sas Pe] : Or eeoe og a | a-yeacald man's asta othe espa aode ces pan. ANECG i ebtane nthe emegercy pare and shous ST Segment tetatonin leas, ard avF_ Asan ofbood taken tome set anda ne et suse to measire pass eanaeysene eves “ne test rapes tas wh ne ood ala, ans terse ate 1 pm, 92 jal, and 9 7 moi Garay trees range Wc fe folowngearareers sos ity be or based en he esuts of he ne es? A Peco (12) VB. Precision 79%) ©. Senetivty 26) . Specicty 2) E Vataiv ) care me LW Fracory Twat te es ‘planation Precision & accuracyan > 1 ®@ Precision & accuracy » Low precision Lom precision » Low accuracy High eccuracybean dd > Ca i aa stan pain tan pain Amessuemerttcelstou be pace and accuse tobe vine ciel Sting. Prat an eae nad flows + Precision lat ithe sty of atestorenccice feral ot snares wh repented easiest hat fae) + Aecuray atay) re sity of atesta measure wna suppsedo measure. For anatase acct, Sesut shoul be equaleno me rests ctainos wi ol stand op, best cmenona eet avai) oo sae inca hao). ‘A precise es! ges sr very ose resus cn repeat messuemens nbs cape, repel measurements oe sane Sample led bere eeuts therefore he nett has ow pecan (Cnoies A and) Toate he acuaty oa ett ees Shout compared those eta whe god stand one same ual Ast can be ng pense 9ves vr sina resus on ea! Measiemerts) BA Macca fe, he MEaSLEMENS Sncenect compar the gl stands) Atestna shighy npc sen gh nsccasta Inthe eee, a ove were noe retear) GB SE i High precision High precision Cow accuracy High accuracy Amassuemerttzelstou be paces and accuse tobe ula ne cial sting. Prin an accuracy ae rad los + Precision etait the abit fa tesa repair or ir rests wih repeated measurements oto haf Fare) + Accuracy aii) ise abit of atsta measure what tis supposed io measure. For anow tat be acct, eeu shoul be uaa oe rests ctinod wir ol tarda 'op, best coment avaiable sae incl (ith fH) ‘A prec et ges sl very ose sits on repeat messuemens. nis pe, repel measures oe sane Sample eld ‘erent ests therefore he nee has ow pression. (retees A and E) To eve ne acurary oa ne tet 5 ess Should be compare thse cans wine god Standard ston he same ical test can be iy presse (6, ove vary similares on epea! measucmerts) bu accu othe measueMer al Incorectconbareso he gl standard). Aesth shahly imprecise ohh marcia. nhs ase 2 tere wee no est sus closed usnathe old tarda the accrayaly of he fest conot be eteines, (holes Cand D) Senstvy ic defined a atest itt deny eto prosenc cf Sceso, whereas spoctict i deed as eet sbi {olde tre tueabsenecfasease, Poo relay can ite sensi or spec fates fhe essen heathy ane iseased sosunion ae coe naive Edueatona objective: A precetelabletetisreprotucibi that ites imi esus on repeat measureerts. Rabi magna wen fandom eer sina Biosuisics SstaisiesAEpdemicogy Yad Ard Relabiey Sine Sou 88 o! ialSeo oem > Eo Ee OC) Avesarchere warstdinansessng te lod ste eve ef worn he nen a opuon wh 2 hghiednce cals lets. She tates ge random sang (nf women age 18-45 and messues te tcod ol ela Te seca ds ale ala re nally a = 005) eating ase cons tro ntease isk Mth HRT (hoiee A) Bercrs in rr fo slacen bias tatcan be rey select hgpaaed patent athe coral otp (roles 8) Pacboofect fers patie’ expectations afecing an eutcome, Hover in this case the contol runes nih HAT noraplacebo medication. (holes Cand D) Given thatthe FR cians inthe it study was sma o he on tian he met nai (152 versus 130 is rey hat esi fas en, por bmn, researcher expecney) were presente Sy Education cbjective: ‘A suoyspoverinoases 2s fs sample sie nreases, Tero, te lager the sane, he ret he abit of cud to eect dirence hen oe ry ens Siosuisics _Sostatsics 4 Endemicony Power ard sample sze Sine Sou ve ial CaSEG oem > Eo Ee OC) ‘Anew tiemate hasbeen shunt all ate ery eectn eens el ng caters. A prin anya en a cohen ty a ns new et demonstrates tats use prongs sual of ung cance paket y 3 rans when compat to he Suvi fates dagosed by ‘onvenona atnods_A sconeay ansrevelenoaerencsm ern meni Dagon the 2. Wnch oh flesng facirs est ie exis tbe sess? A. Confouing ©. Lesstme at ©. Lengintme tas © 0. Meserament ae QE cvsenerbas F Rave dsease assumption Ca ialCu ee Cn Os) aren ‘Anew tiemate hasbeen shunt all ate ery eectn eens el ng caters. A prin anya en a cohen ty a ns new et demonstrates tats use prongs sual of ung cance paket y 3 rans when compat to he Suvi fates dagosed by ‘onvenona atnods_A sconeay ansrevelenoaerencsm ern meni Dagon the 2. Wnch oh flesng facirs est ie exis tbe sess? ‘A Confer 1%) V8: Leatime bas (8) ©. Lenghtme bas (18) . Messuemertba (1%) E Obsenerbas 0) F Rave dsease assumption (0%) lantn “Typical survival Period en — eopeer dt i SOR ae Leadtime Typical survival bias. period | Onset of Detected Usual time disease by screening of diagnosis > ican ‘Apparent survival period Leadsine bas shoud aa be consdored when evaing ay screening test. Lead bias isan apparent ness in survival ie anong pants undegangsveenng when ey actualy have an unchanged peognosis Pers screed wan mate serstue tet ay ‘secon tole gee becouse he seas was deed ere han Pad been ghee ically The oveallngh fe mn sense ‘onsetic des actualy remars the ame wih or wnout the carer szenng, To detarmne the acu efecheness othe seenngpsam 'sracessar fo flow up ates pigs hata longer ante apparent increase in ual ne, and han geist nd come moray rats arora pater who have undene the atonal ceeing and those who have rot Ini case, pars sreaed by he new test appre io have increased he suvial me by 3 months when compared thse Sagres by Convenor methods. Hower here nase aference In Samonth morality eieteeen the 2gewps, wich haat ha hee 9 (Ghote A) Corfouning sorts he estonsh betwen isk actors arte disaster can whaly or aay account forthe cbsenesefec. Atiough Pe resis of study coud e potently confounded, ee iro ifomaion en he poe arcu wee testa ange design or ara 92 ene, ial Ca> ae MoS Ew. ee Lacan las spout aay be considered when evaaing ay screening test. Leas bas isan apparent neease in survival ie tong pent untergangseenngwanthey aly have an unchanged pognosiz ators zreaedthmate sense tate ay [roea tole npeeny caus he eae as etced ere han had been aghcses ricaly The oveallrgh fe tn ceca ‘nse io dea actualy remars the sane wih or whout the ear sen. To dete the actual efeceness othe scenitg posta 'sraessar fo flow up ates pigs tha a longer ante apparent increase in ual re, and han esate nd come moray rats arora pater who have undeene the atonal crering and these who have rat ‘nis case, pars screaed by he new test appre ohave increased suv te by 3 mont when compared these dapnesed by convener maths. Hower he nas ne ference In 6amonth morality aistewosn the cups, wich nical hat heres acl benefit thesrering progr, (hole A) Confounding eons he tons between risk actors andthe disease twas, ard can whey or ara eccount forthe cbsenesiefec. tough Pe resus Ps suc coud be ott oneunded, eer mfomaton en he poke creas wee ee eee tee (noiee¢) rah moti ors wren etic haope roessive frm of sase ae les hy ob deta sceening ‘rare te hse wih sow pomessive disease. Tis bias tens erste the benefcal fet of screening gh of una rd ‘moran ns se, ere ho ndeaon ale patets ete byte rau tes nave more Deng fos fy eancet (Ghotes D and E) hieasreent bas and seve as er the msciassiicaon of tome act expose eg abla eased 25 TOM ceased and vice versa) and ae rele poo study desan. The eerie descrbed does rot merton he hes was corded (helen F) Rare diosse assump fers oo pace of perosimating heeds ao andoaie rik whan conduc 2 case-control sy fovrre seas, Acorn othe assumption te ots ao approximates reaie sk when seas ncisenceis ow en <1) Educational objective: Latte as occur when anew tet ignores @cndtn eater hancomentonal stuf, causing an pparenncessain suv ne espe noimprorementin oreo moray Lng‘errimataty rates, net sail es shouldbe cnsiteedermeasrna tect fey ‘seeing anatearnerteee ae 1 Stony proper cee 1 any progressive cases Qzoonn Qzeamon CF racet rss tonew cad | sesmg cas aSO > a ® Ca OO eserctas a develop an eye ken rmuscrert aslo agosng Meunatlt aris. Te ests dskred ode he reser of serum artbodies aga utr pce. Two tes populations wine dieing prevalence cf eumsad arts ae sled “Ie researchers lao sets the ets paornanc he? popular by compan a rmer ot aaonoste es prsnatrs When one folowing peerance measiesis nos ef be Geet between he 2st ops? ‘A. Negatve ielnod ato ©, Poste etncesrao ©. Poste precicve value OO. Sensiiy OE Som Ca ialaren eserctas a develop an eye ken rmuscrert aslo agosng Meunatlt aris. Te ests dskred ode he reser of serum artbodies aga utr pce. Two tes populations wine dieing prevalence cf eumsad arts ae sled “Ie researchers lao sets the ets paornanc he? popular by compan a rmer ot aaonoste es prsnatrs When one folowing peerance measiesis nos ef be Geet between he 2st ops? 'A. Negative belnod at (85) 1, Poets ethan rao) ©. Poste preictve vale (80) . Senet (6%) Specicty 3) nome a a ease — Sensitivity Positive predictive value TPs (TP + FN) TPs (TP + FP)Ou L-CS) aie ie cer eer TeEZson Sas Sonsitivity Positive prodictive value TP I (TP + FN) TP I (TP + FP) | Oiseased opuaton NFP Heatty | Heatty | opuaton peopulaton Prevalence nat import tected ty pretence senate ony Se cave Postne pesche we espa ces ae ag FP ie patie Tato in TP pi Pdtv vals ar peformance measues cf agoste esha ae dependent on the prevalence cfsesseina pepuaton fitsest The postive pedcine vai (PPV tho probably that someone who fs posi chal has the disease. Mis calcted by dng the ror fru peste resis yet ube of ose ress (e,TP/TTP + FPD. The ruber of rue gsve resis depends onthe sensi, anda ruber abe postive su pants a the Spey, e eave proparon ef each detemined byte etlencee 22588 ‘me prputon. Pepuaton th 2 over disease frotlece have ever tue pore recs andar numer tas pontves 20 the PPV decreases Ae a eyar) GB ede yl ae pestarance measures agnosis nat ae dapendent an the prevalence ot isease In pepo ines. The poste pedcne value (PPV) te probaly hal someone who ests posi actualy hash dsease scala by deg Me ruber ofr poste resis ye tl runbe of postive resus (e,TP/[TP+ FP). The number fre pstveresits depends onthe sens, anate ruber false-ostiveresus pens on the spec, he eave proportion of each deters byte pewlence of season the peplaton pater wth 2 lowercase provloce have over tue poe resus andar numberof fas posites sotha PPV docesces As Cisease frevnence reas, erumber fue postves 0 reese. ruber ffl costes detemes, esng 2 ghar PPV. Sia te nega prescine value rreaer mothe usar presence decrease (Ghoies and B) Poste an eave alton 280 nate hw a pata pose or nepatve est est noances Pe rtest robatityofhaving ease. Lkelhond rates inate at he et rests associ wth te presence offi zeae Sinan abs mean athe es su assonaed wi te aosnce oe disease. Geese poste and negate leood ais eased on serstty a ana spc) Wy ate et elected by dese prevalence cS (hoies D and €} Senstty and specity sent wendy docaeepevaerce, This beauze senshi alee using Wo patee » anatase negates (any people wine dseas) ad spenfy caused sng Yue nepaves 2 ase posts (on people wut he 2 decent case the sme test (hte eam saratty an pei characte) has ben used on ert sop mth a ta cilerng prevalence = Edueatons objective 2 ‘Various parametrs are used eve the accuracy and vchines of dagnstc et, Posive and negative prdtve values are intuenced os by isease prevalence nh taal popuaon, erst, specie andlkainod rans ae nt prevalnce dependert. 2 Biwtscs SostatsbesAEpcemicony Prec ates 12 Sie open Tre = re ra) > ae eerede vas ae pa ech e Ae | —————————————— frum postve resis by anctne rmbt Te robsbiy ofa iesond person sing postive cine pastes + Fase neanives) Te probabity ofarecaeaced pean tetng negaive Spec He negates (Tre negates + Fs poses) Fa pronebiy na aease pasar ana v= Tue poses (Te poste: eS) Te probate sease is bse aver nega sit INEV= Treaties oe negates «Fale negate) ati represarng he athood having he ascase gen pose esi LR = Sens /(1~ Speco) rt represerang he ood a hawng he scase gen a negate rest m= (4 Senay | Sectcestoniec ron Mark Postve 95 e Pov testrecut (TP) FP) 18 TeTP Se Negaive 5 eager Ne festresut my GTM) TWIN FY Positive Negative yoy Prevalones = 400/000 = 040 condiion condition ee etteeaeee sens = 8090 + 20)= 0.85 rele ae ‘Specify = C2012 88) = 088 rv st + 1292 097 Negnive oye ue ‘NPV = Sei20 + 588}= 037 testresut Tota 60D «00 Qzaomin Q ramon Gi recet Gass Tonew Cad | Exeeng Cart ialbre A ail ‘sample ot risen age 25 years chosen atrandom tom an pte cic. Te nubs of rary act ecto (UTIs) over 31 ear erode given inte gue below Number tien 0129 Nanbaratetary le econ epson Wnt the serge rumber of UT epzodes over yeatfor ald fe sample?bre A ail ‘sample ot risen age 25 years chosen atrandom tom an pte cic. Te nubs of rary act ecto (UTIs) over 31 ear erode given inte gue below Number tien 0129 Nanbaratetary le econ epson Wnt the serge rumber of UT epzodes over yeatfor ald fe sample?Cu ee Cn Os) aren O12 3 Nomberofsany es ection eps Wat was the average ruméer of UT opcodes over yearfor achldn ris sample? VA Bexween 0 ant 75%) 516%) ©. Benen and (168) B. 20%) Genscan? na 25) gies 1 tm. ssasce orosane0 —— LW isco Tens es Ea] - wa aren ‘Thisbar graph hetrates th hequncy of wna ractfectan (UT) episodes inte sample According tothe gu, 0 chcran a0 Mi, 20 ccsen hd 1 UT 0 has 2UTs ad 10nod3 UTIs Ingerara te average (mean) of adalat ithe su of valves vied by he tl urbe fal. is xa, the aveone unter of UM ese er chi is the sum es ruber ef UT vies by he tl sap 2 etal ruber che). The tl sanel seis: 80 +20 + 10+ 10 100chien. The al runber of Us (050) + (120) +(2*10)+(@» 10)=0+90+ 20+20= 90 Unis, Te average tine ty ding ie etal rumber UT (Goby eo sample sz (12), Tere, the average ruber of UT pads pe year= 60100 = 08 UTsforachsin ts sale Inconclaon, cen ape 25 yeasin his ic expesenced betwen Dand {UT overt yer on average Eduestona objective: “he average ormean of dataset of vaesis the sf the vies ced by he ta rumber ove. Biosuisics SstaisiesAEdemicoay Una act etn Sine Sou tw ial‘tencarssingoss of) wes 38love 5. ya-ldman vt hyparenson an hyparpiema whe cameto te engency cezarme wih chest pain warts oKnawithe having & ear tack Test A's ny valle dagresng mcardl nrcon (ul) neces, We resus fst (canparedto gad 20 | 60 “The patenthas posite osu on test A Assuming Me pees rcbbity is equals he presence Min he sty what site proba hathe pert hasan? o! ialSao Sem = Eo Ll eC 5. ya-ldman vt hyparenson an hyparpiema whe cameto te engency cezarme wih chest pain warts oKnawithe having & ear tack Test A's ny valle dagresng mcardl nrcon (ul) neces, We resus fst (canparedto gad ‘tencarssingoss of) wes 38love TetAnesine | 20 | 20 TetAnegane | zo | “The patenthas posite osu on test A Assuming Me pees rcbbity is equals he presence Min he sty what site proba hathe pert hasan? A 40% 28) 8. 50% (1%) nr) vO 0. som am) E som (1%) evawacory Teaco fetes o! ialeleratn aren ) ar) GB “The postive predcve value (PPV) o 2 cionosic es arses ling aesten| Gen 2 ostv es es wratis teeobaiy hat pstentha the deca? PPV conessond oe rumbet of pple wh he zeae in teat portne ang al hore et postive. Using ‘Sundar cntngency 2 2a PPV= a/b). Contingency table example: Ml research study Gonene Disease | Disease Testa pete | negate wm | now et rate | 2 Testa asive Beta, | 200 | so «| a Testa veils | esoe | tne | eve | | moive | 22] 8 sageive | nagaive 20 | 0 we [oe Untieseetcy and Sensviy PPV varies win disease provlence,cisease prevalence creases PV ncrases simi PPV decreases wit deceasing reierce Inti qusicr, the patents pretes| pobabity (nic kes iro acco ral udgent earn Row kis assumadto be equate prevaerce of nthe sy makeg te ess tea algae. Thee PPY= 200 1 200%s0)=200250=08 260%. ater Sances, cca may assume thal pretest preaence anus dsease pewerce nthe ialm1 @ ar) GB v Unt sete and sensi, PPV aris win disease prevalence. fcisease prevalence nreases PPV increases simi PPV decreases won deceasng prevaence nts questo, the patents pretest probably (snc kes rz arco ea judgment agra Mow al K's ‘matnenas an Ms assumedto be equvsent oe preaerce of mie soy akg he resus vec Yarslaae. Thee PPY=200 1 20%50)= 2007250 =0.8o 60%. nother isances, cinta may sss thst pretest prevalence aguas Geasepewlence inthe ponuaton Educational ebective: ste prdicive value repress he probity cf uyhaving 2 deease Quen a pose est esut Htincesses Wh nosing Seeas0 prevalence and decreases win decreasing stase prevalence Sosuisics _SosttsicsEndemicony Sens spect, postive predictive value PP, regave recive ave NPY Sine Sou me ialcoco BY He A at @ oo eB Sw, ante ‘A group of pshiists has nebcas an nusul nub of kernals with peso inthe sureunng communiy. deco is ten o conde a oss sectoral so esate he prevalence of deresonin is specicppuiton. Esinais for he prevalence of depression (cose et 10 tas) ne cement 35 ans ‘hae eroun | Women | Men Cc a vere | ne | 104 wea | 15 | wea Tea | vo |e SHI) seeae atom neon cpa esac eu vay eye, rote vane cry Ml) soumnynornie beer to oor whats prot et ne tour ree?a] - wa Bey a cena a oss sectoral syn esinte te prevalence c depression ins Spec popu, Esimais oe prevalence o depression (cases pa 100 nace) nt commun ar 38 elle “Roe roup | Women | ten wae | or [oe vere | Ho | 104 wae | 5 | ree a ‘Suppose dng an ateroon cnc 2 paychatit ees 6:yea-ld wean, 2 2-yea- an, ad an yea woran fom hs Conmuniy ‘Aanuming no ison Seber he pterts hat she pry hat ore bem has operon? = A oon es 2 8 oon ax Da © oe) = v0 070% =m E 0550 (10%) = ome oS an +0 Chie eae iP oO | POR Onscoco BY He a SOR ae raion Pecan cepecon eyearctaworen | __ 0021 1-08 Teyearidman aioe T0708 eeearotaworen [| __ 0796 Hons “The age-and gender spect presence of dpression nthe communis agood estimator fhe probe hata covespondg inal fom communiyhas the sease. Gecave each the parts is unrelated oe cers ca of he agosesis an independent event (2 tens dagress has ne mpacan motes), When event aeindepeent of ach aes the potas al the eves cris calcu by muting ogee he pronatyoeacn waa event Insts ease, caluat the baby tat ron of he 3 pater has depression. raphy he rcbbity of each complementary event, he ronan navn pest (1081) «(1~0 108) (1-0 138)= 0808 0.898 «0.985 = 0705, (holes and E} The probably thal 3 patetshve depression can be ale by malping the probably et each ver (2001) (0108) <(0125)=0001. The complemertay event (ie, he pba hat tas pater oes not have depression) canbe caste by ‘sioaceg the probably hat al 3 patents ave destesson oro = (0.081) «(0108 «(0135 = 0888, (toieeB) The probity hat ony the women have deen canbe cakuated by ruling toate he probability each wean having the srr long wath the probably of he man not having he Scorer, (0) = 135) = -0.108)= O01 (hoie€) Te probity ha east 1 att nas cepresson completa one roebly of naneo he 3 patents raving depression. Incan be caculted by suoracing the rebbiy that nono ofthe 3 patetshas pression fom 01 = t= 0001) x(t = 0.108) x(1=0 136) 235, ial racoco BY Me A ee “The age and gene spec pretence ot depression nthe commun sa good estima fe probaly ata carespann nal Tn cemmuntyhas the disease. Becao cach the 3 paterts is umelted 9 o ces cach fe agrases isan independent event (2 3 patent's dagssrasnompacton mote), When evens aeinéeperdent of 2c) oe the probaly aa the eves crs calcu ‘Sy muliping opener he prosabiy ofeach wd vent Ins case, call the baby tat one fhe 3 ates has ceresson. py he rcbabty teach complementary event, the babi of rat haing depress: (10001) «(10.104 «(1~0195)= 0600 0.08 0985-0705, (Crotes And E} Te potabiy natal patents nave depression can be cae by mating Me prebablyateach even (20S) (©108)<(0135)=0001. The complenertay ever ee ebony at tas part oes nol nave depression) anne cates by ‘itraceng the probabiy hal 3 patents have depesson ome t= (0.00) «(0104 (0136) = 0.00, (note) Te proba hat ony he women hae deessin canbe cat Dy rub tageter ne ctaby ct each wean navi the act long wt the probably of he man not having he soca, 0.00) «(0.135 = (1 ~0.108)= 00%, (Choiee€) Te probity ha teat 1 pater nas cress complemen one probably of neo he 3 patents navng depression. ean ne caused by swracrg me pcbabity hat one oe 3 patenshas cession Fo 01 = t= 0001) x(t = 0108) x(t =0136) 206, Edueatons objective: ‘The resin wt roby sates at the probe of? ove ndepndert events ocrurieg oper can Be clase by muting ‘ns insivausl proba teach event The hsplenon a of rebiyean be standin ceplmenary eens ~prbaby ct eve) nite seme manrer Biosuisics Sostatsics A Endemicony _Probabiy ery Sine Sou ee ra GB ialSEG oem > Eo Ee OC) ‘nove serum tomar, LNRLDOS, hela evaluate a ety detzcon of arereae cancer. The cancenaton ef LWLDES (measured ntmetonal nts [U} gerd.) nas been ord abe elevates patents wih pancreatic adenocarcnoma, Test esuts 200 voles (Cheat and 80 patos wan Bepsy proven panes cancer ‘Seased) are gven nie gue blow. Theimestgnors detamred he ‘senstety and specify of UWRLOSS fr sacreati cancer seg 2 uo 200 IL (reed the od veri ne. er ho instead used lower cas incateby the dashed vec re, which the folowing woul most hey be sce? ‘A Hite: umber o else negates | OB Hone postive presto value O 6. Hohe sensity © 0. Lower number ofa posts Lowe numer ofuepoives ial raOy ee ee ‘nove serum tomar, LNRLDOS, hela evaluate a ety detzcon of arereae cancer. The cancenaton ef LWLDES (measured ntmetonal nts [U} gerd.) nas been ord abe elevates patents wih pancreatic adenocarcnoma, Test esuts 200 voles (Cheat and 80 patos wan Bepsy proven panes cancer ‘Seased) are gven nie gue blow. Theimestgnors detamred he ‘senstety and specie of UWRLOSS fr sancreati cancer sig 2c 200IL. (reed the od veri ne. Heaty Dieases Number of ptints [UWRLD9® level (in UL) oy ha instead used lower cas inccatedby to dashed vorcal re, which fh folowing oul mest kay be sae? ro ialCu ee CO) Number of paints LUWRLD38 level (nt 1 ay had instead used loner cas inicatedby tho dashed vorcal ne, whch ofthe folowing woulé most kay be eaen? OA one: ase negates Oe one sensteny ©. Loner numba office posts 5. Hone fostered ve Lamar nampa oft poses a eyCu ee CO) Number of paints LUWRLD38 level (nt ‘ay ha instead used loner cas inicatedby tho dashed vorcal ne, whch ofthe folowing woul most kay be saen? A. Hone number tase negates (8%) 5. gnergostiepredne vale) ©. Hone sensu (5%) . Lower uber tae pzsitves (64) Lower number ofue posts (2) a oe 10 secs, ozraran20 =o WE sscrnas a eymY mrt (OT nl. La Oo} ste nega FP =e pain TH aa epost ‘mgonan peraneters of Sagres ets nue he folovng + Tue poses (TF) repesertasease nes wth postne et ess. + Tue segates TN) eter hoaty nis wth nepabve ts ests le posts (FP) erect hoa newt pose et asd Baka amine 08 Py‘mootan parareters of agro: tetsu he folovng + Tue postes (TF) represent dseased neath postive et ess + True negates TH) erect hoathy neue weh negate tet ess + False ostves (FP) preset heat ins wth poste est ress 1 Fale negates (PN represent dazed ne th agate to ute 1 senstway (FTP + Fu represents a ests aby to carey deny dseases nada om arg leads. Ast wn gn sensiviyhas alow FN ri mpotart fo seeenng supose), Wh ag sensivetest most decased patents wl have 2 paste test, rest (ans anapsive et ret woud lps ote oes8e|SHNOt + Speciiy CI [TW+ FPD reresesthe ably of ast o exclude hese wiht he dstase_ Aver speci test hasa low FP ie (erento cnfresonet) WMih hgh spoof tet most heal fatal llave a haga et reat ands pte trent woul ru inthe dese (SPI). “The eof value oa carve dagrosic test determines whet agven esis ited as postive or negative. Depening onthe aseae er conton berg ast Sento pest maybe peared anne cus vae adie acon. Aco vate st ‘uid me overappeg Fagen ofthe caves can maximize fe Senso petit at 10% by corety classy a diseased or heay ner, especie Inte atove exanele, cargjog Me cope lower al (si bee eu cause more ates wine diseases pose (TF PN) nereaing the seravy cf totes However os 2 consequance, moe pans witout th dsaase would ests postive TN, 1, rung n erated spac (notes AD and) Ras he ct vate (sit to meee oud case fever nas wan te Asase to nave 2 pase test est (UTP), 2 sant would deveace, Fever ind witout thedaease woud alo tet postive (TN, FP. 0 specfty would nese. (neta ) Pesine pene vaue (PPV = TP/[TP + FP) repesans te chai hat a pate wea poste et su aca ashe ‘dseace tis cate he love eo value woud wcrease bah TP and FP hon hs aft he PP aepeds on ease prevalence whichis not prnés. na prplaon wah very on esse prevalence the runberc FP wouldbe expected nincrease poponenatey morehan he runterof TP, whch wou lower PPV. ra GB ialeee is tO) FOI kee (ergot tr confines). Wiha high spec test, most heathy patents wilhave@ nga test result and 2 postive test resut ‘ul hep rule in the dsease($9P In) “Tho eat value oa quantaive dearest tt determines whetor agen eis ntrpretd as pole or negate. Depening on te seas or corona ese fo, sent or pecs maybe prefered athe cae adie acon. Au vest ‘use the overaping ean ofthe caves can maize te sestvtyo spect at 10% by covet clashing a eased ot eat nara, especie Inte above exe, charging fe copie lower al (hohe le wu case max patetswihthe disease toes ose (TP {PN Inreasing the servo he test However as 2 consenunce, mae sans witout the deeae woul aso test este TN, Fl ‘asung n decreased spectely (Ghoies AD and) aisha he cof value (shit he nah wou cause fever sas wh te sease to Mave a postive testes (UTP, {FN) so seri wold decease Fewer inchs wien dense woul so et posi (1, [FP 20 specly wold reso (choieeB) Posie preicinevaue (PPV = TP [TP = FFD rests te robb tht a patet wea pec est rsut acu ashe icease_ inthis cme, fhe lover eto vale wos wcreace bath TP and FP how ths aes the PP depends on gage prevalence uichis fat pres a poplan wah very on ease prevalence, the runber 2 FP wouldbe expaced io inrease popataratey moet ne Educators objective: ‘The cub vauecr quar dagrosc est cetemins when’ agen ess mpi a poste oc negaie, Loweing ecu pont ‘ypeaty causes more pens win me asease ost ostne decease ruber se nepabes andreas tt Sensi \Consequonty, mor pstets whut the sete wal als tes postive, resting nan nceased number ffs pstves and decreased ssecifcty Siosuisics _SstatsicsEndemicony Quote diagnos tests Sine Sou ee ial raEo Cr ee eee sexes ene nye cree nag me ane ee eae eS eee eS re ee ee ee eee eeEo Cr ee eee sexes ene nye cree nag me ane ee eae eS eee eS re ee ee ee eee eeNemoto a b> 6 ar) - wa ‘40 09. yearolt mans regia goa cine amy members ue are cance athe i develop semen eto recent waseniag fis memory. The atlendngphysian uses anew cgntve test (et Xo help cue poss of denertia Te pa’ est ests negaive. Atay evlisng he aca oftet Xin a sample cf 200 aisle age 25, n whch mo provlonce of dementias 6%, has Ceteines thatthe estas a scenic of 80% anda sens of 8. Assurig fat hs patents pretest cba ef raving deena s ‘enaertoe deasepevatercein he shay ppl, whats he pry tat spb ndy dx nt have een? e649) 528) xem) 22325) 2% (5%) tanaton “Te negatve preetve value (NPV) ofa clagnost ests he icant hat apse Ly does Nethave te dsease wn ne patent receives anegatve test eit tcan be cleus om sy dea 3 flows: Ne Suber of tue repaes tal nab of negate ts Todetemine the NEV nis ace, thst sunmaizeheresuts ofthe cay sy ina? 2 able The sty evaned 200 ising ial Cacarrer ar) GB MTeneqete precervvae (er )efo Gunns tes pcbaviy Pate penny doe erhave cnet wen epee rece anegatve test resi tcan be cles om sty deta 2 foes NEV = number cre nepaes tal ruber ef egave tests aren ‘Todetemin the NOV nb ase thpete summarize herent th easy shi na? ale. The ly evatnted 200 rcbcalin 2 pocusionwtn 259% realence tna, 10 patents had deer wns 10 at). Koowing tha specy (tue nape seas ogaves) and sent (ue poses seasepotives are 80% ard, especie, te flowing 2 = table canbe cones ‘Standard 2x2 contingency table ‘Test x Disease Disease Dementia Dementia present aboont rosent abeent tase posta] 9° ponee | | 29 | 110 > agate | (ase noasive ru regate| °° 4 wgate | | 6 | 90 we | oe wo | 100 ‘The NPV em rou be esimated 25 alons NPV = number of tue negates) tt number of negate tat (4) Nev=ai(e+4)=60/(10 +£0)= 050: Ca ialar) GB negative | cise negaive) ve rept) exes “The NPV en reese 35 one INPV= numer ctoue negates (6) unde of negene ess (c+ 6) Nev=ai(e+d)=00/(10 +€0)= 0500 =- 09% Unie sestvty and speciiy, postive and negate recive values vay based on he prevalence othe deste Infact. he NPVs iversy ‘oporionalto the prevalence of sease fg, NPV | as dease crealenc 1) Forthe NPV be apc tan ind pate, at atts pretest prbabity (ecb ofan sean aor stg) muster tothe prevalance of disace ne ppusten wren stay was conden Te queson say assume tha te pats pest reba seaunaet bth dsease eae he ‘uty popuaten, 29 te NPV eatin tn nye neato‘ he tert Edueatons objective "Negae predcve value (WV) eresentse pcbeby otha a disease gens neve teste NPVs esl roparen the povlene ofa isso. Wena part ae curate aorta he overs poping age ee reefer stn) he deetes prialene a vid esate the test proba of ease Siosuisics SostatsicsAEpdemicogy Prec ates Sine Sou we ial Ca4a b> OMT Ent, Ln OES) cmaneicra SP Mk ‘A pyscan research au evasang he etcar ota new powering dup Supers, ch ben mana duet o consumes asa (ouratreaking new tap to prevert reat atacks. The dug manwacte dams athe dug mare eTecive Man exsing ypaipdene pers fr pmax prevernon of myecaalinfacion Resuts ofa year, randoms, sublets, cna yo eve he ear of ‘Superson ae show below Number of patenisweste wth Suprctzin_Nunbar of psteres wate wh corto mediation yocaroa wrarcten 0 % Ne myocar intarcion 0 as ‘Compare the conte mesicaton, how many pats ned o be eas wth Seta o eevent ore ahora myocar inten? =) oe Okun see tmxent a b> 6 ar) - wa ‘A pyscan research au evasang he etcar ota new powering dup Supers, ch ben mana duet o consumes asa (ouratreaking new tap to prevert reat atacks. The dug manwacte dams athe dug mare eTecive Man exsing ypaipdene pers fr pmax prevernon of myecaalinfacion Resuts ofa year, randoms, sublets, cna yo eve he ear of ‘Superson ae show below Number of patenisweste wth Suprctzin_Nunbar of psteres wate wh corto mediation yocaroa wrarcten 0 % Ne myocar intarcion 0 as ‘Compare the conte mesicaton, how many pats ned o be eas wth Seta o eevent ore ahora myocar inten? A 20%) 5 5(r18) © 28058) D. sam ye or0%) F 20%) 100 (rm) ial Cacomnemne BY Ho Se ee oo ‘Oetion cama Asin recap ndctrote al tea heretat nomen (Ace Sreomotamee fae sas) Percentage wccatng lave eduction ne wearer vert ate compare» redveton me cont group Reitverisk | Fetoftie potabiy ofan evertoccunna inte Weaiventarupconpacdio_[RR= beara aieeorea (RR) | pe cantatorur [= RAR = ARELeonol te a oe [ice “The number readed to west (NNT) rexresers the nurber of ptets ht nod ob eae wih amen em Supe) incre to prevent an atonal negative cutzome 9, yocatanrcton) NNT ecinises by ang thy te abaalute ik reduton [ARR NNT = 1/488 ‘ARR reresnts he acl erence con ana expermertal group event ales. The as nt presenteaintbe tna erat ot ‘oningeny (22) abi, scare shoul be ented nsec te spree vals. nhs example, te evert frees s myocar Inaction. There nee 25 +575 = 1,00 patents fecontel up, of ose 28 ha armecrcal ércon. Simi, ee were 10+ 980: 000 pers in the tester, Supers) gap, f exe, 1Ohadamyocadal ashen. Three Con event rate = 2510000 025 ial Ca(Ou CV) aie De aR represen he acl erence conrad experiertal ioup event aes The dala nt presen tbe tna tra ot 2 contingency (2 2) be, so cate soul be eee in electing te accor ales. In tis expe ever fetes inca Inaction. Ter were 25 +075 = 1,00 patents me contl up, of hose, 26 had areata rcon. Simi, are wor 1+ 900 4,00 pateres inthe eatmert fe, Supers) grup of hase, 10 ha armecririarcion Therefore Control event rate = 251,000 0.025, periments evenrate= 1/000 ‘ARR cantten be cacuates ‘ABA Corr evrt te Expnimontalevert rae = 0025-001 = 0015, 0 158% nay, NNT foun by ng 1 by 0015: Nar Reuncng up the eeu othe nearest whol number, 67 patents ped tobe testod wih Suparatn to revert nadia myocardial sacion j0o1s=086-67 “nee NNT woud be 1, mearng stl patents ite teabyet iu benef om ne tesment_ Alow NNT mpes th estes ‘more beni Seco fener patents ned be tresedoprovetan adsoral negate ovcome, Feristane, fa rdhyelpidemic rmescatenhadan NYT of 40, woul be more benefialthan Supers, sci 0 pabents vu need ote eae oer agen peti > revert asionl myocardial incon Eduestona objective: “The nate eee vet (NNT) sth ner of abet tat eee be wate tha eccaton tated an assenal negate oom OT 2 cles by dcr by he bsculenak recichn (he lence betinen he cn anderen peers). Loner aT vues represent mae bene veaments DBostnses _ostatsncs AEpdemitogy _Nurber Needed To Tet Ca ialeden = 2. ae a (00 patensn me cre cup ese, 25nataryocatal acon. Sua, are wee 10 90 100 paterts nth ester, Supers) gp, of toes, 10 hag areca archn. Tete contol event rate =25 1000 0.025 xoerimeta aventrate = 19/1000 =001 ‘ARR canthen be cacults = Cont eer ata Engenmantal verte = 0025-001 = 0045, 0r15% Fray, NNT is found by avin 1 by 0015: rng phe recut to the nearest wholnrber 67 pants ned tobe est uth Spero revert ain myocar “The teal NNT woud be 1, earing hat al patent inthe veabret rp beret om he tetment. lew NNT np that esinentis more benefits Sccase eve pateris need be ie o pete an adsioal agate cuzame.Frinsiance fa ype ‘mescaten had an NV of 40, woul be mae benefcl Nan Supestatn, sony 40 patents wuld need be wend overage pete 2 rvertansestenal mocadaliacion Edueatons objective: “The be needed out (NT she nab fae at edo be Wate th 2 eden 1 avd an atonal negate come [NNT scale by vn 1 bye bse nek esucbon (he Serence between the conto and exprmertel Cup ever aes). Lower NT values represent moe berefcil veaments Siosuisics Sosttsics 4 Endemicony __Nurber Needed To Treat Sine Sou oa ial Caar) GB rer 5 a b> lacion Ther nee 25 100 patees in tet ARR canton boca Fay, NNT found by a ales eesen mote erat eames . CaRC) aes Laue OL) ‘A sus paromed ocemparethe afc evamacal when compared placbs far part pnewopany Fy pats ae Sled and ‘random leet 1 of treatment sequences: Tramadal towed by laceno, placebo tlonedy vamadel Then eabret pero ovveredfor 4 weeks folonedby an rtarin eek washou pres, ater whch te secon Yesmart pedis vers fr an adional 4 weeks, After ach reat pros, patents use 2 pont nner: seta rate pan, parestesia, and tendeness. Whichofthe lowing best esees the stay eon? A Caseconl sty ase ses sus ressore sty Crees secon ty Prospect chet shy evospctue cat study ial Ca6 ar) ‘A sus paromed ocemparethe afc evamacal when compared placbs far part pnewopany Fy pats ae Sled and ‘random leet 1 of treatment sequences: Tramadal towed by laceno, placebo tlonedy vamadel Then eabret pero ovveredfor 4 weeks folonedby an rtarin eek washou pres, ater whch te secon Yesmart pedis vers fr an adional 4 weeks, After ach reat pros, patents use 2 pont nner: seta rate pan, parestesia, and tendeness. Whichofthe lowing best esees the stay eon? A Caseconrl tay (11) 8. Case sare sty 5%) YO ©. crossover tt (648) . Grosset sty (3%) Prospective coer ty (12%) evoapacte conan sy (1) lotion Crossover study design Wash out period Ca a ialActive eatment ‘ative eatment Intis carpe, patns are alocatodo #2 weiner poups: Group A ecives laceb olowed by anata and Group estes wana fotewed by lcsbo, Ate ental seek restr peed andthe neck wachut hase, te teptments are satched ad vere fran ‘2dsboal 4 wees. This sconce wih a eressover study, nich jes ae random allocates to a sequence of2 or moe Weatrerts (Quen corszcunely. The eplestmacl Re ABTEA ype cf ty nui athe sets are lect te A say am areca ‘Yemen A folowed by reament 8, ve the oer afte sts e locate he BA Sy aman ecsve he sane eames 9 vere cde. nth ay cossvertals alow te pubis sone as er own conte ‘The prrspal craeack ef ossover als athe es can weatner may ear vera ata te esponse to subsequent ectment ‘Toavod ns a washout phase ro veater) chen axe between earners, The vashai peed desgoed to Relong enought atow thee of proresrnentto nea of (note A) Ace conta yf deed by seectng patents wn a parca ease (cases) andi. at seas (cl), en etn ter past exposure sas to 21 ook faces bubeved to be essocated wih he sca of rest. (ree 8) s.case sere 2a cescpmve sty at aks pet wh a oun condin (9, pater exposure, ak Bc, dseaE) 6 . Ca ialar) GB (ven coraecitey. The pest alse AREA ty uc he ects ae alata oe AB sha areca "Neanent flowed by reament 8, vie the oer af fthe sj alerted io the BA Sy arm and recenehe same eae Stn reverse ere Intis way cessve tras alow the pats ene a her Own cones “The piri crack cf ossover tis thatthe fis fon wstnart may ear ver ad ater to response toa subsequent eatment ‘Toavos is, a washout phase ro restart) cen ate between vearners, The washai eed is eegred to belong enough alow the eects ofprorreainentio nea of (thcte A) Acase conte sty is deine by seeing patients wh a parr disease (cases) nd witout hat ioase (conte), thn ‘dein thr past xsi sats 021 tsk faces bebe tbe assocate wth he disa6 of meest, (cee B) case sere sa cescgme stay nat Uacks pets wh a lnown condion (9, pacar xpasre, ak BC, SESE) onumert he natal risoryorrespensetoveament Unita a cse- OT a. a] - GA S bl ed ail ‘stat’ ppunon 2016 was estate i ¢000 00. Ale tepning of ne sae year he stale repared hng 20.00 cass oa nt ‘ta neuedepenerane canton. Ate erd e201, tesa ese 7.00 new cases as wells 1000 det aisle ths canton ‘vate 40000 deat Hom al citer causes were abo reponed athe end ofthe year What was the comuaive incidence cfihe disease 2067 1000/4000 000| ‘5000/3,900,000 #5 000/4,000,000 77000/,980.000 7000/4,000.000 25000/3,856,000 -6,c004,000000 Pe eee ee aE a Oe deeeeeeee 9} A > - O&A aren fia ‘stat’ ppunon 2016 was estate i ¢000 00. Ale tepning of ne sae year he stale repared hng 20.00 cass oa nt ‘ta neuedepenerane canton. Ate erd e201, tesa ese 7.00 new cases as wells 1000 det aisle ths canton ‘vate 40000 deat Hom al citer causes were abo reponed athe end ofthe year What was the comuaive incidence cfihe disease 2067 1,000 400000 (8) ‘5000/3,000,000 (2%) {50107400000 (5) 7000/3, 98,000 (62) 7000 /4,00,000 (20%) 25000/3,856,000 (12%) {61000400000 (08) x Pe ee eos lw 2%, oe etentn CCumautiveinetence (scales asthe ltl nner new eases of classe ep, reubcegeneratve cacti) ove a spec ptiod (69, rng 2016) Gey the nnbe of people atin tte begining the pod. foes ot acount forcemhs nine pa nde iy cause thepateres to ded wee, a sone paintin the rtevenng pero sillcensteed par fhe baseline pepe tise te disease o! ialar) GB ‘Cumutstveinotenoe (Cs cacustod a5 the otal sero pew eases of ciscaso op, reuoceneerave corte) ore 2 SBRE paid (6a, rng 2016) die by the nove of pope sick te begining he eis. does ot ccoutfor des nthe aig une sy erate epatees winded use, a sone pat therenenng pero ileensiees pa of he base pope at kere ea3e nms.case ere ere 3.980 c00peape at Ske, 400 00-2000 ated win ne asease he beng ot 2018, an TOD new cases fe dsease occurs oer tho 1 yearrened beng aniyod.Thereore, the Ci aren 000000000 ~ 20 00)= 7.0007 3,880,000 Unt initence ate (vtch is ia eres as he rumberofcases per person ye) does et cao tie nto he dering: is et ee aerate eae el (Ghote A) The disease spcic moray (mths example 1000/4000) he rumber of dats atibuablts a sesso pr year Sed bythe opin (hole B} The Ci dose net scout for deamsin he pr under study. ns case, he muertoris 7000, nt 00 (rete ) Te ate of neeasect 2 aseas le, te ncrease im iseasepretalece sh nunbe fnew cases er yea muse number oat or cues) aibutie wo he eas er yea, ied by he wal population. Ths yi (7,000 1.00) 400 000, (rote ) The iis cae ang to cnsderion he opulanon at sk athe begernag oe pera under say Ins cae, te erorinatr must be reduce by eater a cases epertedat tbe Degnnng ee yea 2015 fe, 400000 ~20 000 = 3,560,000) (Ghcion F) The preaence of dacee at he erat 208 tes ro conieraion fe preven eas athe begin fhe yeu, beer cases ouput yer, andl ne dears repored by the end of Be year Ins case the pevaenee lb dasng of 201616 (20000 + 7000}~ 1,00) 000000- 40 00+ +000, (hcie 6) The evar the mare of death per yeu diddy he lal opiston The ye 4000/4 000000| Eéueatons objective: ‘The cuulineinedence ofa eae the number fnew cases ofa scare oer spec peed died by theta poplfon a ekatthe gern of sy (le, te pope ask nails wh conte asease ore spate per}ar) GB ) Pe Ea = fe disease occur ae the yea peed Beng anay2ea Thera eC oa (17.900 (4000000 -20,000=7.0003980,000 3 Uni inion ate whichis cay repre as he rumber of cases pr person yay) doe not corset ie ro he denon is # ‘Spi he properion fakin wh cntacthe disease over he specfed ered = (Chote A) The dosste specie moray (nts example 1000/4000,00) he number of ste atobableo a esos per year dsed ey bythe tl popula | = (rete B) The C does net acount fo dean he pee ude study Ins case emer’ 000, nt 8.00. <2 (hole €) The te of nerease fa deta fe, te rzeaseincisease prevalence she nar few cases per yar mish rte of BET | cca (cues) atu ome ascae pe year ded by etal populon. Ts yl (7000-000) 00000, aa (Ghote €) The Cis ace by aig to consideration te poplin at ska he begeing of he pees users Incase the = erominater mst be reduce by the ruterfcaesreperiadatthebegnnng he eat 70%6 fe, 400000 ~20 000 = $00,020) oo (notes F) The prevalence of sease at he ee of 208 tates ro consierion he preva cases atthe beprng ofthe ea, the nce = cases trughouthe yar, nal he deaths reported by the endo he yar nhs case. the revalerce athe dosing of 2018s (20600 + ea 7000} 100) (00000 [0 o00 + +000, “7 (Ghote 6) The erates the murs deat er eaves he tal popiabon Ths yes 4,000/4000000| a Educational cbective: = ‘ne umulmvenacence fates tne numer on cate ats dssste oer a pee pared ced by tetas papulton an athe = begining of he sy (le, te eopeion of askin wo cntacthe disease oer he pected pe 2 Biosuisics _SostaisiesAEpdemicogy Prevalence and incidence 2 Sine Sou es o! ialeeeeeee SO > a ® Ca OO Zeracaunab an expetmantal angiogenesis bc tpt vase endl gow facta at ten ete ete eaten ‘anancea, cnertherapy eave ron-squanaus ranma cl ing cancer NSCLC). Parof na rg companys evasion process to analyze tho yea suvnal ater reament i olan he cna eicany cf exponent veament. Theres re gienntetabe blow. Bence cond har “Rive att year « # eae at yar o = nin ttn fouing beet presente mune needed sn forte eae sonng regener? Ca ialeeeeeee SO > a ® Ca OO Zeracaunab an expetmantal angiogenesis bc tpt vase endl gow facta at ten ete ete eaten ‘anancea, cnertherapy eave ron-squanaus ranma cl ing cancer NSCLC). Parof na rg companys evasion process to analyze tho yea suvnal ater reament i olan he cna eicany cf exponent veament. Theres re gienntetabe blow. Bence cond har “Rive att year « # eae at yar o = Which the ong best represents the rumter needed sham for ihe zracaumb 1 exw rnd bao a, B tere en yeu: Tree fae hen tric inccineis n= 100-90 8) Do ens cota ca gp 120-057 57) 7 The absolute risk increase can then be calculated by subtracting the adverse event rate nthe control group from the adverse event rate in the: Asolo ok csease = 060-0 575= 0005 fe, 25%) ‘The ats increase atrial te weanent 28% (0% sk bang dea at eer he weament ious compared b 7 ihe cal geup. The Nit tens simpy te iver ce absle sk ncease “This recutiniats hat on avrze, 0 pats ned tobe weated with 2 zarcizunb-containg einen for aon parson o TERT ome Serco nc) Za] tow ttn a ano rem andro cigs +2), sont wad nrg he rte ta ff wensedavntae tema oes acna, saan) . 2 Educational objective: : Tanta see cum 8 pean ann peo mite be er sree ccm. Ine SHRI) Cainewed ne utes nce bec ovum nce rn ato WA ot ce ce Siosuisics Sosttsics 4 Endemicony __Nurber Needed To Treat ce SS oS i Ca ialeeeeeee aren Mdetaman De belnerekecrease, het cuedate Eo Number needed to harm (NH) Reorerng ne dts lo a standard contngeny tbl format wih he exposure cinerea (e-zerearumab-containg regina) nthe secre flow andthe cme of mers (Sod t "ean nh secon eck eto Ue of Stance formula eee rex meeas6 [af@rbl-le/er) Dead at tyear | Aliveat t year _Zeracizumab-containing regimen a6 beso Standard chemotherapy 69 cencomenizo eco oss ans wane? 0aes=e0 @Q zoomin Ql zoomout GB Recet Adi ToNew Crd | Exsing Card ialSr > a ® Ca OO ‘large eer say sconce oases he assecaten heusen Solr and squamous cel catcrona of te esophagus ang mise. ey ‘298d Chnese man Bute 10 east elon up smokers nave Stes oko esmnageal carci cnrpared 0 no-anckers elive ck = 005 cence stan! ~20.71) Aozora ote ei eis, una parceinge of quand al earenoma ee esaphenis in a ‘svokers canbe atribtestosekia? » A 2% > 8. som 70% On am for o! ialpoe dt a ee a ‘large coher stays conducted asesin asscatonhetesn Sig 2 quan ee crevona ce espa aang mie = ‘aged Chnese men Dug 10 yes elowup,nokers rave Snes ak of exxphagea cranema carpe forsake Pee Mk 2 0,9 eankseee tena = 28°71) Aecorsng oe ey res a prcertage of aianous el erenana fe epnegisin a roles can beatbuesta soak? = A 24 28) > 5.50% (134) oe ©. To (104) = v0. a6 8) E076 01%) = oom i a eee = — = “Te stbutabe risk preantin the exposed (ARP) tan mprtant measure of tha impact ota ek eo¢ AP auc represents the 21 |) Secttiinaeomarpauuentt coe spared ear oupuicas oar Rica. ey mt x ee ca “base cent can bese seve an equa maa cnog ae sk FR o! ialeeeeeee ar) GB aren loan “The abutabe risk prcentn the exposed ARP is 37 portant measie ofthe impact ofa isk BC. ARP ETS he ‘excess skin an exposed pcpuotin tat can be eared by expec fo parc skac, WN caleated sing te oloving formu ARP ns 100 es in exposed shin unexposediisk in exposed] “This basi detition can b usedts deve an equivalent rma vohing rete ik FA ARP ns 100» RR AVR re R= kn exposes nexpses ‘Apping ne amua ois are ARPayee= 100 RR 1) = 100% 16] = 100 (45) = 10008 =A ‘Tact, acco to mesures, 609 af aophagcl sqm cal cxarona cases in snakes wore tual to srking “The ARP crates othe abut rk (AR) whch sp he divece betwen risk in the exposes and isin te unexposed Education objective: ‘Ie strnrsle ec percet ARP) in th anpoeed erent he esse nin the exposespouionthatcan he street tac Cane easiy ered fromthe ete ri (RA) Using He fo: ARP 10 x [RR~ 1YRRL Biosuisics SostatsicsAEpdemicoay Risk Sine Sou te o! ialeeeeeee Cu ee Cn Os) aren ‘an eptericlogl uy tates assess ne rp o ype I dabetas mals aage population wh Ie migaton, Dseaselncince nd prevalence ae rontred and ecored ase uber of ase pe 1020 nil ve a ye pt _* 7 g i “a ue “ay i a b ry i: we a 1860 1985 1990 1995 2000 2008 2070 _ Years ‘ie ote orgie mest ey exgaatn or be change seas prevalence seen ine gph? OA eceasedhsptalean ate 8 Hoh motrin dates © moves uty eneCu et en Co} a 1680 1085 1000 1905 2000 2008 2ov0 La Nc Years EEE] vncrrne a ent a xian re ge nasa era sent sh = OA tasers ae a 8 Han menatyn abetes = O & macy exe > © 2 memes aie etagnterg = OF meses eoaneorectactrs ea ee reer erates 2 6 Seecive wr an a0 is oO Tea 6 onites —— Fondo Teaco i E Cu ee Cn Os) 1920 1985 1090 1995 2000 2008 2010 ones Years nin cn ang ne oe ay explana ore change ndsease prevalence sen ne graph? ecesed hasan at (0%) Hr monany in dates 18) moved uaty care 7%) rereases accra of agri eng (7) neseases posure nktacs 3) Increased manbe fnew diabetes casos (8) Selce unwatoae @)aie et uber hero meee and prevalence ae impo concer evastg he brgat ct aseas On popuaton.Iedanee carespes tothe number ot ‘ew eave ls dacaseGounceedn peptone oe a ven pod Prevalence i foe total numberof diveaved individuals 1 the population at apricot ti ependet on nodence ane average duraon he disease, te om diagnosis co ea Prevaeree= naence)x (Dusen ot ease) Asli “The tow raph sons thatthe icdence typeI dabtesmeltshae been constant rhe st 20 years (Chole), Di st prevalence fe rising, Because his asada poputin wih ite mao, acnsantineence ate sou esuk nana sabe disease etalon, nes thre esa tral facorafecing he duration the coon Facial pralong izaze duran can ace ascase prevalence even when te nederce unchanged ecaiseasease6 nawauas WelorQe On ae92 In a5, Improved UaltY ears hay loa lever malty rata in bets over tne suing in ahiher prevalence ofthe dazaein the poplton (Chelee (roiee A) deceased mosptatzasn ate wouls rial eduet aay ( muden ef dsea5e| aang dabetc atin However decease m osptatzson ate wulé not necesstly be ssored wh edued molt and iereasin disease prevents sm compares ineence and prevalence lo dng nen rope (nein cases) snk ealecng wae (neva cases) (hciee D) need accray of hoot lang wos aft oth he prevalence and inadence accent changoe the te lich (holon B) Increased expose to dsbees ska wou hy nese bth disease ices nd prevalence (oie 0) Selective survival bia occurs in cas-contl etude when casts te alee om the ere etasepopatin instead of om those that are ney egresed. For mstance, 3 tudy on cancer sua hat ot red te nenyciagosed pats ceulé conan 2hoher operon ofelaey benign anand, 3s hese pants general ve longer Edueatona objective: Preralnceeqalsthe revere ate mute bythe average disease ation. Changing dscase prevalence ina seats popuatin wth (eo, roves quaty fc) nl sense seas prevaene, 2 fei pales sue ge GB ialcuestonte nar Mark ew eaten ofa dacase ao the population at ara eect “The tow graph sows rising. Secase is 2 asease prevalence eve fear ly ld a Edueatona objective: Prevalence eqalsthe nd ome : conta ncdence ae Q zoomin GQ zoomout GB recet 9 Adi ToNew Crd | Exsing Crd (69, meoves quay ialpeer dt A ee aE ‘A sips cicgram compares inederce ad presence to dng row érops (nent cass) asnkenechn water (revert cases) = “Ie stove apn sons that tence ype I abt tus has Dee constant ah ast 30 yar (Choke), Dit at prevaance = thang, Because tis a steady ato popatin wi Ite miao, a cnsartineence ate shoul osu na nea sabe disease 2 rvalence res theres soe atonal factor afecing he dation the corciton. Factors Pal preong ease duraton can e352 = ‘seae prevalence even won te inerce is unchanged because deeased nce lenge on aveage. nis cas, improved ality 3 of eare aly 2 aver marty fata aaeses oer te esung nae prevalence ofthe Asaseim he popuaten Chole 8 (notes A) A dacreases hosptalzatn rte would nical eco rary (e,buden ef case) arong abet nscil, However. 3 cease in hoeptalzaon rate weld ot necessiy be acorited wh reduced malty andineasing disease prewlence (rote D) nreaseasccrcy of diagnos tesng wou act both he prevalence andinsdence faeces changes the at at which new cmes ate dete 3 (tote E) Increased exposure to dabets ick ats woul hay increase bth daoase incidence nd prevalence. - (Choice G) Selective surval bias accu in case conta stuses when cases ae selec Nom he entre ease popuaon instead ef Yom ust those hat ae ney ogncsed For wstance, aay on cance sua it ot redo ey agnoses pater cel conan a ghee a oporton flay benign malinances, hese patents gona ve longer = Edueatons objective: 2 Prevalence equals ne neierce ae muted by he average seas aaten. Charge dseaseprevaence in sendy ise poplatn wih = ‘contr ncidnce ate meas that hee san asta cer afecing the duaion fe cendion. Afi a prclengs cease uation = (ea, meres auaty of cae) wl ncxease seas reraene, a afectes ates sme ger = Biosuisics Sstatsics A Epdemicoay Rik rate erevalence and dence - Sine Sou 8 o! ialCu ee Cn Os) aren a Cnc pu agree ep ape han rom race fae mylene em (AN) ang kenge 12a mE ‘ercarny They neve at ne oe te ont se cps cena wan aay ty wy a ee ‘oponeto tn ade respone for ha nreatd prevalence c# A Acarecot sna destin slate host depen bis cf cam ft erpere te cemcal vase aonaed wh AML nchchd, Wn elon opt shad eed se a2 OA ten dona hve AL and we eroeedin here wan le © 8 cnten wo dona have AL and wrt erred hema ate oa © 6. cater dona hve A reeds fers sits cher wae (© D. Children who have AML and are exposed to chemical waste OF Crwaen wb nave Au, regards of exposure tus chemeal waste Ca aHeguese aeuseue SE ape Se a a ‘ones ota pute heath desannert ep age en nel prealr ofaae yelogaous eum (AY) aang chien age 5.126 ‘mer eoemuny, They cose hat sere reusehals th conmunty af exposes io chemical waste ane aay ard wary ht ‘exposure tots waste responsibi for teincteased prevalence of AML. case crt 0's esgned i veut the oath deparment cas dae hat exposure to chemical vase assocate wth AML nchidhes. When fhe elwing popuaons shuld be selene asthe ‘A Chien who donethave AL and ar exposed chemi wast (198) 1. Chien who done have AML and ar ot rpses chemical wast 20%) \V © ©. Chiren te donet have tL regardess f expesre satus 0 chemical waste (30%) . Chien who have AVL and we eecsed io chemical wast) Chlttenwho have AL and are ratexpzedtochercal wane (23) Caren wo nave A, regares exposure status 0 chemeat waste) lotion Case-control study design ial CaHeguese ees a ee Case-control study design Subject section Exposure azesament (asad on asoae tats) Erpavedto Cero th AML, 2 “mene (cae) Lnoepses to fomeat waco ‘expe poputaion —| Exposed ctemeat waste mena a rpses to femal waste ‘case-control study is he est poopie study es fr eatin he pu heath ofcaly im. This isbecase the decase lau myelogenous leuema [Na are condon occuring a higher rate nhs popuston, and a reospecive expos cher wase expose} needs eerie In case-cowo ses 7 gous cf ues af ented cases [sels wth he Aseae tat) and ‘oma (sojet haut ne seen ores) Aterthe ese ane cn rupee eles, exposure regueney om epecfe wrt 69 Crerical waste win bom gcupss ascertained theres absclysgrvcant ifrence expose FequeryEeNeen the 2 OWES 5 eta the arabe in aeston sors wth deve devel Ca ialaren Q 1 2 = Lae OE) ‘Acate-conal study ite est apace sid desi for evaluateg he pulc heath oicalé caim. This isbecause the dsease (ate mplogenuseukema (AM) are conden occuring higher tenths popula, ad arerospecive expos (chemical Was :3 ‘expose neds fo be erated. Incase conto stiies, 2 rvs of subiecs are created eases oubets with he disease of rere!) and 12 ee ae ee ee a pee = ‘ancl vast on geugaa erred sna ar ere menpoave Hen Seen Re? ES -8 "hay be arab n usin eno wh See Serpe nts exarple Ls a lscase cna marr, ren wth AL Shouse use a case ana chen thou AML Stole sed {aseontels. Cases ans cals saul ne sie egardess cf exsosue satus othe cemcalvast(Chelees A and 8) Setechg sublets based on exposure status inperoprao because companng he reuenc f exposure between he cao and cel ups is what determines eter he exposure sree prevalent among cases 5 compared ors tea, xpos tequeney among contos shoud be eresrtate lhl among he population finial sf baconing cases. In oe ‘tne words for agen case-conta study, cons re nondiseased nv who could be considered cases hay had he disease, ten, 12 ‘contol ad cases are matched based on independent variates (eg, ape, sex) to decrease he efecs of confoudng a (Cholees 0, €, and F)AILis the cvtcomeofintret therefore, chidren whohave AM canbe used ony te form the cass group and cant 2 ‘be used as contos. Cases snout also be seecedregarcess of exposure stat oo Ecaycational objective: aa ‘Selecton of corr subjects in case-conrel suds is intended to provid an accurate estimation of exposure tequenc smn the nonssessed Ds ‘general popuition. Cases nd cntls shouldbe seeces based on disease sas, no expose its. +35 iosiaisics Blstatstcs &Esdemiciogy Study designs = Suwa Sen Toe +38 ‘took Time Rematnng: 0:12.00, a) lo) ae2 Eonar daa > KO) Ee CO) > | Arena my coc re scope tar pose eter camp rene seu ‘0 | cosmeoeon wonemne sat oat pours afar athe sreguten oh tps taco rare "= | ese tnen syn sissnpaten so tsetse py eae is | Smear = ‘A 0058 > a oseve a 00e a 0 ome Oc 1-009 F 1-095 o ial) aie a ee ee > | Arena my coc re scope tar pose eter camp rene seu ‘0 | cosmeoeon wonemne sat oat pours afar athe sreguten oh tps taco rare "= | ese tnen syn sissnpaten so tsetse py eae is | Smear = ‘A. 005*86%) > 2. o06xa009 a 6 007%) ae |] |v 0 owas E 1-005 (10%) F 1-05s%(12%) a emtanaon * actofte Btloedsanple sus at Gapandant vet, one patent's clon anomers) wth 2095 (35%) ebay ot = erat eng raga nd 0.05 (9) probaly of corey ste poate, T cle he chance ofa Bete eng mga, miply * {he probaity ofeach os eoTng 3 negate est 2 095055095005 x095%095+005+095- 098" a ESS © 2 ©peer dt a ee iu Elastin = [Eschofte Bod sarple ets is nindgpandent event eon pins estas ra impact on ace’) wth 309586) pcbly of c3 ‘ey sing nape and 3005 (5%) pobabl of moet tesing peste ocala he cance oa tess tesing mate, mutply 2 the probably of ach et turing a nepabve aut 3 095% 095%095 +005 «005% 095%095% 095-098" (Cnoies A and 8) Te value 005 «8s equate probably a sane eng give © nes and O95 «Bt equvaeso ‘2dr be oat of sanple testing rate Snes. However he cob ratty fra eres cf ndependent events ales ‘srg mutpleston,rtasson. Frinstnce, when fgpng con ie the probabiy of ing heads ina row snot 05 +05 =08 (10089 aa rater 05 ».05=025 25%) (hele €) The pobbity fal 8 samples incre testing poste is ven by 205 (Croies nd F) veal 2 catcames ae posite ate @ sales wean the same tet reo atest 1 sagle ilesterery ‘Because he tal robe mt a po (10%) ane pobaiy hat a8 sans wl en negatives hen by 0.95% the probaly of sleet sanpletetng poste is 1-0 9" Converse te probably ht 8 samples wil et peste is 5 white protaby oa eos sampetesngneptve's 1-005" Education cbective: ‘ove re repenert the prbsbiy hat levers il um ot the sae i the product fhe separate probate for ech exert. The Sea aa ere pees ee oe |S Se nl ee re o! ial= otto ae Oe 1p inst eye hep p05 pln on 212 nei 5) 522 | owwotne pent ic tn sown nel Ls Us peninon ‘8 vein | a [oo | ae | ae | am |e | ae © 2 |) sayin ene dane alpine aad GUS pp Sado ene 2 |] GatticS tetra malay mona Os ter 2006, nepatsB prevaence supasse hepa A and pats pevlence 1907, tere were ae many cal ith epats As wth pate 8 ne US (©. 180, tere wre more nial wih apa Athan wth ops Bin the US “2 Ont. we neces cf ati nt of OE Trennterctrovcme chet darted 2 rece se . 3 Ce elu toncaed ie oO . | oe SC er aeCu ee - wa ey 2 “The grap blo stows he yer nedenceo vr hepa pe 10000 popatien tom 18622012 ne Und Stas (US). = Yearly incidence of viral hepatitis re 20 = — Hepattis A val acute 3 Hepatitis 8, via acute = ‘6 — Heras C; val acute yea ae ood or «2002 «aODT oT = Year > ‘iat hepsi nine (a 100.000 popu) in United Stes 1982-2012 = ‘burn sper the al pepulatin nthe US canned oncsease as Stownln eal bow a Pear voez | sos7 | sso | te07 | 2002 | 2007 | 2012 >. ts iy aaEo og a :3 1082 wor” 2002” pour aoe = ver re ‘Vat hepa initence (a 100.00 oqo) in Unde States. 1982-2012 2 ‘Surg the pers the tal poplin inthe US canned sincenee. a showmin the table owe a Yer see | 907 | 992 | v997 | a0oe | a0or | a0re = spopuiaton | ay | 24s | ase | -275 | 200 | 202 | -215 (inition ‘Any ven une ponte beefed okt hepains wechn assumed obec oe ula US ppuon. Basen MESe i, whch ofthe folowngie mos Salo be te? te: 2006, nena prevalence passes pas A and papas pevaence 8 mer, ere were as many ecu wth hepas Aas wah hepatts 8 whe US © 6 mt, mere were mae nds wh pat Ahan wth pats Bee US z © nt. wu nce this tun f pi and cnt 2 OO Teint cpt aur? ery se 8 Ce elu tencaed ie oO «o = . ‘endilibesEo og a :3 1082 wor” 2002” pour aoe = ver re ‘Vat hepa initence (a 100.00 oqo) in Unde States. 1982-2012 2 ‘Surg the pers the tal poplin inthe US canned sincenee. a showmin the table owe a Yer see | 907 | 992 | v997 | a0oe | a0or | a0re = spopuiaton | ay | 24s | ase | -275 | 200 | 202 | -215 (inition ‘Any ven une ponte beefed okt hepains wechn assumed obec oe ula US ppuon. Basen MESe i, whch ofthe folowngie mos Salo be te? ‘Aner 2006, hepa prevaence suepasea hepa and epats C prevalence (=) 1 1087, mere were es many ncuas wn Peps Aas wah Papas B wine US (6%) 1080, mere wre mre naa wah hepa A an wth pats Be US (=) YD. tn 1807, tere were more new cases cf hei Ahan chapatte8 and © combined 7B) e 2 “Trerunrotanucno tnt Aare 12 9h 109 yrs easy a) > = 2 — I cn oe ose .[on CT aan i Ineidanee coespons ote nubr cam cases 2 aseasedagneses na poplain atk Oe agen Nepean 1997, nence iu was 10 new casos 100,00 popuston for hepa A vius (HAV),

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