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(L10) Wave Optics Polarization

This document discusses the concept of resolving power in optics. It defines resolving power as the ability of an optical instrument to produce distinctly separate images of two close objects. The minimum distance between two objects that can just be seen as separate by the instrument is called its limit of resolution. Rayleigh criterion is generally used, where the first diffraction minimum of one image coincides with the maximum of the other. Resolving power depends on wavelength of light and parameters of the optical system like aperture size. Resolving power of microscopic instruments and telescopes is also defined based on these factors. Some examples are given to illustrate resolving power calculations.

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Rahul Kumar Sharma
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110 views44 pages

(L10) Wave Optics Polarization

This document discusses the concept of resolving power in optics. It defines resolving power as the ability of an optical instrument to produce distinctly separate images of two close objects. The minimum distance between two objects that can just be seen as separate by the instrument is called its limit of resolution. Rayleigh criterion is generally used, where the first diffraction minimum of one image coincides with the maximum of the other. Resolving power depends on wavelength of light and parameters of the optical system like aperture size. Resolving power of microscopic instruments and telescopes is also defined based on these factors. Some examples are given to illustrate resolving power calculations.

Uploaded by

Rahul Kumar Sharma
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Wave Optics Resolving Power

Optical Instruments
LECTURE 10
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Difference between Interference and Diffraction

Interference Diffraction
1 It is the phenomenon of superposition It is the phenomenon of superposition of a
of two waves coming from two continuous family of waves originating from each
different coherent sources. point on a single slit.

2 In interference pattern, all bright lines All bright lines are not equally bright and
are equally bright and equally spaced. equally wide. Brightness and width goes on
decreasing with angle of diffraction.

3 All dark lines are totally dark Dark lines are not perfectly dark. Their
contrast with bright lines and width goes on
decreasing with angle of diffraction.
In interference bands are large in
4 number In diffraction bands are a few in number.
Resolving Power
Resolving Power

An image of two star system through a telescope

with Low angular Resolution with High angular Resolution


Resolving Power
Resolving Power
Resolving Power

Resolving Power of an optical instrument is the


power or ability of the instrument to produce
distinctly separate images of two close objects
i.e; its ability of instrument to resolve or
to see as separate images of two close objects.
Resolving Power

The minimum distance between two objects which can just


be seen as separate by the optical instrument is called the
Limit of Resolution of instrument.
Resolving Power

Rayleigh Criterion is the generally accepted Criterion for the


minimum resolvable detail

when the first diffraction minimum of the image


of one source point coincides with the maximum
of another.
Resolving Power of a Microscope
In reference to a microscope, the minimum distance between two lines at
which they are just distinct is called Resolving Limit (RL) and its reciprocal
is called Resolving Power (RP)

and
Resolving Power of a Microscope

Objective

θ θ

Object

λ : Wavelength of light used


μ sinθ : Numerical aperture
to illuminate the object

θ : Half angle of the cone μ : Refractive index of the medium


of light from the point object
between object and objective
Resolving Power of a Microscope

RP of microscope =

Depends on the Wavelength λ of the light,


Refractive index μ of the medium between
the object and the objective of the
microscope.

Objective
⇒
θ θ

Object
Example The ratio of resolving powers of an optical microscope for two
wavelengths λ1= 4000 Å and λ2= 6000 Å is
[2017]
A. 9:4 B. 3:2 C. 16:81 D. 8:27
Solution

Resolving power ∝ 1/λ


Resolving Power of a Telescope

Objective
dθ

Smaller the value of dθ, greater will be


resolving power of telescope.

R.P of telescope =
Example Light of wavelength 5000Å is incident on a slit of width 0.1
mm. Find out the width of the central bright line on a screen
distance 2m from the slit ?
A. 20mm B. 40mm C. 60mm D. 80mm
Example Assuming human pupil to have a radius of 0.25 cm and a
comfortable viewing distance of 25 cm, the minimum separation
between two objects that human eye can resolve at 500 nm
wavelength is :
[JEE Main 2015]
A. 100 µm B. 300 µm C. 1 µm D. 30 µm
Example Two point white dots are 1 mm apart on a black paper. They are
viewed by eye of pupil diameter 3 mm. Approximately, what is
the maximum distance at which these dots can be resolved by the
eye? [Take wavelength of light = 500 nm]
[AIEEE 2005]
A. 1 m B. 5 m C. 3 m D. 6 m
Example Two point white dots are 1 mm apart on a black paper. They are
viewed by eye of pupil diameter 3 mm. Approximately, what is
the maximum distance at which these dots can be resolved by the
eye? [Take wavelength of light = 500 nm]
[AIEEE 2005]
A. 1 m B. 5 m C. 3 m D. 6 m
Example A slit of width is illuminated by white light. For red light
(λ = 6500 Å), the first minima is obtained at θ = 300. Then the
value of a will be
[2002]
A. 3250 Å B. 6.5 x 10-4 mm

C. 1.24 microns D. 2.6 x 10-4 mm


Solution

For first minima θ = λ/a or a = λ/θ

(As 30o = π/6 radians)


∴

= 1.24 x 10 x 4 cm = 1.24 microns


Example Two slits are separated by a distance of 0.5 and illuminated with
light of λ = 6000 Å. If the screen is placed 2.5 m from the slits.
The distance of the third bright image from the centre will be
[2005]
A. 1.5 mm B. 3 mm C. 6 mm D. 9 mm
Solution
Distance of the nth bright fringe from the centre
Example A linear aperture whose width is 0.02 cm is placed immediately in
front of a lens of focal length 60 cm. The aperture is illuminated
normally by a parallel beam of wavelength 5 x 10-5 cm. The
distance of the first dark band of the diffraction pattern from the
centre of the screen is [2016 Re]
A. 0.20 cm B. 0.15 cm C. 0.10 cm D. 0.25 cm
Solution

f = D = 60 cm
For first minima
Example Two polaroids P1 and P2 are placed with their axis perpendicular
to each other. Unpolarized light Io is incident on P1. A third
polaroid P3 is kept in between P1 and P2 such that its axis makes
an angle 45o with that of P1. the intensity of transmitted light
through P2 is
[ 2017]
A. Io/4 B. Io/8

C. Io/16 D. Io/2
P1 P2

P3
I3
Io I1

I2
Example In Young's double slit experiment the separation of between the
slits is 2 mm, the wavelength λ of the light used is 5896 Å and
distance D between the screen and slits is 100 cm. It is found that
the angular width of the fringes is 0.20°. To increase the fringe
angular width to 0.216 (with same λ and D) the separation
between the slits needs to be changed to [2018]

A. 1.8 mm B. 1.9 mm C. 2.1 mm D. 1.7 mm


Solution

θ = λ/d ⇒ θ1/θ2 = d2/d1

0.20/0.21 = d2/d1⇒ (0.20/0.21) x 2 = 1.9 mm


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