CE – 8381, STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND FLUID

MACHINERY LAB Manual

NAME : .....................................................................................
Reg No : ......................................................................................
Branch : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Semester : IV
Subject : STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND FLUID
MACHINERY LABORATORY
College vision and mission:

Vision:

Our Vision is "To create innovative and vibrant young leaders and entrepreneurs in
Engineering and Technology for building India as a super knowledge power and blossom into a
University of excellence recognized globally".

Mission:
To provide education in Engineering with excellence and ethics and to reach the unreached.

QUALITY POLICY
We aim at continuous pursuit for excellence through
 Quality education tapped from National and International Resources 14
 Modular approach to channelize knowledge and programmed evaluation of
knowledge accumulated
 Continuous reviewable and renewal of quality systems leading to quality output
 Producing Engineers with strong ethical and moral background

1
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

The Vision of the Department is

The Department strives to be recognized globally for outstanding education & research leading to
well qualified engineers who provide to be move innovative entrepreneurial and successful in
advanced fields of engineering and research.
The Mission of the Department is

To provide Management technology.

To empower the students with current knowledge and ethics to meet the requirements of the nation in an
evolving knowledge based competitive world with an endless evolving knowledge.
valued based education in engineering, technology and management.

To inculcate dedication, hard work, sincerity, integrity and ethics to built up overall professional personality
in our student and faculty.

To breed inquisitive and creative research culture to help in the development of new knowledge and up
gradation of existing knowledge using information and

Programme Educational Objectives (PEO’s)

S.No. PEOs Definition of PEOs

PEO 1 IMPARTING To impart intense knowledge in basic science and its applications
I KNOWLEDGE in engineering.

PEO 2 MULTI - To integrate the knowledge on basic sciences and engineering

DISCIPLINE concepts with industrial, social and environmental issues and to
II innovate technologies for betterment.

PEO 3 SKILL To develop interpersonal skills to strengthen team work,

DEVELOPMENT leadership quality and to promote awareness about continual
III learning not limited to higher studies.

PEO 4 To enhance professionalism in problem solving through

PROFESSIONALIS decisiveness, moral and professional ethics to shoulder social
IV
M responsibility.

2
 Programme Outcomes (PO’s)
S.No Programme Outcomes
Pa . Engineering Knowledge: Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals and an engineering specialization for building engineering models.
Pb Problem Analysis: Identify and solve engineering problems reaching conclusions
using mathematics and engineering sciences.
Pc Design/Development of Solutions: Design and develop solutions for engineering
problems that meet specified needs.
Pd Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Conduct investigations of complex
problems including design of experiments and analysis to provide valid solutions.
Pe Modern Tool Usage: Create and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering tools for executing engineering activities.
Pf The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning of the societal, safety issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering practice.
Pg Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of engineering solutions in
the environment and exhibit the knowledge for sustainable development.
Ph Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics, responsibilities and
norms of engineering practice.
Pi Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member
or leader in diverse teams in multi-disciplinary settings.
Pj Communication: Communicate effectively to the engineering community and the
outside world and also to write effective reports.
Pk Project Management and Finance: Understand engineering and management
principles and apply them to handle projects in multi disciplinary environments.
Pl Life-Long Learning: Recognize the need for life-long learning and apply in the
context of technological change.

3
INTRODUCTION
A fluid machine is a device which converts the energy stored by a fluid into mechanical energy
or vice versa. The energy stored by a fluid mass appears in the form of potential, kinetic and
intermolecular energy. The mechanical energy, on the other hand, is usually transmitted by a
rotating shaft. Machines using liquid (mainly water, for almost all practical purposes) are termed
as hydraulic machines. It discusses, in general, the basic fluid mechanical principle governing the
energy transfer in a fluid machine and also a brief description of different kinds of hydraulic
machines along with their performances.

CLASSIFICAITONS OF FLUID MACHINES 

The fluid machines may be classified under different categories as follows: 
Classification Based on Direction of Energy Conversion. 
The device in which the kinetic, potential or intermolecular energy held by the fluid is
converted in the form of mechanical energy of a rotating member is known as a turbine.
The machines, on the other hand, where the mechanical energy from moving parts is
transferred to a fluid to increase its stored energy by increasing either its pressure or velocity are
known as pumps, compressors, fans or blowers. 

OVERVIEW
The purpose of this manual is to help participants to build the Knowledge in fluid mechanics. This
Course involves use of Hydraulic turbine, pump and flow meters. This manual provides step-by-
step instructions as described below.
 Experimentation on flow through pipes
 Experimentation on flow meters
 Performance test on centrifugal and reciprocating pump
 Performance test on pelton wheel, Francis and Kaplan turbines

PREFACE
Fluid mechanics and machinery laboratory is proud to be in its 10th year of existence since its
establishment in July 2006. It had a series of events by Starting with the Flow measuring
instruments like orifice meter, venturimeter and Rotameter. The Pelton wheel, Kaplan turbine and
Francis turbine are used to study their performance.

4
DOs and DON’T DOs in Laboratory:
1. Do not enter the laboratory without lab coat and shoes.
2. Do not engage in practical jokes or boisterous conduct in the laboratory.
3. Never run in the laboratory.
4. The use of personal audio or video equipment is prohibited in the laboratory.
5. The performance of unauthorized experiments is strictly forbidden.
6. Do not sit on laboratory benches
7. Follow the instructions given by the teacher.

Instruction to Teachers:

 Prepare an outline (on the board) of the lab activities

 Do not hesitate to explain things more than once or answer questions that you may consider
simple
 Demonstrate new techniques to the class or small groups
 Check the students are in proper lab uniform.
 Visit with each student individually during the lab
 Ask specific questions of the students in order to monitor their progress during the lab
 Provide ample feedback to students during the lab

Instruction to students:
 Student should maintain discipline & silence inside the lab.
 Follow the instructions given by the teacher
 Students should bring their textbook, observation and record to the lab class and no other
materials are allowed.
 HEADINGS and DETAILS should be neatly written
 i. Aim of the experiment
 ii. Apparatus / Tools / Instruments required
 iii. Procedure / Theory / Algorithm / Program
 iv. Neat Diagram
 v. Result / discussions.
 Students should maintain the cleanliness of the lab.
5
  Be PATIENT, STEADY, SYSTEMATIC AND REGULAR.

Lab Code of Conduct:

 Students should enter the lab with proper Dress code (i.e. with I.D card, shoes & lab coat)
 Breakdown of apparatus /Equipment should be immediately intimated to the staff In-charge
and proper entry should be made in the breakdown Register
 Students should arrange the chairs before leaving the lab.

Major Lab Equipments with Specifications:

S.No Description of Equipment Specifications

1 Orifice meter setup Pipe diameter d1- 25 mm

orifice diameter d2-16.77 mm
pump power -0.5 hp
pump speed -2880 rpm

2 Venturi meter setup Pipe diameter d1- 25 mm; orifice diameter d2-14.77
mm; Pump power -0.5 hp; Pump speed -2880 rpm
3 Rotameter setup Range -3-30 LPM; Motor pump-0.5 hp
Collecting tank-0.3*0.3*0.5 m; Pump speed-1440
rpm
4 Pipe Flow analysis setup Length of the pipes = 3 m; Area of the collecting
tank = 0.6x0.3 m2
5 Centrifugal pump/submergible pump setup Impeller diameter-45 mm; Pump speed -1420 rpm
Motor power-1 hp; Energy meter constant-150
rev/kW-hr
6 Reciprocating pump setup Piston diameter-40 mm; Stroke length-45 mm
Pump speed-1420 rpm; Motor power-1 hp
Energy meter constant-750rev/kW-hr
7 Gear pump setup Piston diameter-40 mm, Pump speed-1420 rpm
Motor power-1 hp; Energy meter constant-
750rev/kW-hr
8 Pelton wheel setup head = 25 m :discharge =100 lpm
nominal speed = 1000 rpm; jet water =15 mm
pitch circle diameter D= 100 mm; no of buckets =12
brake drum diameter D= 100 mm; rope diameter d =
15 mm; weight of rope and hanger = W2= 0.5 kg
effective radius Re= 0.065 m K =7.9575 × 10-4
9 Francis turbine setup Head = 40 m; Discharge = 100 lpm
Nominal speed = 1000 rpm; Brake drum diameter =
300 mm; Rope diameter = 15 mm; effective radius
Re =0.165 m; K= 6.727*10-3

10 Kaplan turbine setup Radius of brake drum = 0.115 m

Weight of the RopeW2=2 kg

6
Mapping Of Course Outcomes with Program outcomes

DISCIPLINEMULTI -

SMPROFESSIONALI
DEVELOPMENT
IMPARTING
PEO

SKILL
S.

KNOWLEDGE
No.
PO

Pa Engineering Knowledge: Apply knowledge of

mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and
X X
an engineering specialization for building
engineering models.
Pb Problem Analysis: Identify and solve engineering
problems reaching conclusions using mathematics X X
and engineering sciences.
Pc Design/Development of Solutions: Design and develop
solutions for engineering problems that meet X X X
specified needs.
Pd Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems:
Conduct investigations of complex problems
X X
including design of experiments and analysis to
provide valid solutions.
Pe Modern Tool Usage: Create and apply appropriate
techniques, resources, and modern engineering tools X X X
for executing engineering activities.
Pf The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning of the
societal, safety issues and the consequent X
responsibilities relevant to engineering practice.
Pg Environment and Sustainability: Understand the
impact of engineering solutions in the environment
X X
and exhibit the knowledge for sustainable
development.
Ph Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to
professional ethics, responsibilities and norms of
engineering practice.
Pi Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as
an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse X X
teams in multi-disciplinary settings.
Pj Communication: Communicate effectively to the
engineering community and the outside world and
also to write effective reports.

7
 DISCIPLINEMULTI -

SMPROFESSIONALI
DEVELOPMENT
IMPARTING
PEO

SKILL
S.

KNOWLEDGE
No.
PO

Pk Project Management and Finance: Understand

engineering and management principles and apply
them to handle projects in multi disciplinary X X
environments.
Pl Life-Long Learning: Recognize the need for life-
long learning and apply in the context of X
technological change.

CE6461 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LABORATORY

Designation of the course: Regular

L T P C
Pre-requisite : Fluid Mechanics and Machinery 0 0 3 2
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• Upon Completion of this subject, the students can able to have hands on experience in flow measurements using
different devices and also perform calculation related to losses in pipes and also perform characteristic study of pumps,
turbines etc.,

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Determination of the Coefficient of discharge of given Orifice meter.
2. Determination of the Coefficient of discharge of given Venturi meter.
3. Calculation of the rate of flow using Rota meter.
4. Determination of friction factor for a given set of pipes.
5. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of centrifugal pump/ submergible pump
6. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of reciprocating pump.
7. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of Gear pump.
8. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of Pelton wheel.
9. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of Francis turbine.
10. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of Kaplan turbine.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

COURSE OUTCOMES:
CO 1: Ability to use the measurement equipments for flow measurement
CO 2: Ability to do performance test on different fluid machinery
CO 3: Ability to perform calculation related to losses in pipes
CO 4: Ability to perform characteristic study of pumps, turbines etc

8
 CO/PO Mapping
H/M/L indicates strength of correlation) H-High, M-Medium, L-Low
COs/POs POs
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
COs
a b c d e f g h i j k l
CO 1 H H H H M
CO2 H H H H M
CO 3 H H H H M
CO 4 H H H H H H M H

Course Assessment methods:

Direct Indirect
1. Model Examination 1. Course end survey
2. End Semester Exam

LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS

S. NO. NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT Qty.
1 Orifice meter setup 1
2 Venturi meter setup 1
3 Rotameter setup 1
4 Pipe Flow analysis setup 1
5 Centrifugal pump/submergible pump setup 1
6 Reciprocating pump setup 1
7 Gear pump setup 1
8 Pelton wheel setup 1
9 Francis turbine setup 1
10 Kaplan turbine setup 1

9
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Index
MARKS STAFF
EX.NO DATE EXERCISES PAGE NO
AWARDED SIGNATURE

1 FLOW THROUGH ORIFICEMETER

2 FLOW THROUGH VENTURIMETER

3 CALIBRATION OF ROTA METER

4 FLOW THROUGH PIPES

PERFORMANCE STUDY ON SINGLE
5
STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
PERFORMANCE STUDY ON
6 CONSTANT SPEED
RECIPROCATING PUMP
PERFORMANCE TEST ON GEAR OIL
7
PUMP
PERFORMANCE TEST ON PELTON
8
WHEEL TURBINE
PERFORMANCE TEST ON FRANCIS
9
TURBINE
PERFORMANCE TEST ON KAPLAN
10
TURBINE

10
Ex. No: 1 Date:
FLOW THROUGH ORIFICEMETER

Aim:
To determine the Co- efficient of Discharge of the Orificemeter.
Apparatus Required:
A Orificemeter, differential U-Tube mercury manometer, collecting tank fitted
with piezometer and control valve, stop watch and meter scale.

Theory
The instrument is based on Bernoulli’s principle which states that following:
“The pressure difference between any two points on a tapering pipe through
which the fluid is flowing depends on the change of levels and on the change in
velocities and therefore on the volume rate of flow”

An orifice meter is used to measure the discharge through a pipe. An orifice meter in
its simplest for consists of a plate having a sharp edged circular hole drilled in it
known as the orifice.
There is a pressure tap upstream from the orifice plate and another just downstream .
the difference in the pressure at the upstream and downstream can be measured by
inserting a differential manometer.

11
When the fluid through the orifice meter, the velocity increases when it flows past
the orifice hole and there is an equivalent drop in the pressure head. Beyond the
orifice, occurs vena contracta. Vena contracta is the minimum jet area that appears
just downstream of the restriction. That is, reduction of cross section of the flowing
stream in passing through orifice increases the velocity head at the expense of
pressure head. This reduction of pressure between taps is measured using a
differential manometer and it gives a measure of the discharge.
The velocity of the fluid will be at its highest and the pressure at the lowest at
vena contracta. After that, the velocity will decrease to the same level as before the
obstruction. The pressure recovers to a level lower than the pressure before the
obstruction and adds a head loss to the flow. The pressure recovery is poor
compared to the venture meter. The actual discharge occurring in the pipe is smaller
for the calculated theoretical values due to various losses. That is the purpose of
evaluating the coefficient of discharge of flow measuring devices to calculate the
actual rate of discharge.

12
Formula used:
Co- efficient of Discharge is the ratio between the actual discharge (Qa) and the
theoretical Discharge (Qt), (i.e) Cd = Qa / Qt
a) Theoretical Discharge:

Qt = a1 a2 (2gh) ½
(a12 - a22) ½
Where,
a1 = (π/4) d12
d1 = Diameter of pipe (m)
a1 = Area of inlet (m2)
a2 = (π/4) d22
d2 = Orifice diameter (m)
a2 = Area of inlet (m2)
h = (h1-h2)(Sm-S1)/S1
(Sm-S1)/S1 = 13.6-1 = 12.6
h= Differential head is meters of water
h1, h2= Manometer reading in mm of Hg.
Sm= Specific gravity of manometric liquid
b) Actual discharge Qa =AH/t m3/s
Where,
A=Area of the collecting tank (m)
H=Rise of water in the capillary tube (m)
T= Time taken for the ‘H’ meter rise of water in the capillary tube (sec)

13
Observation:

Pipe diameter d1- 25 mm; orifice diameter d2-16.77 mm

Collecting tank -0.3*0.3*0.5 m
Pump power -0.5 hp
Pump speed -2880 rpm

Modal Graph:
Qa(m3/s)

Qt(m3/s)
From Graph Qa =_____________m3/s
Qt =_____________m3/s
Cd =____________

14
Procedure:
1) The diameter of the inlet and the outlet are recorded and the dimensions of the
collecting tank are recorded.
2) Priming is done first for venting air from the pipes.
3) The inlet valve is opened slightly and the manometer heads on both the h1, h2
are noted.
4) The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the time taken for
‘H’ meter rise of water in the collecting tank is observed.
5) The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and
observing the required readings.
6) The observations are tabulated and the co-efficient of discharge of the Orifice
meter are computed.

15
Tabular Column

Differential Time for 10

Actual Co-efficient
head cm rise of Theoretical
Manometer reading Discharge of
water in the Discharge
S.No Discharge
capillary tube
h1 h2 h1- h2 h1- h2 H t Qa Qt Cd
cm cm cm m (Hg) m sec (m3/s) (m3/s)

16
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Result:

The co-efficient of Discharge of Orifice meter is determined.

a) Theoretically = ………………………

b) Graphically = ………………………

17
Ex. No: 2 Date:

FLOW THROUGH VENTURIMETER

Aim:
To determine the co- efficient of Discharge of the Venturimeter.

Apparatus Required:
A Venturimeter, differential U-Tube mercury manometer, collecting tank
fitted with piezometer and control valve, stop watch and meter scale.

Theory
This instrument is based on Bernoulli’s principle which states the following:
“The pressure difference between any two points on a tapering pipe through
which the fluid is flowing depends on the change of levels and on the change in
velocities and therefore on the volume rate of flow”
A venturimeter is a tube a constricted throat that increases velocity and
decreases pressure. Through venturimeter measures the flow rate of both
compressible and incompressible fluids, it is mostly used for liquids. The basic
principle on which a venturimeter works is, by reducing the cross sectional area of
the flow passage, a pressure difference is created and by measuring this pressure
difference, the discharge through the pipe can be determined.
A venturimeter consists of a short converging conical tube leading to a
cylindrical portion, called the throat , of smaller diameter of that pipe of the pipeline,
which is followed by a diverging section in which the diameter increases again to
that of the main pipeline

18
 .
The fluid is accelerated through a converging cone of angle (15-20 0) and the
pressure difference between the upstream side of the cone and the throat is measured
which indicates the rate of flow. The fluid slows down in a cone with smaller angle
(5-70) where the most of the kinetic energy is converted back to pressure energy. The
flow area is at a minimum at the throat.
Maximum pressure and energy recovery makes the venturimeter suitable
where only small pressure heads are available. The pressure recovery is much better
for the venturimeter than for the orifice plate as the flow is gradually accelerated and
decelerated. The venture tube is suitable for clean, dirty and viscous liquid and
slurry service.
In the upstream cone of the venturimeter velocity is increased and the pressure
is decreased.
Pressure drop in the upstream cone is utilized to measure the rate of flow
through the instrument.
Velocity is then decreased and pressure is largely recovered in the
downstream cone.

The actual discharge occurring in the pipe is smaller for the calculated
19
theoretical values due to various losses. That is the purpose of evaluating the
coefficient of discharge of flow measuring devices to calculate the actual of
discharge

Formula used:

1. Co- efficient of Discharge is the ratio between the actual discharge (Qa) and the
theoretical Discharge (Qt), (i.e) Cd = Qa / Qt

2. Actual Discharge (Qa) = AH/T

Where,
A=Area of the collecting tank (m)
H=Rise of water in the capillary tube (m)
T= Time taken for the ‘H’ meter rise of water in the capillary tube (sec)
3. Theoretical Discharge:

Qt = a1 a2 (2gh) ½
(a12 - a22) ½

h = (h1-h2)(Sm-Sl)/Sl
(Sm-S1)/S1 = 13.6-1 = 12.6
Where,
a1 = (π/4) d12
d1 = Diameter of pipe (m)
a1 = Area of pipe (m2)
a2 = (π/4) d22
d2 = Diameter at throat (m)
a2 = Area of throat (m2)
h= Differential head is meters of water
h1, h2= Manometer reading in mm of Hg.
20
 Sm= Specific gravity of manometric liquid
S1 = Specific gravity of flowing liquid
g= Acceleration due to gravity, (m/s2)

Observation:

Pipe diameter d1- 25 mm; orifice diameter d2-14.77 mm

Collecting tank -0.3*0.3*0.5 m
Pump power -0.5 hp
Pump speed -2880 rpm

Modal Graph:
Qa(m3/s)

Qt(m3/s)

From Graph
21
 Qa =_____________m3/s
Qt =_____________m3/s
Cd =_____________

Procedure:
1) The diameter of the inlet and the outlet are recorded and the dimensions of the
collecting tank are recorded.
2) Priming is done first for venting air from the pipes.
3) The inlet valve is opened slightly and the manometer heads on both the h 1, h2
are noted.
4) The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the time taken for
‘H’ meter rise of water in the collecting tank is observed.
5) The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and
observing the required readings.
6) The observations are tabulated and the co-efficient of discharge of the
Venturimeter are computed.

22
Tabular Column

Differential Time for 10

Actual Theoretica Co-efficient
head cm rise of
Manometer reading Discharge l of
water in the
S.No Discharge Discharge
capillary tube
h1 h2 h1- h2 h1- h2 H t Qa Qt Cd
cm Cm cm m (Hg) sec (m3/s) (m3/s)

23
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Result:

The co-efficient of Discharge of Venturi meter is determined.

a) Theoretically = ………………………

b) Graphically = ………………………

24
Ex. No: 3 Date:
CALIBRATION OF ROTA METER

Aim:
To determine the Percentage of error for Rota meter.

Apparatus Required:
A Rota meter having 0-10 LPM range, single phase 0-5 Hp 1440 RPM mono
block pump set, Reservoir tank arrangement tank, piping system, stop watch and
meter scale.

Theory
A rotameter is a flow metering device which is used to meter the flow rate of liquid
or gas. Rotameter belongs to the category of variable area meters which meters the
fluid flow by allowing the fluid to travel through a tapered glass tube where the
cross sectional area of the tube gradually becomes greater as the fluid travels
through the tube.
The flow rate inside the rotameter is measured using a float that is lifted in the tube
by the fluid flow based on the drag and velocity of the fluid opposing gravity pulling
the float down.
The flow rate through the rotameter is proportional to the float position (height) as it
moves up and down inside the tapered glass tube. The float reaches a constant
position when the upward drag force along with the differential pressure forces
equalizes the downward gravity force. When the flow through the system increases,
the float is pushed upwards increasing the annular flow area inside the tapered tube.
The decrease in flow rate makes the float to drop decreasing the flow area. It must
be noted that the float does not actually float in the fluid: it has to have a higher
density than the fluid; otherwise it will float to the top even if there is no flow.

25
Formula used:
1) Percentage of error = Qt- Qa / Qt

2) Actual discharge:
Qa = (AH/t) m3/s
Where,
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
H = Rise of water in the capillary tube (m)=10 cm=0.1 m
T = Time taken for the ‘H’ meter rise of water in the capillary tube (sec)

Where,
Qt (Theoretical discharge) = Rota meter reading /60000 m3/s

26
Observation:

Range -3-30 LPM

Motor pump-0.5 hp
Collecting tank-0.3*0.3*0.5 m
Pump speed-1440 rpm

Model Graph:
t
Qa(m3 /sec)

Qt (m3 /sec)

27
Procedure:
1) The dimensions of the collecting tank are recorded.
2) Priming is done first for venting air from the pipes.
3) The inlet valve is opened slightly such that the discharges on the Rota
meter are noted.
4) The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the time
taken for ‘H’ meter rise of water in the collecting tank is observed
5) The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and
observing the required readings.
6) The observations are tabulated and the co- efficient of discharge of
Rota meter is computed.

28
Tabular Column

SlNo Rota meter Theoretical discharge Time taken for Actual Co efficient Percentage
reading(lpm) m3/sec 10cm rise of Discharge (Qa) of Discharge of error
water (Cd)

29
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Result:

The Percentage of error for Rota meter is determined,

1. Theoritically =

2. Graphically=

30
Ex. No: 4 Date:
FLOW THROUGH PIPES
(Determination of Co- efficient of Friction)
Aim:
To determine the friction factor of the given pipe.
Apparatus Required:
Horizontal pipe of diameter is 25mm, 20mm&15mm differential U-tube
mercury manometer, collecting tank fitted with piezometer and control valve, stop
watch and meter scale.

Theory
A pipe is a closed conduit through which the fluid flows under pressure where it
runs full and the liquid has no free surface. When liquid flows through a piping
system, some of the potential head is lost to overcome hydraulic resistance due to
1. Friction effects (majorloss)
2. Local resistance due to change in the cross sectional area, sudden bend,
obstruction and pipe fittings is collectively referred to a minor loss.

Frictional loss in pipe flow

When a fluid flows through a pipe, the velocity of the liquid layer adjacent to the
pipe wall is zero. The velocity of liquid goes on increasing from the wall and thus
velocity gradient and shear stresses are developed in the flow due to viscosity. The
liquid experiences frictional resistance due to which some of the energy is lost. The
loss of energy head due to friction is expressed by Darcy weisbach equation. The
frictional resistance depends upon the roughness of the pipe. More the roughness of
the pipe more will be the frictional resistance.

31
Formula used:
a) friction factor on pipes can be found out by the formula,
hf = flV2
2gd
Where,
hf = (h1 – h2) (Sm-S1) / S1
(Sm- S1) / S1 = 13.6-1/1=12.6
hf = Loss of head in meters of water
h1, h2 = Manometer reading in mm of Hg
Sm = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
S1 = Specific gravity of flowing liquid
f = friction factor
l = length of the pipe (m)
g = Acceleration due to gravity, m2 / s
V = Qa / A
Where,
V = velocity of pipe (m/s)
A = Area of the pipe (m2)
b) Actual discharge:

Qa = (A x H) / t, m3 /s

Where,
a = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
H = Rise of water in the capillary tube (m)
t = Time taken for the ‘H’ meter rise of water in the capillary tube (sec)

32
Observation:

Length of the pipes = 3 m

Area of the collecting tank = 0.6x0.3 m2

Tabular column:

Sl. Pipe Manometer Loss of Time for 10cm Actual Velocity V2 Friction Factor
No Dia, d reading head, hf rise of water in Discharge V= f
h1 h2 h1- h2 the capillary tube Qa /A m/s2
cm cm cm m sec m3 /s m/s

33
Procedure:
1) The diameter, length of the pipes and of the collecting tank is recorded.
2) The inlet valve is opened slightly and the manometer heads in both the
h1 and h2 are noted.
3) The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the time
taken for ‘H’ meter rise of water in the collecting tank is observed.
4) The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and
observing the required reading.
5) The experiment is repeated for a pipe of various diameters is 25mm.
6) The observations are tabulated and the co- efficient of friction of pipes
are computed.

34
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Result:
The co-efficient of friction for Pipe of 25mm of diameter is…………
The co-efficient of friction for Pipe of 20mm of diameter is…………
The co-efficient of friction for Pipe of 15mm of diameter is…………

35
Ex .No: 5 Date:

PERFORMANCE STUDY ON SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Aim:
To determine the best driving characteristics of the given centrifugal pump at
constant speed and to draw the characteristic curves.
Apparatus Required:
Centrifugal pump fitted with accessories, meter scale, stop watch.
Theory
A pump is a power absorbing hydraulic device that requires energy on it to operate.
A pump converts mechanical energy of a motor into hydraulic energy (potential and
kinetic energy of a liquid ) and is designed to elevate, deliver and move various

36
liquids.
Centrifugal pumps belong to the category of rotodynamic pumps where in the
pumping of liquid and generation of head is influenced by the rotary member, the
impeller. The main elements of a centrifugal pump are (a) impeller (b)casing (c)
suction pipe, strainer and foot valve (d) delivery pipe and delivery valve
The impeller is the rotating element consists of a set of vanes attached to a shaft
which is rotated from the outside using an electric motor or an engine. The impeller
is enclosed inside a casing. suction pipe connects the center (eye) of the impeller to a
sup from which liquid is to be lifted. The suction pipe is provided with a strainer at
the lower end to prevent the entry of solid particles, debris into the pump. A foot
valve, a non return valve is located just above the strainer. Delivery pipe leads the
liquid fro the pump outlet to the discharge level. The delivery valve, a non return
valve regulates the flow in the delivery pipe.
Formula used:
1) Total head, H = Hp+Hv+Z
37
 = G*10 + (v*10.336)/760 + z, m of water.
Where,
G = Pressure gauge reading (kg/cm2)
V = Vacuum gauge reading (mm of Hg)
Z = Difference between the centers of the pressure gauge and vacuum
Gauge, m=58 cm
2) Actual discharge, Qa = (A * H) / t, m3/s
Where,
A = Area of the collecting tank, m2
H = Rise of water in the capillary tube (m)
t = time taken for the ‘H’ meter rise of water in the capillary tube (sec)
3) Output power, Po = (w *Qa *H )/1000, Kw
Where,
W = specific weight of water in (KN/m2)
H = Total head (m)
4) Input power, P1 = ( n * 3600 * ηm )/(N*T),KW
Where,
n = no revolution counted in energy meter disc
ηm = Efficiency of motor(0.8)
N = Energy meter constant (rev/kw.hr)

T = Time taken for n revolution in the energy meter

5) Efficiency (η) = (Po/Pi)*10

Observation:
Suction pipe-25 mm

38
Delivery pipe-20mm
Impeller diameter-45 mm
Pump speed -1420 rpm
Motor power-1 hp
Measuring tank-0.3*0.3 m
Energy meter constant-150 rev/kW-hr
Model Graph:

Procedure:
1) Measure the dimensions of the collecting tank, energy meter constant and
the datum head.
2) Prime the pipe before starting the motor.
3) Open the inlet valve and note the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge.
4) Take the readings at full open condition.
5) Then reduce the flow rate by adjusting the gate valve.
6) Repeat the same procedure for 6 readings.

39
Tabular Column:

Time for
Pressure Vacuum 100mm rise
Sl. Total Time for Input Output
gauge gauge of water in Discharge Efficiency
No head ‘n’ rev power power
reading reading the capillary
tube
G V H t (sec) Q (m3/s) T (sec) Pi Po η (%)
2
(Kg/cm ) (mm of Hg) m (W) (W)

40
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Result:

The Characteristics curves were drawn for the given centrifugal pump and

from the curve the following results was obtained

Characteristics Experimentally Graphically

1.Maximum Efficiency
2.Optimum Total Head corresponding to
max efficiency
3. Optimum Input power corresponding to
max efficiency
4. Optimum Discharge corresponding to
max efficiency

41
Ex. No: 6 Date:
PERFORMANCE STUDY ON CONSTANT SPEED
RECIPROCATING PUMP
Aim:
To determine the best driving characteristics of the given reciprocating pump
at constant speed and to draw the characteristic curves.
Apparatus required:
Reciprocating pump fitted with accessories, meter scale, stop watch.

Theory
A pump is a power absorbing hydraulic device that requires energy on it to operate.
A pump converts mechanical energy of a motor into hydraulic energy (potential and
kinetic energy of a liquid ) and is designed to elevate, deliver and move various
liquids.

The reciprocating pump falls under the category of positive displacement pumps.
Incase of positive displacement pumps the fluid id physically pushed or displaced
from the enclosed space.

42
A reciprocating pump consists of
1. A piston or a plunger that reciprocates inside a closely fitted cylinder.
2. Suction and delivery pipes which are provided with non return valves.
3. Crank and connecting rod mechanism operated by an engine or an electric motor.

Formula used:
1) Total head, H =Hp+Hv+Z
= G*10 + (V*10.336) / 760 + Z, m of water.
Where,
Hp-pressure head, hv-vaccum head, z-datum head =52 cm
G = Pressure gauge reading (Kg/cm2)
V = Vacuum gauge reading (mm of Hg)
Z = Difference between the centers of the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge,
m

2) Actual discharge, Qa = (A*H) / T, m3/s

Where,
A = Area of the collecting tank, m2
H = Rise of water in the capillary tube (m)
T = time taken for the ‘H’ meter rise of water in the capillary tube (sec).

3) Output power, Po = (W * Qa * H) / 1000, KW

Where,
W = Specific weight of water in (KN/m3) = 9.81 KN/m3
H = total head (m)

43
 4) Input power, Pi = ( n * 3600 * ηm ) / (N * T) , KW
Where,
n = no of revolution counted in energy meter disc η m = Efficiency of motor
(0.8)
N = Energy meter constant (rev / kw.hr)
T = Time taken for n revolution in the energy meter.

5) Efficiency, η = (Po/Pi) * 100

6) Slip = Qt - Qa
7) % slip = Qt - Qa / Qa

44
 Pressure Vaccum Time for
Time
Pressure Head Vacuum gauge 10cm rise of
Total Discharge for I/P O/P Efficiency
gauge gauge reading water in the
head ‘n’ power power η
Sl.No

reading reading capillary

rev
tube
G Hp V Mm Hg H T Q T Pi Po
Kg/cm2 mm of m Sec (m3/s) sec W W (%)
Hg

TABULAR COLUMN

45
Procedure:
1) Measure the dimensions of the collecting tank, energy meter constant
and the datum head.
2) Prime the pipe before starting the motor.
3) Open the inlet valve and note the pressure gauge reading and vacuum
gauge reading.
4) Take the time taken for 5 rev counted in energy meter disc.
5) Take 5 sets of reading by varying the delivery pressure.

Specification
Suction pipe -25mm
Delivery pipe-20mm
Piston diameter-40 mm
Stroke length-45 mm
Pump speed-1420 rpm
Motor power-1 hp
Measuring tank -0.3*0.3*0.5
Energy meter constant-750rev/kW-hr

46
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Model Graph

Result:

The Characteristics curves were drawn for the given Reciprocating pump and

from the curve the following results was obtained

Characteristics Experimentally Graphically

1.Maximum Efficiency
2.Optimum Total Head corresponding to
max efficiency
3. Optimum Input power corresponding to
max efficiency
4. Optimum Discharge corresponding to
max efficiency

Ex.No:7 Date:

47
 PERFORMANCE TEST ON GEAR OIL PUMP
Aim:
To determine the characteristics of gear pump.
Apparatus required:
Stop watch, Measuring Scale.
Theory
A pump is a power absorbing hydraulic device that requires energy on it to operate.
A pump converts mechanical energy of a motor into hydraulic energy (potential and
kinetic energy of a liquid) and is designed to elevate, deliver and move various
liquids. Gear pup falls under the category of rotary displacement pumps. Gear pump
is otherwise known as gear pump wheel pump.

Gear pump unit consists of two identical intermeshing gears with involute teeth to
pump fluid displacement. The external gear pump uses two identical gears rotating
against each other. One gear is driven by a motor and it in turn drives the other gear.

48
Each gear is supported by a shaft with bearings of the on both sides of the gear.
These gears rotate in opposite directions working in a fine clearance inside a
stationary casing.

Formula used:
1.Actual Discharge from the pump
Q = Ah/t (m3 / sec)
A-area of the collecting tank
H-rise of water in the capillary tube
t-time taken for H cm rise of water

2. Input power to the motor:

Pi = n*3600*ŋ / NT (hp)
Where,
N = Energy meter constant is rev/kwh
T = Time taken for n rev in the energy meter.
Ŋ=mechanical effiency motor=80%

3. Output power from the pump:

Po = WQaHt/ 1000 kW
W = specific weight of oil-7848 N/m3
Q= Actual discharge

H= Total head(m)
Where,
A = Area of cross section of the collecting tank in m2
t = time taken for ‘h’ unit of water level in the collecting tank in sec

49
 Delivery head p

4. Total Head Ht = Hp+Hv+Z

Hp- pressure head (m) = G*10 (m)
Hv- vaccum head (m) = V*10.336/760 (m)
Z-Datum head

5.Efficiency of the pump:

η = Po / Pi * 100 %

50
 Tabular column:

pressure Pressure Vaccum Vaccum Total Time taken Discharge Time Input Out Efficiency
S1. gauge Head gauge Head head for 10 cm taken for power put ŋ (%)
No reading (Hp) reading (Hv) in m (Ht) rise of Qa(m3/s) n (pi) power
G(kg/cm2) M V(mm m water(t)s revolution (p0)
Hg) of EM
disc T (s)

51
Observation:
Suction pipe -20mm
Delivery pipe-20mm
Piston diameter-40 mm
Pump speed-1420 rpm
Motor power-1 hp
Measuring tank -0.3*0.3*0.5
Reservoir tank-0.5*0.5*0.5m
Energy meter constant-750rev/kW-hr

52
Procedure:
1) Close the delivery valve.
2) Start the motor.
3) Open the delivery valve to lot of water flow from the pump.
4) Note down the measure gauge and vacuum gauge reading.
5) Collect oil in the collecting tank for arise of ‘h’ unit of oil level and
note down the time taken for collecting that amount.
6) Note down the time taken for 10 rev in the energy meter.
7) Adjust the delivery valve to change the rate of flow and repeat the steps
5, 6 and several readings can be taken, by varying the head from a
maximum value at shift often a minimum value from when the gate
valve is fully opened.
8) Take a minimum of reading including full open and full close
condition.

53
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Model Graph

54
Result:

The Characteristics curves were drawn for the given Gear pump and from the

curve the following results was obtained

Characteristics Experimentally Graphically

1.Maximum Efficiency
2.Optimum Total Head corresponding to
max efficiency
3. Optimum Input power corresponding to
max efficiency
4. Optimum Discharge corresponding to
max efficiency

Ex.No: 8 Date:
55
 PERFORMANCE TEST ON PELTON WHEEL TURBINE
Aim:
To conduct the load test on the given Pelton wheel turbine and study the
performance at constant speed and obtain the characteristics curves of the impulse
turbine
Apparatus required:
Peltonwheel, supply pump unit, Tachometer, scale.
Theory:
A turbine is a power generating hydraulic device that produces energy. Hydraulic
turbines convert the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. The mechanical
energy is then converted into electrical energy by coupling the turbine shaft to a
generator.

Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine. In this type of turbine in which the entire energy
of water is converted into kinetic energy by passing in through a nozzle is made to

56
impact on the runner tangentially. The impact thus produced causes the runner to
rotate and here produces the mechanical power at the shaft.

Formula used:
1. Total head Ht = P*10 m of water
2. venturi meter head (h) = (p1-p2)× 10 m
3. Discharge (Qa);
Qa=K √ H

4. Net load W = (W1+W2) –W3 kg

5. Input power (Pi)

Pi= wQHt/1000 KW

6. Torque = Re*W (N-m)

Re = D/2 + d (m)

7. Output power

P0 = 2πNT*9.81/60,000 KW

8. Efficiency (ŋ)
Ŋ= P0*100/ Pi

57
S1. Pressure Manometer Ventur Dischar Shaft Load on Spring Net Input Brake Efficiency
No gauge Reading i head ge Q speed hanger balance load power power
reading p P1 P2 P1-P2 (h) N W1 reading
W3
Kg/cm2 m m3/S Rpm Kg Kg Kg kW kW %

TABULAR COLUMN

58
p- pressure gauge reading (kg/cm3)
h- differential head ( m of water)
P1,P2- manometer reading (kg/cm2)
W1 = load added in hanger (kg)
W2 =weight of hanger and rope (kg)
W3= spring balance reading (m)
D = diameter of brake drum (m)
d = diameter of robe (m)
N- turbine speed (rpm)
w= specific weight of water (N/m3)

specification
head = 25 m
discharge =100 lpm
nominal speed = 1000 rpm
jet water =15 mm
pitch circle diameter D= 100 mm
no of buckets =12
brake drum diameter D= 100 mm
rope diameter d = 15 mm
weight of rope and hanger = W2= 0.5 kg
effective radius Re= 0.065 m
K =7.9575 × 10-4

59
Procedure:
1) Measure the brake drum diameter and datum level head (i.e., Vertical
distance between centre of pressure gauge and centre line nozzle).
2) Start the pump and gradually open its delivery open up to the required
pressure.
3) Open the nozzle partially to keep the gate opening constant.
4) Adjust the load on the brake drum to keep the speed constant.
5) Note the manometer readings and pressure gauge readings.
6) Note the spring balance readings (f1xf2) and measure the shaft speed
using tachometer.
7) Take required set of readings in the allowable range of delivery
pressure.
8) Tabulate the readings.
9) Calculate the discharge, torque, input power, output power and
efficiency.
10) Plot the graph
i. Speed Vs efficiency
ii. Speed Vs output power

60
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Result:
Thus the performance of Pelton wheel turbine was studied and the
characteristics curves were plotted from the curve the following results were studied.
Characteristics Experimentally Graphically
1.Maximum Efficiency
2.Optimum Output Power corresponding
to max efficiency
3. Optimum shaft speed corresponding to
max efficiency

Ex.No: 9 Date:
61
 PERFORMANCE TEST ON FRANCIS TURBINE
Aim:
To study the performance of Francis turbine at variable speed and obtain the
characteristics curves of the reaction turbine.
Apparatus required:
Francis turbine, Tachometer, scale.
Theory:
A turbine is a power generating hydraulic device that produces energy. Hydraulic
turbines convert the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. The mechanical
energy is then converted into electrical energy by coupling the turbine shaft to a
generator

Francis turbine is a reaction turbine in which only a part of total head of water
is converted to kinetic head before it enters the runner. As the water passes through
the runner its pressure changes gradually being higher at the inlet than at the outlet.
This difference in pressure is responsible for the variation of the runner.

Formula used:
62
1. Total head Ht = P*10 m of water
2. Orifice meter head (h) = (p1-p2)× 10 m
3. Discharge (Qa);
Qa=K √ H

4. Net load W = (W1+W2) –W3 kg

Where W2= 0.5 kg

5. Input power (Pi)

Pi= wQHt/1000 KW

6. Torque = Re*W (N-m)

Re = D/2 + d (m)

7. Output power

P0 = 2πNT*9.81/1000 KW

8. Efficiency (ŋ)
Ŋ= P0*100/ Pi

63
Tabular column:

S1 Pressure Manometer Orifice Discharge Shaft Load Spring Net Input Brake Efficiency
.N gauge reading head Q speed on balance load power power
o reading p (h) N hanger reading W
P1 P2 diff W1 W3
P
2
Kg/cm M M3/S Rpm Kg Kg Kg kW kW %

64
Observation:
Head = 40 m
Discharge = 100 lpm
Nominal speed = 1000 rpm
Brake drum diameter = 300 mm
Rope diameter = 15 mm
effective radius Re =0.165 m
K= 6.727*10-3

65
Procedure:
2) Measure the brake drum diameter and datum level head (i.e., Vertical
distance between centre of pressure gauge and centre of line of nozzle).
3) Start the pump and gradually open its delivery open up to the required
pressure.
4) Open the nozzle partially to keep the gate opening constant.
5) Adjust the load on the brake drum to keep the speed constant.
6) Note the manometer readings and pressure gauge readings.
7) Note the spring balance readings (f 1xf2) and take required set of
readings, N in the allowable range of speed by varying the load.
8) Calculate the readings.
9) Calculate the discharge, torque, input power, output power and
efficiency.
10) Plot the graph
i. Speed Vs efficiency
ii. Speed Vs output power

66
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Result:
Thus the performance of Francis turbine was studied and the characteristics
curves were plotted from the curves, the following results were studied.
Characteristics Experimentally Graphically
1.Maximum Efficiency
2.Optimum Output Power corresponding
to max efficiency
3. Optimum shaft speed corresponding to
max efficiency

Ex.No: 10 Date:
67
 PERFORMANCE TEST ON KAPLAN TURBINE
Aim:
To study the performance of Kaplan turbine at variable speed and obtain the
characteristics curves of reaction turbine.
Apparatus required:
Kaplan turbine, tachometer, Scale.
Theory:
Kaplan turbine is a reaction turbine in which only a part of total head of water
converted to kinetic head before in to enter the turbine runner its pressure changes
gradually begins high at the outlet this difference in pressure is known as reaction
turbine pressure and it is responsible for the rotation of the runner.
Formula used:
1. Total head Ht = P*10 m of water
2. venturi meter head (h) = (p1-p2)× 10 m

3) Discharge, Q = Qt = Cd a1 a2 (2gh) ½
(a12 - a22) ½
4) Input power, Pi = pgQH /1000 *kw
5) Torque t = Re*W
6) Output power Po = 2πNT/60,000 Kw
7) Efficiency η = (Po/Pi) *100 %

68
S1. Pressure Manometer Venturi Dischar Shaft Load on Spring Net Input Brake Efficiency
No gauge reading head ge Q speed hanger balance load power power
reading p (h) N W1 reading
P1 P2 diff W3
P
2
Kg/cm m m3/S Rpm Kg Kg Kg kW kW %

69
Tabulation

Observation:
Diameter of the inlet pipe D1 = 0.1 m
Diameter of the outlet pipe D2 = 0.059 m
Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
Density of mercury = 13,600 kg/m3
Gravity constant = 9.81m/s2
Cd = 0.9
Radius of brake drum = 0.115 m
Weight of the RopeW2=2 kg
Procedure:
1) Measure the brake drum diameter and datum level head (i.e., Vertical
distance between centre of pressure gauge and centre of nozzle).
2) Start the pump and gradually open its delivery open up to the required
pressure.
3) Open the nozzle partially to use the gate opening constant.
4) Note the manometer readings and pressure gauge readings.
5) Note the spring balance readings measure the shaft speed using
tachometer.
6) Take required set of readings of N in the allowed range of speed by
varying the load.
7) Tabulate the readings.
8) Calculate the discharge, torque, input power, output power and
efficiency.
9) Plot the graph
i. Speed Vs efficiency
ii. Speed Vs output power

1
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Result:
Thus the performance of Kaplan turbine was studied and characteristics
curves were plotted from the curved the following results were obtained.
Characteristics Experimentally Graphically
1.Maximum Efficiency
2.Optimum Output Power corresponding
to max efficiency
3. Optimum shaft speed corresponding to
max efficiency