Basic Marine Engineering

Chapter 1: Diesel Engine

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the chapter, you should be able to:

1. to make sketch of the general arrangement plan of the engine room;

2. explain the function of the basic elements, machinery and equipment needed for efficient operation,
monitoring, watchkeeping and maintenance.

Introduction:

Classification of Engine Depending On Size & Function

Main Propulsion Engine -These are engines which are directly responsible in propelling or moving the ship forward or
astern. Usually they are located in the ship's Engine room.

Auxiliary Engines -These engines are smaller engines which give additional power to the ship.

Main Propulsion Engines

1. Diesel Propulsion Engine

The diesel internal combustion engine differs from the gasoline powered Otto cycle by using a higher
compression of the fuel to ignite the fuel rather than using a spark plug ("compression ignition" rather than "spark
ignition").

As well as the high level of compression allowing combustion to take place without a separate ignition system, a
high compression ratio greatly increases the engine's efficiency. Increasing the compression ratio in a spark-ignition
engine where fuel and air are mixed before entry to the cylinder is limited by the need to prevent damaging detonation.
Since only air is compressed in a diesel engine, and fuel is not introduced to the cylinder until the start of the combustion
process, detonation is not an issue and compression ratios can be much higher.

In the diesel engine, air is compressed adiabatically with a compression ratio typically between 15 and 20. This
compression raises the temperature of the air in the combustion chamber to the ignition temperature of the atomized
fuel/air mixture which is formed by injecting fuel once the air is compressed. The injected droplets vaporize from their
surfaces and this vapor ignites and burns. The droplets then burn from their surface towards their centers, until all the fuel
in the droplets is consumed.

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Steam Propulsion Engine

Utilizes steam as a prime mover, consider as an external combustion engine because combustion takes place in
boiler where it produces steam

• Reciprocating steam engine – up & down movement of piston

• Steam turbine – wheel secured to a shaft, which blades secured to a wheel

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Motor Propulsion

• uses an electric motor as a prime mover,

• Components are the main propulsion generator that generates electric power needed by the motor.
• Main propulsion control board controls the operation of the motor & main electrical motor which is connected
to the main propeller and propeller shaft.

Gas Turbine Propulsion

• Gas Turbine, also combustion turbine, engine that employs gas flow as the working medium by which heat
energy is transformed into mechanical energy.
• Gas is produced in the engine by the combustion of certain fuels. Stationary nozzles discharge jets of this gas against
the blades of a turbine wheel. The impulse force of the jets causes the shaft to turn.
• A simple-cycle gas turbine includes a compressor that pumps compressed air into a combustion chamber. Fuel in
gaseous or liquid-spray form is also injected into this chamber, and combustion takes place there. The combustion
products pass from the chamber through the nozzles to the turbine wheel. The spinning wheel drives the compressor
and the external load, such as an electrical generator.

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Nuclear Propulsion

• Nuclear Energy, energy released during the splitting or fusing of atomic nuclei.
• The energy of any system, whether physical, chemical, or nuclear, is manifested by the system’s ability to do work
or to release heat or radiation.
• The total energy in a system is always conserved, but it can be transferred to another system or changed in form.

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Chapter 1: Diesel Engine

CHAPTER I: DIESEL ENGINE

Diesel Engine Propulsion -This type of propulsion utilizes diesel engine as a prime mover. Its layout or arrangement
depending on the number of prime mover connected to the propulsion shaft. In case there are two prime movers, one is
installed at the port side and the other one at the starboard of the engine room. Each prime mover either drives an
individual shaft or both will be driving a single shaft. The most common arrangement is one large engine at the center of
the engine room driving one propulsion shaft.

Classification of Diesel Engine

In order to understand a diesel engine better, it is necessary to know its classification. It is classified as follows:

According to cylinder arrangement

 In-line cylinder engine -an engine is said to be in-line cylinder engine when their cylinders are arranged in
vertical position parallel from each other. Large diesel engines are usually of this type.

 Vee-type diesel engine -engines are said to be of this ~e when their cylinders are arranged to form a letter "W",
two connecting rods connected to one crankpin in a crankshaft. This type is common to medium size diesel engine.

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 Opposed Piston Engine -engines of this type has two pistons working in one cylinder. These two pistons
compress the air by meeting at the center of the cylinder. After the combustion they move outward to deliver the
power.

 Radial Engines -an engine is s aid to be radial engine when four cylinders are arranged surrounding the
crankshaft. Four connecting rods are connected in one crankpin in the crankshaft. This type is common to small high
speed engine.

According to Piston Action

 Single Acting Engine -an engine that produces power at one side of the cylinder.

 Double Acting Engine -an engine that produces power on both side of the cylinder alternately giving twice the
number of power strokes than the single acting engine.

According to Method of Charging

 Natural Aspirated -the fresh air charged in the cylinder is drawn in the vacuum created when the piston moves
away from the combustion space.

 Supercharged -the charged is admitted in to the cylinder at higher than atmospheric pressure. This high air
pressure is produced by a pump or blower.

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According to Engine Speed

 Slow Speed Engine -an engine is considered a slow speed engine when it's revolution ranges from 0-300 RPM

 Medium Speed Engine -revolution ranges from 300 -1000 rpm.

 High Speed Engine -an engine ranging from 1000 rpm and above.

According to Method of Injection

 Air injection -in the original low speed engines, the fuel is injected in to the cylinder by a blast of compressed
air

 Mechanized -at present mechanized injection is being used for all types and sizes of diesel engine.

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According to Operating Cycle

 Two Stroke Cycle Engine - an engine is said to be a two stroke cycle engine if two strokes of the piston or one
revolution of the crankshaft to complete a working cycle.

 Four Stroke Cycle Engines - four strokes of the piston or two revolutions of the crankshaft to complete a
working cycle.

 Stroke is the movement of the piston from bottom dead center (BDC) to top dead center (TDC), Cycle-a
sequence of events which recur regularly and in the same order.

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DIESEL ENGINE PARTS

Cylinder head- is the engine part which covers the combustion area, different valves are located in order to control gases
inside the cylinder.

Valves located on the Cylinder head

Fuel valves- inject atomize fuel inside the cylinder from fuel pump.
Exhaust valves-remove exhaust gas produce inside the cylinder.
Relief valves- release excessive pressure above the working limit.
Indicator valves- serve as inspection valve to test the combustion inside the cylinder.
Intake valves- deliver air inside the cylinder (applicable for 4 stroke cycle engine)

Cylinder liners- are centrifugally cast with the upper end like a flange cast integral with the liner. Underside of the
flange rest on the cylinder block. The cylinder cover holds the liner in place when the cover studs are hardened down.

Piston- transfer force from expanding gas to crankshaft via a piston rod and /or connecting rod.

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Piston rings- provide seal between piston and cylinder liner.

Piston ring type

Compression rings- located at the top of the piston and seal the combustion chamber.

Oil control ring- on bottom of piston below compression rings which regulates oil film thickness on cylinder liner wall.

Oil scraper rings- direct the oil away from or towards the oil control rings depending upon the requirements of the
engine.

Piston pins (wrist pins)- connects the piston to the end of the connecting rod.

Connecting rod assembly- link between the crankshaft and the piston.

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Crankshaft- changes reciprocating motion of the piston into rotating motion to drive the propeller.

Camshaft- turns at ½ the speed of the crankshaft. Must be mechanically coupled to the crankshaft for timing purposes.
(gears, belts, chains)

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Bedplate- most heavily loaded structural component of the main propulsion.

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Air intake manifold- storage area of air suction by the turbo charger passing via air cooler before entering each cylinder.

Exhaust gas manifold- storage area of exhaust gases from each cylinder before passing the turbo charger.

Turbo charger- very effective pressure charging, consist of two parts the blower and the exhaust turbine side fitted in
one motor shaft.

Air cooler- cools down the air pressure to be charged in each cylinder in its normal temperature for more efficiency.

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Thrust block- is a specialized form of thrust bearing in ship, to resist the trust of the propeller shaft and transmit it to the
hull.

Flywheel- mounts at the rear of the crankshaft near the rear main bearing. This is usually the longest and heaviest main
bearing in the engine, as it must support the weight of the flywheel. The  flywheel  stores  up  rotation energy during  the
power  impulses  of  the  engine.  It  releases this  energy  between  power  impulses,  thus  assuring less  fluctuation  in
engine  speed  and  smoother  engine operation.  The  size  of  the  flywheel  will  vary  with  the number  of  cylinders
and  the  general  construction  of the engine.

CRANKSHAFT FLYWHEEL

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CYLINDER LINER PISTON

Propeller- is the most common propulsion on ships, imparting momentum to a fluid which causes a force to act on the
ship.

1. Trailing edge 2. Face

3. Fillet area 4. Hub or Boss
5. Hub or Boss Cap 6. Leading edge
7. Back 8. Propeller shaft
9. Stern tube bearing 10. Stern tube

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Propeller shaft- usually connects the transmission inside the vessel directly to the propeller, passing through a stern
tube seal or other seal at the point it exits the hull. There is also a thrust block, a bearing to resist the axial force of the
propeller.

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Basic difference between four stroke and two stroke diesel engine

Basically two stroke and four stroke cycle diesel engines differ in the number of power or working stroke per cycle.
In two stroke power stroke comes in each cycle but in four stroke one power stroke requires two cycles.
Two strokes has intake of gases and exhaust of burned gases are simultaneously done with compression and
expansion stroke, where in four strokes these are separate stages.

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Review questions:

1. State different types of Main Propulsion Engines.

2. Explain the principle of Main Propulsion Diesel Engine.
3. State the different classification of Diesel Engine according to cylinder arrangement.
4. Identify the different structural parts of Diesel engine.
5. Explain the functions of the crankshaft
6. Explain the basic differences between the Four stroke and
Two stroke diesel engine.

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