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Philosopher Notes

David Hume and Immanuel Kant disagreed on the existence of the self. Hume believed that through introspection, people will find they have no fixed self, just a collection of perceptions. Kant argued the self actively organizes our thoughts and perceptions, constructing our reality. Sigmund Freud viewed the self as having three layers - the conscious self governed by reality, the unconscious containing basic drives, and the preconscious in between. Gilbert Ryle believed the self is best understood as patterns of behavior, with mind and body intrinsically linked.

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74 views

Philosopher Notes

David Hume and Immanuel Kant disagreed on the existence of the self. Hume believed that through introspection, people will find they have no fixed self, just a collection of perceptions. Kant argued the self actively organizes our thoughts and perceptions, constructing our reality. Sigmund Freud viewed the self as having three layers - the conscious self governed by reality, the unconscious containing basic drives, and the preconscious in between. Gilbert Ryle believed the self is best understood as patterns of behavior, with mind and body intrinsically linked.

Uploaded by

Asuna Yuuki
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DAVID HUME self

- Scottish Philosopher -the idea of personal identity is a result of

*if people carefully examine their sense imagination

experience through the process of IMMANUEL KANT

introspection, they will discover that there - German Philosopher

is NO self - it is the self that makes experiencing an


intelligible
-what people experience is just a collection
world possible
of different perceptions
-it is the self that is actively organizing and
*if people carefully examine the contents of
synthesizing all of our thoughts and perceptions
their experiences, they will find out that
 Transcendental deduction of categories – the
there are only distinct entities:
categories that the form of consciousness
1. Impressions
utilizes in order to construct an orderly and
2. Ideas
objective world that is stable and can be
 Impressions
investigated scientifically
- Basic sensations of people’s
-the self is an organizing principle that makes
experience such as hate, love,
unified
joy, grief, pain, cold, and heat
and intelligible experience possible
- Vivid perceptions and are
*uses categories to filter, order, relate,
strong and lively organize, and

 Ideas synthesize situations into a unified whole

- Thoughts and images from -the Self constructs own reality (a world that is

different impressions so they familiar predictable, and mine)

are LESS strong and lively  Rationality – through this people are able to

*different sensations are in constant continuum understand certain abstract ideas that have
that is
no corresponding physical object or sensory
invariable and not constant
experience
*it cannot be from any of these impressions
that the

idea of self is derived and consequently, there is


NO
SIGMUND FREUD GILBERT RYLE
- Austrian Psychoanalyst - British Philosopher
Self consists of THREE LAYERS: -self is best understood as a pattern of behavior
—
1. Conscious Self
the tendency or disposition of a person to
- governed by the “reality principle”
behave in a
-organized in ways that are rational,
certain way in certain circumstances
Practical, and appropriate to the environment
Philosophical principle: “I act therefore I am”
-takes into account realistic demands of the
-mind and body is intrinsically linked in complex
Situation, consequences of various actions, and

and overriding need to preserve the intimate ways

equilibrium of the entire psychodynamic -self is same as bodily behavior

system of self -the mind is the totality of human dispositions


that is
2. Unconscious Self
known through the way people behave
- contains the basic instinctual drives
-mind expresses the entire systems of thoughts,
(sexuality, aggressiveness, and self-destruction
–traumatic memories, emotions, and actions = these make up the
human
Unfulfilled wishes, and childhood fantasies,
self
thoughts and feelings that are considered
taboo)

-governed by the “pleasure principle”

-characterized by the most primitive level of

human motivation and human functioning

-self is determined by the unconscious

3. Preconscious Self

- contains material that is not threatening

and is easily brought to mind

-located between the conscious and the

unconscious parts of the self

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