Fluid Mechanics 2019

FINAL EXPERIMENT
TITLE: "The Effect on the Viscosity and Surface Tension when POE Oil and Mineral Oil are
Added to Distilled Water"
Objectives:

This study generally aims to analyze the effect on the viscosity and surface tension when
polyolester (POE) oil and mineral oil are added to distilled water.

1. To determine the relation between viscosity and surface tension,

2. To determine the effect on viscosity and surface tension when a liquid is added.,
and;
3. To measure the viscosity and surface tension of the sample liquid.

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

The students shall be able to:

 Understand the factors affecting the viscosity characteristics of distilled water with
polyolester (POE) oil and distilled water with mineral oil.
 Understand the factors affecting the surface tension of distilled water with polyolester
(POE) oil and distilled water with mineral oil.
 Apply the skills of fundamental knowledge learned by the student in an actual situation
 Understand all principles and concepts under fluid mechanics and basic principles of
liquid
 Describe the basic fundamental information of viscosity and surface tension

Discussion:

Abstract:

Viscosity is the property of a fluid which opposes the relative motion between
two surfaces of the fluid that are moving at different velocities. In simple terms, viscosity
means friction between the molecules of fluid. The surface tension of the surface film of a
liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid,
which tends minimize surface area. Relating surface tension and viscosity of liquids not
only is important conceptually but it can also be used to test the validity of some measured
data. As surface tension is a strong function of surfactant, they neglected to emphasize
that mixed components must not be surface active agents.

The researchers aim to identify the viscosity and surface tension of distilled
water with polyolester (POE) oil and mineral oil. The fluids will be tested for their surface
tension by capillary rise method and their dynamic viscosity.

The goal of this study is to identify the effect of the surface tension and
viscosity by using the said fluids, which have varying natural viscosities and surface
tension at standard room temperature.

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Chapter One:

The Problem and its Background

Introduction:

In this research we will be able to determine the relations and effects of viscosity to
surface tension when two substances mixed. By conducting this experiment we will identify
what will be the factors that must be apprehended. We all know that viscosity have a great
factor with the transportation of liquid substances. The surface tension of each substance will
be calculated by using a formula also with viscosity. With this experiment we will understand
and record the data that can help for improving or providing additional knowledge in
engineering. We will be conducting several tests to have a more precise and accurate results
for recording data.

Polyolester oil(POE oil) is a type of synthetic oil that is more compatible with most
lubricants in the market. Because of its properties we decided to use this substance in our
research to determine the viscosity and surface tension when combined with distilled water.
Polyolester oil is also a good solvent which means it can collect residues that can clog the
system or causes an error in the experiment that is why distilled water will be an effective
countermeasure because of it’s high purity. Mineral oil is colorless, odorless and have light
mixtures of higher alkanes from a mineral source. Mineral oil can be used in a variety of
industrial/mechanical capacities as a non-conductive coolant or thermal fluid in electric
component. It is also known as transformer oil because it is a great use as an insulator. It can
also be used as a lubricant and it is non-compressible.

By using these liquid materials we can see the relations and effects of viscosity and
surface tension in each substances and produce a result that will be beneficial to researchers
that will be conducting this experiment. This experiment requires a great deal of focus to
minimized errors in data to reach a true conclusion.

Statement of the Problem:

The study aims to answer the following question

 What are the values of viscosity and surface tension when POE oil and Mineral oil are
added to distilled water?

 What is the effect in the viscosity and surface tension when the two (2) oils are added to
distilled water?

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Significance of the Study:

The results of the study could be a highly significant and beneficial specifically to the
following:

 Society – it will serve as an informative study that will help in continuing search for new
products in engineering and eventually in the field of civil engineering.

 Research – to acquire broader and additional knowledge in terms of viscosity and surface
tension.

 Profession – it will serve as an informative experiment that will help engineers in designing
devices and structures that transport fluids, use fluids for lubrication, or operate in
environments.

Conceptual Framework:

Determining the surface tension and viscosity of the two distinct liquid. This process we can
check the thickness and surface pressure of the two oils. The output of this study is that we
can determine the connections between the surface tension and the viscosity

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

RELATIONSHIP
DISTILLED
FALL OF VISCOSITY
WATER
VELOCITY OF AND SURFACE
POLYOLESTER SPHERE TENSION
(POE) OIL
SURFACE
MINERAL OIL TENSION OF
CAPILLARY THE STATED
RISE METHOD LIQUIDS

TEST RESULT
AND EFFECT OF
LIQUID
MIXTURES ON
VISCOSITY AND
SURFACE
TENSION
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Scope and Delimitation

The study is all about getting the effect on the viscosity and surface tension when
polyolester (POE) oil and mineral oil are added to distilled water. The study would focus only
on these three liquids and distinguished the viscosity and surface tension acquired to the
actual quantity. The study is conducted with room temperature and is limited to its
temperature. The study would not tackle various temperature of the liquids used. The surface
tension of the liquids are obtained through the capillary rise method. Other methods were not
considered. All the data used in the study were gathered, determined and computed by the
researchers. Lastly, the study would not cover the viscosity and surface tension of the stated
liquid.

Chapter Two:

Review of Literature

VISCOSITY

One of the important physical property of liquid is absolute viscosity. It is used in many
different industries as a parameter to determine the quality of their products. A common
experiment to measure the viscosity of liquid is the falling sphere viscometer, whereby the
liquid is filled along a graduated cylinder and drag a metal sphere to measure. On the other
hand a new technique is being developed to measure surface tension and viscosity of high
temperature. In this method, a rod of the desired material is exposed to the high temperature.
Dynamics of the melting, formation a drop and its detachment are recorded via a high speed
video camera. The size of the droplet along with the measurement of the neck diameter will
provide the surface tension. By simulating the process numerically using a three-dimensional
model. One may estimate the viscosity values and surface tension that result in agreement
between the experiments and simulations. Such an inverse engineering approach can be
viewed as a coupled experimental and numerical method. Measuring the surface tension and
viscosity of high melting point materials must be carefully observed.
(Moradian A. & Mostaghimi J. (2008 April). Toronto, Canada. Measurement of Surface Tension, Viscosity,
and Density at High Temperatures by Free-Fall Drop Oscillation. Retrieved)
from:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225600360_Measurement_of_Surface_Tension_Viscosity_a
nd_Density_at_High_Temperatures_by_Free-Fall_Drop_Oscillation.

Viscosity is a material property which is simply the thickness of the fluid. To explain
further, viscosity is the internal flow resistance of the fluid. By using the two-plate methods
definition of viscosity can be properly and mathematically explained. To determine viscosity,

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viscometer is used. Viscometer is then a fraction of bigger studies called rheometer which is
also under the rheology. Rheology discusses the science of material's deformation and
behavior of flow. All materials can be classified as elastic (solid) and viscous (liquid). But
sometimes materials can be of the two like viscoelastic solid and viscoelastic liquid. Two-plate
Model consists of two imaginary plates with the fluid in-between. Specific conditions must be
met to allow for accurate calculation of the viscosity-related variables. While the lower plate is
fixed and the upper plate is moving, it will already give stress parallel to the surface of fluid and
now called as shear stress. Shear stress is the force developed by the upper plate divided by
the area in square meters. To obtain the shear rate, the velocity v of the upper plate, in meters
per second, is divided by the distance h between the two plates in meters.
(Viswanath, D., Ghosh, T., Prasad, D., Dutt, N., Rani, K., (2007). Viscosity of Liquids Theory, Estimation,
Experiment, and Data)

New forms of viscometers have risen out of technology. But a conventional viscometer
is still used today: the Falling Sphere Viscometer.
The Falling Sphere Viscometer is a measurement for viscosity wherein the liquids are
filled in a long glass tube or cylinder and then a sphere will be drop to the liquid. Eventually,
the sphere will move at a terminal velocity. And by measuring the terminal velocity, you will
able to get the viscosity of the liquid. A sphere has a corresponding radius and density and as
it flows downward the fluids due to gravitational force, the fluid exerts an upward drag and
buoyant forces.
(Jo, R.S., Jo, H.S., & Chai, A. (2017). Development of low-cost vision-based falling sphere viscometer. 2017
IEEE International Conference on Signal and Image Processing Applications (ICSIPA), 279-283.)

According to Leblanc et al., the effects of container ends are minimized by creating a
small gap between the cylinder and the container wall. For example, if the radius of the
container is almost the same as the radius of the cylinder, then there will be a domination of
effect from the container. The same can be concluded between the graduated cylinder and the
sphere. The closer the gap between the sphere and the graduated cylinder, the less precise
the experiment will become.
(Leblanc, G., (2000) Langmuir-Blodgett Films. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.ph/books?
id=yrLzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128&lpg=PA128&dq=leblanc,+G.+surface+tension&source)

In this study, a methodology of getting the coefficient of viscosity is experimented and

further studied. In this methodology, they used a narrow tube and a spherical ball. The values
are obtained by substituting an apparent viscosity ratio acquired from the Stokes formula. The
use of correction factor was also implemented in this study. This correction factor is called

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viscosity ratio. The researchers also used a ratio of the wall effect to a boundless wall of the
cylinder. The test experiment used variations of sphere balls and variation of narrow tubes.
The researchers based the calculations on two newly updated correlation formulas. First
is the velocity ratio of Reynolds and ball to tube ratio. The second one is the use of the ratio of
drag force measured to the limit of Stoke with respect to the principle of Reynolds only. By
properly performing and using these ratios the researchers were able to achieve and perform
the "creepy flow" regime by Reynolds. They used glycerol and silicone oil as their test liquid.
Upon further calculations and tests, the researchers have proved that they can get exact
results with accuracy and precision by observing creepy flow regime stated in the paper.
(Singh, A. V., Sharma, L., & Bhaya, P. G. (2012). Studies On Falling Ball Viscometry. Studies On Falling
Ball Viscometry, 2. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1202/1202.1400.pdf.)

According to M G Aliperio and Mark Nolan Confesor(Surface viscosity effects on the

motion of self-propelling boat in a channel.), Self-propelled droplets have been conceived as
simple chemical toy models to mimic motile biological samples such as bacteria. The motion of
these droplets is believe to be due to the surface tension gradient in the boundary of the
droplet. We performed experiments to look at the effect of varying the medium viscosity to the
speed of a circular boat that was soaked in Pentanol. We found that the boats undergo
oscillatory type of motion inside a channel. Moreover we found the maximum speed of the boat
is independent on the viscosity of the medium. On the other a time scale describing the width
of the velocity profile of the boat was found to increase with increasing viscosity.

(M G Aliperio and Mark Nolan Confesor, Iligan Institute of Technology, Andres Bonifacio Avenue,
Tibanga, Iligan City 2009)

According to Ahadian, Samad, Amani Tehran, Mohammad and Sharif, Farhad . The
present investigation entails a procedure by which the surface tension and viscosity of liquids
could be predicted. To this end, capillary experiments were performed for porous media by
utilizing fifteen different liquids and powders. The time of capillary rise to a certain known
height of each liquid in a particular powder was recorded. Two artificial neural networks
(ANNs) were designed and used to separately predict the surface tension and the viscosity of
each liquid respectively.

(Ahadian, Samad, Amani Tehran, Mohammad and Sharif, Farad)

Viscosity is distinguished as the thickness of a fluid. Viscosity is also related to

temperatures if the temperature increase it thins if it decreases it thickens. It is the resistance
of fluid to flow when the fluids flows the molecules because friction due to the molecular
interaction among them, it simply means that the different fluids with different viscosities flow at

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different speed when a slight force is applied to them so the more viscous fluids the bigger the
force needed. It is important for the motion of a liquid because it tells us how long we can fill a
container with a liquid or fluid. We can also determine how much energy requires pumping out
fluid. Also identify the structures of molecules.
( https://www.mobilehydraulictips.com/why-is-viscosity-important-in-hydraulic-fluids/ )

SURFACE TENSION

Surface Tension is the interaction between liquid and gas to form a layer of molecules
that create a rain droplet. Why can bug strive in water because of surface tension by cohesion.
It attract it other to form a cloth that the molecules interact to the air not like in the middle of the
droplet water it stabilize molecules inside.

( https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-is-surface-tension )

Knowing about the surface tension, the force exerted on the liquid surface per unit
length is referred to as the surface tension and is denoted by the Greek symbol σ. In the other
words, surface tension is the force (per unit length) required to change the surface shape of
the liquid. Surface tension is a fluid property and is generally a function of temperature and the
medium in contact with the fluid. For water the surface tension is 0.0728-0.0712 N/m with
temperature range of 20°C to 30°C.

(Munson, B.R., Young, D.F. and Okiishi, T.H. (n.d.), "Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics Eight Edition",
Colorado, U.S., https://www.cu.edu/Munson-Okiishis-Fundamentals-Mechanics-
Version/dp/1119080703/ref=mt_looseleaf?_encoding=UTF8&me=&qid=)

The surface tension knowing the thickness or the resistance of a liquid in a surface area
as possible. Surface tension investigation are a central task in this study of surface. The surfac
e tension of liquid is a particularly interesting quantity. It is a scientifically and technologically in
teresting parameter and is one the basic characteristics of matter in the liquid phase, which def
ine its behavior in the process of welting and others, and play a central role of casting. In surfa
ce tension has been measure for most of the liquids metals. The data reported in the study are
not good agreement and suffer from experimental problems that are essentially due to type of
experimental problems that are essentially due to the type of measuring apparatus. The use of
incorrect date and it is strongly dependent on the oxygen concentration in the liquid phase.

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(Aqra, F. & Ayyad, A., (2011) Surface Tension of Liquid Alkali, Alkaline, and Main Group Metals: Theoretical
Treatment and Relationship Investigations. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251303
227_Surface_Tension_of_Liquid_Alkali_Alkaline_and_Main_Group_Metals_Theoretical_Treatment_and_Re
lationship_Investigations)

One of the procedures to identify and quantify surface tension, capillary rise method is u
sed, this method requires us to use capillary channels in the form of a capillary tube which use
s the concept of Capillarity; rise or depression of a liquid in a small passage such as a tube of
small cross-sectional area, like the spaces between the walls of a tube. The molecules at the s
urface of a liquid are subjected to the strong attractive forces of the interior molecules which m
akes the liquid surface as small as possible. The magnitude if this acting perpendicular to a uni
t length of a line in the surface is called the surface tension. The interface or surface where the
tension exists is between the liquid and its saturated vapor in air. A tension may also exist at th
e interface between immiscible liquids. In the capillary rise method, the liquid rises due to its su
rface tension in the capillary tube immersed in it. At equilibrium the downward force due ti gravi
ty prevents the liquid from rising higher in the capillary
(Figliuzzi , B.,  and  Buie, C. R., (2013) Rise in optimized capillary channels. Retrieved from https://www.ca
mbridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/rise-in-optimized-capillary-channels/B09BE717A
946F6480DF3FC0D40CB41AC).

Motor oil is made by refinement and by modification of bound organic compound catego
ries that are contained in petroleum likewise it contains synthetically produced elements. This
experiment talks about the result on the thickness. The motor oil is non-polar chemical substan
ce, what in certain temperature vary has nature of dense and viscous liquid. Variable orderline
ss and complexness of organic compound molecules based on atoms of carbon, hydrogen and
little quantitative relation of oxygen verify the physical and chemical properties of the oil.
(Gary, J. H., and Handweck, G. E., (2001) Petroleum Refining. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/na
ndlalsepat/gary-j-h-and-handwerk-g-e-petroleum-refining-technology-and-economics-3)

Surface tension is an attractive force exerted upon the surface molecules of a liquid by
the molecules beneath that tends to draw the surface molecules into the bulk of the liquid and
makes the liquid assume the shape having the least surface area. It is the force that causes
the molecules on the surface of a liquid to be pushed together and form a later. Viscosity is the
ratio of the tangential frictional force per unit area to the velocity gradient perpendicular to the
direction of low of a liquid. Also known as coefficient of viscosity.  Capillary rise is a rise in a

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liquid above the level of zero pressure due to a net upward force produced by the attraction of
the water molecules to a solid surface.

(Hai Fu, Jixiao Liu, Tianhang Yang, Songjing L. (2015) Research on fast low-cost measurement of contact
angle surface tension and Viscosity. Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7337203/)

According to Tomasz Gancarz · Zbigniew Moser · WładysławGa˛sior · JanuszPstru´s

and Hani Henein. The method used for viscosity in this work is the modified capillary method.
For surface tension and density, the data used for comparison were previously measured
using the maximum bubble pressure method and the dilatometer technique, respectively.
Comparisons of the measured viscosity and surface tension to those predicted using
thermodynamic models will also be presented. Finally, a comparison of mixing model
predictions with the experimentally measured alloy surface tension and viscosity is also
presented.

(Tomasz Gancarz ,Zbigniew Moser, WładysławGa˛sior , JanuszPstru´s and Hani)

According to Ruihan Wei , Ji-Hong Chen and Jan D. Huizinga Flow rates and pulling
forces were measured in several solutions to determine the correlation between surface
tension and viscosity. Because these fluid properties arise from intermolecular bonding, a
positive correlation was expected. To study the relationship between viscosity and surface
tension, solutions with different concentrations of agar and flour were used. Differences in
viscosity were determined by differences in flow rate.

(Ruihan Wei, Ji-Hong Chen and Jan D. Huizinga)

According to SVaisburd and D G Brandon. A combined experimental unit for high-

temperature viscosity, density and surface-tension measurements in oxide melts (glasses,
metallurgical slags and coal ash) is described. The high-temperature viscometer is based on
the Brookfield device whereas the density and surface-tension measurements are based on
the maximum-bubble-pressure method.

(SVaisburd and D G Brando)

Definition of Terms:

 Viscosity - the quantity that describes a fluid’s resistance to flow.

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 Surface Tension - the tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of
the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize
surface area.
 Capillary Rise - a rise in a liquid above the level of zero pressure due to a net upward
force produced by the attraction of the water molecules to a solid surface.
 Dynamic Viscosity - it is the measurement of the fluid’s internal resistance to flow.
 Kinematic Viscosity - it is the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and the density of
fluid.
 Motor Oil - made by refinement and by modification of bound organic compound
categories that are contained in petroleum likewise it contains synthetically produced
elements. This experiment talks about the result on the thickness.
 Falling Sphere Viscometer - a measurement for viscosity wherein the liquids are filled
in a long glass tube or cylinder and then a sphere will be drop to the liquid. Eventually,
the sphere will move at a terminal velocity.
 Rheology - discusses the science of material's deformation and behavior of flow.
 Absolute Viscosity - it is used in many different industries as a parameter to determine
the quality of their products.
 Viscometer - is then a fraction of bigger studies called rheometer which is also under
the rheology

Chapter Three:

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Methodology

In this chapter, the research design, materials, experimental procedure, sampling technique,
data collection, and method of data analysis were discussed. The main objective is to present
the methodology and research design.

Technical/Experimental

The experimental research is concerned primarily on determining the structural

performance (compressive strength) of the Pulverized Crab Shell as an admixture in concrete
mixture. Different percentage or amount of Crab Shell powder would be prepared for the
concrete cylinder.

Materials and Methods

The study will be using quantitative and experimental procedures. All combined liquid
materials will be placed in a separate cylinder with their label; distilled water with polyoester
oil and distilled water with mineral oil. A thin tube will be used for measuring the surface
tension while a marble will be used for viscosity.

Material Sampling

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SURFACE TENSION

(Distilled Water)

Trial Volume (m3) Capillary rise, h Θ contact N

(m) (degrees) Surface Tension ( ¿
m
1 0.0003
2 0.0003
3 0.0003
4 0.0003
5 0.0003

(Mineral Oil)

Trial Volume (m3) Capillary rise, h Θ contact N

(m) (degrees) Surface Tension ( ¿
m
1 0.0003
2 0.0003
3 0.0003
4 0.0003
5 0.0003

(Polyol Ester Oil)

Trial Volume (m3) Capillary rise, h Θ contact N

(m) (degrees) Surface Tension ( ¿
m
1 0.0003
2 0.0003
3 0.0003
4 0.0003
5 0.0003

VISCOSITY

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(Distilled Water)

Trial Volume (m3) Liquid Height Time (sec) Velocity ( m2

(m) Viscosity ( ¿
m s
¿
s
1 0.0003
2 0.0003
3 0.0003
4 0.0003
5 0.0003

(Mineral Oil)

Trial Volume (m3) Liquid Height Time (sec) Velocity ( m2

(m) Viscosity ( ¿
m s
¿
s
1 0.0003
2 0.0003
3 0.0003
4 0.0003
5 0.0003

(Polyol Ester Oil)

Trial Volume (m3) Liquid Height Time (sec) Velocity ( m2

(m) Viscosity ( ¿
m s
¿
s
1 0.0003
2 0.0003
3 0.0003
4 0.0003
5 0.0003

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PROCEDURES:

Procedures for testing the surface tension of the liquid materials:

1. Prepare all the materials needed for the experiment and make sure all of them have label.
2. Set Up Three (3) Beakers For Each Liquid (Distilled Water , Mineral Oil Or Polyol Ester
Oil)
3. Pour a 300 ml of liquid (distilled water, mineral oil or polyol ester oil) for each beaker .

4. Using a capillary tube and placing it in the middle of a beaker, measure the capillary rise
obtained by the liquid (distilled water , mineral oil or polyol ester oil )
5. When capillary rise is determined, its angle of contact can be calculated vertically.

6. Mark the rise of the liquid and remove the cover.

7. Using the Metric ruler, measure the capillary rise, h.
8. Make at least five trials for each measurement.
9. Repeat the same procedure using the other liquids.
10. Tabulate the data and solve the surface tension.

The surface tension is calculated as follows:

Where:
h = capillary rise
σ = surface tension
θ = contacted angle
γ = unit weight of liquid
r = inner radius of capillary tube

Procedures for testing the viscosity of the liquid materials:

1. Prepare all the materials needed for the experiment.

2. Set Up Three (3) Beakers For Each Liquid (Distilled Water , Mineral Oil Or Polyol Ester Oil)

3. Measure the weight of each liquid (at least mL).

4. Pour the distilled water (ml) in the graduated cylinder.
5. Drop a sphere into the cylinder with liquid, record the time it takes for the sphere to fall a
certain measured distance.
6. Repeat the measurement up to five (5) trials and average the results.
7. Repeat the same procedure using other liquids.

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8. Tabulate the data and solve the viscosity.

9. The temperature of the test liquid should also be recorded

10. The viscosity is calculated as follows;

where:

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