TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY - COLLEGE OF LAW

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I
First Semester, AY 2020-2021
Atty. Gregory A. Nuega, LLM

“Experience should teach us to be most on our guard when the Government’s

purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel
invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest danger to liberty lurk
in the insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning, but without
understanding.”

-Brandeis, J., Dissenting, Olmstead vs. United States, 277 US 433 (1927)

COURSE OVERVIEW AND CLASS RULES:

A.) Course Requirements:

1.) Class attendance is mandatory, and punctuality is a must.

2.) A student who fails to come to class will automatically get a

grade of 60 if he is called for recitation during that session.

3.) As there is no major textbook that has been updated, relying

solely on textbooks and other secondary materials will most
probably result in a failing grade.

4.) No special examination will be allowed for whatever reason. A

student who misses either the Midterm or Final Examination will
automatically get the grade of FAIL in the examination he/she was
unable to take.

5.) You are required to turn on your camera during the entire
duration of the class except on breaks.

B.) Grading System:

1.) 40% Recitation, Quizzes, and Class Activities.

2.) 30% Midterm Examination.
3.) 30% Final Examination.
CASES to READ:

I. Introduction: The Living Constitution

Cases:

• Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803)

• Javellana v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. L-36142. March 31, 1973
(read all dissents)
• Estrada v. Escritor, A.M. No. P-02-1651, Aug. 4, 2003
• Imbong v. Ochoa, G.R. Nos. 204819, Apr. 8, 2014
• Valino v. Adriano, G.R. No. 182894, Apr. 22, 2014 (also read: J.
Leonen, dissent)
• Ocampo v. Enriquez, G.R. Nos. 225973, Nov. 8, 2016 (read all
dissents)
• Lagman v. Medialdea G.R. No. 231658, July 4, 2017 (read all
dissents)
• Republic v. Sereno, G.R. No. 237428, May 11, 2018 (read all
dissents)

II. What is the Philippines?

A. Territory

Laws:

• Art. I, CONST. cf. Art. I, CONST. (1973), Art. I, CONST. (1935)

• Art. III, The Treaty of Paris
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Arts.
46-54, in
http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/
unclos_e.pdf
• RA 3046, as amended by RA 5466 (“An Act to Define the Baselines
of the Territorial Sea of the Philippines”)
• RA 9522 (“An Act to Amend Certain Provisions of RA 3046, as
amended by RA 5446, to Define the Archipelagic Baselines of the
Philippines, and for Other Purposes”)
• PD 1599, June 11, 1978 (“Establishing an Exclusive Economic Zone
and For Other Purposes”)
• RA 7922 (“The Cagayan Special Economic Zone of 1995”)

Cases:
• Magallona v. Ermita, G.R No. 187167 (2011)
• The Republic of the Philippines v. the People’s Republic of China*, in
https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-
20160712-Award.pdf

*READ the AWARD and the AWARD ON JURISDICTION AND

ADMISSIBILITY

B. People

1. Citizenship

Laws:
• Art. IV, CONST
• RA 9225 (“Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003,”
Aug. 29, 2003)

Cases:
• Poe-Llamanzares v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 221697-700, Mar. 8,
2016
• David v. Poe-Llamanzares, SET Case No. 001-15, Nov. 17, 2005,
available at http://www.set.gov.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2015/11/SET-Decision-SET-CASE-001-15-
David-v-Poe-Lamanzares.pdf
• Tecson v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 161434. March 3, 2004
• Bengson III v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001
• Valles v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 137000, Aug. 9, 2000
• Angat v. Republic, G.R. No. 132244, Sept. 14, 1999
• Mercado v. Manzano, G.R. No. 135083, May 26, 1999
• Frivaldo v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 120295, June 28, 1996
• Co v. HRET, G.R. Nos. 92191-92, July 30, 1991
• Aznar v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 83820, May 25, 1990
• Labo v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 86564, Aug. 1, 1989
• Frivaldo v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 87193, June 23, 1989
• Yu v. Defensor-Santiago, G.R. No. L-83882, Jan. 24, 1989

2. Suffrage

Laws:

• Art. V, 1987 Constitution

• RA 9189 (“The Overseas Absentee Voting Act,” Aug. 29, 2003)

Cases:

• Gallego v. Verra, 73 Phil. 453, 455-456 (1941)

• Romualdezv. RTC, 226 SCRA 408, 415 (1993)
 • Akbayan v. COMELEC, 355 SCRA 318 (2001)
• Ceniza v. COMELEC, 95 SCRA 703 (1980)
• Macalintal v. COMELEC, 405 SCRA 614 (2003)

III. WHO MAKES OUR LAWS? LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

A. MEMBERSHIP IN THE LEGISLATURE

Const. Art. VI, Secs. 2-14

1. Residence Qualification (Section 6)

• Romualdez-Marcos v. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 300 (1995)
• Domino v. COMELEC, 310 SCRA 546 (1999)
• Jalosjos v. COMELEC GR No. 191970, April 24, 2012
• Ongsiako Reyes v. COMELEC, GR No. 207264, June 25, 2013;
motions for reconsideration denied with finality on December 3, 2013

2. Term and Tenure (Section 7)

• Dimaporo v. Mitra, 202 SCRA 779 (1991)
• Fariñas, et al. v. Executive Secretary, 417 SCRA 503 (2003)

3. Election (Section 8)
• Codilla v. De Venecia, 393 SCRA 639 (2002)

4. Special Election (Section 9)

• Tolentino v. COMELEC, 420 SCRA 438 (2004)

5. Party List System (Section 5)

• Veterans Federation Party v. COMELEC, 342 SCRA 224 (2000)
• Ang Bagong Bayani v. COMELEC, 359 SCRA 698 (2001)
• Ang Bagong Bayani-OFW Labor party v. COMELEC, June 2, 2003
• Barangay Association for National Advancement and Transparency
(BANAT) v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 179271, April 21, 2009
• Atong Paglaum v. COMELEC GR No. 203766, April 2, 2013
• Cocofed-Philippine Coconut Producers Federation Inc. vs.
COMELEC GR No. 207026, August 6, 2013
• Abang Lingkod Party List v. COMELEC GR No. 206952, October 22,
2013

6. Privilege from Arrest (Section 11)

• People v. Jalosjos, 324 SCRA 689 (2000)

7. Privilege of Speech (Section 11)

• Jimenez v. Cabangbang, G.R. No. L-15905, August 3, 1966
• Antonino v. Valencia, G.R. No. L-26526, May 27, 1974
• Pobre v. Defensor-Santiago, A.C. No. 7399, August 25, 2009.

8. Prohibitions (Section 14)

• Puyat v. De Guzman, 113 SCRA 31 (1982)
• Liban v. Gordon, G.R. No. 175352, July 15, 2009

B. ORGANIZATION OF THE LEGISLATURE

Article VI, Sections 15-21,

1. Composition
• Chavez v. Judicial and Bar Council, G.R. No. 202242, 17 July 2012.
• Social Justice Society v. Dangerous Drugs Board, G.R. No. 157870,
3 November 2008.
• Sema v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 177597, 16 July 2008.
• Aquino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 189793, 7 April 2010.

2. Officers (Section 16)

• Avelino v. Cuenco, March 4, 1949
• Santiago v. Guingona, supra
• Arroyo, et al. v. De Venecia, 277 SCRA 268 (1997)

3. Internal Discipline (Section 16)

• Osmeña v. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863 (1960)
• Paredes, Jr. v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 118364, August 8, 1995
• Defensor-Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, G.R> No. 128055, 18 April
2001.

4. Journals (Section 16)

• US v. Pons, 34 Phil. 729 (1916)
• Casco v. Phil. Chemical Co. v. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347 (1963)
• Astorga v. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714 (1974)

5. Electoral Tribunals (Section 17)

• Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139 (1936)
• Abbas, et al. v. Senate, 166 SCRA 651 (1988)
• Lazatin v. COMELEC, 157 SCRA 337 (1988)
• Lazatin v. COMELEC, 168 SCRA 391 (1988)
• Vinzons-Chato v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal
(HRET) and Panotes G.R. No. 199149; GR No. 201350, January 22,
2013
• Tagolino v. HRET and Torres-Gomez, G.R. No. 202202, March 19,
2013.
• Barbers v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 165691, 22 June 2005.
 • Pimentel v. HRET, G.R. No. 141489, 29 November 2002.
• Bondoc v. Pineda, G.R. No. 97710, 26 September 1991.

C. POWERS OF CONGRESS

Article VI, Sections 1, 5, 18, 21, 25-28

Article III (No need to memorize this)

1. Non-delegability of legislative power (Section 1)

• Eastern Shipping Lines v. POEA, 166 SCRA 533 (1988)
• Tablarin v. Gutierrez, 152 SCRA 730 (1987)
• Tatad v. Secretary of Energy, 282 SCRA 337 (1997)
• People v. Dacuycuy, 173 SCRA 90 (1989)
• Chiongbian v. Orbos, 245 SCRA 253 (1995)
• Sema v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 177597, July 16 2008 [In relation to
Art. VI, Sec. 5]

2. Commission on Appointments (Section 18)

• Daza v. Singson, 180 SCRA 496 (1989)
• Coseteng v. Mitra, Jr., 187 SCRA 377 (1990)
• Guingona, Jr. v. Gonzales, 214 SCRA 789 (1992)

3. Legislative Investigations (Section 21)

• Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29, 45 (1950)
• Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Comm., 203 SCRA 767 (1991)
• Sabio, v. Gordon, et al. - G.R. No. 174340, October 17, 2006
• Romulo L. Neri v. Senate Committee on Accountability of Public
Officers and Investigations, Senate Committee on Trade and
Commerce, and Senate Committee on National Defense and Security,
G.R. No. 180643 (2008)
• Garcillano v. House Committee on Public Information, G.R. No.
170338, 23 Dec. 2008.

IV. D. LEGISLATIVE PROCESS

Article VI, Sections 24-29

1. Legislative Procedure and Restrictions

• Abas Kida v. Senate, G.R. No. 196271, 18 October 2011.
• Abakada Guro Partylist v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 168056, 1
September 2005.
• Arroyo v. De Venecia, G.R. No. 127255, 14 August 1997.

2. Appropriations (Section 25)

• Garcia v. Mata, 65 SCRA 517 (1975)
 3. Transfer of Funds (Section 25)
• Demetria v. Alba, 148 SCRA 208 (1987)
• Araullo vs.. Aquino III, G.R. No. 209287 February 3, 2015; read also
the original decision on July 1, 2014

4. Subject and Title of Bills (Section 26)

• Central Capiz v. Ramirez, 40 Phil. 883, 891 (1920)
• Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, 235 SCRA 630 (1994)
• De Guzman v. Comelec, G.R. No. 129118, 19 July 2000.

5. Item Veto (Section 27)

• Commission of Internal Revenue v. CTA, 185 SCRA 329 (1990)
• Gonzales v. Macaraig, 191 SCRA 452 (1990)
• Philconsa v. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 508 (1994)
• Belgica, et al. v. Executive Secretary, et al GR No. 208566,
November 11, 2013

6. Tax Laws (Section 28)

• Commissioner of BIR v. CA, 298 SCRA 83 (1998)
• CIR v. Santos, 277 SCRA 617 (1997)

7. Expenditure of Funds (Section 29)

• Guingona, Jr. v. Carague, 196 SCRA 221 (1991)
• Pascual v. Secretary of Public Works, 110 Phil. 331-346 (1960)
• Osmeña v. Orbos, 220 SCRA 703 (1993)
• Remman Enterprises, Inc. vs. Professional Regulatory Board of Real
Estate Service and Professional Regulation Commission G.R. No.
197676, February 4, 2014

E. INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM

Article VI, Section 32

1. Initiative and Referendum (Section 32)

• Garcia v. COMELEC, 237 SCRA 279 (1994)

V. GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES, DEFINED

1. U.S. vs. Dorr (G.R. No. 1051. May 19, 1903)

CONSTITUENT AND MINISTRANT FUNCTIONS OF THE

GOVERNMENT
1. Bacani vs. Nacoco (G.R. No. L-9657. November 29, 1956)

TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONS

OBLITERATED
1. ACCFA vs. CUGCO (G.R. No. L-21484. November 29, 1969)

DE FACTO VS. DE JURE GOVERNMENT

1. Co Kim Cham vs. Valdez Tan Keh (G.R. No. L-5. September 17,
1945)

REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
1. Republic vs. Sandiganbayan (G.R. No. 104768. July 21, 2003)
2. In Re: Bermudez (G.R. No. 76180. October 24, 1986)

PARENS PATRIAE
1. Southern Luzon Drug Corporation vs. DSWD (G.R. No. 199669.
April 25, 2017)
2. Government vs. Monte de Piedad (G.R. No. L-9959. December 13,
1916)

IMMUNITY FROM SUIT

1. Air Transportation Office vs. Ramos (G.R. No. 159402. February 23,
2011)
2. Professional Video, Inc. vs. TESA (G.R. No. 155504. June 26, 2009)
3. Phil. Agila Satellite vs. Lichauco (G.R. No. 134887. July 27, 2006)
4. Municipality of San Fernando vs. Firme (G.R. No. 52179. April 8
1991)
5. Republic vs. Sandiganbayan (G.R. No. 88537. April 17, 1990)
6. Republic vs. Feliciano (G.R. No. 70853. March 12, 1987)
7. Meritt vs. Government of the Phil. Island (G.R. No. L-11154. March
21, 1916)

SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY IN RELATION TO A FOREIGN ENTITY

1. Deusche Gesellschaft Fur Technische Zusammenarbeit vs. Court of
Appeals (G.R. No. 152318. April 18, 2009)
2. Republic of Indonesia vs. Vinzons (G.R. No. 154705. June 26,
2003)
3. Minucher vs. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 142396. February 11,
2001)

MONEY CLAIMS
1. Ministerio vs. CFI (G.R. No. L-31635. August 31, 1971)

INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE

1. National Transmission Corporation vs. Oroville Development
Corporation (G.R. No. 223366. August 1, 2017)
2. Manila Memorial Park, Inc. vs. Secretary of the DSWD (G.R. No.
175356. December 3, 2013)
 3. Agustin vs Edu (G.R. No. L-49112. February 2, 1979)
4. Rubi vs. Provincial Board (G.R. No. L-14078. March 7, 1919)

VI. WHO IMPLEMENTS THE LAW AND RUNS THE GOVERNMENT? (THE
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT)

A. PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Article VII, Sections 2-13

Cases

ELECTION AND CANVASS (Section 4)

1. Pimentel vs. Joint Canvassing Committee (G.R. No. 163783. June
22, 2004)
2. Congressman Lopez vs. Senate and House (G.R. No. 163556. June
4, 2004)
3. Macalintal vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 157013. July 10, 2003)

VACANCY SITUATIONS DURING THE TERM (Section 8)

1. Estrada vs. Desierto (G.R. No. 146710. April 3, 2001)

TEMPORARY DISABILITY (Section 8)

1. Estrada vs. Desierto (G.R. No. 146710. April 3, 2001)

PROHIBITIONS (Section 13)

1. Bitonio, Jr. vs. COA (G.R. No. 147392. March 12, 2004)
2. Estrada vs. Desierto (G.R. No. 146710. April 3, 2001)
3. Civil Liberties Union vs. Executive Secretary (G.R. No. 83896.
February 22, 1991)
4. Doromal vs. Sandiganbayan (G.R. No. 85468. September 7, 1989)
5. Soliven vs. Makasiar (G.R. No. 82585. November 14, 1988)

B. POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESIDENT

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Article VII, Sections 1, 13-23

• Article X, Sections 4 and 16
• Article VI, Sections 9, 23, 27 and 28
• Article III, Section 13
• Article VI, Section 23 (2)
• Article XII, Section 21
Cases

EXECUTIVE POWER (Section 1)

1. Saguisag vs. Executive Secretary (G.R. No. 212426. January 12,
2016)
2. Pichay, Jr. vs. Office of the Deputy Executive Secretary for Legal
Affairs (G.R. No. 196425. July 24, 2012)
3. Carpio vs. Executive Secretary (G.R. No. 96409. February 14, 1992)
4. Marcos vs. Manglapus (G.R. No. 8821. September 15, 1989)
5. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. vs. Sawyer (343 U.S. 579. June 2,
1952) (See also Jackson’s Concurring Opinion, particularly on the
three categorizations of presidential power and his concept of “zone of
twilight”)

POWER TO APPOINT AND PROHIBITED APPOINTMENTS (Section 16)

1. De Castro vs. JBC (G.R. No. 191002. March 17, 2010)
2. Funa vs. Executive Secretary (G.R. No. 184740. February 11, 2010)
3. Rufino vs. Endriga (G.R. No. 139554. July 21, 2006)
4. Matibag vs. Benipayo (G.R. No. 149036. April 2, 2002)
5. Bermudez vs. Executive Secretary (G.R. No. 131429. August 1,
1999)
6. Calderon vs. Carale (G.R. No. 91636, April 23, 1992)
7. Luego vs. Civil Service Commission (G.R. No. 69137. August 5,
1986)
8. Government vs. Spinger (G.R. No. L-26979. April 1, 1927)

POWER OF CONTROL AND SUPERVISION; DOCTRINE OF

QUALIFIED POLITIAL AGENCY (Section 17)
1. Angeles vs. Gaite (G.R. No. 176596. March 23, 2011)
2. Biraogo vs. Truth Commission (G.R. No. 192935. December 7,
2010)
3. Rufino vs. Endriga (G.R. No. 139554. July 21, 2006)
4. Senate vs. Ermita (G.R. No. 169777. April 20, 2006)
5. Kilusang Mayo Uno vs. Director General of NEDA (G.R. No. 167798.
April 19, 2006)
6. DENR vs. DENR Employees (G.R. No. 149724. August 19, 2003)
7. Blaquera, et al. vs. Alcala (G.R. No. 109406. September 11, 1998)
8. Ople vs. Torres (G.R. No. 127685. July 23, 1998)
9. Drilon vs. Lim (G.R. No. 112497. August 4, 1994)
10. Lacson- Magallanes vs. Paño (G.R. No. L-27811. November 17,
1967)

EMERGENCY POWERS (Section 18)

1. Lagman vs. Medialdea (G.R Nos. 231658, 231771 & 231774. July
4, 2017)
2. Enrile vs. Sandiganbayan (G.R. No. 213847. August 18, 2015)
 3. Fortun vs. Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo, as Commander-in-Chief and
President of the Republic of the Philippines, et al. (G.R. No. 190293.
March 20, 2012) (See also Dissent of Justice Carpio)
4. Lacson vs. Perez (G.R. No. 147780. May 10, 2011)
5. Gudani vs. Senga (G.R. No. 170165. August 15, 2006)
6. Gonzales vs. Abaya (G.R. No. 164007. August 10, 2006)
7. David vs. Macapagal-Arroyo (PP1017) (G.R. No. 171396. May 3,
2006)
8. Sanlakas vs. Reyes (G.R. No. 159085. February 3, 2004)
9. IBP vs. Zamora, et al. (G.R. No. 141284. August 15, 2000)
10. Brocka, et al. vs. Enrile (G.R. No. 69863-65. December 10, 1990)
11. Enrile vs. Salazar (G.R. No. 92163. June 5, 1990)
12. Ilagan vs Enrile (G.R. No. 70748. October 21, 1985)
13. Sanidad vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. L-44640. October 12, 1976)
14. Aquino, Jr. vs. Enrile (G.R. No. L-35546. September 17, 1974)
15. Lansang vs. Garcia (G.R. No. L-33964. December 11, 1971)

POWER TO PARDON AND GRANT AMNESTY (Section 19)

1. Atty. Alicia Risos- Vidal vs. COMELEC and Joseph Ejercito Estrada
(G.R. No. 206666. January 21, 2015)
2. People vs. Salle (G.R. No. 103567. December 4, 1995)
3. Llamas vs. Orbos (G.R. No. 99031. October 15, 1991)
4. Drilon vs. CA (G.R. No. 91626. October 3, 1991)
5. Mosanto vs. Factoran (G.R. No.78239. February 9, 1989)
6. Barroquinto vs. Fernandez (G.R. No. L-1278. January 21, 1949)

INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS (Section 21)

1. Bayan Muna vs. Romulo (G.R. No. 159618. February 1, 2011)
2. Akbayan vs. Aquino (G.R. Ni. 170516. July 16, 2008)
3. Bayan vs. Executive Secretary (G.R. No. 138570. October 10, 2000)
4. Secretary of Justice vs. Judge Lantion (G.R. No. 139465. January
18, 2000)

VII. VI. WHO INTERPRETS THE CONSTITUTION AND THE LAW, AND
WHO RESOLVES DISPUTES? (THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT)
Relevant Provisions/ Laws
• Article VIII, Sections 1-16
A. POWER OF JUDICIAL REVIEW

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Article VIII, Sections 1, 4(2), 5(2), 5(5)

Cases

ORIGIN OF JUDICIAL REVIEW

1. Marbury vs. Madison (1 Cranch (5 U.S.) 137, 2 l.ed. 60)
2. Angara vs. Electoral Tribunal (G.R. No. L-45081. July 15, 1936)

REQUISITES OF JUDICIAL REVIEW

1. Tan vs. Macapagal (G.R. No. L-34161. February 29, 1972)
2. PACU vs. Secretary of Education (G.R. No. L-5279. October 31,
1955)
3. People vs. Vera (G.R. No. L-45685. November 16, 1937)

ACTUAL CONTROVERSY
1. Knights of Rizal vs. DMCI (G.R. No. 213948. April 18, 2017)
2. Jose Jesus M. Disini, et al. vs. Secretary of Justice (G.R. No.
203335. February 11, 2014) (See also Separate Opinion of Chief
Justice Sereno, as well as Resolution on Motion for Reconsideration
on April 22, 2014)
3. Lawyers Against Monopoly and Poverty (LAMP) vs. The Secretary of
Budget and Management (G.R. No. 164987. April 24 2012)
4. Lozano vs Nograles (G.R. No. 187883. June 16, 2009)
5. Province of North Cotabato vs. GRP, Esperon, et al. (G.R. No.
183591. October 14, 2008)
6. Mariano vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 118577, March 7, 1995)
7. Muskrat vs. Unites States (219 U.S. 346. January 23, 1911)

MOOT AND ACADEMIC PRINCIPLE

1. Nieto, Jr. vs. SEC (G.R. No. 175263. March 14, 2012)
2. AKBAYAN vs. Thomas G. Aquino (G.R. No. 170516. July 16, 2008)
3. Lacson vs. Perez (G.R. No. 147780. May 10, 2001)
4. Alunan III vs. Mirasol (G.R. No. 108399. July 31, 1997)

LEGAL STANDING
1. Fortun vs. Macapagal-Arroyo (G.R. No. 120293. March 20, 2012)
2. Senate of the Philippines vs. Ermita (G.R. No 169777. April 20,
2006)
3. People vs. Jalosjos (G.R. Nos. 132875-76. February 3, 2000)
4. Kilosbayan vs. Guingona (G.R. No. 113375. May 5, 1994)
5. Macasiano vs. NHA (G.R. No. 107921. July 1, 1993)

LIS MOTA
1. General vs. Urro (G.R. No. 191560. March 29, 2011)

RAISE A CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUE AT THE EARLIEST POSSIBLE

OPPORTUNITY
1. Garcial vs. Drilon (G.R. No. 179267. June 25, 2013)
2. Hacienda Luisita vs. Presidential Agrarian Reform Council (G.R. No.
171101. July 5, 2011)
3. Macalintal vs. Presidential Electoral Tribunal (G.R. No. 191618.
November 23, 2010)

DOCTRINE OF TRANSCENDENTAL IMPORTANCE

1. Kilosbayan vs. Morato (G.R. No. 118910. November 16, 1995)
2. Kilosbayan vs Guingona (G.R. No. 113375. May 5, 1994)

TAXPAYER’S SUIT
1. Del Mar vs. PAGCOR (G.R. No. 138298. November 29, 2000)
2. Tatad vs. Garcia, Jr. (G.R. No. 114222. April 6, 1995)
3. Pascual vs. Secretary of Public Works and Communications (G.R.
No. L-10405. December 29, 1960)

POLITICAL QUESTION
1. Francisco vs. House of Representatives (G.R. No. 160261.
November 10, 2003)
2. Daza vs. Singson (G.R. No. 86344. December 21, 1989)
3. Baker vs. Carr (369 U.S. 186. March 26, 1962)
4. Tañada vs. Cuenco (G.R. No. L-10520. February 28, 1957)

DOCTRINE OF OPERATIVE FACT

1. Chavez vs. Judicial and Bar Council (G.R. No. 202242. July 17,
2012)
2. League of Cities of the Philippines vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 176951.
August 24, 2010)

JUDICIAL ACTIVISM AND JUDICIAL RESTRAINT (Section 5(5))

1. Oposa vs. Factoran (G.R. No. 101083. July 30, 1993)

B. JUDICIAL POWER
Cases

1. Lopez vs. Roxas (G.R. No. L-25716. July 28, 1966)

EFFECT OF SECTION 1(2) ON JUDICIAL INQUIRY (Section 1)

1. Echegaray vs. Secretary of Justice (G.R. No. 132601. January 19,
1999)
2. Marcos vs. Manglapus (G.R. No. 88211. October 27, 1989)
3. In Re: Wenceslao Laureta (G.R. No. L-68635. May 14, 1987)

SC DIVISION AND EN BANC (Section 4)

1. Agoy vs. Araneta Center, Inc. (G.R. No. 196358. March 21, 2012)
2. League of Cities of the Philippines vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 176951.
December 21, 2009) (See also Dissent of Justice Carpio)
3. People vs. Dy (G.R. Nos. 115236037. January 16, 2003)
4. In Re: Problems of Delays in Cased Before the Sandiganbayan (A.M.
No. 00-8-05-SC. November 28, 2001)
5. Firestone Ceramics vs. CA (G.R. No. 127022. June 28, 2000)
6. Fortich vs. Corona (G.R. No. 131457. August 19, 1999)

POWER OF THE JUDICIARY (Section 5)

1. Baguio Market Vendors Multi-Purpose Cooperative vs. Cabato-
Cortes (G.R. No. 165922. February 26, 2010)
2. Secretary of Defense vs. Manalo (G.R. No. 180906. October 7, 2008)
3. Tan vs. IBP Commission on Bar Discipline (G.R. No. 173940.
September 5, 2006)
4. People vs. Mateo (G.R. No. 147678. July 7, 2004)
5. Fabian vs. Desierto (G.R. No. 129742. September 16, 1998)
6. In Re: Integration of the Bar of the Philippines (January 9, 1973)
7. In Re: Cunanan (March 18, 1954)

JUDICIAL AND BAR COUNCIL (Section 8)

1. Villanueva vs. JBC (G.R. No. 211833.April 7, 2015)
2. Jardeleza vs. JBC (G.R. No. 213181. 2014)
3. In Re: Nomination of Atty. Lynda Chaguile, IBP Ifugao President, as
replacement from IBP Governor for Northern Luzon, Denis B. Habawel
(A.M. No. 13-04-03-SC. December 10, 2013)
4. Chavez vs. JBC (G.R. No. 202242. July 17, 2012) (See also
Resolution of Motion for Reconsideration on April 16, 2013)
5. De Castro vs. JBC (G.R. No. 191002. March 17, 2010)

SALARIES FIXED BY LAW (Section 10)

1. Nitafan vs. CIR (G.R. No. 78780. July 23, 1987)

LEGAL BASIS OF DECISIONS (Section 14)

1. Velarde vs. Social Justice Society (G.R. No. 159357. April 28, 2004)
2. Francisco vs. Permskul (G.R. No. 81006. May 12, 1989)

ONE SUPREME COURT

1. Macalintal vs. President Electoral Tribunal (G.R. No. 191618.
November 23, 2010)
2. Estrada vs. Desierto (G.R. No. 146710. April 3, 2001)
3. Diaz vs. Court of Appeals (G.R. No. 109698. December 5, 1994)
4. Vargas vs. Rillaroza (G.R. No. L-1612. February 26, 1948)

FISCAL AUTONOMY
1. In Re: COA Opinion on the Computation of the Appraised Value of
the Properties Purchased by the Retired Chief/ Associate Justice of
the Supreme Court (A.M. No. 11-7-10-SC. July 31, 2012)
VIII. VII. WHAT ARE THE INDEPENDENT CONSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSIONS?

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Article IX (A), Sections 1-7

Cases –
1. CHREA vs. CHR (G.R. No. 155336. July 21, 2006)
2. Gaminde vs. Commission on Audit (G.R. No. 140335. December 13,
2000)
3. Garces vs. CA (G.R. No. 114795. July 17, 1996)
4. Mateo vs. CA (G.R. No. 113219. August 14, 1995)
5. Galido vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 95346. January 18, 1991)

A. CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Article IX (B), Sections 1-8

Cases
1. CSC vs. Maricelle M Cortes (G.R. No. 200103. April 23, 2014)
2. Canonizado vs. Aguirre (G.R. No. 133132. January 25, 2000)
3. Mathay, Jr. vs CSC (G.R. No. 130214. August 6, 1999)
4. CSC vs. Salas (G.R. No. 123708. June 19, 1997)
5. Department of Health vs. NLRC (G.R. No. 113212. December 29,
1995)
6. Flores vs. Drilon and Gordon (G.R. No. 104732. June 22, 1993)
7. Binamira vs. Garrucho, Jr. (G.R. No. 92008. July 30, 1990)
8. Luego vs. CSC (G.R. No. L-69137. August 5, 1986)

B. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Article IX (C), Sections 1-11

Cases
1. Diocese of Bacolod vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 205728. January 21,
2015)
2. GMA Network, Inc. vs. COMELEC and Sen. Cayetano (G.R. No.
20535. September 2, 2014)
3. Maliksi vs. COMELEC and Saquilayan (G.R. No. 203302. March 12,
2013) (See also Resolution on Motion for Reconsideration on April 11,
2013)
4. Bulilis vs. Nuez (G.R. No. 195953. August 9, 2011)
5. LDP vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 161265. February 24, 2004)
6. Buac and Bautista vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 155855. January 26,
2004)
7. Kilosbayan vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 128054. October 16, 1997)
8. National Press Club vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 102653. March 5,
1992)
9. Brillantes vs. Yorac (G.R. No. 93867. December 18, 1990)
10. Salazar vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 85742. April 19, 1990)
11. Sanidad vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 90878. January 29, 1990)

C. COMMISSION ON AUDIT

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Article IX (D), Sections 1-4

Cases
1. Funa vs. Manila Economic and Cultural Office and COA (G.R. No.
192791. April 24, 2012)
2. Veloso vs. COA (G.R. No. 193677. September 6, 2011)
3. DBP vs. COA (G.R. No. 88435. January 16, 2002)
4. Danville Maritime, Inc. vs. COA (G.R. No. 85285. July 28, 1989)
5. Digcong vs. Guingona, Jr. (G.R. No. 76044. June 28, 1988)
6. Ramos vs. Aquino (G.R. No. L-28594. June 30, 1971)

D. OTHER CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES

CENTRAL MONEY AUTHORITY

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Article XII, Sections 20-21

ECONOMIC AND PLANNING AGENCIES

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Article XII, Section 9-10

COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Article XIII

Cases
1. Commission of Human Rights Employees Association vs. CHR (G.R.
 No. 155336. July 21, 2006)
2. Simon vs. CHR (G.R. No. 100150. January 5, 1994)

IX. NATIONAL LANGUAGE COMMISSION

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Article XIV, Section 9

NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Article XVI, Section 6

X. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS?

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Article X, Sections 1-21

Cases
1. League of Cities of the Philippines vs. COMELEC (G.R. Nos.
176951, 177499, 178056. December 21, 2009)
2. Province of Rizal vs. Executive Secretary (G.R. No. 129546.
December 13, 2005)
3. Dadole vs. COA (G.R. No. 125350. December 3, 2002)
4. Province of North Cotabato vs. GRP, Esperon, et al. (G.R. No.
183591. October 14, 2000)
5. Acebedo Optical Company vs. CA (G.R. No. 100152. March 21,
2000)
6. Drilon vs. Lim (G.R. No. 112497. August 4, 1994)
7. Binay vs. Domingo (G.R. No. 92389. September 11, 1991)
8. Ganzon vs. CA (G.R. No. 93252. August 5, 1991)
9. Basco vs. PAGCOR (G.R. No. 91649. May 14, 1991)
10. Limbona vs Mangelin (G.R. No. 80391. February 28, 1989)
11. Paredes vs. Executive Secretary (G.R. No. 55628. March 2, 1984)
12. Pelaez vs. Auditor General (G.R. No. L-23825. December 24, 1965)

XI. HOW DO WE HOLD PUBLIC OFFICERS ACCOUNTABLE?

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Article XI, Sections 1-18

• R.A. No. 6713- “CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS
FOR
PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES” (February 20, 1989)
• R.A. No. 3019- “ANTI-GRAFT AND CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT”
 Cases
1. Republic vs. Sereno (G.R. No. 237428. May 11, 2018)
2. Arroyo vs. People (G.R. Nos. 220598 & 220953. July 19, 2016)
3. Marcos, Jr. vs. Republic of the Philippines, represented by the
Presidential Commission on Good Governance (G.R. No. 189434.
March 12, 2014)
4. Flor Gupilan-Aguilar and Honore R. Hernandez vs. Office of the
Ombudsman (G.R. No. 197307. February 26, 2014)
5. Gonzales III vs. Office of he President of the Philippines, et al. (G.R.
No. 196231. January 28, 2014)
6. Herminio T. Disini vs. Sandiganbayan (G.R. Nos. 169823-24.
September 11, 2013)
7. Ligot, et al. vs. Republic (G.R. No. 176944. March 6, 2013)
8. Corona vs. Senate (G.R. No. 200242. July 17, 2012)
9. Uy vs. Sandiganbayan (G.R. No. 105965. March 20, 2011)
10. Office of the Ombudsman vs. Atty. Valera (G.R. No. 154250.
September 30, 2005)
11. Ledesma vs. CA (G.R. No. 161629. July 29, 2005)
12. Honasan II vs. Panel of Investigating Prosecutors of the
Department of Justice, et al. (G.R. No. 159747. April 13, 2004)
13. Francisco, et al. vs. House Speaker, et al. (G.R. Nos. 160261, et al.
November 10, 2003)
14. Laurel vs. Desierto (G.R. No. 145368. April 12, 2002)
15. Lacson vs. Executive Secretary (G.R. No. 128096. January 20,
1999)
16. Azarcon vs. Sandiganbayan (G.R. No. 116033. February 26, 1997)
17. Zaldivar vs. Sandiganbayan (G.R. No. 79690-707. April 27, 1988)
18. In Re: Gonzales (A.M. No. 88-4-5433. April 15, 1988)
19. Nuñez vs. Sandiganbayan (G.R. No. L-50581-50617. January 30,
1982)

XII. X. WHAT IS OUR VISION OF SOCIETY?

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Preamble to the 1935, 1973 and 1987 Constitutions

A. STATE PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Article II, Sections 1-28

Cases
1. Ramon Paje vs. Teodoro A. Casino (G.R. No. 207257. February 3,
2015)
2. Duncan vs. Glaxo-Wellcome Philippines, Inc. (G.R. No. 162994.
September 17, 2014)
3. Land Bank of the Philippines cs. Yatco Agricultural Enterprises
(G.R. No. 172551. January 15, 2014)
4. MMDA vs. Concerned Citizens of Manila Bay (G.R. Nos. 171947-48.
December 18, 2008)
5. AKBAYAN vs. Thomas Aquino (G.R. No. 170516. July 16 2008)
6. Pamatong vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 161872. July 13, 2004)
7. Republic vs. Sandiganbayan (G.R. No. 104768. July 21, 2003)
8. Tañada vs, Angara (G.R. No. 118295. May 2, 1997)
9. Manila Prince Hotel vs. GSIS (G.R. No. 122156. February 3, 1997)
(See also Dissenting Opinions of Justices Puno and Panganiban)
10. Laguna Lake Development Authority vs. CA (G.R. Nos. 110120.
March 16, 1994)
11. Oposa vs. Factoran (G.R. No. 101083. July 30, 1993)
12. In Re: Letter of Associate Justice Puno (A.M. No. 90-11-2697-CA.
June 29, 1992)
13. Garcia vs. Board of Investments (G.R. No. 92024. November 9,
1990)
14. People vs. Gozo (G.R. No. L-36409. October 26, 1973)
15. Co Kim Cham vs. Valdez Tan Keh (G.R. No. L-5. September 17,
1945)

B. NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Article XII, Sections 1-22

• R.A. No. 8371- “THE INDEGENOUS PEOPLES RIGHTS ACT OF
1997”

Cases
1. Gamboa vs. Secretary Teves (G.R. No. 176579. October 9, 2012)
2. Garcia vs. Executive Secretary (G.R. No. 157584. April 2, 2009)
3. JG Summit Holdings, Inc. vs. CA (G.R. No. 124293. September 24,
2003)
4. Tañada vs. Angara (G.R. No. 118295. May 2, 1997)
5. Manila Prince Hotel vs. GSIS (G.R. No. 122156. February 3, 1997)
(See also Dissenting Opinions of Justices Puno and Panganiban)
6. Garcia vs. Board of Investments (G.R. No. 88637. September 7,
1989)

REGALIAN DOCTRINE, LAND OWNERSHIP, AND EXPLOITATION OF

NATURAL RESOURCES -
1. Republic vs. Santos (G.R. No. 180027. July 18, 2012)
2. La Bugal B’laan Tribal vs. DENR (G.R. No.127882. January 27,
2004)
3. Chavez vs. PEA and AMARI (G.R. No. 133250. July 9, 2002)
4. Cruz vs. Secretary of DENR, et al. (G.R. No. 135385. December 6,
2000)
5. Cheeseman vs. IAC (G.R. No. 74833. January 21, 1991)
6. Krivenko vs. Register of Deeds (G.R. No. L-630. November 15, 1947)
7. Cariño vs. Insular Government (212 U.S. 449. February 23, 1909)

RIGHTS OF INDEGENOUS CULTURAL COMMUNITIES TO THEIR

ANCESTRAL LANDS
1. Province of North Cotabato vs. GRP (G.R. No. 183591. October 14,
2008) (See also Justice Carpio’s Concurring Opinion)

C. SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Relevant Provisions/ Laws
• Article XIII, Sections 1-19

Cases
1. Bautista vs. Salonga (G.R. No. 86439. April 13, 1989)
2. Federation of Free Farmers vs. CA (G.R. No. L-41161. September
10, 1981)
3. Association of Small Landowners vs. Secretary of Agrarian Reform
(G.R. No. 78742. July 14, 1989)
4. Cariño vs. CHR (G.R. No. 96681. December 2, 1991)
5. Spouses Romulo and Cuba vs. Cuenco, Jr. (G.R. No. 154490.
September 19, 2006)

D. OTHER ASPIRATIONS

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Articles XIV, XV and XVI

Cases
1. Office of the President vs. Buenaobra (G.R. No. 170021. September
8, 2006)
2. Miriam College Foundation vs. CA (G.R. No. 127930. December 15,
2000)
3. Licup vs. University of San Carlos (G.R. No. 85839. October 19,
1989)
4. University of San Carlos vs CA (G.R. No. 79237. October 18, 1988)
 5. Ateneo de Manila University vs. CA (G.R. No. L-56180. October 16,
1986)

XIII. HOW CAN WE CHANGE, AMEND, OR REVISE THE CONSTITUTION?

A. HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

References
• The Biak-na-Bato Constitution (1897)
• The Malolos Constitution (1899)
• McKinley’s Instructions (1900)
• Philippine Bill of 1902
• Jones Act of 1916
• The 1935 Constitution (Original and As Amended)
• The 1973 Constitution (As Amended)
• The 1986 Freedom Constitution
• The 1987 Constitution
• The Puno Constitutional Draft
• **Add’l Readings on Federalism and Other Constitutional Change
Issues**
• Antonio La Viña, How to Change the Constitution (2007)

Relevant Provisions/ Laws

• Articles XVII, Sections 1-4

• R.A. No. 6735- “AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A SYSTEM OF INITIATIVE
AND REFERENDUM” (August 4, 1989)

Cases
1. Javellana vs. Executive Secretary (Ratification Cases) (G.R. No. L-
36142. March 31, 1973)
2. Sanidad vs. COMELEC (G.R. Nos. L-44640, et al. October 12, 1976)
3. Gonzales vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. L-28196. November 9, 1967)
4. Planas vs. COMELEC (G.R. Nos. L-35925, et al. January 22, 1973)
5. Tolentino vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. L-34150. October 16, 1971)
6. Santiago vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 127325. March 19, 1997)
7. Lambino vs. COMELEC (G.R. No. 174153. October 25, 2006)