MODULE - 03

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

 AIR-CONDITIONING

• FULL A.C SIGNIFIES THE AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF AN ATMOSPHERIC

ENVIRONMENT EITHER FOR COMFORT OF HUMAN BEINGS OR FOR
PROPER PERFORMANCE OF INDUSTRIAL/SCIENTIFIC PROCESSES.
• PURPOSE – TO SUPPLY SUFFICIENT VOLUME OF CLEAN AIR,
• CAPABLE OF MAINTAINING PRE-DETERMINED ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS
WITHIN A SELECTED ENCLOSURE.
• PROPERLY CONDITIONED AIR RESULTS IN GREATER COMFORT TO
OCCUPANTS.
• INDUSTRIAL BENEFITS INCLUDE BETTER CONTROL OF PRODUCT QUALITY,
TEXTURE & UNIFORMITY.

• COMFORT AIRCONDITIONING .
• SUMMER AIR-CONDITIONING.
• WINTER AIR-CONDITIONING.
• YEAR ROUND AIR-CONDITIONING.
BYPASS FACTOR-A • IF T1 IS INLET TEMPERATURE OF AIR & T2 IS
MEASURE OF EFFICIENCY TEMPERATURE OF THE COIL, THEN THE
TEMP. OF AIR COMING OUT OF THE COIL
WILL BE LESS THAN THE TEMP. T2. ASSUME
IT TO BE T3, WHERE (T3<T2). BUT, T3>T1.
ONE KG OF AIR IS PASSED OVER THE COIL AT
TEMP. T1 & IS COMING OUT AT TEMP. T3.
IT CAN BE SAID THAT B KG OUT OF ONE KG
IS BYPASSED & REMAINING (1-B) KG OF AIR
IS COMING OUT WITH A TEMPERATURE T3.
BALANCING THE ENTHALPIES, B=T2-T3/T2-T1,
PERFORMANCE OF COIL IS WHERE B IS BYPASS FACTOR OF THE COIL.
BETTER WITH LOWER BYPASS
FACTOR. THE FACTOR (1-B) IS THE MASS ACTUALLY
COMING IN PERFECT CONTACT WITH THE
COILS SO IT IS TERMED AS EFFICIENCY OF
HEATING COIL.
 PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES & BYPASS FACTOR
CALCULATIONS

SENSIBLE HEATING & COOLING B = Distance (2-3)/Distance (2-1)

1: INITIAL CONDITION, 3: FINAL CONDITION , 2: COIL TEMPERATURE

GENERAL FORMULA FOR BY-PASS FACTOR = COIL TEMP-OUTGOING TEMP

(i.e. FINAL CONDITION) / COIL TEMP - INCOMING TEMPERATURE (i.e. INITIAL
CONDITION)
 BYPASS FACTORS FOR COOLING COILS
• JUDGEMENT MUST BE MADE TO DETERMINE THE
BEST COMBINATION OF EQUIPMENT & COMFORT
CONDITIONS. THE AVERAGE BYPASS FACTOR FOR
COMFORT AIR CONDITIONING VARIES BETWEEN 0.10
& 0.30.
• Performance of coil is better with lower bypass factor.
• GENERAL FORMULA FOR BY-PASS FACTOR = COIL
TEMP-OUTGOING TEMP (i.e. FINAL CONDITION) /
COIL TEMP - INCOMING TEMPERATURE (i.e. INITIAL
CONDITION)
 PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF BYPASS AIR, I.E AIR THAT FLOWS
THRU A COIL BUT DOES NOT CONTACT COIL SURFACE.

• IT DEPENDS UPON TWO

FACTORS- CONSTRUCTION
OF COIL & VELOCITY OF THE
AIR FLOW.
• IF THE COIL TUBING HAS
MORE FINS PER INCH
LESSER AIR WILL BYPASS
THE COIL SURFACE, THAN
WOULD HAVE BEEN THE
CASE HAD THE NO. OF FINS
PER INCH BEEN LESS.
 SUMMER AC SYSTEMS-hot,dry

1- ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION, 3-COOLED CONDITION, 2-COOLING COIL TEMPERATURE

4- REQUIRED COMFORT CONDITION BYPASS FACTOR OF COOLING COIL= (2-3)/(2-1) , EFFICIENCYOF HUMIDIFIER= T3-T4/T3-T5 X 100

EFFICIENCYOF HUMIDIFIER= ACTUAL DROP IN DBT / IDEAL DROP IN DBT X 100

5
4
AIR VIA ADIABATIC HUMIDIFIER

2 3 1
AIR PASSED THRU COOLING COIL SENSIBLE
COOLING

GENERAL FORMULA FOR BY-PASS FACTOR = COIL TEMP-OUTGOING TEMP (i.e.

FINAL CONDITION) / COIL TEMP - INCOMING TEMPERATURE (i.e. INITIAL
CONDITION)
SUMMER AC SYSTEMS – HOT,DRY

WARM,HUMID
SUMMER AC SYSTEM (HOT &
HUMID CONDITIONS) • EG-MUMBAI-32 DEG, 75% R.H. REQ. COMFORT
COND. – 24 DEG, 60% R.H.
• FIRST AIR IS PASSED THRU THE COOLING COIL
FOR DEHUMIDIFICATION & IT LEAVES THE
COOLING COIL AS THE COOLING TEMPERATURE
IS BELOW THE DEW POINT TEMPERATURE OF
INCOMING AIR. THE BYPASS FACTOR OF
COOLING COIL = DIST.(2-3)/DIST.(2-1)
• GENERAL FORMULA FOR BY-PASS FACTOR =
INITIAL COOLING/DEHUMIDF. COIL: COIL TEMP-OUTGOING TEMP (i.e. FINAL
1: ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION
CONDITION) / COIL TEMP - INCOMING
2: COOLING COIL TEMP
TEMPERATURE (i.e. INITIAL CONDITION)
3: COOLED AIR
HEATING COIL • THE AIR ENTERS THE HEATING COIL AT (3) &
3: INITIAL CONDITION COMES OUT AT (5), THE BYPASS FACTOR OF THE
4: HEATING COIL TEMPERATURE HEATING COIL = DIST.(4-5)/DIST.(4-3).
5: CONDITIONED AIR • An adiabatic process is any process occurring without
gain or loss of heat within a system (i.e. during the
1: ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION process the system is thermodynamically isolated-
5: FINAL REQUIRED COMFORT COND. there is no heat transfer with the surroundings). This is
the opposite of a diabatic process, where there is heat
transfer.
WINTER AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR MILD COLD WEATHER
• WINTER COND. OF 15 DEG CELSIUS & 80% RH.
• 1=ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION
• 6=REQ. COMFORT CONDITION
• AIR IS PASSED THRU THE RESISTANCE HEATER WHICH IS KNOWN AS PRE-
HEATING COIL & THEN IS PASSED THRU THE HUMIDIFIER & AGAIN THRU
THE SECOND HEATER.
WINTER AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR MILD COLD
WEATHER

1=ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION
6=REQ. COMFORT CONDITION
 EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFF.EQP & THEIR CAPACITIES

• BYPASS FACTOR OF PREHEATING COIL = (3)-(2)/(3)-(1)

• BYPASS FACTOR OF REHEATING COIL = (7)-(6)/(7)-(4)
• EFFICIENCY OF HUMIDIFIER = (2)-(4)/(2)-(5) X 100

• PS.: (3)-(2) REPRESENTS DISTANCE BETWEEN POINTS 2 & 3.

1=ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION
6=REQ. COMFORT CONDITION
 VARIOUS AIR CONDITIONING PROCESSES
• Cooling with dehumidification of air.
• Cooling with Adiabatic Humidification of air. (SPRAY
CHAMBER)
• Adiabatic Chemical dehumidification. (PASSING THRU SOLID
ABSORBENT BED/LIQUID ABSORBENT SPRAY)
• Humidification by steam injection.
• Mixing of air-streams.
• An adiabatic process is any process occurring without gain or
loss of heat within a system (i.e. during the process the
system is thermodynamically isolated- there is no heat
transfer with the surroundings). This is the opposite of
a diabatic process, where there is heat transfer.
 YEAR-ROUND AIR-CONDITIONING

• A REFRIGERATING CYCLE USING VAPOUR AS

REFRIGERANT CAN BE USED WITH
ADDITIONAL HUMIDIFIER & REHEATER FOR
YEAR ROUND AC. THE ARRANGMENT OF THE
VALVES IN THE CIRCUIT MUST BE CAPABLE TO
CHANGE THE DIRECTION OF REFRIGERANT
FLOW AS PER REQUIREMENT.
• Refrigeration may be defined as the process of removing heat from
a body or enclosed space so that its temperature is first lowered and
then maintained at a level below the temperature of surroundings.

• The system maintained at the lower temperature is known as

refrigerated system while equipment used to maintain this lower
temperature is known as refrigerating equipment.

•Effectiveness of refrigeration is given by Co-efficient of

Performance (COP).

COP = Refrigerating effect/Work supplied

1. Comfort air conditioning of auditoriums, hospitals, residents,
offices, hotels etc.
2. Manufacturing and preservation of medicine.
3. Storage and transportation of food stuffs such as dairy products,
fruits, vegetables, meat, fish etc.
4. Processing of textiles, printing work and photographic materials.
5. Manufacturing of ice.
6. Cooling of concrete for dam.
7. Treatment of air for blast furnace.
8. Processing of petroleum and other chemical products.
9. Production of Rocket fuel.
10. Computer functioning.
• The working substance used in refrigeration equipment is
known as refrigerant.

• Some desirable properties of refrigerants are listed below.

i. High latent heat of evaporation and low specific volume.
ii. Good thermal conductivity for rapid heat transfer.
iii. Non-toxic, non-flammable and non-corrosive.
iv. Reasonable cost and should be available easily.
v. Stable and should decompose under any condition.
vi. High COP.

• Commonly used refrigerants are R12(CCl2F2), R22(CHClF2),

NH3 , CO2, water and air.
• The unit of refrigeration is ton of refrigeration or simply ton
denoted by TR.
• One ton of refrigeration means amount of heat required to be
removed from one ton of water at 0 0C to produce ice at 00C in
24 hours.
Unitary systems, the common one room air conditioners, sit in a window or wall opening, with
interior controls. Interior air is cooled as a fan blows it over the evaporator. On the exterior the
air is heated as a second fan blows it over the condenser. In this process, heat is drawn from
the room and discharged to the environment. A large house or building may have several such
units, permitting each room be cooled separately.
 Operating mechanism
– Refrigerant reaches the evaporator coil, it takes up the heat
from the hot air blowing in, boils and vaporizes, reducing
air temperature. The pressure decreases too.
• Loses pressure as it exits the metering device
• Absorbs heat from inside of room.
• Boils and vaporizes
– In the compressor, pressure increases again, & the
refrigerant liquefies in condenser coil.
• Gives off heat to outside air
• In this cycle 25% of heat is taken away by the refrigerant and
sent off to outside air.
Window units-Basic parts

The following are the basic parts for a window unit air conditioner.

Exterior
•Adjustable louvers
•Control panel
•Front grill
•Thermostat sensor

Interior
•Blower
•Partition
•Fan
•Compressor
•Condenser coil
•Evaporator coil
•Filter
The window unit offers the following advantages:

1. Each room or area in which a unit is installed has separate temperature control.
2. No ducts are required.
3. Installation is quite simple; therefore, construction changes are usually not required.

The disadvantages of the window unit are as follows:

1. Requires space in the window.

2. Usually has a fixed air quantity.
3. Must be located on an outside wall.
4. May act as an eye-sore on the building external facade, appearance wise.
Packaged Terminal systems or PTAC, i.e. (Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner) systems
are also known as wall split air conditioning systems or ductless systems.

These PTAC systems which are frequently used in hotels have two separate units
(terminal packages), the evaporative unit on the interior and the condensing unit on
the exterior, with tubing passing through the wall and connecting them.

This minimizes the interior system footprint and allows each room to be adjusted
independently.

PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by
using an electric strip, gas or other heater, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat
the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a
heat pump.

While room air conditioning provides maximum flexibility, when used to cool many
rooms at a time it is generally more expensive than central air conditioning.
Split portable units have certain advantages as in that :

1.interior noise and size of the internal unit can be greatly reduced due to the
external location of the compressor, and

2. the water collected can be pumped to the outdoor unit using a pump, avoiding the
need to drain water from the indoor unit periodically when running in cooling mode.

Drawbacks of split portable units

•is that a surface exterior to the building, such as a balcony must be provided for the
external compressor unit to be located.

•Most split system air conditioners do not introduce outside air for ventilation, and
only perform a temperature control function.

•It is, however, possible to add ventilation ducting to some split systems, so that they
do bring fresh air into the room.
•Also Split ACs are costlier than Window ACs.
That’s all for Module - 3

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